Affirm Holdings Inc

12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Financial Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value

The following tables present information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, there were no transfers between levels.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Level 2)

Marketable Securities

As of March 31, 2025, we held marketable securities classified as cash and cash equivalents and securities available for sale. Management obtains pricing from one or more third-party pricing services for the purpose of determining fair value. Whenever available, the fair value is based on quoted bid prices as of the end of the trading day. When quoted prices are not available, other methods may be utilized including evaluated prices provided by third-party pricing services.

Derivative Instruments

As of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, we used a combination of interest rate cap agreements and interest rate swaps to manage interest costs and the risks associated with variable interest rates. These derivative instruments are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy, and the fair value is estimated by using third-party pricing models, which contain certain assumptions based on readily observable market-based inputs. We validate the valuation output on a monthly basis. Refer to Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on our derivative instruments.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

We evaluate our assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them each reporting period. Since our servicing assets and liabilities, performance fee liability, securitization notes and residual trust certificates, profit share liability, and risk sharing arrangements do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices, we use significant unobservable inputs to measure fair value and have classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. This determination requires significant judgments to be made.

Servicing Assets and Liabilities

We sold loans with an unpaid principal balance of $3.6 billion and $11.0 billion for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, respectively, $2.1 billion and $7.3 billion for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, respectively, for which we retained servicing rights.

As of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, we serviced loans which we sold with a remaining unpaid principal balance of $6.8 billion and $5.1 billion, respectively.

We use discounted cash flow models to arrive at an estimate of fair value. Significant assumptions used in the valuation of our servicing rights are as follows:

Adequate Compensation

We estimate adequate compensation as the rate a willing market participant would require for servicing loans with similar characteristics as those in the serviced portfolio.

Discount Rate

Estimated future payments to be received under servicing agreements are discounted as a part of determining the fair value of the servicing rights. For servicing rights on loans, the discount rate reflects the time value of money and a risk premium intended to reflect the amount of compensation market participants would require.

Gross Default Rate

We estimate the timing and probability of early loan payoffs, loan defaults and write-offs, thus affecting the projected unpaid principal balance and expected term of the loan, which are used to project future servicing revenue and expenses.

We earned $32.1 million and $86.7 million of servicing income for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, respectively, and $25.3 million and $67.9 million for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, respectively.

As of both March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, the aggregate fair value of the servicing assets was measured at $0.6 million and presented within other assets in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, the aggregate fair value of the servicing liabilities was measured at $0.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and presented within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the aggregate fair value of our servicing assets (in thousands):

The following table summarizes the activity related to the aggregate fair value of our servicing liabilities (in thousands):

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of servicing assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024:

(1)Estimated annual cost of servicing a loan as a percentage of unpaid principal balance

(2)Annualized estimated gross charge-offs as a percentage of unpaid principal balance

(3)Unobservable inputs were weighted by relative fair value

The following table summarizes the effect that adverse changes in estimates would have on the fair value of the servicing assets and liabilities given hypothetical changes in significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

Performance Fee Liability

In accordance with our agreements with our originating bank partners, we pay a fee for each loan that is fully repaid by the consumer, due at the end of the period in which the loan is fully repaid. We recognize a liability upon the purchase of a loan for the expected future payment of the performance fee. This liability is measured using a discounted cash flow model and recorded at fair value and presented within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Any changes in the fair value of the liability are reflected inother income, net, in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the performance fee liability (in thousands):

Significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the performance fee liability are the discount rate, refund rate, and default rate. Significant increases or decreases in any of the inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the performance fee liability as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024:

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by remaining principal balances

Retained Beneficial Interests in Unconsolidated VIEs

As of March 31, 2025, we held notes receivable and residual trust certificates with an aggregate fair value of$50.9 million in connection with unconsolidated securitizations. The balances correspond to the 5% economic risk retention we are required to maintain as the securitization sponsor.

These assets are measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow model, and presented within securities available for sale at fair value in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value, other than declines in fair value due to credit recognized as an allowance, are reflected inother comprehensive income in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Declines in fair value due to credit are reflected inother income, net in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the notes and residual trust certificates (in thousands):

Significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the notes and residual trust certificates are the discount rate, loss rate, and prepayment rate. Significant increases or decreases in any of the inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the notes receivable and residual trust certificates as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024:

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by relative fair value

The following table summarizes the effect that adverse changes in estimates would have on the fair value of the notes receivable and residual trust certificates given hypothetical changes in significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

Profit Share Liability

On January 1, 2021, we entered into a commercial agreement with an enterprise partner, in which we are obligated to share in the profitability of transactions facilitated by our platform. Upon capture of a loan under this program, we record a liability associated with the estimated future profit to be shared over the life of the loan based on estimated program profitability levels. This liability is measured using a discounted cash flow model and recorded at fair value and presented within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the profit share liability (in thousands):

Significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the profit share liability are the discount rate and estimated program profitability. Significant increases or decreases in any of the inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the profit sharing liability as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024:

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by relative fair value

Risk Sharing Arrangements

In connection with certain capital funding arrangements with third party loan buyers, we have entered into risk sharing agreements where we may be required to make a payment to the loan buyer or are entitled to receive a payment from the loan buyer, depending on the actual versus expected loan performance as contractually agreed to with the counterparty, and subject to a cap based on a percentage of the principal balance of loans sold. Loan performance is evaluated at a cohort level based on the month loans were sold. As of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, we have sold $7.8 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, unpaid principal balance of loans under these risk sharing arrangements, of which our maximum exposure to losses is $94.3 million and $81.2 million, respectively. This amount includes our maximum potential loss with respect to risk sharing liabilities of $33.1 million and risk sharing assets of $61.2 million, as of March 31, 2025.

We account for these arrangements as derivatives measured at fair value with gains and losses recognized in gain on sales of loans in our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For each counterparty, we have recognized a net asset or net liability based on the estimated fair value of future payments we expect to receive from or make to the counterparty. As of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, we held assets related to these arrangements of $43.7 million and $33.9 million, respectively, and liabilities of $0.4 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025, we estimated the fair value of future settlements using a discounted cash flow model. Significant assumptions used in the valuation of our risk sharing assets and liabilities are as follows:

Discount Rate

We estimate future cash flows to be received or paid under the agreements are discounted as a part of determining the fair value of the risk sharing arrangements. The discount rate reflects the time value of money and a risk premium intended to reflect the amount of compensation market participants would require.

Loss Rate

We estimate the loss rate as the probability of loan defaults and write-offs, which are used to project future risk-sharing cash flows.

Prepayment Rate

We estimate the annualized prepayment rate as the expected excess loan payment received in a given month as a percentage of the outstanding principal balance at the beginning of the month minus the scheduled principal payment.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the risk sharing assets (in thousands):

The following table summarizes the activity related to the fair value of the risk sharing liabilities (in thousands):

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the risk sharing arrangements as of March 31, 2025:

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by principal balance of loans sold under each cohort

The following table summarizes the effect that adverse changes in estimates would have on the fair value of the risk sharing assets and liabilities given hypothetical changes in significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Recorded at Fair Value

The following table presents the fair value and our assessment of the classification of this measurement within the fair value hierarchy for financial assets and liabilities held at amortized cost as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

(1)Amortized cost approximates fair value for loans held for sale and other assets.

(2)As of March 31, 2025, includes convertible senior notes due 2026 with a carrying amount and fair value of $247.7 million and $230.5 million, respectively, and convertible senior notes due 2029 with a carrying amount and fair value of $904.3 million and $814.1 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, includes convertible senior notes due 2026 with a carrying amount and fair value of $1.3 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively. The estimated fair value of the convertible senior notes is determined based on a market approach, using the estimated or actual bids and offers of the notes in an over-the-counter market on the last business day of the period.

(3)As of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, debt issuance costs in the amount of $18.1 million and $14.8 million, respectively, was included within funding debt.