Archer Aviation Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1 -Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Description of Business

Archer Aviation Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) are headquartered in Silicon Valley, California, and is building an end-to-end advanced areospace and defense platform to deliver air taxis, unmanned aircraft systems, aviation-related physical artificial intelligence (“AI”) solutions, and other technologies to both the commercial aerospace and defense sectors.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) on a going concern basis. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Noncontrolling interests represent the portion of net assets in consolidated subsidiaries that is not attributable to the Company. The Company also includes noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary as a component of total equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, separate from the Company’s stockholders’ equity. On the condensed consolidated statement of operations and condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss, income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest is presented as an adjustment from the consolidated net loss and comprehensive loss, respectively, to arrive at the net loss and comprehensive loss attributable to the common stockholders of the Company.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

These accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting. In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, considered necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the interim periods indicated. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year ending December 31, 2026.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2026 (the “Form 10-K”). The December 31, 2025 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

Liquidity and Going Concern

Since inception, the Company has devoted substantial capital resources to the design and development of its planned aircraft, urban air mobility networks and other platforms and technologies. These activities have been funded primarily through the net proceeds received from the sale of common stock to related and third parties (Note 10 -Stockholders' Equity), and issuance of debt (Note 8 - Debt).

Through September 30, 2026, the Company has incurred cumulative operating losses, generated negative cash flows from operating activities, and accumulated a deficit of $3,059.2 million. As of September 30, 2026, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $1,353.6 million, which management believes will be sufficient to fund the Company’s current operating plan for at least the next 12 months from the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving its business plans, that the Company’s current capital will be sufficient to support its ongoing business plans, or that any additional financing will be available in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, if at all. If the Company’s business plans require it to raise additional capital, but the Company is unable to do so, it may be required to alter, or scale back its aircraft design, development and certification programs, as well as its manufacturing capabilities, or be unable to fund capital expenditures. Any such events would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve the Company’s intended business plans.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions due to risks and uncertainties. Such estimates include, but are not limited to (i) realization of deferred tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities, (ii) fair value and useful life of acquired intangible assets, (iii) fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, (iv) fair value of share-based payments, (v) fair value and useful lives of long-lived assets, (vi) impairment assessment and, when applicable, fair value of equity investments without readily determinable fair values, (vii) incremental borrowing rate used for right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, and (viii) assessment of significant development uncertainty existence for internally developed software costs. These estimates are based on historical data and experience, as well as various other factors that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Such estimates often require the selection of appropriate valuation methodologies and models and may involve significant judgment in evaluating ranges of assumptions and financial inputs. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates due to risks and uncertainties.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Except for the accounting policy updated for cloud computing arrangements as a result of adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2025-06, there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as described in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of the Form 10-K.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

The Company capitalizes certain implementation costs incurred in connection with its cloud computing arrangements that are service contracts. Capitalization of implementation costs begins when (1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project and (2) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended (the "probable-to-complete threshold"). In evaluating whether the probable-to-complete threshold is met, the Company considers whether significant development uncertainty exists based on the presence of technological innovations or novel, unproven functions and features, or substantially unidentified or evolving performance requirements. Costs incurred before both criteria are met, and costs incurred after the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, are expensed as incurred.

Capitalized implementation costs are recognized in other long-term assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and amortized on a straight-line basis over the fixed, noncancellable term of the associated hosting arrangement.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), which eliminated the use of software project development stages to align with modern software development methods. Under the ASU, capitalization for internal-use software will begin when (1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project, and (2) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform its intended function. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The update can be applied either (1) retrospectively, (2) prospectively, or (3) on a modified prospective basis. The Company early adopted ASU 2025-06 on a prospective basis effective January 1, 2026. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosure of additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The update can be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or (2) retrospectively to any of all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its disclosures within its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-10, Accounting for Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities (ASU 2025-10) to establish authoritative guidance on the recognition, measurement, and presentation of government grants received by business entities. The guidance will be effective for the annual periods beginning with the year ending December 31, 2029 and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2029. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied using a modified prospective, modified retrospective, or under a retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025-10 on its disclosures within its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements (ASU 2025-11), which clarifies the applicability of interim reporting guidance and reorganizes and clarifies interim disclosure requirements under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 270, including the addition of a disclosure principle requiring disclosure of material events occurring since the most recent annual reporting period. The guidance will be effective for interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025-11 on its disclosures within its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Note 2 -Revenue

Revenue Recognition

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company recognized total revenue of $5.1 million and $11.7 million, respectively, from fixed base operator ("FBO") services and leasing at Hawthorne Airport, and other sources. No revenue was recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

FBO revenue is recognized at the point in time services are rendered or goods are delivered. Lease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, beginning on the lease commencement date.

Contract Liabilities

The Company records contract liabilities related to differences between the timing of cash receipts from the customer and the recognition of revenue. Contract liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

Current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and contract liabilities, net of current portion is recorded in other long-term liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company’s contract liabilities primarily included a $10.0 million pre-delivery payment received from United Airlines, Inc. (“United”) under the terms of the Amended United Purchase Agreement (defined below) (Refer to Note 12 - Warrants for additional information). No revenue related to these contract liabilities was recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.

Note 3 -Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, which defines a single authoritative definition of fair value, sets out a framework for measuring fair value and expands on required disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of ASC 820 relate to financial assets and liabilities as well as other assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis. The standard clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the standard establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2 Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash, accounts payable, accrued compensation, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value (in millions):

Short-term Investments

The Company’s short-term investments consist of high quality investment grade marketable securities and are classified as available-for-sale. The Company classifies its investments in U.S. Treasury securities as Level 1 because they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets. The Company classifies its investments in corporate debt securities as Level 2 because they are valued using inputs other than quoted prices which are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily available pricing sources for the identical underlying security which may not be actively traded.

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments as of September 30, 2026 (in millions):

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2025 (in millions):

The unrealized losses related to the Company’s short-term investments were primarily due to changes in interest rates and not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. The Company had no allowances for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.

Public Warrants

Through their expiration, the public warrants were classified as Level 1 based on the observable quoted price in an active market under the ticker “ACHR WS,” with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The quoted price of the public warrants was $1.15 per warrant as of December 31, 2025. On September 16, 2026, the public warrants expired in accordance with their terms. Upon expiration, the Company eliminated the related warrant liability and recognized it as a gain within other income (expense), net. As of September 30, 2026, no public warrants were outstanding.

Private Placement Warrants

The Company utilized a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of private placement warrants at each reporting period through their expiration on September 16, 2026, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The estimated fair value of the private placement warrant liability was determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a Monte Carlo simulation model are assumptions related to expected volatility, expected exercise term, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield. Upon expiration of the warrants on September 16, 2026, the Company eliminated the related warrant liability and recognized it as a gain within other income (expense), net. As of September 30, 2026, no private placement warrants were outstanding.

The key inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation model for the private placement warrants are as follows:

The following table presents the change in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 private placement warrants liability during the nine months ended September 30, 2026 (in millions):

In connection with the change in fair value of the Company’s private placement warrants liability, the Company recognized a gain of $0.9 million and $10.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized a gain of $10.9 million and a gain of $12.9 million, respectively, within other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 12 - Warrants for additional information about the private placement warrants.

Option to Acquire FBO

In connection with the acquisition of Hawthorne Airport as defined below in Note 6 - Business Combinations, on December 8, 2025, the Company recorded an option to acquire a 75% ownership interest in the FBO business operating at the airport for an exercise price of $25.0 million. The option was classified within other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and was measured at fair value on a recurring basis using a Black-Scholes model with Level 3 inputs, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

There was no material change in the fair value of the option from December 31, 2025 through the date of exercise. On April 1, 2026, the Company exercised the option and completed the acquisition of the FBO business. Upon exercise, the option’s fair value of $44.8 million was included, together with the $25.0 million cash exercise price, in the total purchase consideration for the FBO acquisition. As a result, the Company held no such option after the exercise date of April 1, 2026. Refer to Note 6 - Business Combinations for additional information.

Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Certain financial instruments, including debt, are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of debt as of September 30, 2026 approximates its carrying value (Level 2). Refer to Note 8 -Debt for additional information.

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

Certain assets and liabilities are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis if there are indicators of impairment or if they are deemed to be impaired as a result of an impairment review. No indicators of impairment were identified, andno impairment losses were recorded, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.

Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Value

In September 2026, the Company invested in preferred stock of a privately-held company for $10.0 million. The investment does not have a readily determinable fair value, and the Company has elected the measurement alternative under ASC 321, Investments—Equity Securities, whereby the investment is measured at cost, less any impairment, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The investment is included in "Other long-term assets" in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company did not identify any impairment indicators based on its qualitative assessment and did not identify any observable price changes; accordingly, no impairment or adjustments to the carrying amount were recorded.

Note 4 -Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in millions):

The following table presents depreciation expense included in each respective expense category in the condensed consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

Note 5 -Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company’s goodwill and purchased intangible assets as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are as follows (in millions):

Amortization expense related to intangible assets is as follows:

(1)The amortization related to domain name is less than $0.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.

During the three months ended September 30, 2026, the Company recorded $0.6 million and $0.5 million of amortization of operating rights to cost of revenue and general and administrative expense, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company recorded $1.1 million and $1.2 million of amortization of operating rights to cost of revenue and general and administrative expense, respectively.

The expected future annual amortization expense of intangible assets as of September 30, 2026 is presented below (in millions):

Note 6 -Business Combinations

Acquisition of Hawthorne Airport

On December 8, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of certain lease agreements, operating rights, and development rights related to Hawthorne Municipal Airport in Hawthorne, California (“Hawthorne Airport”). The acquisition included (i) the master ground lease agreement between Hawthorne Airport, LLC (“HAL”) and the City of Hawthorne covering the lease of the Hawthorne Airport; (ii) certain sublease agreements held by HAL; (iii) certain subleases held by 395 Park Place, LLC (“395 Park Place”) with third parties; (iv) an option to purchase 75.0% of the FBO business operating at Hawthorne Airport from Advanced Air, LLC (“Advanced Air”) prior to December 31, 2026 for $25.0 million; and (v) rights to have 395 Park Place develop additional hangar space at the Hawthorne Airport for $20.4 million with payments to be made in installments based on construction progress. HAL, 395 Park Place and Advanced Air, are referred to herein collectively as the “Sellers”.

The acquisition was completed to allow the Company to establish an operational hub to support the Company’s planned Los Angeles air taxi operations and aviation technology development. The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC 805, as the acquired assets and activities included inputs and substantive processes capable of producing outputs. Accordingly, the purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.

The total purchase consideration for the acquisition was $127.1 million, which consisted of the following (in millions):

Further, the Company may be obligated to issue up to approximately $21.4 million in earn-out shares of the Company’s Class A common stock to certain Seller employees and 395 Park Place upon the achievement of certain performance milestones to be achieved within three years of the acquisition date. Of this amount, approximately $3.75 million was accounted for as contingent consideration and included in the above table as part of total purchase consideration at its estimated fair value of $1.2 million as of the acquisition date. The remaining earn-out amounts are accounted for as post-combination expense, as the related earn-out targets are expected to be achieved through the ongoing efforts of the Sellers and such amounts will be recognized ratably over the various estimated completion dates presuming earn-out targets will be met.

The assumed loan bears interest at a rate of 6.3% per annum and has an initial maturity date of April 2030, with an option to extend the maturity for an additional five years to April 2035 at an adjusted interest rate equal to the five-year U.S. Treasury rate plus 2.7%. The loan agreement contains provisions, representations, warranties, covenants, and indemnities that are customary for secured commercial real estate debt. Refer to Note 8 - Debt for additional information.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date (in millions):

The acquired goodwill is tax deductible and represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the aggregate fair value of identifiable net assets acquired at the acquisition date. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce. During the measurement period, which may not be later than one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding net offset to goodwill. As of September 30, 2026, there wereno measurement period adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

The following table shows the fair value of the separately identifiable intangible assets at the time of acquisition and the period over which each intangible asset will be amortized:

Identifiable intangible assets recognized consist of operating rights, which represent contractual rights to operate and conduct aviation-related activities, including lease of hangar space at the Hawthorne Airport facilities. The operating rights are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which generally correspond to the remaining contractual terms of the master ground lease.

As part of the acquisition, as described above, the Company acquired an option to purchase 75.0% of the FBO business operating at Hawthorne Airport for a fixed exercise price of $25.0 million, exercisable at any time prior to December 31, 2026. The option represented a contractual right and was recorded at its estimated fair value of $44.8 million as of the acquisition date. The option was subsequently exercised and the acquisition was closed on April 1, 2026.

The fair value of the FBO business was estimated using an income-based valuation approach, which considers the expected future cash flows based on projected revenues, operating margins and discount rate. See Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements for fair value determination of the option to purchase FBO business.

Unaudited pro forma financial information has not been presented, as the impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements was not material.

The Company incurred $2.4 million in acquisition-related costs, which were expensed as incurred and recorded within general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2026.

Acquisition of Hawthorne FBO LLC

On April 1, 2026, the Company acquired a 75% controlling interest in Hawthorne FBO LLC (the "Hawthorne FBO"), a fixed base operator providing aviation fueling, ground handling, and related services at Hawthorne Airport in Hawthorne, California. The acquisition was completed to allow the Company to expand operations at Hawthorne Airport. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The remaining 25% interest is recognized as a noncontrolling interest ("NCI") in the consolidated financial statements. The acquisition-date fair value of the NCI of $23.3 million was determined using the income approach.

The option to purchase the FBO was obtained by the Company as part of the Hawthorne Airport acquisition that closed on December 8, 2025, and was carried as a financial asset on the Company’s balance sheets, remeasured to fair value at each reporting date using a Black-Scholes valuation model (Level 3).

The fair value of consideration transferred for the acquisition was $69.8 million, which consisted of the following (in millions):

The following table summarizes the preliminary estimated fair values of the assets acquired at the acquisition date (in millions):

The acquired goodwill is tax deductible and represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the aggregate fair value of identifiable net assets acquired at the acquisition date. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the potential growth of Hawthorne Airport, including FBO operations and assembled workforce. During the measurement period, which may not be later than one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding net offset to goodwill. As of September 30, 2026, there wereno measurement period adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

The following table shows the preliminary estimated fair value of the separately identifiable intangible assets at the time of acquisition and the period over which each intangible asset will be amortized:

Identifiable intangible assets recognized consist of operating rights, which represent contractual rights to operate and to sell aviation fuel at the Hawthorne Airport facilities. The operating rights are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which generally correspond to the remaining contractual terms of the agreement with the City of Hawthorne.

Unaudited pro forma financial information has not been presented, as the impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements was not material.

Other acquisitions

On January 21, 2026, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding shares of a privately-held company for total consideration of $6.1 million in a combination of cash and issuance of Class A common stock. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination. Accordingly, the purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.

The following table summarizes the preliminary estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date (in millions):

The acquired goodwill is not tax deductible and represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the aggregate fair value of identifiable net assets acquired at the acquisition date. The developed technology will be amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 10 years.

Pending Acquisition

In August 2026, the Company entered into a definitive Equity Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement") with The Boeing Company to acquire all of the equity interests of Wisk Aero LLC, SkyGrid LLC, and Insitu, Inc., together with certain of their respective related entities (collectively, the “Target Companies” and such acquisition, the “Acquisition”).

Total consideration payable under the Purchase Agreement consists of (i) shares of the Company’s Class A common stock representing approximately 19.75% (subject to closing adjustments) of the Company’s shares of Class A common stock outstanding immediately prior to the closing date of the Acquisition (the “Acquisition Closing Date”); and (ii)two warrants, each covering $100.0 million of Class A common stock, with the first warrant, with an exercise price of $13.00 per share, exercisable during the period from the first anniversary through the third anniversary of the Acquisition Closing Date, and the second warrant, with an exercise price of $17.88 per share, exercisable during the period from the first anniversary through the fourth anniversary of the Acquisition Closing Date.

The acquisition is subject to agreed upon closing conditions, including regulatory clearances and required consents.

Note 7-Supplementary Financial Information

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to amounts reported on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in millions):

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

Note 8 -Debt

The following table provides information regarding the Company’s debt (in millions):

During the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized interest expense of $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively, and during the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized interest expense of $3.7 million and $3.2 million, respectively, including an immaterial amount related to the amortization of issuance costs within interest income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Credit Agreement

In October 2023, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a commercial bank, as administrative agent and lender, and the additional lenders from time to time (collectively, the “Lenders”). Pursuant to the

Credit Agreement, the Company may borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of up to $65.0 million through multiple term loan advances to fund the construction and development of the Company’s manufacturing facility in Covington, Georgia.

The Company is required to make 120 monthly interest payments from November 14, 2023 until maturity, and 84 equal monthly principal installments of approximately $0.2 million from November 14, 2026 with remaining principal balance becoming due at maturity. The Credit Agreement matures on the earlier of October 5, 2033 or the date on which the outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement have been declared or automatically become due and payable pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement.

The interest rate on borrowings under the Credit Agreement is a floating rate per annum equal to secured overnight financing rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus the applicable margin of 2.0%, which increases by 5.0% per annum upon the occurrence of an event of default.

The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are collateralized by funds in a collateral account and the Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain domestic subsidiaries of the Company. The Company may prepay with a certain premium that links to the passage of time, and in certain circumstances would be required to prepay the loan under the Credit Agreement without payment of a premium. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, customary affirmative and negative covenants, and customary events of default. As of September 30, 2026, the Company was in compliance with all the covenants of the Credit Agreement.

The Company has fully drawn down the $65.0 million available under the Credit Agreement as of September 30, 2026. The effective interest rate for the draw downs ranged from 6.1% to 6.5% and 6.0% to 6.5% as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Company incurred issuance costs of $1.0 million related to the loan outstanding as of September 30, 2026. The loan issuance costs will be amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Credit Agreement.

Hawthorne Airport Loan

In connection with the acquisition of Hawthorne Airport, the Company assumed the Sellers’ outstanding loan with a principal balance of $16.1 million with a commercial bank (the “Hawthorne Airport Loan”). The Hawthorne Airport Loan bears a fixed interest rate of 6.3% per annum and has an initial maturity date of April 2030, with an option to extend the maturity for an additional five years to April 2035 at an adjusted interest rate equal to the five-year U.S. Treasury rate plus 2.7%. The Hawthorne Airport Loan is secured by a leasehold deed of trust on the properties and contains representations, warranties, covenants, and indemnities customary for collateral commercial real estate debt. As of September 30, 2026, the Company was in compliance with all the covenants of the Hawthorne Airport Loan.

Promissory Notes

In September 2026, the Company entered intotwo asset-backed promissory notes with a commercial bank in an aggregate principal amount of $12.3 million (the “Promissory Notes”). The Promissory Notes bear interest at fixed rates of 7.52% and 7.49% per annum and are payable in monthly installments of principal and interest through October 2031, with a balloon payment of approximately $8.3 million due at maturity. The Promissory Notes are collateralized by certain assets and contain customary representations and warranties, customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a minimum liquidity covenant, and customary events of default. As of September 30, 2026, the Company was in compliance with all the covenants of the Promissory Notes.

The future scheduled principal maturities of the debt as of September 30, 2026 are as follows (in millions):

Note 9 -Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company leases office, lab, hangar, master ground lease and storage facilities under various operating lease agreements with lease periods expiring between 2026 and 2055 and generally containing periodic rent increases and various renewal and termination options.

The Company’s lease costs were as follows (in millions):

The Company’s weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate as of September 30, 2026 and 2025 were as follows:

The minimum aggregate future obligations under the Company’s non-cancelable operating leases as of September 30, 2026 were as follows (in millions):

Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activities related to right-of-use assets and lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):

Finance Lease

In February 2023, the Company entered into a lease arrangement with the Newton County Industrial Development Authority (the “Authority”) for the Company’s manufacturing facilities to be constructed in Covington, Georgia. In connection with the lease arrangement, the Authority issued a taxable revenue bond (the “Bond”), which was acquired by the Company.

The arrangement is structured so that the Company’s lease payments to the Authority equal and offset the Authority’s bond payments to the Company. Accordingly, the Company offsets the finance lease obligation and the Bond on its condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Letters of Credit

In July 2026, in connection with an operating lease in Morgan Hill, California for manufacturing and research and development purposes, the Company delivered a standby letter of credit of approximately $10.9 million, secured by restricted cash, included in other long-term assets based on the remaining term of the restriction.

As of September 30, 2026, the total standby letters of credit outstanding were $17.0 million, secured with restricted cash.

Litigation

During the ordinary course of the business, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings, various claims, and litigation. Such proceedings can be costly, time consuming, and unpredictable, and therefore, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of such proceedings will not materially impact the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Delaware Class Action Litigation

On May 17, 2024, two putative stockholders of the Company (and formerly, Atlas Crest Investment Corp. (“Atlas”)) filed class action lawsuits, on behalf of themselves and other similarly-situated stockholders, in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Court”) against the directors and officers of Atlas, the Company, the Company’s co-founders, Archer Aviation Inc. (prior to its business combination with Atlas, “Legacy Archer”), Moelis & Company Group LP and Moelis & Company LLC.

The complaint asserted claims for breaches of fiduciary duties, aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties, and unjust enrichment, in connection with the merger between Atlas and the Company. The plaintiffs requested damages in an amount to be determined at trial, as well as attorneys’ and experts’ fees. Relatedly, on June 19, 2024, another putative stockholder of the Company filed a class action lawsuit, on behalf of himself and other similarly-situated stockholders, in the Court asserting similar claims as the aforementioned May 17, 2024 complaint against the same defendants named in that May complaint. The Court subsequently consolidated the related class actions and appointed a lead plaintiff.

All defendants filed motions to dismiss the complaint. In response to such motions to dismiss, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims against two Atlas directors. Oral argument on the remaining defendants’ motions to dismiss was held on April 17, 2025 and the Court issued a bench ruling on July 21, 2025, granting in part and denying in part the motions to dismiss. The Court dismissed all claims asserted against certain defendants, including among others, the Company’s co-founders, an Atlas director, Legacy Archer, Moelis & Company Group LP and Moelis & Company LLC. The Court also addressed the sufficiency of the plaintiffs’ allegations concerning the pre-merger disclosures that underlie the plaintiffs’ fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims, ruling that certain allegations were not adequately pleaded, thereby narrowing the scope of the fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims against the remaining defendants. On August 10, 2026, a Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement was filed with the Court, which is still subject to Court approval, reflecting an agreement to settle the action for an amount, net of insurance coverages, that is immaterial to the Company. There was no admission by the Company, or any other party, as to the truth of any facts alleged by the plaintiffs, or any claims asserted or any other issue raised by the plaintiffs in connection with the action, and all such parties continue to deny any violation of law or wrongdoing alleged in the action.

Joby Litigation and ITC Proceeding

On November 18, 2025 Joby Aero, Inc. (“Joby”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court of California in Santa Cruz County against the Company and one of its employees asserting claims of trade-secret misappropriation, breach of contract, interference with Joby’s contracts and prospective economic advantage, and related claims around the Company’s recent hiring of a former Joby employee. On December 18, 2025, the Company removed this action to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (the “District Court”). On January 23, 2026, the Company moved to dismiss the complaint. On March 9, 2026, Archer filed its Answer and Counterclaims against Joby, asserting claims for unfair competition and violation of the Lanham Act. On April 6, 2026, Joby filed a motion to dismiss the Counterclaims. The District Court subsequently ruled on the parties’ respective motions to dismiss, granting in part and denying in part the parties’ motions to dismiss leave to amend certain claims and counterclaims. On June 22, 2026, Joby filed an amended complaint and on June 29, 2026, Archer filed amended counterclaims. On July 6, 2026, Archer filed a motion to dismiss Joby’s amended complaint, and on July 13, 2026, Joby filed a motion to dismiss Archer’s amended counterclaims. The District Court has taken Archer’s motion to dismiss Joby’s amended complaint under advisement. On September 29, 2026, the District Court ruled on the parties’

motions to dismiss. The District Court narrowed the claims asserted against the Company and its employee, dismissing certain trade-secret and contract-related claims, with leave to amend in some cases, while allowing other claims to proceed. The District Court also dismissed, without leave to amend, the Company’s counterclaims against Joby in regards to allegations of violations of the Lanham Act and California’s Unfair Competition Law. A settlement conference is scheduled for January 27, 2027 and trial is scheduled to start November 15, 2027.

On March 9, 2026, the Company filed a complaint with the U.S. International Trade Commission (“ITC”) requesting the ITC prevent Joby from importing certain eVTOL aircraft, power systems for eVTOL aircraft, and components thereof, on the basis that such products infringe certain of the Company's U.S. patents. The ITC instituted an investigation (Inv. No. 337-TA-1499) on April 9, 2026 and the matter is pending before an administrative law judge. The administrative law judge set September 14, 2027 as the target date for the ITC’s final determination. A mediation is scheduled for November 12, 2026 and trial is scheduled to start January 13, 2027.

Vertical Litigation

On February 23, 2026, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Vertical Aerospace Ltd. and Vertical Aerospace Group Ltd. (together, “Vertical”) in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The lawsuit alleges that Vertical’s eVTOL Valo aircraft infringes multiple patents owned by Archer relating to its Midnight eVTOL aircraft. The Company seeks, among other things, an injunction to prevent Vertical from continuing its infringing activities, as well as monetary damages for past infringement. On May 1, 2026, Vertical filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. On June 12, 2026, Archer filed an amended complaint. On July 10, 2026, Vertical filed a motion to dismiss Archer’s amended complaint, and on July 24, 2026, Archer filed an opposition to Vertical’s motion to dismiss. On July 31, 2026, Vertical filed a reply in support of its motion to dismiss Archer’s amended complaint, and on August 7, 2026, Archer filed a sur-reply in support of its opposition. On October 6, 2026, Vertical filed a counterclaim for patent infringement. A trial is scheduled to start April 3, 2028.

Derivative Shareholder Claim

On June 24, 2026, a putative stockholder filed a shareholder derivative action in the Delaware Court of Chancery, purportedly on behalf of the Company, against current members and one former member of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company is the nominal defendant. The complaint alleges that the individual defendants awarded excessive compensation to its non-employee directors and asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty against all individual defendants and unjust enrichment against the non-employee director defendants. The complaint seeks, among other relief, disgorgement of allegedly excessive compensation and corporate governance reforms. The Company filed a motion to dismiss on September 23, 2026. On November 2, 2026, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint that, among other changes, removes certain directors as defendants and narrows the claims asserted against certain remaining defendants.

Note 10 -Stockholders' Equity

During the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company issued 8,261,273 and 2,793,225 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, to certain vendors to satisfy $52.2 million and $26.6 million of the Company’s current and future obligations.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company issued 19,355,170 and 7,124,609 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, to certain vendors to satisfy $122.8 million and $68.1 million of the Company’s current and future obligations.

Note 11 -Stock-Based Compensation

Amended and Restated 2021 Plan

In August 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), which was approved by the stockholders of the Company in September 2021 and became effective immediately upon the closing of the business combination with Atlas (the “Business Combination”). In April 2022, the Company amended and restated the 2021 Plan (the “Amended and Restated 2021 Plan”), which was approved by the stockholders of the Company in June 2022. The aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock that may be issued under the plan increased to 34,175,708. In addition, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan automatically increases on January 1st of each year following this amendment, starting on January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1,

2031, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i)5.0% of the total number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding year, or (ii) a lesser number of shares of Class A common stock determined by the Board of Directors prior to the date of the increase (the “EIP Evergreen Provision”). The EIP Evergreen Provision is calculated using the number of legally outstanding shares of common stock and includes shares, such as unvested shares pursuant to early exercised stock options, that are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes. In accordance therewith, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan increased by 37,202,288 shares on January 1, 2026. The Amended and Restated 2021 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance awards (“PSUs”), and other awards to employees, directors, and non-employees.

In connection with the adoption of the 2021 Plan, the Company ceased issuing awards under its 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). Following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the outstanding stock options under the 2019 Plan and converted such stock options into options to purchase the Company’s common stock. Such stock options will continue to be governed by the terms of the 2019 Plan and the stock option agreements thereunder, until such outstanding options are exercised or until they terminate or expire.

Stock Options

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is as follows:

There wereno options granted for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of the Company’s RSU activity is as follows:

(1) Represents units adjusted for the vesting of the PSUs granted in 2024 and 2025.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company granted 27,885,215 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, including the annual equity awards for 2025, which were fully vested on the date of grant. The remaining awards generally vest over athree- orfour-year period, with or without aone-year cliff, and remain subject to forfeiture if vesting conditions are not met. RSUs are settled in Class A common stock on aone-for-one basis upon vesting, and the underlying shares are not issued and outstanding until the applicable vesting date.

The fair value of RSUs including non-market based PSUs is determined based on the closing price of the Company's Class A common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period, and forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company also granted 2,460,145 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan to certain executives, which vest over athree-year period with a payout based on the Company’s relative performance of total shareholder return (“TSR”) compared with the annualized TSR of certain peer companies for the service period. The award payout can range from 0.0% to 200.0% of the initial grant and is measured on each anniversary of the grant date. Upon vesting, the PSUs are settled in Class A common stock on aone-for-one basis. If an executive’s employment ends due to disability, death, termination without cause or resignation for good reason, the executive (or beneficiary) remains eligible under the award and, if the award is earned, will receive a proration of the PSUs based on active employment during the annual service periods. In all other cases, the award will not vest and all rights to the PSUs will terminate.

The Company determines the fair value of the market-based PSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the grant date. The Company recognizes PSUs expense on a straight-line basis over thethree-year performance period.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value, using the Monte Carlo simulation, on the grant date of the PSUs:

Founder Grants

Immediately prior to closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing Date”), each of the Company’s founders was granted 20,009,224 RSUs under the 2019 Plan (the “Founder Grants”), which are subject to vest upon the achievement of the earlier to occur of (i) a price-based milestone or (ii) a performance-based milestone, with a different set of such price and performance-based milestones applying to each quarter of each Founder Grant and so long as the achievement occurs within seven years following the closing of the Business Combination.

The Company accounts for the Founder Grants asfour separate tranches, with each tranche consisting of two award conditions, a performance condition and market condition. Each tranche vests upon satisfaction of either condition (but not both). The fair value of the performance award was determined using the trading price on the Closing Date. When achievement of the applicable performance milestone is deemed probable, the Company recognizes compensation expense for the portion earned to date over the requisite service period. For the market award, the fair value and derived service period were each determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the Closing Date, with compensation expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the derived service period. If achievement of the applicable performance condition is not considered probable, compensation cost for the value of the award is recognized based on the fair value of the award incorporating the market condition, until the requisite service is rendered. If the performance milestone subsequently becomes probable of being achieved, the full fair value of the award is recognized.

One-quarter of each Founder Grant, totaling 10,004,612 shares of Class B common stock, vested immediately prior to the Closing Date pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Business Combination Agreement. On April 14, 2022, the vested 5,002,306 shares of Class B common stock of the Company’s former co-CEO were cancelled. On July 13, 2023, following the expiration of 15 months from the separation of the former co-CEO from the Company on April 13, 2022, the former officer’s unvested 15,006,918 shares of Class B common stock for the remaining three tranches were forfeited. The Company then reversed the previously recognized stock-based compensation expense of $59.1 million associated with these shares. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors determined that the performance milestone for the second tranche of the outstanding Founder Grant, covering 5,002,306 shares of Class B common stock, was achieved.

As of September 30, 2026,10,004,612 RSUs remain outstanding representing the remainingtwo tranches of the Founder Grant.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In August 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective immediately upon the closing of the Business Combination. The ESPP permits eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 85.0% of the lower of the fair market value of Class A common stock on the first day of an offering or on the date of purchase. Additionally, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP will automatically increase on January 1st of each year, beginning on January 1, 2022 and continuing through and including January 1, 2031, by the lesser of (i)1.0% of the total number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding year; (ii)9,938,118 shares of Class A common stock; or (iii) a lesser number of shares of Class A common stock determined by the Board of Directors prior to the date of increase (the “ESPP Evergreen Provision”). The ESPP Evergreen Provision is calculated using the number of legally outstanding shares of common stock and includes shares, such as unvested shares pursuant to early exercised stock options, that are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes. In accordance therewith, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP increased by 7,440,457 on January 1, 2026. As of September 30, 2026, the maximum number of shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP was 23,203,452, of which 18,196,893 shares remained available under the ESPP.

The Company currently offerssix-month offering periods, and at the end of each offering period, which occurs everysix months on May 31 and November 30, employees can elect to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with contributions of up to 15.0% of their base pay, accumulated via payroll deductions, subject to certain limitations.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the grant date fair value of each award granted under the ESPP. The following table sets forth the key assumptions and fair value results for each award granted in the Company’ssix-month offering period:

From time to time, the Company issues shares of Class A common stock to certain vendors in exchange for services rendered and/or goods purchased (collectively, the “Vendor Share Issuances”). The Vendor Share Issuances are being consummated by the Company pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statements filed with the SEC and accompanying prospectuses.

Acquisition-related Earn-out Stock-Based Compensation Expense

In connection with the acquisitions, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to earn-out shares payable in the Company’s Class A common stock which have been accounted for as post-combination expense. The expense is recognized over the expected achievement period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards, assuming the performance targets will be met, and is included within general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table presents stock-based compensation expense included in each respective expense category in the condensed consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

The following table summarizes the various types of stock-based compensation expense for the periods presented (in millions):

As of September 30, 2026, the total remaining stock-based compensation expense was $218.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years.

Note 12 -Warrants

Equity-Classified Warrants

A summary of the Company’s warrant activity is as follows:

United Airlines, Inc.

On January 29, 2021, the Company entered into the Purchase Agreement (the “United Purchase Agreement”), Collaboration Agreement (the “United Collaboration Agreement”), and Warrant to Purchase Shares Agreement (the “United Warrant Agreement”) with United. Under the terms of the United Purchase Agreement, United has a conditional purchase order for up to 200 of the Company’s aircraft, with an option to purchase an additional 100 aircraft. Those purchases are conditioned upon the Company meeting certain conditions that include, but are not limited to, the certification of the Company’s aircraft by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) and further negotiation and reaching of mutual agreement on certain material terms related to the purchases. The Company issued 14,741,764 warrants to United to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock. Each warrant provides United with the right to purchaseone share of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The warrants were initially expected to vest infour installments in accordance with the following milestones: the execution of the United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement, the completion of the Business Combination, the certification of the aircraft by the FAA, and the sale of aircraft to United.

On August 9, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the United Purchase Agreement (the “Amended United Purchase Agreement”) and Amendment No. 1 to the United Warrant Agreement (the “Amended United Warrant Agreement”). In association with the Amended United Purchase Agreement, the Company received a $10.0 million pre-delivery payment from United for 100 of the Company’s aircraft (the “Pre-Delivery Payment”), which was recognized as a contract liability in other long-term liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Pursuant to the Amended United Warrant Agreement, the vesting condition of the fourth milestone of the United Warrant Agreement was modified, and the warrants now vest infour installments in accordance with the following sub-milestones: (i)737,088 warrants vested upon receipt by the Company of the Pre-Delivery Payment on August 9, 2022; (ii)2,211,264 warrants vested on February 9, 2023 upon thesix-month anniversary of the amendment date; (iii)3,685.45 warrants shall vest upon the acceptance and delivery of each of the Company’s 160 aircraft; and (iv)22,112.65 warrants shall vest upon the acceptance and delivery of each of the Company’s 40 aircraft.

The Company accounts for the Amended United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company identified the sale of each aircraft ordered by United as a separate performance obligation in the contract. As the performance obligations have not been satisfied, the Company has not recognized any revenue as of September 30, 2026.

With respect to the warrant vesting milestones outlined above, the Company accounts for them as consideration payable to a customer under ASC 606 related to the future purchase of aircraft by United. The Company determined that the warrants are classified as equity awards based on the criteria of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation. Pursuant to ASC 718, the Company measured the grant date fair value of the warrants to be recognized upon the achievement of each of the original four milestones and the vesting of the related warrants, which was determined to be $13.35, based on a valuation of the Company’s Class A common stock on January 29, 2021.

For the first milestone, issuance of the warrants in conjunction with the execution of the United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement, the Company recorded the grant date fair value of the respective warrant tranche at the vesting date upon satisfaction of the milestone, and the related costs were recorded in other warrant expense due to the absence of historical or probable future revenue. For the second milestone, the completion of the Business Combination transaction, the related costs were also recorded in other warrant expense due to the absence of historical or probable future revenue. A total of 8,845,058 warrants vested from achievement of the first two milestones and were exercised. For the third milestone, the certification of the aircraft by the FAA, the Company will assess whether it is probable that the award will vest at the end of every reporting period. If and when the award is deemed probable of vesting, the Company will begin capitalizing the grant date fair value of the associated warrants as an asset through the vesting date and subsequently amortize the asset as a reduction to revenue as it sells the new aircraft to United.

For the original fourth milestone, the sale of aircraft to United, the Company was initially expected to record the cost associated with the vesting of each portion of warrants within this milestone as a reduction of the transaction price as revenue is recognized for each sale of the aircraft. In connection with the Amended United Warrant Agreement, the Company evaluated the accounting implications associated with the amendment to the fourth milestone in accordance with ASC 606 and ASC 718. For the first sub-milestone, the receipt of the Pre-Delivery Payment, the Company accounted for it as a modification under ASC 718 and recorded the modification date fair value of the associated warrants in other warrant expense upon satisfaction of the sub-milestone on August 9, 2022. For the second sub-milestone, the vesting of warrants on February 9, 2023, the Company accounted for it as a modification under ASC 718 and recorded the modification date fair value of the associated warrants in other warrant expense on a straight-line basis oversix months following the amendment date. The modification date fair value of each warrant associated with the first and second sub-milestones was determined to be $4.37, which was the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the modification date. A total of 2,948,352 warrants vested from achievement of the first two sub-milestones under the fourth milestone and were exercised. For the third and fourth sub-milestones, the sale of 160 aircraft and 40 aircraft, respectively, the Company determined that the amendment does not represent a modification under ASC

718. The Company will record the cost associated with the vesting of each portion of the associated warrants as a reduction of the transaction price based on the original grant date fair value as revenue is recognized for each sale of the aircraft.

There wasno other warrant expense recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.

Stellantis N.V.

On January 3, 2023, the Company entered into a manufacturing and collaboration agreement with Stellantis N.V. (together with its subsidiaries, “Stellantis”), pursuant to which the Company and Stellantis agreed to collaborate on the development and implementation of the Company’s manufacturing operations for the production of its eVTOL aircraft products (the “Stellantis Collaboration Agreement”). In connection with the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, the Company entered into a forward purchase agreement (as amended, the “Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement”) and a warrant agreement (the “Stellantis Warrant Agreement”) with Stellantis on January 3, 2023.

Under the terms of the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to issue and sell to Stellantis up to $150.0 million of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock. The shares pursuant to the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement were fully issued in July 2024.

Under the terms of the Stellantis Warrant Agreement, Stellantis is entitled to purchase up to 15.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, at an exercise price of $0.01 per share (the “Stellantis Warrant”). The Stellantis Warrant Agreement vested and became exercisable inthree equal tranches at 12,24 and 36 months from the grant date, provided that (i) Stellantis had performed certain undertakings set forth in the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement and/or (ii) the VWAP (as defined in the Stellantis Warrant Agreement) for the Class A common stock exceeding certain specified amounts. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, Stellantis was deemed to have performed the undertakings if the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement has not been terminated by the Company as of the specified vesting date for each tranche.

As the Company has not generated any revenue from the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, all costs incurred with third parties are recorded based on the nature of the costs incurred. The Company accounts for the Stellantis Warrant Agreement in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718. The grant date fair value of each warrant was $1.93, equal to the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the grant date of January 3, 2023. For each tranche of the warrant, the Company recognized compensation costs as the related services are received from Stellantis on a straight-line basis over the associated service period. The Stellantis Warrant Agreement became fully vested on January 3, 2026 and remains outstanding as of September 30, 2026.

The Company recordedno research and development expense during the three months ended September 30, 2026 and less than $0.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2026 in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in connection with the Stellantis Warrant Agreement, compared to $0.8 million and $2.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.

FCA US LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Stellantis, transferred to Stellantis a fully vested warrant to purchase 1,671,202 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. This warrant automatically net exercised prior to December 31, 2025 pursuant to the terms of the warrant. The issuance of shares was initially subject to potential regulatory clearance. Following confirmation that no regulatory clearance was required,1,669,783 shares of Class A common stock were issued on April 27, 2026 on a net exercise basis.

On August 9, 2026, the Company and Stellantis entered into definitive agreements that supersede the collaboration framework under the November 2024 memorandum of understanding. Stellantis will continue to provide certain manufacturing support resources to the Company for a specified period. In consideration of services Stellantis has provided, the parties agreed, among other things, to (i) terminate each party's obligations under the December 2024 subscription agreement, and (ii) the Company's issuance to Stellantis of a fully vested warrant to purchase 1,539,154 shares of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, expiring on the fifth anniversary of issuance (the "2026 Stellantis Warrant"). The 2026 Stellantis Warrant is equity-classified and accounted for under ASC 718 as expense for services received and the fair value at issuance was $8.6 million.

Liability-Classified Warrants

Prior to their expiration on September 16, 2026, the Company had outstanding public warrants and private placement warrants, each of which entitled the holder to purchaseone share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The warrants were originally issued by Atlas in connection with its initial public offering and were assumed by the

Company upon the closing of the Business Combination. The public warrants became exercisable on October 30, 2021,12 months after the closing of the initial public offering of Atlas. The private placement warrants were identical to the public warrants, except that they were exercisable on a cashless basis and were non-redeemable so long as they were held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. The warrants were classified as liabilities and remeasured to fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2026,52 public warrants were exercised andno private placement warrants were exercised. On September 16, 2026, the remaining 17,394,945 public warrants and 8,000,000 private placement warrants expired unexercised in accordance with their terms. Upon expiration, the Company eliminated the related warrant liabilities, andno warrants were outstanding as of September 30, 2026.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company recognized a gain of $3.0 million and $29.9 million, respectively, from the change in fair value of the warrants, which included the gain recognized upon the expiration of these warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized a gain of $29.1 million and $30.8 million, respectively, from the change in fair value of the warrants.

Note 13 -Income Taxes

The Company recognized foreign current income tax provision ofzero and $0.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. The Company recognized foreign current income tax provision of $0.1 million and $0.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. The Company didnot record any deferred income tax provision for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, the provision for income taxes differed from the United States federal statutory rate primarily due to foreign taxes currently payable. The Company realized no benefit for the current period losses due to a full valuation allowance against the United States and foreign net deferred tax assets.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the period in which those temporary differences become deductible. Based upon the analysis of federal and state deferred tax balances, future tax projections, and the Company’s lack of taxable income in the carryback period, the Company did not believe it is more-likely-than-not that the net deferred tax assets will be realizable. Accordingly, the Company had provided a full valuation allowance against the entire domestic and the majority of the foreign net deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The Company intends to maintain the full valuation allowance against the United States net deferred tax assets until sufficient positive evidence exists to support a reversal of, or decrease in, the valuation allowance.

Note 14 -Net loss per share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, which includes fully vested and exercisable warrants with a nominal exercise price of $0.01 per share in the weighted-average share count as if outstanding.

For all periods presented, the calculation of basic net loss per share excludes shares issued upon the early exercise of stock options where the vesting conditions have not been satisfied. Common stock purchased pursuant to an early exercise of stock options is not deemed to be outstanding for accounting purposes until those shares vest. The Company also excludes unvested shares subject to repurchase in the number of shares outstanding in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of stockholders’ equity.

Because the Company reported net losses for all periods presented, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share and all potentially dilutive common stock equivalents are antidilutive and have been excluded from the calculation of net loss per share.

Contingently issuable shares, including equity awards with performance conditions, are considered outstanding common shares and included in the computation of basic net loss per share as of the date that all necessary conditions to earn the awards have been satisfied. Prior to the end of the contingency period, the number of contingently issuable shares included in diluted net loss per share is based on the number of shares, if any, that would be issuable under the terms of the arrangement at the end of the reporting period.

The following table presents the number of antidilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in millions):

Note 15 -Related Party Transactions

In August 2025, Neon Aero Inc. and its subsidiaries (together “Neon Group”) became related parties of the Company as a result of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer’s ownership interest and position as a director of Neon Aero Inc. As of September 30, 2026, $1.4 million was payable to Neon Group. The total purchases of goods and services from Neon Group for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 were $2.1 million and $7.1 million, respectively. The total purchases of goods and services from Neon Group for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $2.8 million.

Note 16 -Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company has determined that it operates as a single operating segment andone reportable segment, as the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis. The CODM uses net loss for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance. Given the Company’s pre-commercialization operating stage, it currently has no concentration exposure to products, services, or customers. Segment asset information is not regularly provided to the CODM to allocate resources.

The following table presents significant expenses provided to the CODM (in millions):