PRECISION OPTICS CORPORATION, INC.

Precision Optics Corporation, Inc. (the “Company”) designs, develops, manufactures and sells specialized optical and illumination systems and related components. The Company conducts business in one industry segment only and its customers are primarily domestic. The Company performs advanced optical and illumination system design, development, assembly and manufacturing services, and sources for resale specialized optical components for products that fall into two principal areas: (i) medical products for use by hospitals and physicians; and (ii) products used by defense contractors, aerospace and industrial customers.

The Company determines revenue recognition for arrangements that we determine are within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“ASC 606”), by performing the following five steps: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when, or as, we satisfy the performance obligations. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within the contract and determine those that are performance obligations and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct based on the contract.

The Company disaggregates revenues by product and service types as it believes best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Revenues are comprised of the following for year ended June 30, 2025, and 2024:

Selling costs to obtain and fulfill contracts are expensed as incurred due to the short-term nature of a majority of contracts. The Company extends terms of payment to its customers based on commercially reasonable terms for the markets of its customers, while also considering their credit quality. Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are included in revenue.

Revenue recognition policies for each of the three product and service types appear below.

Engineering Design Services

The Company enters into contractual agreements with our customers, including design services agreements, statements of work and receive purchase orders for development projects. These agreements provide costs on an estimated basis for the services we have agreed to provide. Engineering Design Services are rendered on a time and materials basis. The Company recognizes revenue as customers are invoiced for the actual engineering services provided in the period. Revenue is also recognized on materials purchased for development projects at the time of receipt. Engineering Design Services are provided on a best-efforts basis; no warranty is provided as there is no guarantee that the work will result in the attainment of the customer’s project objectives. The Company may obtain customer deposits in advance of rendering engineering design services. Customer deposits are treated as contractual liabilities until the terms of customer agreements are satisfied and are not a component of revenue.

Systems Manufacturing, Micro Optics Laboratory, Ross Optical Industries

The Company provides fixed price quotations to our customers and requires purchase orders for items manufactured and distributed through the Systems Manufacturing, Micro Optics Laboratory and Ross Optical Industries business units. Revenue is recognized at the time title passes to our customer based on our review of the customer contract, generally at the time of shipment from our facilities. Occasionally the Company may enter into “bill and hold” contractual arrangements where title is held by our customers while goods are stored at our facilities for their convenience.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

The nature of the Company’s products and services does not generally give rise to contract assets as it typically does not incur costs to fulfill a contract before a product or service is provided to a customer. The Company’s costs to obtain contracts are typically in the form of sales commissions paid to employees. The Company has elected to expense sales commissions associated with obtaining a contract as incurred as the amortization period is generally less than one year. These costs have been recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no contract assets recorded in the Company’s Balance Sheets.

The Company’s contract liabilities arise as a result of unearned revenue received from customers at inception of contracts or where the timing of billing for services precedes satisfaction of performance obligations. The Company generally satisfies performance obligations within one year from the contract inception date.

Contract liabilities, which were recorded as customer advances in the Company’s Balance Sheets, and unearned revenue are comprised of the following:

The Company includes in cash equivalents all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition. Cash and cash equivalents of $1,773,735 and $405,278 on June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, consist primarily of cash at banks and money market funds. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in bank deposit accounts that, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on its cash and cash equivalents.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) and net realizable value and include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. The components of inventories on June 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

The Company provides for estimated obsolescence on unmarketable inventory based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual demand and market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required. Inventory, once written down, is not subsequently written back up, as these adjustments are considered permanent adjustments to the carrying value of the inventory. The reserve for excess and obsolete inventory for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, were $272,894 and $266,843, respectively.

Fixed assets are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repair items are expensed as incurred. The Company provides for depreciation and amortization by charges to operations, using the straight-line and declining-balance methods, which allocate the cost of fixed assets over the following estimated useful lives:

Depreciation expense was $186,990 and $212,382 for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company places its investments with highly rated financial institutions. The Company has not experienced any losses on these investments to date. At June 30, 2025, and 2024, two individual customers accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable.

The allowance for credit losses was $80,192 at June 30, 2025, and $118,872 at June 30, 2024.

The Company generally does not require collateral or other security as a condition of sale, rather it relies on credit approval, balance limitation and monitoring procedures to control credit risk in trade account financial instruments. Management believes the allowance for credit losses, which is established based upon review of specific account balances and historical experience, is adequate at June 30, 2025.

Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income or net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income or net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, plus the number of potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period such as stock options and warrants. For the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the effect of such securities was antidilutive and not included in the diluted calculation because of the net loss generated in those periods.

The following is the calculation of loss per share for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants that were excluded from the computation as their effect was antidilutive was approximately 1,623,576 and 1,357,735 for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The measurement and recognition of compensation costs for all stock-based awards made to employees and the Board of Directors are based upon fair value over the requisite service period for awards expected to vest. The Company estimates the fair value of share-based awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Stock-based compensation costs recognized for the years ended June 30, 2025, and 2024 amounted to $1,612,106 and $959,784, respectively.

Long-lived assets such as goodwill and patents are capitalized when acquired and reviewed for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the book value of the asset may not be recoverable. Impairment of the carrying value of long-lived assets such as goodwill and patents would be indicated if the best estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset grouping is less than its carrying value. If an impairment is indicated, any loss is measured as the difference between estimated fair value and carrying value and is recognized in operating income or loss. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. No such impairments of goodwill or patents have been estimated by management during the years ended June 30, 2025 or 2024. Amortization expense for the year ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $25,448 and $0, respectively.

Financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The estimated fair value of these financial instruments approximates their carrying value due to their short-term nature.

Research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred. The Company groups development and prototype costs and related reimbursements in research and development. There were no reimbursements for research and development recorded in research and development for the years ended June 30, 2025, and 2024.

Comprehensive income or loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company’s comprehensive loss or income for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was equal to its net loss for the same periods.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. In assessing the likelihood of utilization of existing deferred tax assets, management has considered historical results of operations and the current operating environment.

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in making decisions about how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s chief decision-maker is its Chief Executive Officer. To date, the Company has viewed its operations and manages its business as principally one segment.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The guidance requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standardized categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. The standard will be effective for us beginning with our annual reporting for fiscal year 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our income tax disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. Additionally, in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01 to clarify the effective date of ASU 2024- 03. This ASU provides guidance to expand disclosures related to the disaggregation of income statement expenses. This ASU also requires, in the notes to the financial statements, disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses which includes purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption. ASU 2025-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, on a retrospective or prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. This ASU will be effective for the Company’s Form 10-K for fiscal 2028 and Form 10-Q filed thereafter. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU may have on our financial statement disclosures.

Bank Term Loan and Line of Credit

On October 4, 2021, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Main Street Bank of Marlborough, Massachusetts (the “Lender”), which provided for a $2,600,000 Term Loan and a $250,000 Revolving Line of Credit Loan Facility (the “Revolver”), which was increased to $500,000 effective May 17, 2022, and $1,250,000 effective June 2, 2023. Borrowings under the Revolver are limited by the borrowing base comprised of a percentage of accounts receivable and inventory and secured by all assets of the Company. Borrowings under the Revolver will bear interest payable monthly at the prime lending rate plus 1.5% per annum and shall not be less than 4.75% per annum. Borrowings under the Revolver are due upon demand. There were no borrowings under the Revolver at June 30, 2025.

The Company’s Loan Agreement with the Lender contains a minimum annual debt service coverage ratio covenant of 1.2x. The Company did not meet this annual debt service coverage ratio for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. The Company’s Lender has agreed to waive compliance with such debt service ratio covenant for the period ending June 30, 2024. In addition to such waiver, the Lender and the Company have entered into an amendment dated September 30, 2024 to that certain Term Loan dated October 4, 2021, as amended and that certain Promissory Note dated June 2, 2023 (collectively, the “Notes”) which amendments provide for a six-month period of interest only payments from October 15, 2024 through March 15, 2025 for the Notes. The Company commenced payments of principal and interest under the Notes beginning with the payments due on April 15, 2025, with a new amortization schedule for the remaining term for such Notes through their maturity date. On February 14, 2025, the lender agreed to waive compliance with the annual debt service coverage ratio covenant for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2025, subject to a $30,000 waiver fee and the completion of an equity raise of at least $4,500,000 by February 24, 2025, which the Company satisfied on February 21, 2025. Any future advances are contingent on the Company achieving a minimum Debt Service Coverage ratio of 1.20x based on quarterly testing. There were no other changes to or modifications to the Loan Agreement or the Notes.

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following at June 30, 2025 and 2024:

At June 30, 2025 principal payments due on long-term debt are as follows:

In March 2021 the Company entered into a five-year capital lease in the amount of $161,977 and in January 2020, the Company entered into a five-year capital lease for $47,750, both for manufacturing equipment. The net book value of fixed assets under capital lease obligations as of June 30, 2025 is $27,368.

On July 1, 2019 the Company entered into a three-year operating lease for its facility in El Paso, Texas, and in February 2022 the Company entered into an extension of the lease for an additional three years through June 2025. In May 2025, this lease was extended for an additional three years through May 2028. Remaining minimum lease payments at June 30, 2025 total $148,029. Total lease costs including base rent and common area expenses was $67,552 and $64,621 during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. On October 4, 2021 the Company assumed the remaining term of the Windham Maine lease as part of the Lighthouse acquisition. The lease expired on July 31, 2025. Remaining minimum lease payments at June 30, 2025 total $11,477. Total lease costs including base rent and common area expenses was $137,728 and $137,728 during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The amount of variable lease payments is immaterial. Included in the accompanying balance sheet at June 30, 2025 is a right-of-use asset of $141,825 and current and long-term right-of-use operating lease liabilities of $50,995 and $90,954, respectively.

On May 15, 2025 the Company entered into an seven-year lease in South Portland, Maine with two five-year extension options. On June 2, 2025 the Company entered into a seven-year operating lease in Littleton, Massachusetts with two five-year extension options.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had entered into additional operating leases with total fixed payment obligations of $3.8 million that have not yet commenced. The leases are expected to commence in fiscal year 2026 and have initial lease terms of approximately 8 years.

At June 30, 2025 future minimum lease payments under the capital lease and operating lease obligations are as follows:

The Company’s four facilities in Gardner, Massachusetts, which are used for offices, production and storage spaces, are leased primarily on a tenant-at-will basis. Rent expense on these operating leases was $206,309 and $200,678 for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense for the years ended June 30:

As of June 30, 2025, the unrecognized compensation costs related to options vesting in the future was $1,409,980. No compensation has been capitalized because such amounts would have been immaterial. There wasno net income tax benefit recognized related to such compensation for the years ended June 30, 2025, or 2024, as the Company is currently in a loss position. There were 520,000 stock options granted during the year ended June 30, 2025, and 285,527 stock options granted during the year ended June 30, 2024.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model as the most appropriate method for determining the estimated fair value for the stock awards. The Black-Scholes method of valuation requires several assumptions: (1) the expected term of the stock award; (2) the expected future stock volatility over the expected term; and (3) risk-free interest rate. The expected term represents the expected period of time the Company believes the options will be outstanding based on historical information. Estimates of expected future stock price volatility are based on the historic volatility of the Company’s common stock, and the risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Zero-Bond rate. The Company utilizes a forfeiture rate based on an analysis of the Company’s actual experience. The fair value of options at date of grant was estimated with the following assumptions for options granted in fiscal year 2025:

The type of share-based payments currently utilized by the Company is stock options.

The Company has four stock option plans outstanding as of June 30, 2025, namely the Precision Optics Corporation, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”), the Precision Optics Corporation, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), the Precision Optics Corporation, Inc. 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) and the Precision Optics Corporation, Inc. 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”). Vesting periods under each of the Plans are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and typically average three years and in some instances are subject to future performance criteria. Options under these Plans are granted at fair market value on the date of grant and typically have an initial term of ten years from the date of grant, subject to certain cancellation provisions such as upon employment termination. The Company has filed Registration Statements on Form S-8 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register all shares of common stock issuable under the 2022, 2021, 2011, and 2006 Plans.

On April 8, 2022, our Shareholders approved the 2022 Plan which provides eligible participants (certain employees, directors, consultants, etc.) the opportunity to receive a broad variety of equity based and cash awards. A maximum of 933,333 shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued pursuant to stock options or other awards under the 2022 Plan. At June 30, 2025, options for a total of 876,091 shares of common stock were outstanding and 57,242 shares of common stock were available for future grants under the 2022 Plan. The 2022 Plan permits the Board of Directors to authorize and increase up to 5% of the then outstanding shares on an annual basis.

On May 10, 2021, our Board of Directors approved the 2021 Plan which likewise authorizes a broad variety of equity based and cash awards. A maximum of 333,333 shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued under the 2021 Plan. At June 30, 2025, options for a total of 264,495 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2021 Plan. No further shares may be issued from this plan.

The 2011 Plan and 2006 Plan likewise provided for a broad variety of equity based and cash awards, but terminated in 2021 and 2016, respectively. At June 30, 2025, options for 482,990 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2011 Plan. At June 30, 2025, options for a total ofzero shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2006 Plan.

The following tables summarize stock option activity for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

The aggregate intrinsic value of the Company’s “in-the-money” outstanding and exercisable options as of June 30, 2025, was $833,438 and $787,363, respectively.

On August 14, 2024, the Company entered into agreements with certain institutional and accredited investors, in addition to certain directors and officers of the Company, for the sale and purchase of 265,868 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to a registered direct offering at a purchase price of $5.25 per share for the institutional and unaffiliated accredited investors and $5.79 per share for the directors and officers, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $1.4 million before deducting placement agent commissions and other estimated offering expenses. Net proceeds were approximately $1.2 million.

On February 19, 2025, the Company entered into agreements with certain institutional and accredited investors for the sale and purchase of 1,272,500 unregistered shares of its common stock, $0.01 par value at a purchase price of $4.00 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $5.1 million before deducting placement agent commissions and other estimated offering expenses. The Company used the net proceeds from this placement for general working capital needs and paydown of the Company’s line of credit.

The Company has identified its federal tax return and its state tax return in Massachusetts as “major” tax jurisdictions. The periods subject to examination for its federal and state income tax returns are the years ended in 2018 and thereafter. The Company believes its income tax filing positions and deductions will be sustained on audit and it does not anticipate any adjustments that would result in a material change to its financial position. Therefore, no liabilities for uncertain income tax positions have been recorded.

The provision for income taxes in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations consists of the state income tax liability of $1,936 for the years ended June 30, 2025, and 2024.

A reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities at June 30, 2025 and 2024 are approximately as follows:

The Company has provided a valuation allowance to reduce the net deferred tax asset to an amount the Company believes is “more likely than not” to be realized.

At June 30, 2025, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $23,116,000 and $11,674,000, respectively, which will, if not used, expire at various dates beginning in fiscal year 2026.

The Company has a defined contribution 401(k) profit sharing plan. Employer profit sharing and matching contributions to the plan are discretionary. No employer profit sharing or matching contributions were made to the plan in fiscal years 2025 and 2024.