OP Bancorp

Note 10 —Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or the price that would be paid to transfer a liability on the measurement date and is determined using an exit price in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, such as AFS securities, equity investments and derivatives. Additionally, from time to time, the Company records fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. These nonrecurring adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or fair value accounting and write-downs of individual assets.

The Company classifies its assets and liabilities recorded at fair value as one of the following three categories and a financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2—Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3—Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

AFS Debt Securities —The fair values of investment securities are determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2). Management obtains the fair values of investment securities on a monthly basis from a third-party pricing service.

Equity Investments —The Company has an equity investment with readily determinable fair value. The fair value is obtained from unadjusted quoted prices in active markets on the date of measurement and classified as Level 1.

Derivatives —The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date (Level 2).

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized below:

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from application of lower of cost or fair value and write-downs of individual assets.

Collateral-dependent loans —Collateral-dependent loans are loans where repayment is expected to be provided solely by the sale of the underlying collateral and there are no other available and reliable sources of repayment. Fair value for collateral-dependent loans are measured based on the value of the collateral securing these loans and are classified as Level 3. Collateral may include real estate, or business assets including equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. The fair value of real estate collateral is determined based on third-party appraisals. The fair value of business equipment is based on third-party appraisals if significant, or the equipment’s net book value on the business’ financial statements. The fair value of inventory and accounts receivable collateral are determined based on independent field examiner review or aging reports. Appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available for similar loans and collateral underlying such loans. Appraised values are reviewed by management using historical knowledge, market considerations, and knowledge of the client and client’s business.

Other real estate owned — Fair value of OREO is determined primarily based on third-party appraisals, less costs to sell and therefore, is classified as Level 3. Appraisals are required annually and may be updated more frequently when circumstances require and the fair value adjustments are made to OREO based on the updated appraised value of the property.

The following table presents the fair value hierarchy and fair value of assets that were still held and had fair value adjustments measured on a nonrecurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(1)Represents the carrying value of OREO property that was written down subsequent to its initial classification as OREO.

The following table presents the increase (decrease) in the fair value of certain assets held at the end of the reporting periods presented for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recognized during the respective periods:

(1)Includes $353 thousand representing the SBA-guaranteed portion of OREO, which was recorded as a receivable as of September 30, 2025.

The following table presents information about significant unobservable inputs utilized in the Company’s nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(1)Weighted-average of inputs is based on the relative fair value of the respective assets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows. These financial assets and liabilities are measured at amortized cost basis on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets: