COMMUNITY BANCORP /VT

RISK MANAGEMENT

Interest Rate Risk and Asset and Liability Management - Management actively monitors and manages the Company’s interest rate risk exposure and attempts to structure the balance sheet to maximize net interest income while controlling its exposure to interest rate risk. The Company's ALCO is made up of the Executive Officers and certain Vice Presidents of the Bank representing major business lines. The ALCO formulates strategies to manage interest rate risk by evaluating the impact on earnings and capital of such factors as current interest rate forecasts and economic indicators, potential changes in such forecasts and indicators, liquidity and various business strategies. The ALCO meets at least quarterly to review financial statements, liquidity levels, yields and spreads to better understand, measure, monitor and control the Company’s interest rate risk. In the ALCO process, the committee members apply policy limits set forth in the Asset Liability, Liquidity and Investment policies approved and periodically reviewed by the Company’s Board of Directors (together the ”ALCO Policy”). The ALCO's methods for evaluating interest rate risk include an analysis of the effects of interest rate changes on net interest income and an analysis of the Company's interest rate sensitivity "gap", which provides a static analysis of the maturity and repricing characteristics of the entire balance sheet. The ALCO Policy also includes a contingency funding plan to help management prepare for unforeseen liquidity restrictions, including hypothetical severe liquidity crises.

Interest rate risk represents the sensitivity of earnings to changes in market interest rates. As interest rates change, the interest income and expense streams associated with the Company’s financial instruments also change, thereby impacting NII, the primary component of the Company’s earnings. Fluctuations in interest rates can also have an impact on liquidity. The ALCO uses an outside consultant to perform rate shock simulations to the Company's net interest income, as well as a variety of other analyses. It is ALCO’s function to provide the assumptions used in the modeling process. Assumptions used in prior period simulation models are regularly tested by comparing projected NII with actual NII. The ALCO utilizes the results of the simulation model to quantify the estimated exposure of NII and liquidity to sustained interest rate changes. The simulation model captures the impact of changing interest rates on the interest income received and interest expense paid on all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities reflected on the Company’s balance sheet. The model also simulates the balance sheet’s sensitivity to a prolonged flat rate environment. All rate scenarios are simulated assuming a parallel shift of the yield curve; however further simulations are performed utilizing non-parallel changes in the yield curve, including an inverted yield curve. The results of this sensitivity analysis are compared to the ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for NII exposure over a 1-year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth, given a 200 bp shift upward and a 100 bp shift downward in interest rates.

Under the Company’s interest rate sensitivity modeling, in a rising rate environment NII initially trends upward as the short-term asset base (cash and adjustable-rate loans) quickly cycles upward while the retail funding base (deposits) lags the market. If rates paid on deposits must be increased more and/or more quickly than projected due to competitive pressures, the expected benefit of rising rates would be reduced. In a falling rate environment, NII is expected to trend slightly downward compared with the current rate environment scenario for the first year of the simulation as asset yield erosion is not fully offset by decreasing funding costs. Thereafter, net interest income is projected to experience sustained downward pressure as funding costs reach their assumed floors and asset yields continue to reprice into the lower rate environment. The prolonged inverted yield curve and an increased reliance on higher cost funding has resulted in a more liability sensitive balance sheet because in the rising rate environment there may be an initial delay in relief from deposit pricing.

The following table summarizes the estimated impact on the Company's NII over a twelve-month period, assuming a gradual parallel shift of the yield curve beginning December 31, 2024:

The estimated amounts shown in the table above are within the ALCO Policy limits. However, those amounts do not represent a forecast and should not be relied upon as indicative of future results. The ALCO model also provides alternate scenarios including a sustained flat, or inverted yield curve. While assumptions used in the ALCO process, including the interest rate simulation analyses, are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, and expected future conditions, the Company cannot provide any assurances as to the predictive nature of these assumptions, including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding $12,887,000 in principal amount of Junior Subordinated Debentures due December 15, 2037, which bear interest at a quarterly floating rate equal to 3-month CME SOFR, as adjusted by a spread adjustment factor of 0.26161, plus 2.85%. During 2024, the floating rate averaged 8.36% per quarter compared to an average rate of 8.06% per quarter for 2023.

Credit Risk - As a financial institution, one of the primary risks the Company manages is credit risk, the risk of loss stemming from borrowers’ failure to repay loans or inability to meet other contractual obligations. The Company’s Board of Directors prescribes policies for managing credit risk, including Loan, Appraisal and Environmental policies. These policies are supplemented by comprehensive underwriting standards and procedures. The Company maintains a Credit Administration department whose function includes credit analysis and monitoring of and reporting on the status of the loan portfolio, including delinquent and non-performing loan trends. The Company also monitors concentration of credit risk in a variety of areas, including portfolio mix, the level of loans to individual borrowers and their related interest, loans to industry segments, and the geographic distribution of CRE loans. Loans are reviewed periodically by an independent loan review firm to help ensure accuracy of the Company's internal risk ratings and compliance with various internal policies, procedures, and regulatory guidance.

Residential mortgage loans represented 27.4% of the Company’s loan balances at December 31, 2024, compared to 28.5% at December 31, 2023. The Company maintains a residential mortgage loan portfolio of traditional mortgage products and does not offer higher risk loan products, such as option adjustable-rate mortgage products, high loan-to-value products, interest only mortgages, subprime loans, and products with deeply discounted teaser rates. Residential mortgages with loan-to-value ratios exceeding 80% are generally covered by PMI. A 90% loan-to-value residential mortgage product without PMI is only available to borrowers with excellent credit and low debt-to-income ratios and has not been widely originated. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, junior lien home equity products made up 14.1% and 13.2%, respectively, of the residential mortgage portfolio with maximum loan-to-value ratios (including prior liens) of 80%. The Company also originates some home equity loans greater than 80% under an insured loan program with stringent underwriting criteria.

Consistent with the strategic focus on commercial lending, the commercial & industrial and CRE loan portfolios have seen solid growth over recent years. Commercial & industrial, purchased, CRE and municipal loans collectively comprised 72.3% of the Company’s loan portfolio at December 31, 2024, compared to 71.2% at December 31, 2023. The largest components of the CRE portfolio were $125.5 million in owner-occupied CRE and $154.6 million in non-owner occupied CRE at December 31, 2024, compared to $115.6 million and 154.5 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023.

The municipal loan portfolio consists of tax-exempt obligations of local municipalities and is made up of three types of borrowings: term lending, tax anticipation lending, and non-arbitrage borrowing. The portfolio increased $12.6 million, or 23.2%, to $67.1 million as of December 31, 2024 compared to $54.5 million at December 31, 2023. During 2024, term lending increased $1.3 million, or 6.4%, tax anticipation lending increased $9.8 million, or 158.9%, and non-arbitrage borrowing increased $1.5 million, or 5.4%. The non-arbitrage and tax anticipation loans to municipalities are issued annually on a competitive bid basis and as a result the portfolio can fluctuate considerably from year to year based on changes in competitive pressures.

The Company maintains loan production offices in Burlington, Vermont and Lebanon, New Hampshire to provide a presence, respectively, in Chittenden County and in the greater White River Junction area including Grafton County, New Hampshire. These loan production offices have contributed to the growth in the CRE portfolio in recent years, which has been principally driven by new loan volume in Chittenden County and northern Windsor County around the White River Junction, I91-I89 interchange area. Credits in the Chittenden County market are being managed by two commercial lenders out of the Company’s Burlington loan production office that know the area well*,*while Windsor County is being served by two commercial lender from the central Vermont offices. Larger loan transactions continue to be centrally underwritten and monitored through the Company’s commercial credit department. The types of CRE transactions driving the growth have been a mix of construction, land and development, multifamily, and other non-owner occupied CRE properties, including hotels, retail, office, and industrial properties.

The Company’s home equity and commercial line of credit portfolios contain for the most part variable rate loans with the Wall Street Journal Prime rate as the underlying index and rates repricing monthly. Over the past two years, there was a series of rate hikes, followed by decreases during the fourth quarter of 2024, to end the year at 7.50%. The home equity portfolio and commercial line of credit portfolio have weathered these fluctuations and continue to perform well. Commercial and industrial term loans are generally written on a fixed rate basis with limited risk associated with rising interest rates. CRE loans generally have included an initial fixed rate period typically of 5 years, followed by a variable rate period, usually tied to Wall Street Prime. Approximately $363 million in CRE loans are scheduled to reprice over the next five years. Rates based on the current Prime Rate Index will be subject to decreases as the fed funds rate decreases. Management expects that credit-worthy borrowers with loans that experience rate increases will ultimately refinance or renegotiate pricing, while rate increases may adversely impact the repayment capacity of those CRE loans of lesser credit quality and could ultimately result in higher non-performing loans and losses.

The following tables show the estimated maturity of the Company's loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024.

Risk in the Company’s commercial & industrial and CRE loan portfolios is mitigated in part by government guarantees issued by federal agencies such as the SBA and RD. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had approximately $25.5 million and $26.5 million, respectively, in guaranteed loans with guaranteed balances of approximately $17.2 million and $17.6 million, respectively. Included in the totals are the PPP loans amounting to $43 thousand and $84 thousand, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which carry a 100% SBA guarantee.

The Company works actively with customers early in the delinquency process to help them to avoid default and foreclosure. Commercial & industrial and CRE loans are generally placed on non-accrual status when there is deterioration in the financial position of the borrower, payment in full of principal and interest is not expected, and/or principal or interest has been in default for 90 days or more. However, such a loan need not be placed on non-accrual status if it is both well secured and in the process of collection. Residential mortgages and home equity loans are considered for non-accrual status at 90 days past due and are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The Company obtains current property appraisals or market value analyses and considers the cost to carry and sell collateral to assess the level of specific allocations required. Consumer loans are generally not placed in non-accrual but are charged off by the time they reach 120 days past due. When a loan is placed in non-accrual status, the Company reverses the accrued interest against current period income and discontinues the accrual of interest until the borrower clearly demonstrates the ability and intention to resume normal payments, typically demonstrated by regular timely payments for a period of not less than six months. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans are generally applied as a reduction of the loan book balance.