Cactus Inc

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in thousands, except share and per share data, or as otherwise indicated)

1. Organization and Nature of Operations

Cactus, Inc. (“Cactus Inc.”) and its consolidated subsidiaries (the “Company”), including Cactus Companies, LLC (“Cactus Companies”) are primarily engaged in the design, manufacture, sale and rental of highly engineered pressure control and spoolable pipe technologies. Our products are sold and rented principally for onshore unconventional oil and gas wells and are utilized during the drilling, completion and production phases of our customers’ wells. We also provide field services for all of our products and rental items to assist with the installation, maintenance and handling of the equipment. Additionally, we offer repair and refurbishment services for pressure control equipment. We operate through service centers and pipe yards located in the United States, Canada and Australia. We also provide rental and service operations in the Middle East and other select international markets. We have manufacturing and production facilities in Bossier City, Louisiana, Baytown, Texas and Suzhou, China. Our corporate headquarters are located in Houston, Texas.

Cactus Inc. was incorporated on February 17, 2017 as a Delaware corporation for the purpose of completing an initial public offering of equity and related transactions, which was completed on February 12, 2018 (our “IPO”). Cactus Inc. is a holding company whose only material asset is an equity interest consisting of units representing limited liability company interests in Cactus Companies (“CC Units”). Cactus Inc. is the sole managing member of Cactus Companies and is responsible for all operational, management and administrative decisions relating to Cactus Companies’ business. Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of Cactus Companies (the “Cactus Companies LLC Agreement”), owners of CC Units are entitled to redeem their CC Units for shares of Cactus Inc.’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Class A common stock”) on a one-for-one basis, which results in a corresponding increase in Cactus Inc.’s membership interest in Cactus Companies and an increase in the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding. We refer to the owners of CC Units, other than Cactus Inc. (along with their permitted transferees), as “CC Unit Holders.” CC Unit Holders own one share of our Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Class B common stock”) for each CC Unit such CC Unit Holder owns. Except as otherwise indicated or required by the context, all references to “Cactus,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Cactus Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (including Cactus Companies).

On February 28, 2023, Cactus Inc. through one of its subsidiaries, completed the acquisition of the FlexSteel business (the “Merger”) through a merger with HighRidge Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“HighRidge”). On February 27, 2023, in order to facilitate the Merger with HighRidge, an internal reorganization was completed in which Cactus Companies acquired all of the outstanding units representing ownership interests in Cactus Wellhead, LLC (“Cactus LLC”), the operating subsidiary of Cactus Inc. (the “CC Reorganization”). The purpose of the Merger was to effect the acquisition of the operations of FlexSteel Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. FlexSteel Holdings, Inc. was a wholly-owned subsidiary of HighRidge prior to the Merger and was converted into a limited liability company, contributed from HighRidge to Cactus Companies as part of the CC Reorganization and is now named FlexSteel Holdings, LLC (“FlexSteel”). The results of operations of FlexSteel have been reflected in our accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements from the closing date of the acquisition. See further discussion of the acquisition in Note 3.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Items

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cactus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

As the sole managing member of Cactus Companies, Cactus Inc. operates and controls all of the business and affairs of Cactus Companies and conducts its business through Cactus Companies and its subsidiaries. As a result, Cactus Inc. consolidates the financial results of Cactus Companies and its subsidiaries and reports a non-controlling interest related to the portion of CC Units not owned by Cactus Inc., which reduces net income attributable to holders of Cactus Inc.’s Class A common stock.

Use of Estimates

In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, we make numerous estimates and assumptions that affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses.

We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with a high degree of precision from available data or is not otherwise capable of being readily calculated based on accepted methodologies. In some cases, these estimates are particularly difficult to determine, and we must exercise significant judgment. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Our assets that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk are cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We manage the credit risk associated with these financial instruments by transacting only with what management believes are financially secure counterparties, requiring credit approvals and credit limits and monitoring counterparties’ financial condition. Our receivables are spread over a number of customers, a majority of which are oil and natural gas exploration and production (“E&P”) companies representing private operators, publicly-traded independents, majors and other companies with operations in the key U.S. oil and gas producing basins, as well as Australia, Canada and the Middle East. Our maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of non‑performance by the customer is limited to the receivable balance. We perform ongoing credit evaluations and monitoring as to the financial condition of our customers with respect to trade receivables. Generally, no collateral is required as a condition of sale. We also control our exposure associated with trade receivables by discontinuing sales and service to non-paying customers. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, one customer represented approximately 15% and 10%, respectively, of total revenues, with both operating segments reporting revenues with this customer. No customer represented more than 10% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Significant Vendors

The principal raw materials used in the manufacture of our pressure control products and rental equipment include forgings, tube and bar stock. In addition, we require accessory items (such as elastomers, ring gaskets, studs and nuts) and machined components and assemblies. The principal raw materials used for our spoolable products include tube, bar stock, steel strip and high-density polyethylene. We purchase a majority of these items from vendors primarily located in the United States, China, India, Australia and Vietnam. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, one vendor represented approximately 10% of our total third-party vendor purchases of raw materials, finished products, equipment, machining and other services. For the year ended December 31, 2022, no vendor represented 10% or more of our total third-party vendor purchases of raw materials, finished products, equipment, machining and other services.

Tax Receivable Agreement (TRA)

We account for amounts payable under the TRA in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 450, Contingencies. As such, subsequent changes to the measurement of the TRA liability are recognized in the statements of income as a component of other income (expense), net. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized a $3.2 million gain, a $4.5 million gain and a $1.9 million loss on the change in the TRA liability, respectively. See Note 11 for further details on the TRA liability.

Revenue Recognition

The majority of our revenues are derived from short-term contracts for fixed consideration, or in the case of equipment rentals, for a fixed charge per day while the equipment is in use by the customer. Product sales generally do not include right of return or other significant post-delivery obligations. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Revenues are recognized when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of the promised goods or providing services to our customers at a point in time, in an amount specified in the contract with our customer and that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The majority of our contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation to provide agreed upon products or services. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We do not assess whether promised goods or services are performance obligations if they are immaterial in the context of the contract with the customer. We do not incur any material costs of obtaining contracts.

We do not adjust the amount of consideration per the contract for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less, which is in substantially all cases. Payment terms and conditions vary, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days. Revenues are recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. We treat shipping and handling associated with outbound freight as a fulfillment cost instead of as a separate performance obligation. We recognize the cost for the associated shipping and handling when incurred as an expense in cost of sales. Our revenues are derived from three sources: products, rentals, and field service and other:

Product revenue. Product revenues are primarily derived from the sale of wellhead systems, production trees, spoolable pipe and connections. Revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the products.

Rental revenue. Rental revenues are primarily derived from the rental of equipment, tools and products to customers used for well control as well as rental of equipment used for pipe installation. Our rental agreements are directly with our customers and provide for a rate based primarily on the period of time the equipment is used or made available to the customer. In addition, customers are charged for repair costs for our frac equipment, typically through an agreed upon rate for each rental job. Revenue is recognized ratably over the rental period, which tends to be short-term in nature with most equipment on site for less than 90 days.

Field service and other revenue. We provide field services to our customers based on contractually agreed rates. Other revenues are derived from providing repair and reconditioning services to customers who have installed wellheads and production trees on their wellsite. Revenues are recognized as the services are performed or rendered.

Foreign Currency Translation

The financial position and results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Revenues and expenses of the subsidiaries have been translated into U.S. dollars at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the rates of exchange on the balance sheet dates. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments have been recorded directly as a separate component of other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and stockholders’ equity. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in our consolidated statements of income as incurred.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We utilize a hedging program to reduce the risks associated with changes in the value of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries. Under this program, we utilize foreign currency forward contracts to offset gains or losses recorded upon remeasurement of assets and liabilities stated in the non-functional currencies of our subsidiaries. These forward contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. As such, we record changes in fair value of the forward contracts in our consolidated statements of income along with the gain or loss resulting from remeasurement of the U.S. dollar denominated financial assets and liabilities held by our foreign subsidiaries. The forward contracts are typically only 30 days in duration and are settled and renewed each month. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of our forward contracts was immaterial.

Stock-based Compensation

We measure the cost of equity‑based awards based on the grant date fair value and allocate the compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is usually the vesting period. The grant date fair value is determined by the closing price of our Class A common stock on the grant date.

Income Taxes

Deferred taxes are recorded using the asset and liability method, whereby tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax laws and rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We regularly evaluate the valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider both positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax assets and liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and results of recent operations. If, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded.

Cactus Inc. is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal as well as state income tax related to its ownership percentage in Cactus Companies. Cactus Companies is a Delaware limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and files a U.S. Return of Partnership Income, which includes both our U.S. and foreign operations. Consequently, the members of Cactus Companies are taxed individually on their share of earnings for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. Cactus Companies is subject to the Texas Margins Tax and our operations in China, Australia, Canada, Vietnam and the Middle East are subject to local country income taxes. See Note 7 for additional information regarding income taxes.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash in excess of current operating requirements is invested in short-term interest-bearing investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase and is stated at cost, which approximates fair value. Throughout the year we maintained cash balances that were not covered by federal deposit insurance. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

We extend credit to customers in the normal course of business. Our customers are predominantly oil and gas E&P companies in the United States. Our receivables are short-term in nature and typically due in 30 to 60 days. We do not accrue interest on delinquent receivables. Accounts receivable includes amounts billed and currently due from customers and unbilled amounts for products delivered and services performed for which billings have not yet been submitted to the customers. Total unbilled revenue included in accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $29.8 million and $26.8 million, respectively.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses to provide for the amount of billed receivables we believe to be at risk of loss. In our determination of the allowance for credit losses, we pool receivables with similar risk characteristics based on customer size, credit ratings, payment history, bankruptcy status and other factors known to us and apply an expected credit loss percentage. The expected credit loss percentage is determined using historical loss data adjusted for current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Accounts deemed uncollectible are applied against the allowance for credit losses. The following is a roll forward of our allowance for credit losses:

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using standard cost (which approximates average cost). Costs include an application of related material, direct labor, duties, tariffs, freight and overhead costs. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Reserves are made for excess and obsolete items based on a range of factors, including age, usage and technological or market changes that may impact demand for those products. The inventory obsolescence reserve was $28.0 million and $25.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following is a roll forward of our inventory obsolescence reserve:

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. We manufacture or construct most of our pressure control rental assets and during the production of these assets, they are reflected as construction in progress until complete. We depreciate the cost of property and equipment using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives and depreciate our rental assets to their salvage value. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the remaining lease term or economic life of the related assets. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss are reflected in income for the period. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to income as incurred while significant renewals and improvements are capitalized. Estimated useful lives are as follows:

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consists of the following:

Depreciation and amortization was $60.4 million, $65.0 million and $34.1 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense is included in the consolidated statements of income as follows:

Impairment of Long‑Lived Assets

We review the recoverability of long‑lived assets, including finite-lived acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, when events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate the carrying value of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on our ability to recover the carrying value of the asset or asset group from the expected future pre‑tax cash flows (undiscounted) of the related operations. If these cash flows are less than the carrying value of such asset, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between estimated fair value and carrying value. We concluded there were no indicators evident or other circumstances present that these assets were not recoverable and accordingly, no impairment charges of long‑lived assets were recognized for 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized, but we evaluate at least annually whether it is impaired. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. We conduct our annual assessment of the recoverability of goodwill as of December 31 of each year. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, the quantitative assessment of goodwill test is performed. The goodwill impairment test is also performed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If it is necessary to perform the quantitative assessment to determine if our goodwill is impaired, we will utilize a discounted cash flow analysis using management’s projections that are subject to various risks and uncertainties of revenues, expenses and cash flows as well as assumptions regarding discount rates, terminal value and control premiums. Estimates of future cash flows and fair value are highly subjective and inherently imprecise. These estimates can change materially from period to period based on many factors. Accordingly, if conditions change in the future, we may record impairment losses, which could be material to any particular reporting period. Based on our annual impairment analysis using qualitative assessments, we concluded that there wasno impairment of goodwill in each of the three years ended December 31, 2024.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

Self-Insurance Accrued Expenses

We maintain a partially self-insured health benefit plan which provides medical and prescription drug benefits to certain of our employees electing coverage under the plan. Our exposure is limited by individual and aggregate stop loss limits through third-party insurance carriers. Our self-insurance expense is accrued based upon the aggregate of the expected liability for reported claims and the estimated liability for claims incurred but not reported, based on historical claims experience provided by our third-party insurance advisors, adjusted as necessary based upon management’s reasoned judgment. Actual employee medical claims expense may differ from estimated loss provisions based on historical experience. The liabilities for these claims are included as a component of payroll, incentive compensation, payroll taxes and benefits in the table above and were $2.3 million as of both December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Product Warranties

We generally warrant our wellhead manufactured products for 12 months and our manufactured spoolable pipe and connections for up to 24 months from the date placed in service. The estimated liability for product warranties is based on historical and current claims experience.

Employee Benefit Plans

Our employees within the United States are eligible to participate in a 401(k) plan sponsored by us. These employees are eligible to participate on the first day of the month following 30 days of employment and if they are at least eighteen years of age. Eligible employees may contribute a percentage of their compensation subject to a maximum imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. Broadly similar benefit plans exist for employees of our foreign subsidiaries. We match 100% of the first 3% of gross pay contributed by each employee and 50% of the next 4% of gross pay contributed by each employee, and we may also make additional non‑elective employer contributions at our discretion under the plan. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, employer matching contributions totaled $5.6 million, $3.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Standards Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09,“Income Taxes (Topic 740).” The amendments in this ASU require entities to disclose on an annual basis specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation and provide additional disclosures for reconciling items that meet a specified quantitative threshold. Entities will also be required to disclose annually income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and the amount of income taxes paid by individual jurisdictions that meet a five percent or greater threshold of total income taxes paid net of refunds received. The ASU also adds certain disclosures in order to be consistent with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules and removes certain disclosures that no longer are considered cost beneficial or relevant. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis, with a retrospective option. The standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this new standard will have on our disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement- Reporting Comprehensive Income- Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The new standard would require public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07,“Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280)” in order to require disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities. The ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 during the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 15 Segment Reporting in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

3. FlexSteel Acquisition

On February 28, 2023 (the “acquisition date”), we completed the acquisition of FlexSteel in accordance with the terms and conditions of the merger agreement dated December 30, 2022. Including final adjustments for closing working capital, cash on hand and indebtedness adjustments as set forth in the merger agreement, we paid total cash consideration of $627.5 million.

Purchase Price Consideration

The final purchase price consideration for the acquisition is $627.5 million and is summarized as follows:

(1)Represents the estimated fair value as of the acquisition date of the earn-out payment of up to $75 million of additional cash consideration if certain revenue growth targets are met by FlexSteel. The estimated fair value of the earn-out payment was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation methodology based on probability-weighted performance projections and other inputs, including a discount rate.

Changes in the fair value of the earn-out liability subsequent to the acquisition date have been recognized in the consolidated statements of income. The contingent consideration earn-out period ended on June 30, 2024 and resulted in an earn-out liability of $37.0 million. The earn-out payment was made in September 2024.

Purchase Price Allocation

The following table provides the final allocation of the purchase price as of the acquisition date.

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition were recorded at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The fair values were determined by management, based in part on an independent valuation performed by third-party valuation specialists. The valuation methods used to determine the fair value of intangible assets included the multi-year excess earnings approach for customer relationships and backlog and the relief from royalty method for tradename and developed technology. These fair values were based on inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 inputs. Several significant assumptions and estimates were involved in the application of these valuation methods, including forecasted revenues, long-term growth rate, royalty rates, margins, tax rates, capital spending, discount rates, attrition rates and working capital changes. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are subject to amortization over their estimated useful lives.

The fair values determined for accounts receivable, accounts payable and most other current assets and liabilities, other than inventory, were equivalent to the carrying value due to their short-term nature. Acquired inventories are comprised of raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods. The fair value of finished goods was calculated as the estimated selling price, less costs of the selling effort and a reasonable profit allowance relating to the selling effort. The fair value of work-in-progress was calculated as the estimated selling price, less costs to complete, less costs of the selling effort and a reasonable profit allowance on completion and selling costs. The fair value of raw materials was determined based on replacement cost which approximates historical carrying value. The fair value of identifiable fixed assets was calculated using a combination of valuation approaches, but primarily consisted of the cost approach which adjusts estimates of replacement cost for the age, condition and utility of the associated assets.

Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Among the factors that contributed to a purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired were the acquisition of an assembled workforce, expansion opportunities and other benefits that we believe will result from combining the operations of FlexSteel with ours. Goodwill was further increased by the deferred tax liability associated with the fair market value in excess of the tax basis acquired. The goodwill associated with this transaction has been allocated to our Spoolable Technologies segment and is not deductible for tax purposes.

Pro forma financial information

The pro forma financial information below represents the combined results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as if the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2022. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information includes, where applicable, adjustments for additional amortization expense related to the fair value step-up of intangible assets, additional inventory fair value step-up expense, additional depreciation expense associated with adjusting property and equipment to fair value, decreases in interest expense due to modification of borrowings in conjunction with the acquisition and associated tax-related impacts of adjustments. These pro forma adjustments are based upon assumptions that we believe are reasonable to reflect the impact of the FlexSteel acquisition on our historical financial information on a supplemental pro forma basis. Adjustments do not include the elimination of transaction-related costs incurred or any costs related to integration activities, cost savings or synergies that have been or may be achieved by the combined business. The unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is neither indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred if the acquisition had taken place at the beginning of the period presented nor indicative of future operating results.

4. Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:

5. Other Intangible Assets

The following table presents the detail of acquired intangible assets other than goodwill as of December 31, 2024:

All intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The weighted average remaining amortization period for identifiable intangible assets acquired is 10.8 years. Amortization expense recognized during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 was $16.0 million and was recorded in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Estimated future amortization expense is as follows:

6. Debt

We hadno debt outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. We had $2.4 million in letters of credit outstanding and were in compliance with all covenants under the Amended ABL Credit Facility (as defined below) as of December 31, 2024.

In August 2018, Cactus LLC entered into afive-year senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility with a syndicate of lenders and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for such lenders and as an issuing bank and swingline lender (the “ABL Credit Facility”). The ABL Credit Facility was amended in September 2020 and July 2022. On February 28, 2023, in connection with the Merger, Cactus Companies assumed the rights and obligations of Cactus LLC as Borrower under the ABL Credit Facility, and the ABL Credit Facility was amended and restated in its entirety (the “Amended ABL Credit Facility”). The Amended ABL Credit Facility provided a term loan of $125.0 million and up to $225.0 million in revolving commitments, of which $20.0 million is available for the issuance of letters of credit. Subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in the Amended ABL Credit Facility, Cactus Companies may request additional revolving commitments in an amount not to exceed $50.0 million, for a total of up to $275.0 million in revolving commitments. The revolving loans under the Amended ABL Credit Facility mature on July 26, 2027. The maximum amount that Cactus Companies may borrow under the Amended ABL Credit Facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on a percentage of eligible accounts receivable and eligible inventory, subject to reserves and other adjustments.

We borrowed the full $125.0 million term loan amount and $30.0 million as a revolving loan at closing of the Amended ABL Credit Facility to fund a portion of the acquisition. The term loan was required to be repaid in regular set amounts starting July 1, 2023 as set forth in the amortization schedule in the Amended ABL Credit Facility and could be prepaid without the payment of any prepayment premium (other than customary breakage costs for Term Benchmark (as defined below) borrowings). The term loan and revolving loan were repaid in full in July 2023.

Borrowings under the Amended ABL Credit Facility bear interest at Cactus Companies’ option at either (i) the Alternate Base Rate (as defined therein) (“ABR”), or (ii) the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate (as defined therein) (“Term Benchmark”), plus, in each case, an applicable margin. Letters of credit issued under the Amended ABL Credit Facility accrue fees at a rate equal to the applicable margin for Term Benchmark borrowings. The applicable margin for revolving loan borrowings ranges from 0.0% to 0.5% per annum for revolving loan ABR borrowings and 1.25% to 1.75% per annum for revolving loan Term Benchmark borrowings and, in each case, is based on the average quarterly availability of the revolving loan commitment under the Amended ABL Credit Facility for the immediately preceding fiscal quarter. The unused portion of the revolving commitment under the Amended ABL Credit Facility is subject to a commitment fee of 0.25% per annum.

The Amended ABL Credit Facility contains various covenants and restrictive provisions that limit Cactus Companies’ and each of its subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness and create liens, make investments or loans, merge or consolidate with other companies, sell assets, make certain restricted payments and distributions and engage in transactions with affiliates. The obligations under the Amended ABL Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain subsidiaries of Cactus Companies and secured by a security interest in the accounts receivable, inventory and certain other real and personal property assets of Cactus Companies and the guarantors. Until the term loan was repaid in full, the Amended ABL Credit Facility required Cactus Companies to maintain a leverage ratio no greater than 2.50 to 1.00 based on the ratio of Total Indebtedness (as defined therein) to EBITDA (as defined therein). The Amended ABL Credit Facility requires Cactus Companies to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00 to 1.00 based on the ratio of EBITDA (as defined therein) minus Unfinanced Capital Expenditures (as defined therein) to Fixed Charges (as defined therein) during certain periods, including when availability under the ABL Credit Facility is under certain levels. If Cactus Companies fails to perform its obligations under the Amended ABL Credit Facility, (i) the revolving commitments under the Amended ABL Credit Facility could be terminated, (ii) any outstanding borrowings under the Amended ABL Credit Facility may be declared immediately due and payable and (iii) the lenders may commence foreclosure or other actions against the collateral.

The Amended ABL Credit Facility was amended in December 2023 to incorporate certain changes related to revised and new definitions associated with the satisfaction of payment conditions for restricted payments, investments, permitted acquisitions, periodic reporting and asset dispositions. The amendment did not change the ABR, applicable margin rates, commitment fees, the maturity date, borrowing availability or covenants under the Amended ABL Credit Facility other than timing of certain reporting requirements.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, although there wereno borrowings outstanding, the applicable margin on our Term Benchmark borrowings was 1.25%, plus the base rate of one, three or six month SOFR plus 0.10%, subject to a floor rate.

Interest (Income) Expense, net

Interest (income) expense, net, including deferred financing cost amortization, was comprised of the following:

7. Income Taxes

Domestic and foreign components of income before income taxes were as follows:

The provision for income taxes consisted of:

The effective income tax rate was different from the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate due to the following:

Our effective tax rate was 22.2%,18.1% and 17.8% for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cactus Inc. is only subject to federal and state income tax on its share of income from Cactus Companies (Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization).

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, our liability related to the TRA was $278.7 million, representing 85% of the calculated net cash savings in the United States federal, state and local and franchise tax that we anticipate realizing in future years from certain increases in tax basis and certain tax benefits attributed to imputed interest as a result of our acquisition of CC Units (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization). We have determined it is more-likely-than-not that we will be able to utilize all of our tax basis subject to the TRA; therefore, we have recorded a liability related to the TRA for the tax savings we may realize from certain increases in tax basis and certain tax benefits attributable to imputed interest as a result of our acquisition (or deemed acquisition for United States federal income tax purposes) of CC Units (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization). If we determine the utilization of this tax basis is not more-likely-than-not in the future, our estimate of amounts to be paid under the TRA would be reduced. In this scenario, the reduction of the liability under the TRA would result in a benefit to our pre-tax consolidated results of operations in conjunction with an increase to the valuation allowance and an offsetting adjustment to tax expense.

We record a deferred tax asset for the differences between our tax and book basis in the investment in Cactus Companies (Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization) and imputed interest on the TRA. Based upon our cumulative earnings history and forecasted future sources of taxable income, we believe that we will be able to realize our U.S. deferred tax assets associated with our investment in Cactus Companies in the future. Subsequent to completion of the FlexSteel acquisition during 2023, we determined that we expect to generate sufficient taxable income of the appropriate type to allow for the realization of the deferred tax asset associated with our investment in Cactus Companies and recognized a $12.1 million tax benefit associated with the release of our valuation allowance previously provided. As such, as of December 31, 2023, we no longer have a valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset for the investment in Cactus Companies. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we recognized $2.1 million of tax expense associated with the revaluation of our deferred tax asset (the difference between our tax and book basis in the investment in Cactus Companies and imputed interest) as a result of a change in our forecasted state rate. We also record deferred tax assets for imputed interest, certain tax credits and net operating loss and other carryforwards. As of December 31, 2024, we have a valuation allowance of $9.1 million against these deferred tax assets, primarily associated with our portion of Cactus Companies’ accrued foreign taxes and state tax credits, due to uncertainty of realization.

As of December 31, 2024, we have deferred tax assets on U.S. federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $8.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively, which can be used to offset U.S. federal and state taxes payable in future years. The U.S. federal NOL carryforwards have no expiration date whereas the U.S. state NOL carryforwards generally will expire in periods beginning in 2041.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $5.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits all of which would not impact the effective tax rate if recognized. The Company expects our unrecognized tax benefits will not increase in the next twelve months. The Company recognizes the interest related to uncertain tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. No interest was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The aggregate changes in the balance of the Company's unrecognized tax benefits were as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):

As a result of the FlexSteel acquisition, we acquired certain carryforward tax attributes, which were accounted for as unrecognized tax benefits in the acquisition accounting. This remains the balance of our uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2024. The unrecognized tax benefits have been offset by an indemnification receivable from the seller of $5.5 million.

One of our subsidiaries is awaiting documents finalizing an Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) no change audit of its 2021 federal income tax return. None of our state income tax returns are currently under examination by state taxing authorities. Our federal and state income tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2021 through December 31, 2023 remain open for all purposes of examination by the IRS and applicable state taxing jurisdictions. However, certain earlier tax years remain open for adjustment to the extent of their net operating loss and deferred interest carryforwards available for future utilization.

In 2021, as part of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's ("OECD") Inclusive Framework, 140 member countries agreed to the implementation of the Pillar Two Global Minimum Tax ("Pillar Two") of 15%. The OECD continues to release additional guidance, including administrative guidance on how Pillar Two rules should be interpreted and applied by jurisdictions as they adopt Pillar Two. A number of countries have utilized the administrative guidance as a starting point for legislation that is effective January 1, 2024 and other pending legislation that may be enacted in the future. The Company has determined that there is an immaterial impact for the year ending December 31, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact this new legislation will have on our consolidated financial statements.

8. Stock-Based Compensation

We have a long-term incentive plan (“LTIP”) that provides for the grant of various stock-based compensation awards at the discretion of our Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors. Employees and non-employee directors are eligible to receive awards under the LTIP. Stock-based awards granted pursuant to the LTIP are expected to be settled in shares of our Class A common stock if they vest. Our stock-based awards do not have voting rights prior to vesting. Dividends declared are accumulated and paid upon vesting. We account for forfeitures when they occur and recognize the impact to stock-based compensation expense at that time. We recorded $22.9 million, $18.1 million and $10.6 million of stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is primarily recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. We recognized $0.7 million, $1.2 million and $1.7 million in tax benefits for tax deductions from the vesting of stock-based awards during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024,2.4 million stock awards were available for grant.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted to our key employees generally vest over athree-year period (generally vesting ratably in equal tranches over the vesting period); however, RSUs granted to our non-employee directors generally vest on the first anniversary of the grant date. We recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period using straight-line amortization.

The following table summarizes our RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2024 (RSUs in thousands):

The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs granted was $46.73 during 2024, $43.19 during 2023 and $55.06 during 2022. The total fair value of RSUs vested was $8.7 million during 2024, $10.1 million during 2023 and $14.1 million during 2022. There was approximately $23.8 million of unrecognized compensation expense relating to the unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2024. The unrecognized compensation expense will be recognized over the weighted average remaining vesting period of 2.3 years.

Performance Stock Units

Performance stock units (“PSUs”) are granted to our executive officers, and in rare instances, other key employees. Under these awards, the number of shares vested and earned is typically determined at the end of athree-year performance period based on our Return on Capital Employed (“ROCE”). The number of shares earned may range from 0% to 200% of the target units set forth in the applicable award agreement and is determined at the end of the performance period conditioned upon continued service and on our achievement of certain predefined targets as defined in the underlying performance stock unit agreements. PSUs cliff vest upon conclusion of thethree-year performance period. As the ROCE target represents a performance condition, we recognize compensation expense for the performance share units on a straight-line basis over three years based on the probable outcome of the ROCE performance.

The following table summarizes our PSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2024 (PSUs in thousands at their target number of shares, which assumes achievement of 100% of target, unless otherwise noted):

(1)Represents shares vested based on actual performance metrics upon conclusion of the performance period.

(2) Represents additional shares issued to participants upon vesting due to the performance metrics exceeding target upon conclusion of the performance period.

The weighted average grant date fair value of PSUs granted was $46.74 during 2024, $44.20 during 2023 and $55.02 during 2022. The total fair value of PSUs vested was $9.2 million during 2024, $5.9 million during 2023 and $4.8 million during 2022. As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $4.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense relating to the unvested PSUs (based on the grant date fair value of the awards at 100% of target) which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years.

9. Revenue

We disaggregate revenue from contracts with customers into three revenue categories: (i) product revenues, (ii) rental revenues and (iii) field service and other revenues. We have predominately domestic operations, with a small amount of sales in Australia, Canada, the Middle East and other international markets. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we derived 75% of our total revenues from the sale of our products,9% of our total revenues from rental and 16% of our total revenues from field service and other. This compares to 74% of our total revenues from the sale of our products,10% of our total revenues from rental and 16% of our total revenues from field service and other for the year ended December 31, 2023. In 2022, we derived 66% of our total revenues from the sale of our products,14% from rental and 20% from field service and other. The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by category:

Deferred revenue as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, had a balance of $8.1 million included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue represents our obligation to transfer products or perform services for a customer for which we have received cash or billed in advance. The revenue that has been deferred will be recognized upon product delivery or as services are performed. As of December 31, 2024, we did not have any contracts with an original length of greater than a year from which revenue is expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied.

10. Leases

We lease real estate, apartments, forklifts, vehicles and other equipment under non-cancellable agreements. Certain of our leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term fromone to 10 years or greater. The exercise of lease renewal options is typically at our discretion. The measurement of the lease term includes options to extend or renew the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of minimum lease payments over the lease term. To determine the present value of future minimum lease payments, we use the implicit rate when readily determinable; however, many of our leases do not provide an implicit rate. Therefore, to determine the present value of minimum lease payments, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date of the lease. Our finance lease agreements typically include an interest rate that is used to determine the present value of future lease payments. Short-term operating leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on our balance sheet. Minimum lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including reasonably certain renewal options.

The following are the components of operating and finance lease costs:

The following is supplemental cash flow information for our operating and finance leases:

The following is the aggregate future lease payments for operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2024:

The following represents the average lease terms and discount rates for our operating and finance leases:

As a lessor, we rent a fleet of frac valves and ancillary equipment and equipment used for pipe installation for short-term rental periods, typicallyone tothree months. Our lessor portfolio consists mainly of operating leases for equipment utilized during the drilling, completion and production phases of our customers’ wells. At this time, most lessor agreements contain less than three-month terms with no renewal options that are reasonably certain to exercise, or early termination options based on established terms specific to the individual agreement. See Note 9 for disaggregation of revenue.

11. Tax Receivable Agreement

In connection with our IPO, we entered into the TRA with certain direct and indirect owners of Cactus LLC (after the CC Reorganization, Cactus Companies). These owners are referred to as the “TRA Holders”. The TRA generally provides for payment by Cactus Inc. to the TRA Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax that Cactus Inc. actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis that occur as a result of Cactus Inc.’s acquisition (or deemed acquisition for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of all or a portion of such TRA Holder’s CW Units (or CC Units after the CC Reorganization) in connection with our

IPO or any subsequent offering, or pursuant to any other exercise of the Redemption Right or the Call Right (each as defined below), (ii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the repayment of borrowings outstanding under Cactus LLC’s term loan facility in connection with our IPO and (iii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by Cactus Inc. as a result of, and additional tax basis arising from, any payments Cactus Inc. makes under the TRA. We retain the remaining 15% of the cash savings.

The TRA liability is calculated by determining the tax basis subject to the TRA (“tax basis”) and applying a blended tax rate to the basis differences and calculating the resulting iterative impact. The blended tax rate consists of the U.S. federal income tax rate and an assumed combined state and local income tax rate driven by the apportionment factors applicable to each state. As of December 31, 2024, the total liability from the TRA was $278.7 million with $20.3 million reflected in current liabilities based on the expected timing of our next payment. The payments under the TRA will not be conditional on a holder of rights under the TRA having a continued ownership interest in either Cactus Companies or Cactus Inc.

The term of the TRA commenced upon completion of our IPO and will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the TRA have been utilized or expired, unless we exercise our right to terminate the TRA. If we elect to terminate the TRA early (or it is terminated early due to certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control relating to Cactus Companies), our obligations under the TRA would accelerate and we would be required to make an immediate payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future payments to be made by us under the TRA and such payment is expected to be substantial. The calculation of anticipated future payments will be based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the TRA, including the assumptions that (i) we have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefits covered by the TRA and (ii) any CC Units (other than those held by Cactus Inc.) outstanding on the termination date are deemed to be redeemed on the termination date. Any early termination payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization, if any, of the future tax benefits to which the termination payment relates.

We may elect to defer payments due under the TRA if we do not have available cash to satisfy our payment obligations under the TRA. Any such deferred payments under the TRA generally will accrue interest from the due date for such payment until the payment date.

12. Equity

As of December 31, 2024, Cactus Inc. owned 85.6% of Cactus Companies, as compared to 82.3% of Cactus LLC (prior to the CC Reorganization) as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, Cactus Inc. had outstanding 68.2 million shares of Class A common stock (representing 85.6% of the total voting power) and 11.4 million shares of Class B common stock (representing 14.4% of the total voting power).

Equity Offering

In January 2023, Cactus Inc. completed an underwritten offering of 3,224,300 shares of Class A common stock at a price to the underwriters of $51.36 per share for net proceeds of $165.6 million (net of $6.9 million of underwriting discounts and commissions). In addition to the underwriting discounts and commissions, approximately $2.2 million of costs directly associated with the stock issuance were recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

FlexSteel Acquisition

In conjunction with the FlexSteel acquisition, a restricted stock award of 128,150 shares of Class A common stock was issued under the Company’s long-term incentive plan to a key employee in exchange for cash consideration of $6.5 million. The shares were restricted from sale or trading and were subject to vesting requirements forone year from grant date.

CC Reorganization

As part of the CC Reorganization in connection with the acquisition of FlexSteel, Cactus Companies acquired all of the outstanding units representing limited liability company interests of Cactus LLC ( “CW Units”) in exchange for an equal number of CC Units issued to each of the previous owners of CW Units other than Cactus Inc. (the “CW Unit Holders”). Upon the completion of the CC Reorganization, CW Unit Holders ceased to be holders of CW Units and, instead, became holders of a number of CC Units equal to the number of CW Units such CW Unit Holders held immediately prior to the completion of the CC Reorganization. After the CC Reorganization, we refer to the owners of CC Units, other than Cactus Inc. (along with their permitted transferees), as “CC Unit Holders.” Following the completion of the CC Reorganization, CC Unit Holders ownone share of our Class B Common Stock for each CC Unit such CC Unit Holder owns.

In connection with the CC Reorganization, Cactus Inc. and the owners of CC Units entered into the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of Cactus Companies (the “Cactus Companies LLC Agreement”), which contains substantially the same terms and conditions as the Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of Cactus LLC (the “Cactus Wellhead LLC Agreement”), which was the limited liability company operating agreement of Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization. Cactus Inc. was responsible for all operational, management and administrative decisions relating to Cactus LLC’s business for the period from completion of our IPO until the CC Reorganization and relating to Cactus Companies’ business for periods after the CC Reorganization.

Redemptions of CC Units

Pursuant to the Cactus Companies LLC Agreement, each holder of CC Units has, subject to certain limitations, the right (the “Redemption Right”) to cause Cactus Companies to acquire all or at least a minimum portion of its CC Units for, at Cactus Companies’ election, (x) shares of our Class A common stock at a redemption ratio ofone share of Class A common stock for each CC Unit redeemed, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification and other similar transactions, or (y) an equivalent amount of cash. Alternatively, upon the exercise of such redemption right, Cactus Inc. (instead of Cactus Companies) has the right (the “Call Right”) to acquire each tendered CC Unit directly from the exchanging CC Unit Holder for, at its election, (x)one share of Class A common stock, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications and other similar transactions, or (y) an equivalent amount of cash. In connection with any redemption of CC Units pursuant to such Redemption Right or our Call Right, the corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock will be canceled.

Any exercise by Cactus Companies or Cactus Inc. of the right to acquire redeemed CC Units for cash must be approved by the board of directors of Cactus Inc. To date, neither Cactus Inc. nor Cactus Companies (Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization) have elected to acquire CC Units (including CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) for cash in connection with exchanges by CC Unit Holders (CW Unit Holders prior to the CC Reorganization). It is the policy of Cactus Inc. that any exercise by Cactus Inc. or Cactus Companies of the right to acquire redeemed CC Units for cash must be approved by a majority of those members of the board of directors of Cactus Inc. who have no interest in such transaction.

Since our IPO in February 2018, an aggregate of 49.1 million CC Units (including CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) and a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock have been redeemed in exchange for shares of Class A common stock. The following is a roll forward of ownership of CC Units (including CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) for the three years ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Certain CC Unit Holders (CW Unit Holders prior to the CC Reorganization) redeemed 2.6 million,0.9 million and 1.7 million CC Units (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization), together with a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock, pursuant to the Redemption Right for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cactus Inc. acquired the redeemed CC Units (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) and a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock (which shares of Class B common stock were then canceled) and issued 2.6 million,0.9 million and 1.7 million shares of Class A common stock to the redeeming CC Unit Holders (CW Unit Holders prior to the CC Reorganization) during the same respective time periods. As a result of all of the CC Unit (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) redemptions during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, Cactus Inc. increased its ownership in Cactus Companies (Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization) and accordingly, increased its equity by approximately $41.7 million, $12.8 million and $13.7 million, respectively, resulting from a reduction in the non-controlling interest.

Dividends

Aggregate cash dividends of $0.50, $0.46 and $0.44 per share of Class A common stock declared during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $34.0 million, $30.3 million and $26.9 million, respectively. Cash dividends paid during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $33.7 million, $30.1 million and $26.7 million, respectively. Dividends accrue on unvested stock-based awards on the date of record and are paid upon vesting. Dividends are not paid to our Class B common stockholders; however, a corresponding distribution up to the same amount per share as our Class A common stockholders is paid to our CC Unit Holders (CW Unit Holders prior to the CC Reorganization) for any dividends declared on our Class A common stock. See Note 16 for further discussion of distributions made by Cactus Companies.

Share Repurchase Program

On June 6, 2023, our board of directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of up to $150 million. Under our share repurchase program, shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions or block trades, in privately negotiated transactions or any other method permitted under U.S. securities laws, rules and regulations. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular amount of shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased and retired 86,599 shares of Class A common stock for $3.4 million or $38.92 average price per share excluding commissions, under the share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2024, $146.3 million remained authorized for future repurchases of Class A common stock under the program.

Limitation of Members’ Liability

Under the terms of the Cactus Companies LLC Agreement, the members of Cactus Companies are not obligated for debt, liabilities, contracts or other obligations of Cactus Companies. Profits and losses are allocated to members as defined in the Cactus Companies LLC Agreement.

13. Commitments and Contingencies

We are involved in various disputes arising in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe the outcome of these disputes will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations.

14. Fair Value Measurements

Authoritative guidance on fair value measurements provides a framework for measuring fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value, giving the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs).

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates fair value based on the short-term nature of these accounts.

The fair value of our foreign currency forwards was less than $0.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, determined using market observable inputs including forward and spot prices (Level 2 inputs).

We hadno long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

At December 31, 2023, the earn-out liability was measured at a fair value of $20.8 million using Level 3 unobservable inputs. The fair value at December 31, 2023 was determined based on the evaluation of the probability and amount of earn-out that may be achieved based on expected future performance of FlexSteel using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Monte Carlo simulation model used assumptions including revenue volatilities, risk free rates, credit discount rates and revenue discount rates. The following table sets forth the range of inputs for the significant assumptions utilized to determine the fair value as of December 31, 2023:

The following table presents a summary of the changes in fair value of our earn-out liability measured using Level 3 inputs:

The FlexSteel acquisition contingent consideration earn-out period ended June 30, 2024. The earn-out payment was made in September 2024.

15. Segment Reporting

Prior to the acquisition of FlexSteel, we operated in a single operating segment which reflected how our business was managed and the nature of our products and services. Upon completion of the acquisition, we re-evaluated our reportable segments and now reporttwo operating segments. The operating segments have been identified based on the Company’s management structure, the different products and services offered by each and the financial data utilized by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the chief operating decision maker or “CODM”) to assess segment performance and allocate resources among segments.

Our reporting segments are:

•Pressure Control – engaged in the design, manufacture, sale, installation and service of wellhead and pressure control equipment utilized during the drilling, completion and production phases of oil and gas wells.

•Spoolable Technologies – engaged in the design, manufacture, sale, installation, service and associated rental of onshore spoolable pipe technologies utilized for production, gathering and takeaway transportation of oil, gas or other liquids.

The Company’s CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources for the reportable segments based on each segment’s profit or loss (which includes certain corporate overhead allocations directly attributable to each of the segments). Intersegment revenue and expenses have been eliminated in the computation of total revenue and operating income.

The CODM uses the segment profit or loss for each segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process. The CODM considers quarter-to-quarter variances on a sequential basis when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources to each segment.

Financial information by segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is summarized below.

(2) For each reportable segment, the 'Selling, general, administrative expenses and other' line items category includes: salaries and wages, stock based compensation amortization expense, depreciation expense, professional fees, rent expense, and other miscellaneous items. Spoolable technologies also includes the change in fair value of the earn-out liability.

(2) For each reportable segment, the 'Selling, general, administrative expenses and other' line items category includes: salaries and wages, stock based compensation amortization expense, depreciation expense, professional fees, rent expense, and other miscellaneous items. Spoolable technologies also includes the change in fair value of the earn-out liability.

(2) For each reportable segment, the 'Selling, general, administrative expenses and other' line items category includes: salaries and wages, stock based compensation amortization expense, depreciation expense, professional fees, rent expense, and other miscellaneous items.

Additional financial information by operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is summarized below.

(1)Segment assets consist of accounts receivables, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, property and equipment, net, goodwill and other intangible assets, net.

(2)Consists primarily of cash and cash equivalents and deferred tax assets.

Based on the location where the sale originated, revenues in the United States exceeded 95% of total revenues during each of the three years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Additionally, tangible long-lived assets in the United States exceeded 90% of total tangible long-lived assets as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

16. Related Party Transactions

When needed, we rent a plane under dry lease from a company owned by a member of Cactus Companies. These transactions are under short-term rental arrangements and the agreement governing these transactions does not qualify as a lease. Effective January 1, 2022, we pay a base hourly rent of $2,500 per flight hour of use of the aircraft, payable monthly, for the hours of aircraft operation. During the year ended December 31, 2024, expense recognized in connection with these rentals totaled $0.1 million as compared to $0.3 million and $0.2 million during each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 we hadno liability outstanding to the related party compared to less than $0.1 million as of December 31, 2023 which was included in accounts payable in the consolidated balance sheet. We are also responsible for employing pilots and fuel expenses. Our Chief Executive Officer and President reimburse the Company up to $2,350 per day for their personal use of the pilots employed by the Company, depending on how many company pilots are utilized for the day.

The TRA agreement is with certain direct and indirect holders of CC Units (CW Unit Holders prior to the CC Reorganization), including certain of our officers, directors and employees. These TRA Holders have the right in the future to receive 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax that Cactus Inc. actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances. The total liability from the TRA as of December 31, 2024 was $278.7 million. We pay professional fees to assist with maintenance of the TRA and composite tax payments in advance of the state tax return filings which are reimbursable from the TRA Holders. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts due from the TRA Holders for fees and estimated state tax payments made on their behalf totaled $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The balances are included in accounts receivable, net in the consolidated balance sheets.

Distributions made by Cactus Companies (Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization) are generally required to be made pro rata among all its members. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, Cactus Companies (Cactus LLC prior to the CC Reorganization) distributed $68.0 million, $75.8 million and $38.6 million, respectively, to Cactus Inc. to fund its dividend, TRA liability and estimated tax payments. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 Cactus Companies made pro rata distributions to the other members totaling $13.3 million, $16.6 million, and $9.7 million, respectively.

17. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share of Class A common stock is calculated by dividing the net income attributable to Cactus Inc. during the period by the weighted average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding during the same period. Diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock is calculated by dividing the net income attributable to Cactus Inc. during that period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding assuming all potentially dilutive shares were issued. We use the if-converted method to determine the potential dilutive effect of outstanding CC Units (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) and corresponding shares of outstanding Class B common stock. We use the treasury stock method to determine the potential dilutive effect of our unvested stock-based compensation awards assuming that the proceeds will be used to purchase shares of Class A common stock. For our unvested performance stock units, we first apply the criteria for contingently issuable shares before determining the potential dilutive effect using the treasury stock method.

The following table summarizes the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations:

(1)The numerator is adjusted in the calculation of diluted earnings per share under the if-converted method to include net income attributable to the non-controlling interest calculated as its pre-tax income adjusted for a corporate effective tax rate of 26% for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, respectively, and 25% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

18. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Non-cash investing and financing activities were as follows:

Cash paid for interest and income taxes was as follows:

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we issued 2.6 million,0.9 million and 1.7 million shares of Class A common stock, respectively, pursuant to redemptions of CC Units (CW Units prior to the CC Reorganization) by holders thereof.