UiPath Inc

1. Organization and Description of Business

Description of Business

UiPath, Inc. ("UiPath," the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) was incorporated in Delaware in June 2015 and is headquartered in New York, New York. Our AI-powered UiPath Platform™ offers arobust set of capabilities that allows our customers to discover opportunities for automation, automate using natural language and a digital workforce that seamlessly collaborates with humans, and operate a mission critical automation program at scale.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in greater scope and detail in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the 2024 Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to such policies during the nine months ended October 31, 2024.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable regulations of the SEC regarding interim financial reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP may be condensed or omitted. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related financial information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, which are included in the 2024 Form 10-K.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, that are necessary for the fair presentation of our financial information. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of UiPath, Inc. and its subsidiaries in which we hold a controlling financial interest. Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

The results of operations for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2025 or for any other future interim or annual period.

Fiscal Year

Our fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal year 2025, for example, refer to the fiscal year ending January 31, 2025.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date and the amounts of revenue and expenses reported during the period. We evaluate estimates based on historical and anticipated results, trends, and various other assumptions. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, certain aspects of revenue recognition, expected period of benefit for deferred contract acquisition costs, allowance for credit losses, fair value of financial assets and liabilities, fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, useful lives of long-lived assets, capitalized software development costs, carrying value of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities, incremental borrowing rates for operating leases, amount of stock-based compensation expense, timing and amount of contingencies, costs related to our restructuring actions, uncertain tax positions, and valuation allowance for deferred income taxes. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Foreign Currency

The functional currency of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is the local currency. Asset and liability balances denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates, while revenue and expenses are translated using average monthly exchange rates. Differences are included in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Financial assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded at the exchange rate at the time of the transaction and subsequent gains and losses related to changes in the foreign currency are included in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized foreign currency transaction (losses) gains of $(0.3) million and $4.3 million, respectively. For the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized foreign currency transaction gains of $1.9 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

Concentration of Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable.

We maintain our cash balance at financial institutions that management believes are high-credit, quality financial institutions, where our deposits, at times, exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. As of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024,89% and 91%, respectively, of our cash and cash equivalents were concentrated in the U.S., European Union (“EU”) countries, and Japan.

The selection of investments in marketable securities is governed by our investment policy. The policy aims to emphasize principles of safety and liquidity, with the overall objective of earning an attractive rate of return while limiting exposure to risk of loss and avoiding inappropriate concentrations. We use this policy to guide our investment decisions as it stipulates, among other things, a list of eligible investment types, minimum ratings and other restrictions for each type, and overall portfolio composition constraints.

With regard to accounts receivable, we extend differing levels of credit to customers based on creditworthiness, do not require collateral deposits, and maintain reserves for expected credit losses from uncollectible accounts receivable. We manage credit risk related to our customers by performing periodic evaluations of creditworthiness and applying other credit risk monitoring procedures. Significant customers are those that represent 10% or more of our total revenue for the period or accounts receivable at the balance sheet date. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, no single customer accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue. As of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, no single customer accounted for 10% or more of our accounts receivable.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU No. 2023-07 is intended to improve reportable segments disclosures requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU No. 2023-07 will be effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and for interim reporting periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We will adopt ASU No. 2023-07 beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2025. Although the guidance requires certain additional disclosures, we do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU No. 2023-09 will require additional tax disclosures, predominantly related to the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 will be effective for us for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. ASU No. 2024-03 requires additional disclosure on specific expense categories included in the expense captions presented on the statements of operations, and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. ASU No. 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

3. Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables summarize revenue by geographical region (dollars in thousands):

(1)Revenue from the U.S. represented 46% and 48% of our total revenues for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2)Revenue from Japan represented 7% and 7% of our total revenues for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(1)Revenue from the U.S. represented 44% and 44% of our total revenues for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2)Revenue from Japan represented 10% and 10% of our total revenues for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Deferred Revenue

During the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $421.7 million and $331.1 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Our remaining performance obligations are comprised of licenses, subscription services, and professional services not yet delivered. As of October 31, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $1,127.6 million, which consists of $643.7 million of billed consideration and $483.9 million of unbilled consideration. We expect to recognize 64% of our remaining performance obligations as revenue over the next 12 months, and the remainder thereafter.

Deferred Contract Acquisition Costs

Our deferred contract acquisition costs are comprised of sales commissions that represent incremental costs to obtain customer contracts, and are determined based on sales compensation plans. Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs was $23.6 million and $21.6 million for the three months ended October 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and $63.0 million and $52.8 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is recorded in sales and marketing expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

4. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of our marketable securities (in thousands):

As of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, $34.4 million andnone, respectively, of our marketable securities had remaining contractual maturities of one year or more.

As of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, $2.1 million and $3.3 million, respectively, of interest receivable was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We did not recognize an allowance for credit losses against interest receivable as of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024.

Unrealized losses during the periods presented are a result of changes in market conditions. We do not believe that any unrealized losses are attributable to credit-related factors based on our evaluation of available evidence. To determine whether a decline in value is related to credit loss, we evaluate, among other factors, the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis and any adverse conditions specifically related to an issuer of a security or its industry.

5. Fair Value Measurement

The following tables present the fair value hierarchy of our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Our money market funds, treasury bills and U.S. government securities, and agency bonds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. We classify commercial paper, Yankee bonds, and corporate bonds as Level 2 because they are valued using inputs other than quoted prices which are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily-available pricing sources for the identical underlying security which may not be actively traded. Other investments carried at fair value, which consist of convertible bonds of private company H.AI (the "H company") purchased during the nine months ended October 31, 2024, are classified as Level 3 because their valuation relies on significant unobservable inputs. None of our financial instruments were classified in the Level 3 category as of January 31, 2024.

6. Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible Assets, Net

Acquired intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of October 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Acquired intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of January 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

We record amortization expense associated with acquired developed technology in cost of licenses revenue and cost of subscription services revenue, trade names and trademarks in sales and marketing expense, customer relationships in sales and marketing expense, and other intangibles in general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Amortization of acquired intangible assets was $1.7 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $5.5 million and $6.4 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Expected future amortization expense related to intangible assets was as follows as of October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the nine months ended October 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

7. Operating Leases

Our operating leases consist of real estate and vehicles and have remaining lease terms ofone year to 13 years. For purposes of calculating operating lease liabilities, lease terms may be deemed to include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. Our operating lease arrangements do not contain any material restrictive covenants or residual value guarantees.

Lease costs are presented below (in thousands):

(1) Included in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following table represents the weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate as of the periods presented:

Future undiscounted lease payments for our operating lease liabilities as of October 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

As of October 31, 2024, we had non-cancellable commitments in the amount of $0.5 million related to operating leases of real estate facilities that have not yet commenced.

Current operating lease liabilities of $4.8 million and $8.4 million were included inaccrued expenses and other current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

8. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Components

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.1 million and $2.7 million, respectively. Depreciation expense for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was $6.7 million and $8.5 million, respectively.

Other Assets, Non-Current

As of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, other assets, non-current included $25.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively, related to equity investments in private companies without readily determinable fair values. As a measurement alternative, these investments are reported at cost and are assessed periodically to determine whether their carrying value must be adjusted for observable changes in price or indicators of impairment.

As of October 31, 2024, other assets, non-current also included $12.3 million related to private-company convertible bonds, which are carried at fair value. Refer to Note 5, Fair Value Measurement for further information.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

9. Commitments and Contingencies

Letters of Credit

We had a total of $2.8 million and $2.6 million in letters of credit outstanding in favor of certain landlords for office space as of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively. These letters of credit renew annually and expire on various dates through fiscal year 2026.

Indemnification

In the ordinary course of business, we may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, directors, and officers with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of our breach of such agreements, services to be provided by us, or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties.

These indemnification provisions may survive termination of the underlying agreement and the potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions may not be subject to maximum loss clauses. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is indeterminable. As of October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, we have not accrued a liability for these indemnification arrangements because the likelihood of incurring a payment obligation, if any, in connection with these indemnification arrangements was remote.

Workforce Restructuring

On July 8, 2024, our board of directors approved restructuring actions to manage our operating expenses. These changes reflect efforts to reshape the organization by streamlining our structure, particularly in operational and corporate functions, to better prioritize our go-to-market investments and focus our research and development investments on artificial intelligence ("AI") and driving innovation across our platform.

For thenine months ended October 31, 2024, we incurred$15.7 million of expense associated with employee termination benefits in connection with these restructuring actions.

The following table shows the total amount incurred, and the liability, which is recorded in accrued compensation and employee benefits in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, for restructuring-related employee termination benefits as of October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

The following table shows the total restructuring costs incurred during the nine months ended October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Defined Contribution Plans

We sponsor retirement plans for qualifying employees, including a 401(k) plan in the U.S. and defined contribution plans in certain other countries, to which we make matching contributions. Our total matching contributions to all defined contribution plans were $3.5 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $13.7 million and $12.4 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Litigation

From time to time, we may be involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings, consisting of intellectual property, commercial, employment, and other matters which arise in the ordinary course of business. In accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, we make a provision for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

UiPath and certain of its officers and directors are currently parties to the following litigation matters:

On September 6, 2023, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against UiPath, then Co-Chief Executive Officer ("Co-CEO") Daniel Dines, and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") Ashim Gupta, captioned In re UiPath, Inc. Securities Litigation (the "2023 Securities Action"). The initial complaint asserted claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and alleged that defendants made material misstatements and omissions, including regarding UiPath’s competitive position and its financial results. On January 26, 2024, the lead plaintiff in the 2023 Securities Action filed an amended complaint, and on March 26, 2024, filed a further amended complaint, which alleges Securities Act claims under Sections 11 and 15 as well as Exchange Act claims under Section 10(b), Rule 10b-5, and Section 20(a). In support of the Securities Act claims, the plaintiff alleges material misstatements and omissions in UiPath’s April 2021 Registration Statement, including regarding UiPath’s competitive position and its financial results. The operative complaint is purportedly brought on behalf of a putative class of persons who purchased or otherwise acquired UiPath common stock between April 21, 2021 and September 27, 2022. It seeks unspecified monetary damages, costs and attorneys’ fees, and other unspecified relief as the Court deems appropriate. On April 23, 2024, the defendants moved to dismiss the second amended complaint. On November 4, 2024, the Court issued its opinion and order on the motion to dismiss, wherein it dismissed all claims against Mr. Gupta and dismissed all claims under the Securities Act against UiPath and Mr. Dines, but allowed the case to proceed with respect to two statements relating to competition that the plaintiffs allege violated the Exchange Act. Discovery will now proceed accordingly.

On November 30, 2023, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York against UiPath, as nominal defendant, and then Co-CEO Daniel Dines, CFO Ashim Gupta, and several of UiPath’s current and former directors. The case is captioned Polilingua Limited v. Daniel Dines, et al. The lawsuit alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties and committed other alleged misconduct in connection with the statements at issue in the 2023 Securities Action and by causing UiPath to repurchase shares at allegedly inflated prices. The plaintiff seeks unspecified damages and/or restitution on behalf of UiPath, as well as costs and attorneys’ fees and certain changes to UiPath’s corporate governance and internal controls. Similar cases were filed in the District of Delaware (captioned In re UiPath, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation) and in the Southern District of New York (captioned Ristea v. Botteri, et al.). On November 22, 2024, the In re UiPath, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation case was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice. In light of the above referenced decision on defendants' motion to dismiss the 2023 Securities Action, the stay has been lifted in the Ristea case and defendants' deadline to respond to the complaint is January 17, 2025. The stay in the Polilingua case has been extended to December 9, 2024.

On June 20, 2024, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against UiPath, Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") Daniel Dines, former CEO Robert Enslin, and CFO Ashim Gupta. The case was captioned Steiner v. UiPath, et al. The complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act on behalf of a putative class of persons who purchased or acquired UiPath common stock between December 1, 2023 and May 29, 2024, and alleges that defendants made material misstatements and omissions, including regarding the Company's AI-powered Business Automation Platform and the Company's strategy for, the success of, and customer demand for the platform. The complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, costs and attorneys' fees, and other unspecified relief as the Court deems appropriate. On August 6, 2024, a second putative class action was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against UiPath, CEO Daniel Dines, former CEO Robert Enslin, and CFO Ashim Gupta. The case was captioned Brunozzi v. UiPath, et al. The allegations in the Brunozzi complaint were identical to those made in Steiner v. UiPath et al. except that the Brunozzi complaint defines the putative class to include purchasers of UiPath call options and sellers of put options. On September 5, 2024, the Court consolidated the Steinerand Brunozzi cases and appointed Brunozzias the lead plaintiff. The consolidated action is captioned In re UiPath, Inc. Securities Litigation(the 2024 Securities Action"). On November 22, 2024, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint against UiPath, former CEO Robert Enslin, and CFO Ashim Gupta. CEO Daniel Dines is no longer a named defendant in the 2024 Securities Action. The allegations in the amended complaints are substantively similar to the allegations set forth in the complaints previously filed in Steinerand Brunozzi, and the amended complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages, costs and attorneys' fees, and other unspecified relief as the Court deems appropriate.

On July 8, 2024, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against UiPath, as nominal defendant, CEO Daniel Dines, former CEO Robert Enslin, CFO Ashim Gupta, and UiPath's board of directors. The case is captioned Gera v. UiPath, et al. The lawsuit alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties and committed other alleged misconduct in connection with the statements made during the time period at issue in the 2024 Securities Action, and by allegedly causing UiPath to repurchase shares at allegedly inflated prices. The plaintiff seeks unspecified damages and/or restitution on behalf of UiPath, as well as costs and attorneys' fees and certain changes to UiPath's corporate governance and internal controls. The matter has been stayed pending further action in the 2024 Securities Action.

We havenot recorded any accrual related to the aforementioned litigation matters as of October 31, 2024, as we believe a loss in these matters is neither probable nor estimable at this time.

Warranty

We warrant to customers that our platform will operate substantially in accordance with its specifications. Historically, no significant costs have been incurred related to product warranties. Based on such historical experience, the probability of incurring such costs in the future is deemed remote. As such, no accruals for product warranty costs have been made.

Other Matters

Our indirect tax positions are subject to audit in multiple jurisdictions globally, with a key focus on our largest operational territories, including the U.S., Romania, India, and the U.K. Our Romanian subsidiary was subjected to audits by the Agenția Națională de Administrare Fiscală ("ANAF") for value-added tax and corporate income tax for the periods January 2020 through January 2022 and January 2018 through January 2022, respectively, which were completed during the first quarter of fiscal year 2025. With regard to the value-added tax audit, an assessment has been issued. We disagree with this assessment and are in the process of appealing through litigation. We havenot recorded any reserves related to this audit as of October 31, 2024 as it is not probable that a material loss has been incurred. For additional information regarding the corporate income tax audit, refer to Note 12, Income Taxes.

Non-Cancelable Purchase Obligations

In the normal course of business, we enter into non-cancelable purchase commitments with various parties, mainly for hosting services, software products and services, and purchase of credits toward products and services from strategic alliance partners.

As of October 31, 2024, we had outstanding non-cancelable purchase obligations with a term of 12 months or longer as follows (in thousands):

10. Stockholders’ Equity

Stock Repurchase Program

On September 1, 2023, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we may repurchase from time to time up to $500.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock. This authorization was scheduled to expire on March 1, 2025. On August 30, 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $500.0 million of our Class A common stock. The current authorization may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not have a specified expiration date. Repurchases under the program may be effected through open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and under Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternate uses of capital.

During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2024, we repurchased 13.8 million and 31.0 million shares of our Class A common stock at an average price of $11.81 and $12.29 per share (inclusive of brokerage commission), respectively. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2024, we accrued $2.3 million and

$3.0 million, respectively, of related excise tax pursuant to the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which is included in the cost of treasury stock on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2024.

Subsequent to October 31, 2024, between November 1, 2024 and December 4, 2024, we repurchased an additional 0.7 million shares of our Class A common stock at an average price of $12.57 per share.

Charitable Donations of Class A Common Stock

We have reserved 2.8 million shares of our Class A common stock to fund our social impact and environmental, social, and governance initiatives. We contributed 0.3 million shares of our Class A common stock during each of the nine-month periods ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 to a donor-advised fund in connection with our Pledge 1% commitment. The aggregate fair values of the shares on the respective contribution dates of $6.6 million and $4.2 million were recorded within general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

For the nine months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive income were as follows (in thousands):

11. Equity Incentive Plans and Stock-Based Compensation

2021 Stock Plan

In April 2021, prior to and in connection with our initial public offering ("IPO"), we adopted our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan"), which provides for grants of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance stock units, and other forms of awards. As of October 31, 2024, we have reserved 202.2 million shares of our Class A common stock to be issued under the 2021 Plan. The number of shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan will automatically increase on February 1 of each year for a period often years, which began on February 1, 2022 and continues through February 1, 2031, in an amount equal to (1)5% of the total number of shares of our common stock (both Class A and Class B) outstanding on the preceding January 31, or (2) a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors no later than the February 1 increase.

2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In April 2021, prior to and in connection with the IPO, we adopted our 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). As of October 31, 2024, the ESPP authorizes the issuance of 27.2 million shares of our Class A common stock under purchase rights granted to our employees. The number of shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on February 1 of each year for a period often years, which began on February 1, 2022 and continues through February 1, 2031, by the lesser of (1)1% of the total number of shares of our common stock (both Class A and Class B) outstanding on the preceding January 31; and (2)15.5 million shares, except that before the date of any such increase, our board of directors may determine that such increase will be less than the amount set forth by (1) and (2) above. The ESPP allows participants to purchase shares at the lesser of (a)85% of the fair market value of our Class A common stock as of the commencement of the offering period, and (b)85% of the fair market value of our Class A common stock on the corresponding purchase date.

Stock Options

Stock option activity during the nine months ended October 31, 2024 was as follows:

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended October 31, 2024 was $18.59 per share. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the nine months ended October 31, 2024 was $47.0 million.

Unrecognized compensation expense associated with unvested stock options granted and outstanding as of October 31, 2024 was approximately $91.1 million, which is to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 1.9 years.

Restricted Stock Units

RSU activity during the nine months ended October 31, 2024 was as follows:

The fair value of RSUs released during the nine months ended October 31, 2024 was $183.9 million.

As of October 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was approximately $472.1 million, which is to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.1 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan Awards

During the nine months ended October 31, 2024,0.9 million shares were purchased under the ESPP at $10.21 per share. As of October 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to the ESPP was approximately $0.7 million, which is to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 0.1 years.

Stock-Based Compensation Associated with Business Acquisition

At the closing of the acquisition of Re:infer LTD on July 29, 2022, we issued 0.4 million shares of Class A common stock (outside of the 2021 Plan) to be released to certain employee sellers in equal installments on the first, second, and third anniversaries of the closing date, subject to employment-related clawback provisions. As of October 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to these shares was $1.9 million, which is to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 0.7 years.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

12. Income Taxes

Our tax provision for interim periods is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising in the applicable quarter. In each quarter, we update the estimated annual effective tax rate and make a year-to-date adjustment to the provision. The estimated annual effective tax rate is subject to significant volatility due to several factors, including our ability to accurately predict the proportion of our pretax income in multiple jurisdictions and certain book-tax differences.

We had a benefit from income taxes of $14.8 million for the three months ended October 31, 2024. We had a provision for income taxes of $3.9 million, reflecting an effective tax rate of (14.2)%, for the three months ended October 31, 2023.

We had a benefit from income taxes of $7.2 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2024. We had a provision for income taxes of $11.4 million, reflecting an effective tax rate of (10.1)%, for the nine months ended October 31, 2023.

For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2024, our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily as a result of change in valuation allowance (as discussed below) and due to tax rate differences between the U.S. and foreign countries. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily as a result of not recognizing deferred tax assets ("DTAs") for losses due to a full valuation allowance on U.S., Romania, and U.K. DTAs and due to tax rate differences between the U.S. and foreign countries.

The realization of tax benefits of net DTAs is dependent upon future levels of taxable income of an appropriate character in the periods the items are expected to be deductible or taxable. As of October 31, 2024, based on the available positive and negative evidence, including the amount of taxable income in the U.K. in recent years and our expectations of future profits in the U.K., we now believe it is more likely than not that the U.K. DTA is realizable. Therefore, during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2024, we released the $24.6 million valuation allowance associated with the U.K. DTA. We continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.S. and Romania DTAs as of October 31, 2024, because we believe, based on our current evaluations, that it is more likely than not that these DTAs will not be realized. We intend to maintain each of these full valuation allowances until sufficient positive evidence exists to support a reversal of, or decrease in, each of the respective valuation allowances.

As of October 31, 2024, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits totaling $1.5 million related to income taxes, which would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. Of this amount, the total liability pertaining to uncertain tax positions was $0.9 million, excluding interest and penalties, which are accounted for as a component of our income tax provision. Our tax positions are subject to income tax audits in multiple tax jurisdictions globally, with a currently open audit in India, and we believe that we have provided adequate reserves for our income tax uncertainties in all open tax years. Our Romanian subsidiary was subjected to a corporate income tax audit by ANAF for the period from January 2018 through January 2022, which was completed during the three months ended April 30, 2024. Certain deductions have been disallowed, resulting in a proposed reduction of net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $66.7 million. We are in the process of appealing this disallowance through litigation. In addition, we have engaged intwo bilateral transfer pricing negotiations for our transfer pricing model, one between the U.S. and Romania, and one between Japan and Romania. These negotiations are still underway, the authorities are in the process of determining the cost sharing allocations between the respective countries, and the ultimate outcomes remain uncertain. However, after evaluating recent developments in the transfer pricing negotiation between the U.S. and Romania, we believe that it is more likely than not that our position cannot be sustained upon a tax audit. As a result, for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2024, we recorded a $33.8 million decrease in the U.S. DTA and the corresponding valuation allowance. We also recorded a $16.0 million increase in the Romania DTA and its related valuation allowance.

As of October 31, 2024, we recorded a deferred tax liability of $3.1 million associated with the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries that we no longer intend to indefinitely reinvest.

In 2023, Romania adopted an alternative minimum tax that is applicable to all corporate taxpayers, including those reporting a net loss, for tax years commencing after January 1, 2024. As this tax is based on gross receipts, associated expense is included in operating expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations, and is not accounted for as income taxes.

13. Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands except per share amounts):

Anti-dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share were as follows (in thousands):