Arcosa, Inc.

Arcosa’s corporate headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas. We principally operate in various locations throughout the U.S. and in Mexico. Our facilities are considered to be in good condition, well maintained, and adequate for our purposes. Information about the total square footage of our facilities as of December 31, 2025 is as follows:

(1) Excludes non-operating facilities.

Our estimated weighted average production capacity utilization for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2025 is reflected by the following percentages:

(1) Excludes non-operating facilities.

(2) Includes processing facilities, quarries, and mines.

Mineral Reserves - Overview

Information concerning the Company’s mining properties has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (“S-K 1300”). The terms “mineral resource,” “measured mineral resource,” “indicated mineral resource,” “inferred mineral resource,” “mineral reserve,” “proven mineral reserve,” and “probable mineral reserve,” whether singular or plural, are defined and used in accordance with S-K 1300. Under S-K 1300, mineral resources may not be classified as “mineral reserves” unless the determination has been made by a qualified person that the mineral resources can be the basis of an economically viable project.

The Company’s estimates of mineral reserves and mineral resources are determined internally by competent professionals, including engineers and geologists, using industry best practices and internal controls. These estimates are based on geologic data, mineral ownership information, and current or proposed operating plans. Our mineral reserves are proven and probable reserves that could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination, considering grade and quality of the minerals and all material modifying factors. These estimates are periodically updated to reflect past mining production, updated mine plans, new exploration information, and other geologic or mining data. Acquisitions or dispositions of mining properties will also change these estimates. Changes in mining or processing methods may increase or decrease the recovery basis for the estimates. The ability to update or modify the estimates of our mineral reserves is restricted to competent geologists and mining engineers and material modifications are documented. Our estimates of mineral reserves and mineral resources, and supporting information, have been assessed by the John T. Boyd Company, a qualified person, which is unaffiliated with the Company and conforms to the requirements under S-K 1300 for qualified persons. For more information related to the risks associated with the estimates of mineral reserves and mineral resources, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors -Risks Related to our Business and Operations.”

Mining Properties

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we produced 33.3 million tons of natural aggregates and specialty materials from our mining and processing operations located in the U.S. and Canada, all of which, we believe, have adequate road and/or railroad access. As of December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any individually material mining properties. The Company reports its mining operations primarily through the following commodity groupings:

Natural Aggregates – includes operations which specialize in the production of sand, gravel, crushed stone, and stabilized material. Our aggregates operations are grouped into the “Texas” and “All Other” geographic regions, and shipments from an individual quarry or stationary crushing location are generally limited in geographic scope because the cost of transportation to customers is high relative to the value of the product itself.

Specialty Materials – includes operations which produce lightweight aggregates, select natural aggregates, and milled or processed specialty building products and agricultural products. Since specialty materials have a much wider, multi-state distribution area due to their higher value relative to their distribution costs as compared to natural aggregates, we do not group our specialty materials operations by geographic region.

Our active operations as of December 31, 2025 included 52 that produce and distribute natural aggregates and 11 that produce, process, and distribute specialty materials. In addition to our active operations, we control interests in 23 inactive or greenfield (undeveloped) mining properties. We also own and operate recycled aggregates (i.e., recycled concrete products) facilities which are not dependent on mineral reserves.

The following map illustrates the locations of our active mining operations as of December 31, 2025, excluding stand-alone processing facilities:

The following table summarizes, by major commodity group and geographic region, the status for our mining properties as of December 31, 2025:

Our active mining operations include 62 surface mines and one underground mine. The operations extract materials from surficial or near-surface alluvial and bedrock deposits. Mining methods utilized at our surface operations include conventional truck/shovel excavation and dredge mining. Our single underground mine in Pennsylvania utilizes mechanized room-and-pillar mining methods.

Processing operations to produce sand and gravel and crushed stone consist of mechanized crushing, washing, and sizing. Stabilized sand is mixed in a pug mill. Specialty materials may be subjected to additional processing – such as milling and grinding, roasting (in kilns), and/or pelletizing – depending on the product specifications. The following table summarizes, by major commodity group, the annual production history over the preceding three years for our mining properties:

Our ownership or leasehold interest in our mining properties – both active and undeveloped – is 100%. Rights to mine the properties are controlled through our ownership in fee and/or long-term lease agreements with third parties.

Our mining operations are subject to a wide range of laws, ordinances, and regulations and require various governmental approvals and permits. Federal, state, and local authorities regulate the operations with respect to matters such as employee health and safety, permitting and licensing requirements, air quality standards, water quality standards, plant and wildlife protection, the reclamation and restoration of mining properties after mining has been completed, the discharge of materials into the environment, surface subsidence from underground mining, and the effects of mining on groundwater quality and availability. We have obtained all material permits currently required to conduct our present mining operations.

Mineral Reserves

We controlled an estimated 1.3 billion tons of mineral reserves as of December 31, 2025. Reported mineral reserves include only quantities that are owned in fee or under lease – approximately 684 million tons or 55% are located on owned land and approximately 566 million tons or 45% are located on leased land. The economic viability of our reserves was determined using average selling prices ranging from $5.03 to $112.57 per ton, depending on the location and market.

Our mineral reserves, on average, represent approximately 35 years at current production levels within the natural aggregates business and approximately 113 years at current production levels within the specialty materials business. However, certain operations may have more limited reserves and may not be able to expand. Approximately 1.1 billion tons or 85% of the reported mineral reserves are attributable to active mining operations.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s estimated mineral reserves by major commodity group and geographic region are as follows:

Quantities of mineral reserves were estimated from geologic analysis of exploration results and the application of economic and mining parameters appropriate to the individual deposits. Estimated mineral reserves have been adjusted to account for anticipated process dilutions and losses during mining and processing involved in producing saleable products. Economic viability of the reported mineral reserves has been demonstrated using three-year trailing average product prices on a per-property basis.

Mineral Resources

We controlled an estimated 364 million tons of mineral resources as of December 31, 2025, exclusive of our reported mineral reserves. Our mineral resource estimates are based on an initial assessment using average selling price assumptions ranging from $5.03 to $102.87 per ton, depending on the location and market. The following table summarizes our mineral resources by major commodity group and geographic region as of December 31, 2025:

Our inferred mineral resources have been estimated on the basis of limited geologic evidence. Mineral resources, that are not mineral reserves, do not have a demonstrated economic viability at this time; however, of the 233.1 million tons of inferred mineral resources, 184.6 million tons or 79% are attributable to 18 active mining operations.