DOW INC

NOTE 22 –FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes the bases used to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis:

1. The Company's held-to-maturity securities primarily relate to treasury bills and time deposits and are included in "Cash and cash equivalents" in the consolidated balance sheets.

2. The Company's investments in marketable securities are included in "Other current assets" in the consolidated balance sheets.

3. Estimated asset for an investment in a limited liability company included in "Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates" in the consolidated balance sheets.

4. The Company's investments in debt securities, which are primarily available-for-sale, and equity securities are included in "Other investments" in the consolidated balance sheets.

5. U.S. Treasury obligations, U.S. agency obligations, U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities and other municipalities' obligations.

6. Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value.

7. See Note 21 for the classification of derivatives in the consolidated balance sheets.

8. Cost includes fair value hedge adjustment gains of $9 million at December 31, 2024 and $49 million at December 31, 2023 on $5,129 million of debt at December 31, 2024 and $4,479 million of debt at December 31, 2023.

9. Estimated liability for TDCC's guarantee of Sadara's debt which is included in "Other noncurrent obligations" in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 15 for additional information.

Cost approximates fair value for all other financial instruments.

For assets and liabilities classified as Level 1 measurements (measured using quoted prices in active markets), total fair value is either the price of the most recent trade at the time of the market close or the official close price, as defined by the exchange on which the asset is most actively traded on the last trading day of the period, multiplied by the number of units held without consideration of transaction costs.

For assets and liabilities classified as Level 2 measurements, where the security is frequently traded in less active markets, fair value is based on the closing price at the end of the period; where the security is less frequently traded, fair value is based on the price a dealer would pay for the security or similar securities, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability, or by using observable market data points of similar, more liquid securities to imply the price. Market inputs are obtained from well-established and recognized vendors of market data and subjected to tolerance and quality checks.

For derivative assets and liabilities, standard industry models are used to calculate the fair value of the various financial instruments based on significant observable market inputs, such as foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, swap rates, interest rates and implied volatilities obtained from various market sources. Market inputs are obtained from well-established and recognized vendors of market data and subjected to tolerance/quality checks.

For all other assets and liabilities for which observable inputs are used, fair value is derived through the use of fair value models, such as a discounted cash flow model or other standard pricing models. See Note 21 for further information on the types of instruments used by the Company for risk management.

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

For assets classified as Level 3 measurements, fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs including assumptions where there is little, if any, market activity. The Level 3 asset value represents the fair value of an investment in a corporate bond, accounted for as a debt security. At December 31, 2023, the level 3 asset values also included an investment in a limited liability company, accounted for as an investment in nonconsolidated affiliates, and with no unfunded commitment.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value measurements of the investment in a corporate bond using Level 3 inputs for the year ended December 31, 2024:

1. Included in "Other investments" in the consolidated balance sheets.

2. Included in "Accumulated other comprehensive loss" in the consolidated balance sheets.

For liabilities classified as Level 3 measurements, the fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs including assumptions where there is little, if any, market activity. The fair value of the Company’s accrued liability related to the guarantee of Sadara's debt is in proportion to the Company's 35 percent ownership interest in Sadara. The estimated fair value of the guarantee was calculated using a "with" and "without" method. The fair value of the debt was calculated "with" the guarantee less the fair value of the debt "without" the guarantee. The "with" and "without" values were calculated using a discounted cash flow method based on contractual cash flows as well as projected prepayments made on the debt by Sadara. See Note 15 for further information on guarantees classified as Level 3 measurements.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

1. Included in "Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates" in the consolidated income statements.

For equity securities calculated at net asset value per share (or its equivalent), the Company had $90 million in private equity and $15 million in real estate at December 31, 2024 ($86 million in private equity and $18 million in real estate at December 31, 2023). There are no redemption restrictions and the unfunded commitments on these investments were $81 million at December 31, 2024 ($75 million at December 31, 2023).

Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis

The following table summarizes the bases used to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets:

2024 Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis

As part of the 2023 Restructuring Program, the Company recorded impairment charges for asset write-downs and write-offs of $8 million related to the shutdown of certain polyurethanes assets (Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure), $7 million related to the shutdown of certain silicones assets (Performance Materials & Coatings) and $1 million related to Corporate, included in "Restructuring and asset related charges - net" in the consolidated statements of income.

In 2024, the Company recorded impairment charges of $37 million related primarily to write-downs of certain manufacturing assets in the United States and Italy. The assets, classified as Level 3 measurements, were valued at $60 million using unobservable inputs. The impairment charges were included in "Restructuring and asset related charges - net" in the consolidated statements of income and related to Packaging & Specialty Plastics.

2023 Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis

As part of the 2023 Restructuring Program, the Company has or will shut down a number of manufacturing facilities, corporate facilities and miscellaneous assets around the world. The assets associated with this plan were written down to zero. Impairments of leased, non-manufacturing facilities, which were classified as Level 3 measurements, resulted in a write-down of right-of-use assets to a fair value of $9 million using unobservable inputs. The impairment charges related to the 2023 Restructuring Program, totaling $191 million, were included in "Restructuring and asset related charges - net" in the consolidated statements of income and related to Packaging & Specialty Plastics ($1 million), Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure ($50 million), Performance Materials & Coatings ($49 million) and Corporate ($91 million).

See Note 5 for additional information on the Company's restructuring activities.

The Company's fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis were insignificant in 2022.