DOW INC

The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $1,465 million at March 31, 2025 and $2,189 million at December 31, 2024, of which $780 million at March 31, 2025 and $1,427 million at December 31, 2024 was held by subsidiaries in foreign countries, including U.S. territories. For each of its foreign subsidiaries, Dow makes an assertion regarding the amount of earnings intended for permanent reinvestment, with the balance available to be repatriated to the United States.

Cash held by foreign subsidiaries for permanent reinvestment is generally used to finance the subsidiaries' operational activities and future foreign investments. Dow has the ability to repatriate additional funds to the United States, which could result in an adjustment to the tax liability for foreign withholding taxes, foreign and/or U.S. state income taxes and the impact of foreign currency movements. At March 31, 2025, management believed that sufficient liquidity was available in the United States. The Company has and expects to continue repatriating certain funds from its non‑U.S. subsidiaries that are not needed to finance local operations; however, these particular repatriation activities have not and are not expected to result in a significant incremental tax liability to the Company.

The Company's cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows, are summarized in the following table:

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations in the first three months of 2025 and 2024 was primarily driven by the Company's cash earnings and dividends from equity method investments, which were partially offset by cash used for working capital and performance-based compensation payments.

Cash provided by operating activities from discontinued operations in the first three months of 2025 and 2024 reflected cash payments and receipts for certain agreements and matters related to the separation from DowDuPont Inc. ("DowDuPont").

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used for investing activities in the first three months of 2025 and 2024 were primarily for capital expenditures and purchases of investments, which were partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of investments.

The Company's capital expenditures were $685 million in the first three months of 2025, compared with $714 million in the first three months of 2024. The Company has reduced its expected full year capital spending to approximately $2.5 billion. The primary driver for the decrease is the Company’s decision to delay construction of the Fort Saskatchewan Path2Zero project until market conditions improve. As evidenced across this and prior economic cycles, the Company will proactively adjust its spending as economic conditions evolve.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash used for financing activities in the first three months of 2025 for Dow Inc. was primarily related to payments on long-term debt and dividends paid to stockholders, which were partially offset by proceeds from issuance of long-term debt. Cash used for financing activities in the first three months of 2025 for TDCC was primarily related to payments on long-term debt and dividends paid to Dow Inc., which were partially offset by proceeds from issuance of long-term debt. Cash provided by financing activities in the first three months of 2024 was primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt. In addition, Dow Inc. included cash outflows for dividends paid to stockholders and purchases of treasury stock. TDCC included cash outflows for dividends paid to Dow Inc.

Dow Inc. Non-GAAP Cash Flow Measures

Free Cash Flow

Dow defines Free Cash Flow as "Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations," less capital expenditures. Under this definition, Free Cash Flow represents the cash generated by Dow from operations after investing in its asset base. Free Cash Flow, combined with cash balances and other sources of liquidity, represents the cash available to fund obligations and provide returns to shareholders. Free Cash Flow is an integral financial measure used in the Company's financial planning process.

Operating EBITDA

Dow defines Operating EBITDA as earnings (i.e., "Income (loss) before income taxes") before interest, depreciation and amortization, excluding the impact of significant items.

Cash Flow Conversion (Cash Flow from Operations to Operating EBITDA)

Dow defines Cash Flow Conversion (Cash Flow from Operations to Operating EBITDA) as "Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations," divided by Operating EBITDA. Management believes Cash Flow Conversion is an important financial metric as it helps the Company determine how efficiently it is converting its earnings into cash flow.

These financial measures are not recognized in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and should not be viewed as alternatives to GAAP financial measures of performance. All companies do not calculate non-GAAP financial measures in the same manner and, accordingly, Dow's definitions may not be consistent with the methodologies used by other companies.

1. The three months ended March 31, 2025 includes severance and related benefit costs associated with the Company's 2025 Restructuring Program, charges related to an arbitration agreement for historical product claims from a divested business, loss on early extinguishment of debt and restructuring charges and implementation and efficiency costs associated with the Company's 2023 Restructuring Program. The three months ended March 31, 2024 includes restructuring charges and implementation and efficiency costs associated with the Company's 2023 Restructuring Program and impairment charges related to write-downs of certain manufacturing assets. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

2. Cash flow from operations to net income is not applicable for the three months ended March 31, 2025 due to a net loss for the period.

Liquidity & Financial Flexibility

The Company’s primary source of incremental liquidity is cash flows from operating activities. The generation of cash from operations and the Company's ability to access capital markets is expected to meet the Company’s cash requirements for working capital, capital expenditures, debt maturities, contributions to pension plans, dividend distributions to stockholders, share repurchases and other needs. In addition to cash from operating activities, the Company’s current liquidity sources also include TDCC's U.S. and Euromarket commercial paper programs, committed and uncommitted credit facilities, committed accounts receivable facilities, a medium-term notes program, a U.S. retail note program (“InterNotes®”) and other debt markets.

The Company continues to maintain a strong financial position with all of its committed credit facilities undrawn and fully available at March 31, 2025. Cash and committed and available forms of liquidity were $11.2 billion at March 31, 2025. The Company also has no substantive long-term debt maturities due until 2027. As a well-known seasoned issuer, the Company may issue debt at any time as an additional source of liquidity. Additional details on sources of liquidity are as follows:

Commercial Paper

TDCC issues promissory notes under its U.S. and Euromarket commercial paper programs. TDCC had no commercial paper outstanding at March 31, 2025. TDCC maintains access to the commercial paper market at competitive rates. Amounts outstanding under TDCC's commercial paper programs during the period may be greater or less than the amount reported at the end of the period. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, TDCC issued commercial paper and had approximately $2.5 billion of commercial paper outstanding at April 25, 2025.

Committed Credit Facilities

The Company also has the ability to access liquidity through TDCC's committed and available credit facilities. At March 31, 2025, TDCC had total committed and available credit facilities of $8.4 billion.

Uncommitted Credit Facilities

The Company has entered into various uncommitted bilateral credit arrangements as a potential source of excess liquidity. These lines can be used to support short-term liquidity needs and for general purposes. The Company had no drawdowns outstanding at March 31, 2025.

Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities

In addition to the above credit facilities, the Company maintains a committed accounts receivable facility in the United States where eligible trade accounts receivable, up to $900 million, may be sold at any point in time. The Company also maintains a committed accounts receivable facility in Europe where eligible trade accounts receivable, up to €500 million, may be sold at any point in time. These facilities are set to expire in November 2025. In the first three months of 2025, there were $100 million in sales of receivables under the U.S. and Europe committed accounts receivable facilities ($112 million in sales of receivables in the first three months of 2024). At March 31, 2025, approximately $99 million of sold receivables were outstanding.

In addition, the Company has an uncommitted accounts receivable facility in the United States providing additional liquidity. This facility is set to expire in November 2025. Sales of receivables under this facility were $147 million in the first three months of 2025 ($167 million in sales of receivables in the first three months of 2024). At March 31, 2025, approximately $147 million of sold receivables were outstanding. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Early Settlement of Letters of Credit

The Company utilizes, from time-to-time, letters of credit discounting programs to manage and expedite the settlement of letters of credit in certain regions. These letters of credit are associated with accounts receivable and the Company retains no interest in the transferred letters of credit or receivables once sold.

Accounts Receivable Discounting Facilities

The Company has access to accounts receivable discounting facilities, under which receivables are transferred with limited recourse. The Company retains no interest in the transferred receivables once sold. Sales of receivables under this facility were $285 million in the first three months of 2025 ($148 million sales of receivables in the first three months of 2024). At March 31, 2025, approximately $289 million of sold receivables were outstanding. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The Company maintains these facilities and also participates in certain customers’ supply chain financing and other early pay programs as a routine source of working capital.

Company-Owned Life Insurance

The Company has investments in company-owned life insurance ("COLI") policies, which are recorded at their cash surrender value as of each balance sheet date. The Company has the ability to monetize its investment in its COLI policies as an additional source of liquidity. At March 31, 2025, the Company had monetized $200 million of its existing COLI policies' surrender value (zero at December 31, 2024). See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Debt

As the Company continues to maintain its strong balance sheet and financial flexibility, management is focused on net debt (a non-GAAP financial measure), as the Company believes this is the best representation of its financial leverage at this point in time. As shown in the following table, net debt is equal to total gross debt minus "Cash and cash equivalents" and "Marketable securities."

1. Included in "Other current assets" in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company may at any time repurchase certain debt securities in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions subject to: the applicable terms under which any such debt securities were issued, certain internal approvals of the Company, and applicable laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdiction in which any such potential transactions might take place. This in no way obligates the Company to make any such repurchases nor should it be considered an offer to do so.

TDCC's public debt instruments and primary, private credit agreements contain, among other provisions, certain customary restrictive covenant and default provisions. TDCC's most significant debt covenant with regard to its financial position is the obligation to maintain the ratio of its consolidated indebtedness to consolidated capitalization at no greater than 0.70 to 1.00 at any time the aggregate outstanding amount of loans under the Five Year Competitive Advance and Revolving Credit Facility Agreement ("Revolving Credit Agreement") equals or exceeds $500 million. The ratio of TDCC's consolidated indebtedness to consolidated capitalization as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement was 0.46 to 1.00 at March 31, 2025. Management believes TDCC was in compliance with all of its covenants and default provisions at March 31, 2025. For information on TDCC's debt covenants and default provisions, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2024 10-K. There were no material changes to the debt covenants and default provisions related to TDCC’s outstanding long-term debt and primary, private credit agreements in the first three months of 2025.

In the first quarter of 2025, the Company issued $1 billion of senior unsecured notes. The offering included $400 million aggregate principal amount of 5.35 percent notes due 2035 and $600 million aggregate principal amount of 5.95 percent notes due 2055. The Company used the proceeds to complete cash tender offers for certain debt securities. In total, $943 million aggregate principal amount was tendered and retired. As a result, the Company recognized a pretax loss of $60 million on the early extinguishment of debt, included in "Sundry income (expense) - net" in the consolidated statements of income, related to Corporate.

In the first quarter of 2025, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $13 million of InterNotes®.

While taking into consideration the current economic environment, management expects that the Company will continue to have sufficient liquidity and financial flexibility to meet all of its business obligations.

Credit Ratings

At March 31, 2025, TDCC's credit ratings were as follows:

On February 21, 2025, Standard & Poor's affirmed TDCC's BBB and A-2 rating, and revised its outlook to negative from stable. Standard & Poor's decision was made as part of their annual review process and reflects the Company's supportive financial policies, scale, liquidity and cost-advantaged footprint.

Dividends

Dow Inc.

Dow Inc. has paid dividends on a quarterly basis since the separation from DowDuPont and expects to continue to do so, subject to approval by the Dow Inc. Board. Dividends declared by the Board align to the Company's strategy announced in 2018 of returning approximately 45 percent of Operating Net Income to shareholders through dividends and total shareholder remuneration of approximately 65 percent of Operating Net Income, when including share repurchases, over the economic cycle. The Company defines Operating Net Income, a non-GAAP measure, as "Net income available for Dow Inc. common stockholders," excluding the impact of significant items. The following table summarizes dividends declared and paid to common stockholders of record in 2025:

TDCC

TDCC has committed to fund Dow Inc.'s dividends paid to common stockholders and share repurchases, as approved by the Dow Inc. Board, as well as certain governance expenses. Funding is accomplished through intercompany loans. TDCC's Board reviews and determines a dividend distribution to Dow Inc. to settle the intercompany loans. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, TDCC declared and paid a dividend of $515 million to Dow Inc. ($791 million dividend declared and $698 million dividend paid to Dow Inc. for the three months ended March 31, 2024). At March 31, 2025, TDCC's intercompany loan balance with Dow Inc. was insignificant.

Share Repurchase Program

On April 13, 2022, the Dow Inc. Board approved a share repurchase program authorizing up to $3 billion for the repurchase of the Company's common stock, with no expiration date. The Company did not repurchase any of its common stock in the first quarter of 2025. At March 31, 2025, approximately $931 million of the share repurchase program authorization remained available for repurchases. As previously announced, the Company intends to repurchase shares at a minimum to cover dilution over the economic cycle. The Company may from time to time expand its share repurchases beyond dilution, based on a number of factors including macroeconomic conditions, free cash flow generation, and the Dow share price. Any share repurchases, when coupled with the Company's dividends, are intended to implement the long-term strategy of targeting shareholder remuneration of approximately 65 percent over the economic cycle.

Pension Plans

The Company has both funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans that cover employees in the United States and a number of other countries. The Company's funding policy is to contribute to funded plans when pension laws and/or economics either require or encourage funding.

As part of its ongoing pension de-risking initiatives, the Company initiated the termination of certain U.S. tax-qualified pension plans which include the tax-qualified benefit obligations for substantially all employees hired after January 1, 2008, who earned benefits based on a set percentage of annual pay, plus interest. As part of the plan termination process, the Company will offer participants of these plans annuity or lump sum distribution options. Final asset distributionsare expected to be paid from plan assets in the fourth quarter of 2025. The Company anticipates that these asset distributions will result in pension settlement charges, with the amounts dependent on various factors, including interest rates, plan asset returns, annuity pricing and participant distribution elections.

See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2024 10-K for additional information related to the Company's pension plans.

Restructuring

The 2025 Restructuring Program is expected to result in additional cash expenditures of $207 million through the end of 2026 and consist primarily of severance and related benefits costs. Costs to implement the targeted actions are expected to result in additional cash expenditures of $10 million. These actions are expected to be substantially complete by the end of 2026.

Restructuring implementation and efficiency costs related to the 2023 Restructuring Program totaled $50 million in the first quarter of 2025 ($46 million in the first quarter of 2024).

The Company expects to incur additional costs in the future related to its restructuring activities, which will be recognized as incurred. The Company also expects to incur additional employee-related costs, including involuntary termination benefits related to its other optimization activities. These costs cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's restructuring activities.

Contractual Obligations

Information related to the Company’s contractual obligations, commercial commitments and expected cash requirements for interest can be found in Notes 14, 15, 16 and 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2024 10-K. With the exception of the items noted below, there have been no material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations since December 31, 2024.

1. Cash requirements for interest on long-term debt was calculated using current interest rates at March 31, 2025, and includes $158 million of various floating rate notes.

2. Includes outstanding purchase orders and other commitments greater than $1 million obtained through a survey conducted within the Company. The increase from December 31, 2024 was primarily due to supply agreements related to the Company's Fort Saskatchewan Path2Zero project and contract term extensions.

Fair Value Measurements

See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information concerning fair value measurements.