TOMI Environmental Solutions Inc

NOTE 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

TOMI Environmental Solutions, Inc., a Florida corporation (“TOMI”, the “Company”, “we”, “our” and “us”) is a global provider of disinfection and decontamination essentials through our premier Binary Ionization Technology® (BIT™) platform, under which we manufacture, license, service and sell our SteraMist® brand of products, including SteraMist® BIT™, a hydrogen peroxide-based mist and fog. Our solution and process are environmentally friendly as the only by-product from our decontamination process is oxygen and water in the form of humidity. Our solution is organically listed in the United States and Canada as a sustainably green product with no or very little carbon footprint. Our business is organized into four divisions: Life Sciences, Healthcare, Food Safety and Commercial.

Invented under a defense grant in association with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (“DARPA”) of the U.S. Department of Defense, BIT™ is registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and uses a low percentage hydrogen peroxide as its only active ingredient to produce a fog composed mostly of a hydroxyl radical (.OH ion), known as ionized Hydrogen Peroxide (iHP™). Represented by the SteraMist® brand of products, iHP™ produces a germ-killing aerosol that works like a visual non-caustic gas.

Our products are designed to service a broad spectrum of commercial structures, including, but not limited to, hospitals and medical facilities, bio-safety labs, pharmaceutical facilities, meat and produce processing facilities, universities and research facilities, vivarium labs, other service industries including cruise ships, office buildings, hotel and motel rooms, schools, restaurants, military barracks, police and fire departments, prisons, and athletic facilities. Our products are also used in single-family homes and multi-unit residences. Additionally, our products have been listed on the EPA’s List N as products that help combat COVID-19 and are actively being used for this purpose.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TOMI and its wholly owned subsidiary, TOMI Environmental Solutions, Inc., a Nevada corporation. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassification of Accounts

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior-year comparative financial statements to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no material effect on previously reported results of operations or financial position.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to, allowance for credit losses, inventory, intangible assets, useful lives of intangible assets and property and equipment, fair values of stock-based awards, income taxes, and contingent liabilities, among others. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of our assets and liabilities.

Fair Value Measurements

The authoritative guidance for fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or the most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact, and (iv) willing to transact. The guidance describes a fair value hierarchy based on the levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value, which are the following:

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, held at financial institutions and other liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. At times, these deposits may be in excess of insured limits. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are stated at the amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances. The Company generally does not require collateral to support customer receivables. Management assesses the collectability of outstanding customer invoices, and maintains an allowance resulting from the expected non-collection of customer receivables. In estimating this reserve, management considers factors such as historical collection experience, customer creditworthiness, specific customer risk, and current and expected general economic conditions. For those customers to whom we extend credit, in accordance with the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) model, we make a risk-based evaluation at the point of sale which is further reviewed on both an individual and collective (pool) basis during each reporting period based on ASC 326. These accounting standards represent a significant departure from previous GAAP. We are now required to estimate and report expected credit losses over the entire life of a financial asset, considering historical data, current conditions, and future forecasts, even if the risk of loss is remote.

We have a policy of reserving for credit losses based on our best estimate of the amount of potential credit losses in existing accounts receivable. We periodically review our accounts receivable to determine whether an allowance is necessary based on an analysis of past due accounts and other factors that may indicate that the realization of an account may be at risk. Our allowance for credit losses was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Long-term trade accounts receivable, are principally amounts arising from the sale of goods and services with a contractual maturity date or realization period of greater than one year and are recognized as "Long-Term Accounts Receivable" in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist primarily of finished goods and raw materials.

We expense costs to maintain certification to cost of goods sold as incurred.

We review inventory on an ongoing basis, considering factors such as deterioration and obsolescence, and future customer demand. We record an allowance for estimated losses when the facts and circumstances indicate that particular inventories may not be usable or realized when comparing current inventory levels to anticipated demand for our product. Our reserve for obsolete inventory was $1,100,000 and $95,000 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Property and Equipment

We account for property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation. We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three to five years. Depreciation for equipment, furniture and fixtures and vehicles commences once placed in service for its intended use. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the lives of the respective leases or service lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter.

Leases

We recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than 12 months, in accordance with ASC 842. We utilize the short-term lease recognition exemption for all asset classes as part of our on-going accounting under ASC 842. This means, for those leases that qualify, we will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities. Recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses depends on classification as a finance or operating lease.

As a lessee, we utilize the reasonably certain threshold criteria in determining which options we will exercise. Furthermore, our lease payments are based on index rates with minimum annual increases. These represent fixed payments and are captured in the future minimum lease payments calculation. In determining the discount rate to use in calculating the present value of lease payments, we used our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at adoption date in determining the present value of lease payments.

We have also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all asset classes, meaning all consideration that is fixed, or in-substance fixed, will be captured as part of our lease components for balance sheet purposes. Furthermore, all variable payments included in lease agreements will be disclosed as variable lease expense when incurred. Generally, variable lease payments are based on usage and common area maintenance. These payments will be included as variable lease expense in the period in which they are incurred.

Accounts Payable

As of December 31, 2024, one vendor accounted for approximately 60% of accounts payable. As of December 31, 2023, two vendors accounted for approximately 59% of accounts payable.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, two vendors accounted for 67% of cost of sales. For the year ended December 31, 2023, two vendors accounted for 70% of cost of sales.*** ***

Accrued Warranties

Accrued warranties represent the estimated costs, if any, that will be incurred during the warranty period of our products. We estimate the expected costs to be incurred during the warranty period and record the expense to the consolidated statement of operations at the date of sale. Our manufacturers assume the warranty against product defects from date of sale, which we extend to our customers upon sale of the product. We assume responsibility for product reliability and results. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, our warranty reserve was $30,000 and $30,000, respectively. (See Note 14).

Income Taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred income tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance for any tax benefits that are, on a more likely than not basis, not expected to be realized in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes guidance for income taxes. Net deferred tax benefits have been fully reserved at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that such tax rate changes are enacted.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income or (loss) per share is computed by dividing our net income or (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted income or (loss) per share is based on the treasury stock method and includes the effect from potential issuance of shares of common stock, such as shares issuable pursuant to the exercise of options and warrants and conversions of preferred stock or debentures. The computation of diluted EPS is similar to the computation of basic EPS except that the numerator may have to adjust for any dividends and income or loss associated with potentially dilutive securities that are assumed to have resulted in the issuance of shares of common stock and the denominator may have to adjust to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential shares of common stock had been issued during the period to reflect the potential dilution that could occur from shares of common stock issuable through a contingent shares issuance arrangement, stock options, warrants, or convertible preferred stock. For purposes of determining diluted earnings per common share, the treasury stock method is used for stock options, and warrants, and the if-converted method is used for convertible preferred stock as prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 260. Because of the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the impact of including these in our computation of diluted EPS was anti-dilutive.

Potentially dilutive securities as of December 31, 2024 consisted of 2,080,000 shares of common stock from convertible debentures,2,765,846 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants,805,042 shares of common stock issuable upon outstanding options and 63,750 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding shares of Preferred A stock (“Convertible Series A Preferred Stock”).

Potentially dilutive securities as of December 31, 2023 consisted of 2,080,000 shares of common stock from convertible debentures,2,772,096 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants,617,542 shares of common stock issuable upon outstanding options and 63,750 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding shares of Preferred A stock (“Convertible Series A Preferred Stock”).

Options, warrants, preferred stock and shares associated with the conversion of debt to purchase approximately 5.7 million and 5.5 million shares of common stock were outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, but were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share at December 31, 2024 and 2023 due to the anti-dilutive effect on net loss per share.

The following provides a reconciliation of the shares used in calculating the per share amounts for the periods presented:

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). We recognize revenue when we transfer promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation(s). At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract, assess whether each promised good or service is distinct and identify those that are performance obligations.

We must use judgment to determine: a) the number of performance obligations based on the determination under step (ii) above and whether those performance obligations are distinct from other performance obligations in the contract; b) the transaction price under step (iii) above for each distinct performance obligation identified in step (ii) above; and c) the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract for the allocation of transaction price in step (iv) above.

Title and risk of loss generally pass to our customers upon shipment. Our customers include end users as well as dealers and distributors who market and sell our products. Our revenue is not contingent upon resale by the dealer or distributor, and we have no further obligations related to bringing about resale. Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are included in Product Revenues. The associated expenses are treated as fulfillment costs and are included in Cost of Revenues. Revenues are reported net of sales taxes collected from Customers.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by revenue source (rounded to nearest thousandth).

Product and Service Revenue

Revenue by Geographic Region

Product revenue includes sales from our standard and customized equipment, solution and accessories sold with our equipment. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products.

Service and training revenue include sales from our high-level decontamination and service engagements, validation of our equipment and technology and customer training. Service revenue is recognized as the agreed upon services are rendered to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those services.

Estimated allowances for sales returns are recorded as sales are recognized. We use a specific identification method based on subsequent product return activity and historical average calculations to estimate the allowance for sales returns. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded an allowance of $227,000 and $128,390, respectively.

Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

We apply a practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less. We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling expenses.

Contract Balances

As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 we had contract balances and unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed in the amounts of $211,724 and $0, respectively.

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations

Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are primarily distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations.

Significant Judgments

Our contracts with customers for products and services often dictate the terms and conditions of when the control of the promised products or services is transferred to the customer and the amount of consideration to be received in exchange for the products and services. We also record an estimated allowance for anticipated product returns.

Equity Compensation Expense

We account for equity compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation.” Under the provisions of FASB ASC 718, equity compensation expense is estimated at the grant date based on the award’s fair value.

The valuation methodology used to determine the fair value of options and warrants issued as compensation during the period is the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the average risk-free interest rate, and the weighted average expected life of the options. Risk–free interest rates are calculated based on continuously compounded risk–free rates for the appropriate term. The expected term of the Company’s warrants has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” warrants. The dividend yield is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid or declared any cash dividends on its common stock, par value $0.01 (the “Common Stock”) and does not intend to pay dividends on its Common Stock in the foreseeable future. The expected forfeiture rate is estimated based on management’s best assessment.

On July 7, 2017, our shareholders approved the Company’s Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”). The 2016 Plan authorizes the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance units/shares. Up to 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock are authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan. Shares issued under the 2016 Plan may be either authorized but unissued shares, treasury shares, or any combination thereof. Provisions in the 2016 Plan permit the reuse or reissuance by the 2016 Plan of shares of Common Stock for numerous reasons, including, but not limited to, shares of Common Stock underlying canceled, expired, or forfeited awards of stock-based compensation and stock appreciation rights paid out in the form of cash. Equity compensation expense will typically be awarded in consideration for the future performance of services to us. All recipients of awards under the 2016 Plan are required to enter into award agreements with us at the time of the award, and awards under the 2016 Plan are expressly conditioned upon such agreements. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we issued 60,000 and 60,000 shares of common stock, respectively, out of the 2016 Plan.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. We maintain cash balances at financial institutions which exceed the current Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limit of $250,000 at times during the year.

Long-Lived Assets Including Acquired Intangible Assets

We assess long-lived assets for potential impairments at the end of each year, or during the year if an event or other circumstance indicates that we may not be able to recover the carrying amount of the asset. In evaluating long-lived assets for impairment, we measure recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If our long-lived assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized equals the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair market value. We base the calculations of the estimated fair value of our long-lived assets on the income approach. For the income approach, we use an internally developed discounted cash flow model that includes, among others, the following assumptions: projections of revenues and expenses and related cash flows based on assumed long-term growth rates and demand trends; expected future investments to grow new units; and estimated discount rates. We base these assumptions on our historical data and experience, industry projections, micro and macro general economic condition projections, and our expectations. We had no long-lived asset impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Advertising and Promotional Expenses

We expense advertising costs in the period in which they are incurred. Advertising and promotional expenses included in selling expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $221,000 and $498,000, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses

We expense research and development expenses in the period in which they are incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, research and development expenses were approximately $291,000 and $492,000, respectively.

Business Segments

We currently have one reportable business segment due to the fact that we derive our revenue primarily from one product in which 1) The business activities are homogenous in nature, 2) The entire operation faces similar market conditions and risks, 3) There is a high degree of integration in its operations, 4) Internal evaluations of financial results are conducted on a consolidated basis. A breakdown of revenue is presented in “Revenue Recognition” in Note 2 above. See Note 17, Segment Reporting for more details. We are required to apply the guidance in ASC 280 and identify significant segment expenses and other segment items for our single reportable segment.

Going Concern

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our net loss was approximately $4,477,000 and $3,403,000, respectively, and the cash used in operations was approximately $1,440,000 and $3,599,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $665,000 of cash and cash equivalents and an accumulated deficit of $54.3 million. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business; no adjustments have been made relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company not continue as a going concern.

The Company intends to fund ongoing activities by utilizing its current cash on hand, the cash generated from operations, and by raising additional capital through equity or debt financings. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in raising that additional capital or that such capital, if available, will be on terms that are acceptable to us, as our ability to raise capital may be affected by various factors, including general market conditions, volatility of our stock price, investor interests and expectations, and our financial performance.

On March 28, 2025, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department (the "Staff") of the Nasdaq Stock Market ("Nasdaq") notifying us that, for the preceding 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for the Company's common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the "Common Stock") was below the minimum $1.00 per share requirement for continued inclusion on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the "Bid Price Requirement"). The notification received has no immediate effect on the Company's Nasdaq listing. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company has been provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or until September 24, 2025 (the "Compliance Date"), to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. There is no guarantee that we will be able to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement by the Compliance Date, and failure to do so may subject us to delisting proceedings of NASDAQ.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. This ASU will result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements, once adopted.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (Subtopic 220-40). In January 2025, ASU No. 2025-01 was issued to clarify the effective date for all public business entities. The ASU requires the disaggregated disclosure of specific expense categories, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization, within relevant income statement captions. This ASU also requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses along with the definition of selling expenses. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Adoption of this ASU can either be applied prospectively to consolidated financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Early adoption is also permitted. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements, once adopted. We are currently evaluating the provisions of this ASU.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). This ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption of the ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is also permitted. This ASU was adopted retrospectively on December 31, 2024 and resulted in us including the additional required disclosures. .Refer to Note 17, Segment Reporting about the areas for the inclusion of the new required disclosures.

NOTE 3. INVENTORIES

Inventories consist of the following at (rounded to the nearest thousandth):

Our inventory reserve was adjusted upwards by $1,005,000 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, to account for additional slow-moving items in our year-end inventory records compared to anticipated demand for certain units.

NOTE 4. VENDOR DEPOSITS

On December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we maintained vendor deposits of $35,895 and $29,335, respectively, for open purchase orders for inventory.

NOTE 5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consist of the following at:

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, depreciation was $270,228 and $345,556, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, amortization of tenant improvement allowance was $39,194 and was recorded as lease expense and included within general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations.

NOTE 6. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets consist of patents and trademarks related to our Binary Ionization Technology. We amortize the patents over the estimated remaining lives of the related patents. The trademarks have an indefinite life. Amortization expense was $26,308 and $21,121 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Definite life intangible assets consist of the following:

Indefinite life intangible assets consist of the following:

Approximate future amortization is as follows (rounded to nearest thousandth):

NOTE 7. LEASES

In April 2018, we entered into a 10-year lease agreement for a new 9,000-square-foot facility that contains office, warehouse, lab and research and development space in Frederick, Maryland. The lease agreement commenced in December 2018 when the property was ready for occupancy. The agreement provided for annual rent of $143,460, an escalation clause that increases the rent 3% year over year, a landlord tenant improvement allowance of $405,000 and additional landlord work as discussed in the lease agreement. We took occupancy of the property on December 17, 2018 and the lease was amended in March 2019 to provide for a 4-month rent holiday and a commencement date of April 1, 2019. A 7% discount rate was determined using our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at adoption date in determining the present value of lease payments. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The balances for our operating lease where we are the lessee are presented as follows within our consolidated balance sheet:

The components of lease expense are as follows within our consolidated statement of operations:

Other information related to leases where we are the lessee is as follows:

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases where we are the lessee is as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, the maturities of our operating lease liability are as follows:

**NOTE 8.**CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE CONTRACT

In May 2020 we entered into a cloud computing service contract with a vendor. The contract provides for annual payments in the amount of $30,409 and has a term of 5 years. The annual contract payments are capitalized as a prepaid expense and amortized over a twelve-month period.

We have incurred implementation costs of $66,857 in connection with the cloud computing service contract which have been capitalized in prepaid expenses and other assets as of December 31, 2024. In accordance with ASU No. 2018-15, such implementation costs are being amortized over the remaining contract terms beginning January 1, 2021, which was when the cloud-based service contract was placed in service. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $15,063 and $15,063, respectively.

NOTE 9. CONVERTIBLE DEBT

On October and November 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with certain accredited investors (collectively, the “Investors”) pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to the Investors in a private placement transaction (the “Private Placement”) in one or more closings up to an aggregate principal amount of $5,000,000 of Convertible Notes (the “Notes”). As of December 31, 2024, we issued and sold an aggregate of $2,600,000 of Notes to certain Investors pursuant to the SPA.

In October and November 2023, we sold and issued pursuant to the SPA convertible promissory notes (the “Notes”) to purchase an aggregate of 2,080,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.25 per share in exchange for aggregate gross proceeds of $2,600,000. The Notes mature and are due on the fifth anniversary of the issuance date in October and November of 2028. The Notes bear simple interest at a rate of 12% per annum, payable in equal monthly installments. The Notes are convertible into shares of our Common Stock, at the option of the holder, at a conversion price of $1.25 per share, which shall not exceed $1.55 per share. In addition, we can require Investors to convert the Notes at the then current conversion price at any time after 90 days from the issue date if the Common Stock has a closing bid price of $1.55 per share or higher on any twenty (20) days within a thirty (30) day period of consecutive trading days, or if a “fundamental change” occurs (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement). The Notes are unsecured and senior to other indebtedness subject to certain exceptions. Interest expense related to the Notes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $312,000 and $54,892, respectively.

Amortization of deferred financing costs were $62,480 and $10,413 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which has been included with interest expense on the statement of operations.

Convertible notes consist of the following at:

NOTE 10. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) may, without further action by our shareholders, from time to time, direct the issuance of any authorized but unissued or unreserved shares of preferred stock in series and at the time of issuance, determine the rights, preferences and limitations of each series. The holders of such preferred stock may be entitled to receive a preference payment in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up by us before any payment is made to the holders of our common stock. Furthermore, the Board could issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power of the holders of our common stock.

Convertible Series A Preferred Stock

Our authorized Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value, consists of 1,000,000 shares. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 63,750 shares issued and outstanding. The Convertible Series A Preferred Stock is convertible at the rate of one share of common stock for one share of Convertible Series A Preferred Stock.

Convertible Series B Preferred Stock

Our authorized Convertible Series B Preferred Stock, $1,000 stated value, 7.5% cumulative dividend, consists of 4,000 shares. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no shares issued and outstanding, respectively. Each share of Convertible Series B Preferred Stock may be converted (at the holder’s election) into two hundred shares of our common stock.

Common Stock

In January 2023, we issued 60,000 shares of Common Stock valued at approximately $51,000 to members of our Board pursuant to our equity plan (see Note 12).

In May 2024, we issued 60,000 shares of Common Stock valued at approximately $45,000 to members of our Board pursuant to our equity plan (see Note 12).

Stock Options

In January 2023, we issued options to purchase 175,000 shares of Common Stock to Officers at an exercise price of $0.85 per share pursuant to an employment agreement. The options were valued at $132,361 and have a contractual term of 10 years. We utilized the Black-Scholes model to fair value the options received by Officers with the following assumptions: volatility,139%; expected dividend yield,0%; risk free interest rate,3.59%; and an expected life of 5 years. The grant date fair value of each share of Common Stock underlying the options was $0.76.

In January 2023, we issued options to purchase 42,042 shares of Common Stock to employees at an exercise prices of $0.71- $0.85 per share pursuant to an employment agreement. The options were valued at $30,925, in aggregate and have a contractual term of 10 years. We utilized the Black-Scholes model to fair value the options received by our employees with the following assumptions: volatility,139%; expected dividend yield,0%; risk free interest rate,3.59%; and an expected life of 5 years. The grant date fair value of each share of Common Stock underlying the options was $0.76.

In May 2024, we issued options to purchase 225,000 shares of Common Stock to officers at an exercise price of $0.75 per share pursuant to an employment agreement. The options were valued at $144,307 and have a contractual term of 10 years. We utilized the Black-Scholes model to fair value the options received by Officers with the following assumptions: volatility,125%; expected dividend yield,0%; risk free interest rate,4.35%; and a contractual term of 10 years. The grant date fair value of each share of Common Stock underlying the options was $0.64.

The total stock based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $144,307 and $163,286, respectively which has been in included within General and Administration expense in our statement of operations.

The following table summarizes stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Options outstanding and exercisable by price range as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Stock Warrants

The following table summarizes the outstanding common stock warrants as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Warrants outstanding and exercisable by price range as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

There were no unvested warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

NOTE 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Contingencies

We may become a party to litigation in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, there are no legal matters involving us that would have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, from time to time, we may have to file claims against parties that infringe on our intellectual property.

Product Liability

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no claims against us for product liability.

NOTE 12. CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS

Consulting Agreement

On December 16, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company appointed Nick Jennings, former Chief Financial Officer of the Company, as Interim Chief Financial Officer. The Company has entered into an offer letter with Mr. Jennings, pursuant to which Mr. Jennings will serve as the Interim Chief Financial Officer for a five-month period and will receive a fee of $15,000 per month.

Director Compensation

In January 2023, we increased the annual fee to the non-employee members of our Board to $48,000, to be paid in cash on a quarterly basis, with the exception of the audit committee chairperson, whose annual fee was increased to $54,600, also to be paid in cash on a quarterly basis. Non-employee Director compensation also includes the annual issuance of our Common Stock.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we issued an aggregate of 60,000 shares of Common Stock that were valued at approximately $51,000 to members of our Board.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we issued an aggregate of 60,000 shares of Common Stock that were valued at approximately $45,000 to members of our Board.

NOTE 13. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following at:

NOTE 14. ACCRUED WARRANTY

Our manufacturers assume the warranty against product defects from date of sale, which we extend to our customers upon sale of the product. We assume responsibility for product reliability and results. The warranty is generally limited to a refund of the original purchase price of the product or a replacement part. We estimate warranty costs based on historical warranty claim experience.

The following table presents warranty reserve activities at:

NOTE 15. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s income tax expense (benefit) consisted of:

The Company’s net income (loss) before income tax consisted of:

Our income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the United States statutory corporate income tax rate for the following reasons:

On December 22, 2017, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) was enacted into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Changes include, but are not limited to, afederal corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system and a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings. We are required to recognize the effect of the tax law changes in the period of enactment, such as re-measuring our U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as reassessing the net realizability of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Tax Act did not give rise to any material impact on the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations due to our historical loss position and the full valuation allowance on our net U.S. deferred tax assets.

The reconciliation of taxes at the federal and state statutory rate to our provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

Components of our deferred income tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred income tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance for any tax benefits, which are, on a more likely than not basis, not expected to be realized; in accordance with ASC-740 guidance for income taxes. As of December 31, 2024, we recorded a valuation allowance of $8,678,000 for the portion of the deferred tax assets that we do not expect to be realized. The valuation allowance on our net deferred taxes increased by $1,139,000 during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to U.S. deferred tax assets incurred in the current year that cannot be realized. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that such tax rate changes are enacted.

For income tax purposes in the United States, we had available federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 of approximately $22,434,000 and $20,234,000 respectively to reduce future federal taxable income. For income tax purposes in the United States, we had available state NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 of approximately $20,045,000 and $17,433,000 respectively to reduce future state taxable income. If any of the NOL’s generated prior to 2018 are not utilized, they will expire at various dates through 2037. NOL’s generated after 2017 carry forward indefinitely. There may be certain limitations as to the future annual use of the NOLs due to certain changes in our ownership.

We record uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the management of the Company determined there were no reportable uncertain tax positions.

NOTE 16. CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION

The Company had certain customers whose accounts receivable balances individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s accounts receivable, or whose sales for the fiscal year represented 10% or more of the Company’s revenue.

As of December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 25% of our gross accounts receivable.

As of December 31, 2023, two customers accounted for 27% of our gross accounts receivable.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had one customer who represented 15% of revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had two customers who represented 20% of revenue.

NOTE 17. SEGMENT REPORTING

Our Chief Executive Officer, as the CODM, organizes our company, manages resource allocations and measures performance among one operating and reportable segment due to the fact that we derive our revenue primarily from one product (equipment and service revenue based on our patented BIT technology). A breakdown of revenue is presented in “Revenue Recognition” in Note 2 above. We evaluated the aggregation criteria in ASC 280-10-50-11 which states that aggregation can be considered if segments are similar in certain areas, including the nature of products and services, production processes, type of class of customer, and future economic performance.

Our CODM is regularly provided with more detailed expense information than what is included on our consolidated income statement. The CODM considers monthly budgets and cash flow projections, gross margins for each project, and our consolidated net income as reported on the income statement when allocating resources and assessing our performance. We are required to apply the guidance in ASC 280 and identify significant segment expenses and other segment items for our single reportable segment.

NOTE 18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In March 2025, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with certain accredited investors (collectively, the “Investors”) pursuant to whichwe agreed to sell and issue to the Investors in a private placement transaction (the “Private Placement”) in one or more closings up to an aggregate principal amount of $3,000,000 (the “Notes”). In March and April 2025, we sold and issued pursuant to an SPA convertible promissory note (the “Notes”) to purchase an aggregate of 308,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.25 per share in exchange for aggregate gross proceeds of $385,000. The Notes mature and are due on the fifth anniversary of the issuance date in March of 2030. The Notes bear simple interest at a rate of 12% per annum, payable in equal monthly installments. The Notes are convertible into shares of our Common Stock, at the option of the holder, at a conversion price of $1.25 per share, which shall not exceed $1.55 per share. In addition, we can require Investors to convert the Notes at the then current conversion price at any time after 90 days from the issue date if the Common Stock has a closing bid price of $1.55 per share or higher on any twenty (20) days within a thirty (30) day period of consecutive trading days, or if a “fundamental change” occurs (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement). The Notes are unsecured and senior to other indebtedness subject to certain exceptions.

On March 28, 2025, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) notifying us that, for the preceding 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”) was below the minimum $1.00 per share requirement for continued inclusion on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Bid Price Requirement”). The notification received has no immediate effect on the Company’s Nasdaq listing. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company has been provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or until September 24, 2025 (the “Compliance Date”), to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. There is no guarantee that we will be able to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement by the Compliance Date, and failure to do so may subject us to delisting proceedings of NASDAQ.