PALATIN TECHNOLOGIES INC

(1) ORGANIZATION

Nature of Business- Palatin Technologies, Inc. (“Palatin” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company developing first-in-class medicines based on molecules that modulate the activity of the melanocortin receptor system. The Company’s product candidates are targeted, receptor-specific therapeutics for the treatment of diseases with significant unmet medical need and commercial potential.

Melanocortin Receptor System. The melanocortin receptor system has effects on food intake, metabolism, sexual function, inflammation, and immune system responses. There are five melanocortin receptors, MC1r through MC5r. Modulation of these receptors, through use of receptor-specific agonists, which activate receptor function, or receptor-specific antagonists, which block receptor function, can have significant pharmacological effects.

The Company’s prior commercial product, Vyleesi®, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in June 2019 for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (“HSDD”) in premenopausal women. As disclosed in Note 5, this product was acquired by Cosette Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Cosette”) on December 19, 2023.

Our new product development activities focus primarily on use of bremelanotide, or other MC4r agonists, with tirzepatide, a GLP-1 agonist for treatment of obesity, which entered Phase 2 in the second quarter of calendar year 2024, with topline results announced in March 2025, in which co-administration of bremelanotide and tirzepatide demonstrated an increased weight loss over tirzepatide alone.

The Company is also developing, dependent on resources for development activities, MC1r agonist products, with potential to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as dry eye disease, which is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and inflammatory bowel disease. The Company believes that the MC1r agonist peptides in development have broad anti-inflammatory effects and appear to utilize mechanisms engaged by the endogenous melanocortin system in regulation of the immune system and resolution of inflammatory responses. The Company is also developing peptides that are active at more than one melanocortin receptor, and MC4r peptide and small molecule agonists with potential utility in obesity and metabolic-related disorders, including rare disease and orphan indications.

*Business Risks and Liquidity –*The Company has incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and will need additional funding to complete its planned product development efforts. As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company had an accumulated deficit as of March 31, 2025 of $456,844,101 and a net loss for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 of $4,811,420 and $15,077,551, respectively. The Company anticipates incurring significant expenses in the future as a result of spending on its development programs and will require substantial additional financing or revenues to continue to fund its planned activities. To achieve sustained profitability, if ever, the Company, alone or with others, must successfully develop and commercialize its technologies and proposed products, conduct successful preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtain required regulatory approvals, and successfully manufacture and market such technologies and proposed products. The time required to reach sustained profitability is highly uncertain, and the Company may never be able to achieve profitability on a sustained basis, if at all.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were $2,520,602 and current liabilities were $10,048,349. Management intends to utilize existing capital resources for general corporate purposes and working capital, including clinical development of the Company’s MC1r and MC4r programs, and development of other portfolio products.

The Company follows the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205-40,Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern, which requires management to assess the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. While the Company has raised funding in the past, the ability to raise funding in future periods is not considered probable, as defined under the accounting standards. As such, under the requirements of ASC 205-40, management may not consider the potential for future funding in their assessment of the Company’s ability to meet its obligations for the next year.

Based on our available cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2025, management has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date these consolidated financial statements are issued. The Company is evaluating strategies to obtain additional funding for future operations which include but are not limited to obtaining equity financing, issuing debt, or reducing planned expenses. A failure to raise additional funding or to effectively implement cost reductions could harm the Company’s business, results of operations, and future prospects. If the Company is not able to secure adequate additional funding in future periods, the Company could be forced to make additional reductions in certain expenditures. This could include liquidating assets and suspending or curtailing planned programs. The Company may also have to delay, reduce the scope of, suspend, or eliminate one or more research and development programs or its commercialization efforts or pursue a strategic transaction. If the Company is unable to raise capital when needed or enter into a strategic transaction, then the Company could be required to cease operations, which could cause its stockholders to lose all or part of their investment. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the continuity of operations, the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. Assuming no additional funding and based on its current operating and development plans, the Company expects that existing cash and cash equivalents as of the date of this filing will be sufficient to fund currently anticipated operating expenses into the second half of calendar year 2025.

The Company may receive contingent, sales-based milestone payments of up to $159,000,000 on sales of Vyleesi by Cosette and its licensees.* *

Concentrations – Concentrations in the Company’s assets and operations subject it to certain related risks. Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are primarily invested in one investment account sponsored by a large financial institution.

(2) BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnote disclosures required to be presented for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, these consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for fair presentation. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, may not necessarily be indicative of the results of operations expected for the full fiscal year.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2024, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which includes consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 and for the fiscal years then ended.

(3) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned inactive subsidiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash in banks, and all highly liquid investments with a purchased maturity of less than three months. Cash equivalents consisted of $2,097,618 and $9,089,113 in a money market account at March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments – The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash equivalents, accounts payable and warrants. Management believes that the carrying values of cash equivalents, accounts payable and warrants are representative of their respective fair values based on the short-term nature of these instruments.

Credit Risk – Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. Total cash and cash equivalent balances have exceeded balances insured by the Federal Depository Insurance Company.

Property and Equipment – Property and equipment consists of office and laboratory equipment, office furniture, and leasehold improvements and includes assets acquired under finance leases. Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, generally five years for laboratory and computer equipment, seven years for office furniture and equipment, and the lesser of the term of the lease or the useful life for leasehold improvements. Amortization of assets acquired under finance leases is included in depreciation expense. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while expenditures that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets – The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. To determine recoverability of a long-lived asset, management evaluates whether the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows from the asset are less than its carrying amount. If impairment is indicated, the long-lived asset would be written down to fair value. Fair value is determined by an evaluation of available price information at which assets could be bought or sold, including quoted market prices, if available, or the present value of the estimated future cash flows based on reasonable and supportable assumptions.

Leases - At lease inception, the Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, short-term operating lease liabilities, and long-term operating lease liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. Finance leases are included in property and equipment for ROU assets, short-term finance lease liabilities, and long-term finance lease liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use leased assets over the term of the lease. Lease liabilities represent the Company’s contractual obligation to make lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date. The lease liability is measured as the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses the rate implicit in the lease if it is determinable. When the rate implicit in the lease is not determinable, the Company uses an estimate based on a hypothetical rate provided by a third party as the Company currently does not have issued debt. Lease terms may include renewal or extension options to the extent they are reasonably certain to be exercised. The assessment of whether renewal or extension options are reasonably certain to be exercised is made at lease commencement. Factors considered in determining whether an option is reasonably certain of exercise include, but are not limited to, the value of any leasehold improvements, the value of renewal rates compared to market rates, and the presence of factors that would cause incremental costs to the Company if the option were not exercised.

The ROU asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. For operating leases, the ROU asset is subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, the ROU asset is subsequently amortized using the straight-line method from the lease commencement date to the earlier of the end of its useful life or the end of the lease term unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Company or the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an option to purchase the underlying asset. In those cases, the ROU asset is amortized over the useful life of the underlying asset. Amortization of the ROU asset is recognized and presented as an operating expense separately from interest expense on the lease liability.

The Company has elected not to recognize an ROU asset and obligation for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. The expense associated with short-term leases is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations. To the extent a lease arrangement includes both lease and non-lease components, the Company has elected to account for the components as a single lease component.

Revenue Recognition (Prior to the sale of Vyleesi) – The Company recognized product revenues in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The provisions of ASC Topic 606 require the following steps to determine revenue recognition: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

In accordance with ASC Topic 606, the Company recognized product revenue when its performance obligations were satisfied by transferring control of the product to a customer. Per the Company’s contracts with customers, control of the product was transferred upon the conveyance of title, which occurred when the product was sold to and received by a customer. Trade accounts receivable due to the Company from contracts with its customers were stated separately in the consolidated balance sheet, net of various allowances.

Product revenues consisted of sales of Vyleesi in the United States. The Company sold Vyleesi to specialty pharmacies at the wholesale acquisition cost and payment was made within approximately 30 days.

The Company recorded product revenues net of allowances for direct and indirect fees, discounts, co-pay assistance programs, estimated chargebacks and rebates. Product sales were also subject to return rights, which were not significant.

Gross product sales offset by product sales allowances for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

Revenue Recognition —– For licenses of intellectual property, the Company assesses at contract inception whether the intellectual property is distinct from other performance obligations identified in the arrangement. If the licensing of intellectual property is determined to be distinct, revenue is recognized for nonrefundable, upfront license fees when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer can use and benefit from the license. If the licensing of intellectual property is determined not to be distinct, then the license is bundled with other promises in the arrangement into one performance obligation. The Company determines if the bundled performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time. If the Company concludes that the non-refundable, upfront license fees will be recognized over time, the Company assesses the appropriate method of measuring proportional performance.

Regulatory milestone payments are excluded from the transaction price due to the inability to estimate the probability of reversal. Revenue relating to achievement of these milestones is recognized in the period in which the milestone is achieved.

Sales-based royalty and milestone payments resulting from customer contracts solely or predominately for the license of intellectual property will only be recognized upon occurrence of the underlying sale or achievement of the sales milestone in the future and such sales-based royalties and milestone payments will be recognized in the same period earned.

The Company recognizes revenue for reimbursements of research and development costs under collaboration agreements as the services are performed. The Company records these reimbursements as revenue and not as a reduction of research and development expenses as the Company is the principal in the research and development activities based upon its control of such activities, which is considered part of its ordinary activities.

Development milestone payments are generally due 30 business days after the milestone is achieved. Sales milestone payments are generally due 45 business days after the calendar year in which the sales milestone is achieved. Royalty payments are generally due on a quarterly basis 20 business days after being invoiced.

Research and Development Costs – The costs of research and development activities are charged to expense as incurred, including the cost of equipment for which there is no alternative future use.

Accrued Expenses – Third parties perform a significant portion of the Company’s development activities. The Company reviews the activities performed under all contracts each quarter and accrues expenses and the amount of any reimbursement to be received from its collaborators based upon the estimated amount of work completed considering milestones achieved. Estimating the value or stage of completion of certain services requires judgment based on available information. If the Company does not identify services performed for it but not billed by the service-provider, or if it underestimates or overestimates the value of services performed as of a given date, reported expenses will be understated or overstated.

*Stock-Based Compensation –*The Company charges to expense the fair value of stock options and other equity awards granted to employees and nonemployees for services. Compensation costs for stock-based awards with time-based vesting are determined using the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date or for stock options, the value determined utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and are recognized on a straight-line basis, while awards containing a market condition are valued using multifactor Monte Carlo simulations and are recognized over the derived service period. Compensation costs for awards containing a performance condition are determined using the quoted price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date or for stock options, the value determined utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model and are recognized based on the probability of achievement of the performance condition over the service period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

Income Taxes – The Company and its subsidiary file consolidated federal and separate-company state income tax returns. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences or operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company has recorded and continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets based on the history of losses incurred and lack of experience projecting future product revenue and sales-based royalty and milestone payments.

Net Loss per Common Share–* *Basic and diluted loss per common share (“EPS”) are calculated in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 260,Earnings per Share.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, no additional common shares were added to the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would have been anti-dilutive. The potential number of common shares excluded from diluted EPS during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were 17,749,116 and 8,520,332, respectively.

Included in the weighted average common shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per common share are 279,700 vested restricted stock units that had not been issued as of March 31, 2025 and 2024 due to a provision in the restricted stock unit agreements to delay delivery.

Translation of foreign currencies– Transactions denominated in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency (US Dollar) are recorded based on exchange rates at the time such transactions arise. Subsequent changes in exchange rates result in transaction gains and losses, which are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations as unrealized (based on the applicable period-end exchange rate) or realized upon settlement of the transactions.

(4) New Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU requires that a public entity provide additional segment disclosures on an interim and annual basis. The amendments in this ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements, unless impracticable. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the adoption on the consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes.

(5) ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

On December 19, 2023, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Cosette pursuant to which Cosette acquired from the Company worldwide rights to Vyleesi®.

Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, the Company sold certain assets (the “Purchased Assets”) to Cosette, comprising the exclusive right to market and sell Vyleesi for treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women, and contracts relating to manufacturing and distribution of Vyleesi. The Purchased Assets include applicable intellectual property pertaining to the marketing and sale of Vyleesi, including patents, patent applications, trademarks and copyrights. In addition, Cosette acquired records pertaining to the historical sales and distribution of Vyleesi, as well as quality control and pharmacovigilance records and other records. The Company will receive up to $171,000,000, consisting of an upfront purchase price of $9,500,000, $2,500,000 payable upon the settlement of certain purchase commitments, which was received November 1, 2024, and sales-based milestone payments of up to $159,000,000. As of March 31, 2025, none of the sales-based milestones have been achieved. The closing of the transaction took place simultaneously with the signing of the Purchase Agreement.

The Purchase Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and covenants, as well as standard mutual indemnities covering losses arising from any material breach of the Purchase Agreement or inaccuracy of representations and warranties.

The parties have also entered into a transition service agreement pursuant to which the Company provided certain transition services to Cosette through May 31, 2024, and the Company was reimbursed for the costs of the transition services.

The Company is also eligible to receive regulatory approval milestones associated with previous licensing of Vyleesi to Kwangdong for the Republic of Korea (“Korea”) (see Note 8).

(6) MANUFACTURING SUPPLY AGREEMENTS FOR VYLEESI

The Company has transferred to Cosette its right, title and interest in contracts and agreements to manufacture Vyleesi, including manufacturing contracts with Catalent Belgium S.A. (“Catalent”), a subsidiary of Catalent Pharma Solutions, Inc., to manufacture drug product and prefilled syringes and assemble prefilled syringes into an auto-injector device; Ypsomed AG (“Ypsomed”), to manufacture the auto-injector device (the “Ypsomed Agreement”); and Lonza Ltd. (“Lonza”), to manufacture the active pharmaceutical ingredient peptide (the “Lonza Agreement”).

(7) AGREEMENT WITH FOSUN

On September 6, 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development Co. Ltd. (“Fosun”) for exclusive rights to commercialize Vyleesi in China (the “Fosun License Agreement”). Under the terms of the Fosun License Agreement, the Company received $4,500,000 in October 2017, which consisted of an upfront payment of $5,000,000 less $500,000 that was withheld in accordance with tax withholding requirements in China and recorded as an expense during the year ended June 30, 2018. In July 2024, Fosun, Cosette and Palatin entered into a termination agreement, effective as of May 20, 2024, terminating the Fosun License Agreement and ancillary agreements.

(8) AGREEMENT WITH KWANGDONG

On November 21, 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with Kwangdong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“Kwangdong”) for exclusive rights to commercialize Vyleesi in Korea (the “Kwangdong License Agreement”). Under the terms of the Kwangdong License Agreement, the Company received $417,500 in December 2017, consisting of an upfront payment of $500,000, less $82,500, which was withheld in accordance with tax withholding requirements in Korea and recorded as an expense during the year ended June 30, 2018. The Company has assigned the Kwangdong License Agreement to Cosette, provided that the Company retains the right to receive a $3,000,000 milestone payment based on the first commercial sale in Korea which has not occurred as of March 31, 2025.

(9) PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses** **and other current assets consist of the following:

(10) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The fair value of cash equivalents is classified using a hierarchy prioritized based on inputs. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on management’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset’s or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The following table provides the assets carried at fair value:

(11) ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accrued expenses** **consist of the following:

(12) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Inventory Purchases- The Company had certain supply agreements with manufacturers and suppliers, including the manufacturing agreement with Catalent entered into in September 2020 (the “Catalent Agreement”), Ypsomed Agreement, and Lonza Agreement, all of which have been transferred to Cosette. As a result of the sale of Vyleesi to Cosette, the Company is still required to make certain payments for the manufacture and supply of Vyleesi.

The following table summarizes the contractual obligations under the Catalent Agreement and Ypsomed Agreement as of March 31, 2025:

As of March 31, 2025, the Company has $1,576,350 accrued within other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet related to estimated losses for firm commitment contractual obligations under these agreements. As of June 30, 2024, $944,150 and $1,032,300 was accrued within other current and long-term liabilities, respectively. Losses on these firm commitment contractual obligations are recognized based upon the terms of the respective agreement and similar factors considered for the write-down of inventory, including expected sales requirements as determined by internal sales forecasts.

The commitment contractual obligation amounts above are denominated in Swiss Francs and Euros and have been translated using period end exchange rates. The Company may experience a negative impact on future earnings and equity solely as a result of future foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Contingencies - The Company accounts for litigation losses in accordance with ASC 450-20,Loss Contingencies. In addition, the Company is subject to other contingencies, such as product liability, arising in the ordinary course of business. Loss contingency provisions are recorded for probable losses when management is able to reasonably estimate the loss. Any outcome upon settlement that deviates from the Company’s best estimate may result in additional expense or in a reduction in expense in a future accounting period. The Company records legal expenses associated with such contingencies as incurred.

The Company is involved, from time to time, in various claims and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of its business. The Company is not currently a party to any such claims or proceedings that, if decided adversely to it, would either individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, or results of operations.

(13) STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIENCY

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock – As of March 31, 2025,4,030 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were outstanding. Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible at any time, at the option of the holder, into the number of shares of common stock equal to $100 divided by the Series A Conversion Price. As of March 31, 2025, the Series A Conversion Price was $60.33, and each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into approximately 1.66 shares of common stock. The Series A Conversion Price is subject to adjustment, under certain circumstances, upon the sale or issuance of common stock for consideration per share less than either (i) the Series A Conversion Price in effect on the date of such sale or issuance, or (ii) the market price of the common stock as of the date of such sale or issuance. The Series A Conversion Price is also subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of a merger, reorganization, consolidation, reclassification, stock dividend or stock split which will result in an increase or decrease in the number of shares of common stock outstanding. Shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock have a preference in liquidation, including certain merger transactions, of $100 per share, or $403,000 in the aggregate as of March 31, 2025. Additionally, the Company may not pay a dividend or make any distribution to holders of any class of stock unless the Company first pays a special dividend or distribution of $100 per share to holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

*Financing Transactions –*On February 10, 2025, the Company entered into definitive agreements with a single healthcare focused institutional investor for the purchase and sale of 4,688,000 shares of its common stock (or common stock equivalents in lieu thereof) in a registered direct offering (the “ February 2025 RD Offering”) at a purchase price of $1.00 per share.

The Company also agreed to issue to the same investor in a concurrent private placement warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,688,000 shares of common stock (the “February 2025 Private Placement” and, together with the February 2025 RD Offering, the “February 2025 Offering”). The warrants issued in the concurrent February 2025 Private Placement will have an exercise price of $1.00 per share, will be exercisable 181 days after their issuance and will expire approximately five and a half years from the date of issuance.

The gross proceeds from the February 2025 Offering totaled $4,687,786, with net proceeds after deducting the placement agent fees and offering expenses amounting to $4,309,641. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Offering for general corporate purposes. The Company paid the placement agents a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the February 2025 Offering.

On January 29, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “January 2024 Purchase Agreement”) to sell in a registered direct offering (the “January 2024 RD Offering”), an aggregate of 1,831,503 shares of common stock of the Company. Pursuant to the January 2024 Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to the investors in the January 2024 RD Offering unregistered warrants (the “January 2024 Private Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,831,503 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “January 2024 Private Warrant Shares”) in a concurrent private placement (the “Private Offering” and together with the January 2024 RD Offering, the “January 2024 Offering”). The shares of common stock and accompanying January 2024 Private Warrants were offered at a combined offering price of $5.46.

The January 2024 Private Warrants are exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the issuance date for a period of four years from the issuance date, at an exercise price equal to $5.46 per January 2024 Private Warrant Share. The January 2024 Private Warrants are exercisable for cash, or, solely during any period when a registration statement for the issuance or resale of the January 2024 Private Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the January 2024 Private Warrants to or by the holder of such January 2024 Private Warrants is not in effect, on a cashless basis.

The Company paid the placement agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the January 2024 Offering and for certain expenses and legal fees in connection with the January 2024 Offering. In addition, the Company also issued to the placement agent or its designees warrants (the “2024 Placement Agent Warrants”) to purchase up to 91,575 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “January 2024 Placement Agent Warrant Shares”) as part of the compensation payable to the placement agent. The January 2024 Placement Agent Warrants have substantially the same terms as the January 2024 Private Warrants, except that the January 2024 Placement Agent Warrants have an exercise price of $6.825 per share.

On March 14, 2024, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 to register the January 2024 Private Warrants and the January 2024 Placement Agent Warrants, which registration statement was declared effective on March 28, 2024 and a prospectus was filed on the same date.

The gross proceeds from the January 2024 Offering totaled $10,000,006, with net proceeds from the January 2024 Offering, after deducting the placement agent fees and offering expenses, amounting to $9,224,056. The Company intends to use the net proceeds received from the January 2024 Offering for general working capital purposes.

On October 20, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “October 2023 Purchase Agreement”) with a certain institutional investor, to sell in a registered direct offering (the “October 2023 RD Offering”), an aggregate of (i) 1,325,000 shares of common stock (the “October 2023 Shares”), of the Company and (ii) pre-funded warrants (the “October 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,033,491 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “October 2023 Pre-Funded Warrant Shares”). Pursuant to the October 2023 Purchase Agreement the Company also issued unregistered warrants (the “October 2023 Private Warrants”) to purchase up to 2,358,491 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “October 2023 Private Warrant Shares”) in a concurrent private placement (the “October 2023 Private Offering” and together with the October 2023 RD Offering, the “October 2023 Offering”). The October 2023 Shares and accompanying October 2023 Private Warrants were offered at a combined offering price of $2.12. The October 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants and accompanying October 2023 Private Warrants were offered at a combined offering price of $2.1199. The October 2023 Offering closed on October 24, 2023.

The October 2023 Private Warrants are exercisable on the six-month anniversary of issuance for a period of five and one-half years from the issuance date, at an exercise price equal to $2.12 per October 2023 Private Warrant Share. The October 2023 Private Warrants will be exercisable for cash, or, solely during any period when a registration statement for the issuance or resale of the October 2023 Private Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the October 2023 Private Warrants to or by the holder of such October 2023 Private Warrants is not in effect, on a cashless basis.

The October 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants had an exercise price of $0.0001 per October 2023 Pre-Funded Warrant Share, were exercisable upon issuance, and during the three months ended December 31, 2023, the institutional investor exercised the outstanding October 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase 1,033,491 shares of the Company’s common stock.

The net proceeds from the October 2023 Offering, after deducting the placement agent fees and offering expenses, were $4,573,948.

The placement agent warrants were issued to non-employees in exchange for services related to the offering are accounted for in accordance with ASC 718 which requires the fair value of the warrants to be recognized as an offering expense. The placement agent warrants contain certain contingent cash settlement features that are not probable of occurring and not within the control of the Company, therefore the placement agent warrants are classified out of permanent equity.

On January 24, 2024, the Company and warrant holders amended the terms of warrants related to the October 2023 financings. As a result, all liability classified warrants were reclassified to additional paid-in capital.

On February 11, 2025, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the “2025 Sales Agreement”) with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (“A.G.P.”), pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, sell shares of the Company’s common stock at market prices by methods deemed to be an “at-the-market offering” as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended(the “Securities Act”). The 2025 Sales Agreement and related prospectus is limited to sales of up to an aggregate maximum of $6.0 million of shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company pays A.G.P. 3.0% of the gross proceeds as a commission.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, a total of 413,400 shares of common stock were sold through A.G.P. under the 2025 Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $271,037 after payment of commission fees of $7,837 and other related expenses of $164,054.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the equity distribution agreement (the “2023 Equity Distribution Agreement”) that the Company entered into with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“Canaccord”) on April 12, 2023, was terminated. The 2023 Equity Distribution Agreement and related prospectus was limited to sales, from time to time in an “at-the-market offering” (as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act), of up to an aggregate maximum $50.0 million of shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company paid Canaccord 3.0% of the gross proceeds as a commission.

Proceeds raised under the 2023 Equity Distribution Agreement are as follows:

No proceeds were raised under the 2023 Equity Distribution Agreement during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025.

Stock Warrants – On December 13, 2024, the Company entered into a letter agreement (the “December 2024 Inducement Letter”) with a holder (the “December 2024 Exercising Holder”) of outstanding common stock purchase warrants that the Company issued on June 24, 2024, with an initial exercise price of $1.88, and October 24, 2023, with an initial exercise price of $2.12 (the “December 2024 Existing Warrants”). To induce the exercise of a portion of the December 2024 Existing Warrants by the December 2024 Exercising Holder, the Company agreed to adjust the exercise price of such portion of the December 2024 Existing Warrants to $0.875. Pursuant to the December 2024 Inducement Letter, the December 2024 Exercising Holder agreed to exercise, for cash, the December 2024 Existing Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,907,679 shares of common stock at the adjusted exercise price in exchange for the Company’s agreement to issue to the December 2024 Exercising Holder Series C common stock purchase warrants to purchase 3,907,679 shares of common stock (the “Series C Warrants”) and Series D common stock purchase warrants to purchase 1,953,839 shares of common stock (the “Series D Warrants” and together with the Series C Warrants, the “December 2024 Inducement Warrants,” and the shares issuable upon exercise of the December 2024 Inducement Warrants, the “December 2024 Inducement Warrant Shares”). The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of $3,419,219 from the exercise of the December 2024 Existing Warrants by the December 2024 Exercising Holder (the “December 2024 Warrant Inducement”). The incremental value of the December 2024 Warrant Inducement was recorded as an offering expense against the proceeds received in additional paid-in capital.

On June 20, 2024, the Company entered into a letter agreement (the “June 2024 Inducement Letter”) with a holder (the “June 2024 Exercising Holder”) of outstanding common stock purchase warrants that the Company issued on November 2, 2022, and October 24, 2023 (the “June 2024 Existing Warrants”). Pursuant to the June 2024 Inducement Letter, the June 2024 Exercising Holder agreed to exercise, for cash, June 2024 Existing Warrants to purchase, in the aggregate,3,233,277 shares of common stock in exchange for the Company’s agreement to(i) lower the exercise price to $1.88 per share for the 3,233,277 June 2024 Existing Warrants being exercised pursuant to the June 2024 Inducement Letter and (ii) issue to the June 2024 Exercising Holder an aggregate of 4,849,915 warrants to purchase shares of common stock, comprised of Series A common stock purchase warrants to purchase 2,727,273 shares of common stock (the “June 2024 Series A Warrants”) and Series B common stock purchase warrants to purchase 2,122,642 (of which 1,624,201 shares of common stock are subject to stockholder approval) shares of common stock (the “June 2024 Series B Warrants” and together with the June 2024 Series A Warrants, the “June 2024 Inducement Warrants”). The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of $6,078,561 from the exercise of the June 2024 Existing Warrants by the June 2024 Exercising Holder (the “Warrant Inducement”). As part of the agreement,1,443,277 shares of common stock were held in abeyance on behalf of the June 2024 Exercising Holder. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, at the request of the June 2024 Exercising Holder,1,443,277 shares were released from abeyance. The incremental value of the June 2024 Warrant Inducement was recorded as an offering expense against the proceeds received in additional paid-in capital.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding warrants for shares of common stock as follows:

Stock Options – For the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded stock-based compensation related to stock options of $176,410 and $531,817, respectively. For the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded stock-based compensation related to stock options of $205,176 and $615,716, respectively.

A summary of stock option activity is as follows:

Stock options granted to the Company’s executive officers and employees generally vest over a 48-month period, while stock options granted to its non-employee directors vest over a 12-month period.

Included in the outstanding options in the table above are 418,945 and 88,911 unvested performance-based stock options granted to executive officers and other employees, respectively, which were granted in June 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. Grants in June 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 were 95,167,60,566,238,838 and 264,945, respectively. The performance-based stock options vest on annual performance criteria through the fiscal years ending June 30, 2028 relating to advancement of MC1r programs, including initiation of clinical trials and licensing of Vyleesi in additional countries or regions.

*Restricted Stock Units –*For the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded stock-based compensation related to restricted stock units of $171,281 and $513,852 respectively. For the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded stock-based compensation related to restricted stock units of $185,019 and $555,057, respectively.

A summary of restricted stock unit activity is as follows:

Included in outstanding restricted stock units in the table above are 279,700 vested shares that have not been issued as of March 31, 2025, due to a provision in the restricted stock unit agreements to delay delivery.

Time-based restricted stock units granted to the Company’s executive officers, other employees, and non-employee directors generally vest over 48 months, 48 months, and 12 months, respectively.

Included in the outstanding restricted stock units in the table above are 274,549 and 59,842 unvested performance-based restricted stock units granted to executive officers and other employees, respectively, which were granted in June 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024. Grants in June 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 were 22,343,40,707,152,432 and 184,443 restricted stock units, respectively. The performance-based restricted stock units vest on annual performance criteria through the fiscal years ending June 30, 2026 relating to advancement of MC1r programs, including initiation of clinical trials, and licensing of Vyleesi in additional countries or regions

In connection with the vesting of restricted share units during the nine months ended March 31, 2025, the Company withheld 54,691 shares, with an aggregate value of $99,482, in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations.

(14) SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Sales Under 2025 Sales Agreement – As disclosed in Note 13 above, the Company entered into the 2025 Sales Agreement. During the period from April 1, 2025 through and until May 14, 2025, the Company has sold 10,598,496 shares for gross proceeds of $2,296,532 under the at-the-market offering” pursuant to the 2025 Sales Agreement and related prospectus.

May 2025 Public Offering – On May 8, 2025, the Company completed apublic offering with participation from institutional and accredited investors of 7,324,119 shares of common stock together with Series F warrants to purchase up to 7,324,119 shares of common stock (the “Series F Warrants“), Series G warrants to purchase up to 7,324,119 shares of common stock (the “Series G Warrants“), and Series H warrants to purchase up to 7,324,119 shares of common stock (the “Series H Warrants“), at a combined public offering price of $0.15 per share of common stock and accompanying warrants (the “Offering“). The Offering was made pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-286280) previously filed with the SEC and declared effective on May 6, 2025.

The Series F Warrants have an exercise price of $0.30 per share, are immediately exercisable and expire on the five-year anniversary of the original issuance date, subject to the certain terms as defined in such warrant. The Series G Warrants have an exercise price of $0.15 per share, are immediately exercisable and expire on the earlier of (i) the 24-month anniversary of the original issuance date or (ii) the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period (as such term is defined in the Series G Warrant). The Series H Warrants will be issuable to the holder upon their exercise of the Series G Warrants, will have an exercise price of $0.225 per share, will be immediately exercisable upon issuance and will expire on the 24-month anniversary of its issuance date.

A.G.P. acted as lead placement agent and Laidlaw & Company (UK) Ltd., as co-placement agent in the Offering. The Company paid the placement agents a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in the Offering and reimbursed the placement agents for out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees of legal counsel, in an amount equal to $85,000.

The Company received aggregate net proceeds from the Offering of $931,715. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Offering primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes.

NYSE American Delisting – On May 7, 2025, the Company announced that it has received a notice from the NYSE American LLC (“NYSE American”) stating that the NYSE Regulation has determined that the Company is no longer suitable for listing pursuant to Section 1003(f)(v) of the NYSE American Company Guide due to the low selling price of the Company’s common stock. NYSE American commenced delisting proceedings in connection with the foregoing determination, and trading in the Company’s common stock was suspended on May 7, 2025. Since May 8, 2025 the Company’s common stock has traded on the Pink Market of the OTC Markets Group under the trading symbol “PTNT”. The Company has a right to a review of NYSE Regulation’s determination to delist the Company’s common stock by the Listings Qualifications Panel of the Committee for Review of the Board of Directors of the Exchange. The Company is currently assessing the viability of such an appeal.