FB Financial Corp

Note (1)—Basis of presentation

Overview and presentation

FB Financial Corporation is a financial holding company headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. The Company operates primarily through its wholly-owned subsidiary bank, FirstBank and its subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2025, the Bank had 77 full-service branches throughout Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky and North Georgia, and provided commercial and consumer banking services to the Asheville, North Carolina market. The Bank also operates a mortgage business with office locations across the Southeast, which primarily originates loans to be sold to third party private investors or government sponsored agencies in the secondary market.

The unaudited consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP interim reporting requirements and general banking industry guidelines, and therefore, do not include all information and notes included in the annual consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. These interim consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported results of operations for the reporting periods and the related disclosures. Although management’s estimates contemplate current conditions and how they are expected to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could vary from those anticipated, which could cause the Company’s financial condition and results of operations to vary significantly from those estimates.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation without any impact on the reported amounts of net income or shareholders’ equity.

Recently announced acquisition

On March 31, 2025, the Company announced it has entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”) for the acquisition of Southern States Bancshares, Inc., the parent company of Southern States Bank. As of March 31, 2025, Southern States had approximately $2,851,145 of total assets, $2,261,272 of total loans and $2,425,631 of deposits.

In connection with the Merger Agreement, Southern States will be merged into the Company and immediately following, Southern States Bank will merge into FirstBank. The Merger Agreement has been approved by the Board of Directors of each company. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals, approval by the Company’s and Southern States’ shareholders and certain other customary closing conditions. The transaction is anticipated to close in the third quarter of 2025.

Earnings per common share

Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing earnings attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans where securities have been granted but are not yet vested and distributable. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing earnings attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method.

The following is a summary of the basic and diluted earnings per common share calculations for each of the periods presented:

(1)Excludes 2,949 restricted stock units outstanding considered to be antidilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2024. There wereno such units for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Recently adopted accounting standards:

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The ASU requires disclosures to include significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, a description of other segment items by reportable segment, and any additional measures of a segment's profit or loss used by the chief operating decision maker when deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU also requires all annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280, “Segment Reporting,” to be included in interim periods. The Company adopted this standard effective December 31, 2024, for annual financial statements and subsequent interim periods beginning in 2025, and retrospectively updated its disclosures. Refer to Note 11 for further information. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other-Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets.” This update requires entities to present crypto assets measured at fair value separately from other intangible assets on the balance sheet and reflect changes from remeasurement in the net income. Additionally, an entity that receives crypto assets as noncash consideration in the ordinary course of business and converts them nearly immediately into cash is required to classify those cash receipts as cash flows from operating activities. Lastly, the update requires entities to provide interim and annual disclosures about the types of crypto assets they hold and any changes in their holdings of crypto assets. This guidance became effective January 1, 2025. The Company does not currently hold or facilitate transactions with crypto-assets; however, the Company would evaluate any crypto-asset activities and the applicable financial statement and disclosure requirements in accordance with the guidance.

Newly issued not yet effective accounting standards:

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The amendments in this update enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires disclosures of specific categories and disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table. The ASU also requires disclosure of disaggregated information related to income taxes paid, income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted, and the amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact this will have on the Company’s income tax disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This update is intended to provide investors more detailed disclosures around specific types of expenses. This ASU requires certain details for expenses presented on the face of the consolidated statements of income as well as selling expenses to be presented in the notes to the financial statements. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The disclosure updates are required to be applied prospectively with the option for retrospective application. The Company is evaluating the impact this will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Subsequent events

The Company has evaluated, for consideration of recognition or disclosure, subsequent events that occurred through the date of issuance of these financial statements. The Company has determined that there were no subsequent events that occurred after March 31, 2025, but prior to the issuance of these financial statements that would have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note (2)—Investment securities

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses and fair value of the AFS debt securities and the corresponding amounts of unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The components of amortized cost for AFS debt securities on the consolidated balance sheets exclude accrued interest receivable since the Company elected to present accrued interest receivable separately on the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities was $5,208 and $6,401, respectively.

AFS debt securities pledged at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 had carrying amounts of $877,603 and $937,043, respectively, and were pledged to secure public deposits and repurchase agreements.

Within AFS debt securities, there were no aggregate holdings of any single issuer, other than U.S. Government sponsored enterprises, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity during any period presented.

AFS debt securities transactions are recorded as of the trade date. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there wereno trade date receivablesnor payables that related to sales or purchases settled after period end.

The following tables show gross unrealized losses on AFS debt securities for which an allowance for credit losses hasnot been recorded at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s AFS debt securities portfolio consisted of 277 and 271 individual securities,251 and 248 of which were in an unrealized loss position, respectively.

The majority of the investment portfolio was either government guaranteed, an issuance of a government sponsored entity or highly rated by major credit rating agencies, and the Company has historically not recorded any credit losses associated with these investments. Municipal debt securities with market values below amortized cost at March 31, 2025 were reviewed for material credit events and/or rating downgrades with individual credit reviews performed. The issuers of these AFS debt securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities and the issuers will continue to be observed as a part of the Company’s ongoing credit monitoring. As such, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, it was determined that all AFS debt securities that experienced a decline in fair value below amortized cost basis were due to noncredit-related factors. Further, it is not likely that the Company will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Therefore, there was no allowance for credit losses recognized on AFS debt securities as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024. Periodically, AFS debt securities may be sold, or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, or to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity purposes or preparing for anticipated changes in market interest rates.

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS debt securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Sales and other dispositions of AFS debt securities were as follows:

Equity Securities

The Company has equity securities without a readily determinable market value included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets with carrying amounts of $23,923 and $23,459 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Additionally, the Company had $32,234 and $32,749 of FHLB stock carried at cost at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, included separately from the other equity securities discussed above.

Equity method investment

The Company holds equity securities of a privately held entity which originates manufactured housing loans through utilization of its proprietary technology. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over this entity and therefore accounts for the equity securities under the equity method. Under this method, the carrying value of the investment is adjusted to reflect the Company’s proportionate share of the investee's profit or loss. This investment is reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets with carrying amounts of $19,475 and $19,970 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company's investment includes a basis difference of $17,103, which is accounted for as equity method goodwill.

Note (3)—Loans and allowance for credit losses on loans HFI

Loans outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, by class of financing receivable are as follows:

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $996,088 and $988,177, respectively, of qualifying residential mortgage loans (including loans held for sale) and $1,707,868 and $1,620,510, respectively, of qualifying commercial mortgage loans were pledged to the FHLB system securing advances against the Bank’s line of credit. Additionally, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, qualifying commercial and industrial, construction and consumer loans, of $2,658,942 and $2,561,352, respectively, were pledged to the Federal Reserve under the Borrower-in-Custody program.

The amortized cost of loans HFI on the consolidated balance sheets exclude accrued interest receivable as the Company presents accrued interest receivable separately on the balance sheet. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accrued interest receivable on loans HFI amounted to $43,380 and $40,970, respectively.

Credit Quality - Commercial Type Loans

The Company categorizes commercial loan types into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans that share similar risk characteristics collectively. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics may be evaluated individually.

The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Risk ratings are updated on an ongoing basis and are subject to change by continuous loan monitoring processes.

The following tables present the credit quality of the Company's commercial type loan portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and the gross charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024 by year of origination. Revolving loans are presented separately. Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal constitutes a current period origination.

Credit Quality - Consumer Type Loans

For consumer and residential loan classes, the Company primarily evaluates credit quality based on delinquency and accrual status of the loan, credit documentation and by payment activity. The performing or nonperforming status is updated on an on-going basis dependent upon improvement and deterioration in credit quality. Nonperforming loans include loans that are no longer accruing interest (nonaccrual loans) and loans past due ninety or more days and still accruing interest.

The following tables present the credit quality by classification (performing or nonperforming) of the Company’s consumer type loan portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and the gross charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024 by year of origination. Revolving loans are presented separately. Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal constitutes a current period origination.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

The following tables represent an analysis of the aging by class of financing receivable as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The following tables provide the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status, as well as any related allowance as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by class of financing receivable.

The following presents interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Accrued interest receivable written off as an adjustment to interest income amounted to $287 and $201 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Occasionally, the Company may make certain modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may be in the form of an interest rate reduction, a term extension, principal forgiveness, payment deferral or a combination thereof. Upon the Company’s determination that a modified loan has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the portion of the loan deemed uncollectible is charged off against the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI. The Company closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. Tables within this section exclude loans that were paid off or are otherwise no longer in the loan portfolio as of period end.

The following tables present the amortized cost of FDM loans as of March 31, 2025 and 2024 by class of financing receivable and type of concession granted that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, consumer and other loans of $14 defaulted that were previously modified in the prior 12 months by receiving a term extension. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, 1-to-4 family mortgage residential real estate loans of $626 defaulted that were previously modified in the prior 12 months by receiving a combination of payment deferral and term extension. No financing receivables modified in the preceding twelve months had a payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2024. For FDM loans, a subsequent payment default is defined as the earlier of the FDM loans being placed on non-accrual status or reaching 30 days past due with respect to principal and/or interest payments. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any material commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans were classified as an FDM loans.

The Company closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The tables below depict the performance of loans HFI as of March 31, 2025 and 2024 made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified in the prior twelve months.

(1) Loans were on non-accrual when modified and subsequently classified as FDM.

(1) Loans were on non-accrual when modified and subsequently classified as FDM.

Collateral-Dependent Loans

For collateral-dependent loans, or those loans for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral, where the borrower is also experiencing financial difficulty, the following tables present the loans by class of financing receivable.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans HFI

The Company performed evaluations within its established qualitative framework, assessing the impact of the current economic outlook, including unemployment and gross domestic product, as well as macroeconomic events which may impact our loan portfolio, such as supply chain concerns, global conflicts, and possible tariffs. All qualitative adjustments are applied at the pool or segment level based on the perceived risk. Segments may be identified using credit quality ratings, loan-to-value, collateral type and purpose. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI as of March 31, 2025 compared with December 31, 2024 is primarily the result of charge-offs during the quarter, slightly improved economic forecast assumptions and reductions in exposure to construction lending.

The following tables provide the changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI by class of financing receivable for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Note (4)—Other real estate owned

The amount reported as other real estate owned includes property acquired through foreclosure in addition to excess facilities held for sale and is carried at the lower of the carrying amount of the underlying loan or the fair value of the real estate less costs to sell. The following table summarizes the other real estate owned for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Included within the other real estate owned balance above, foreclosed residential real estate properties totaled $1,797 and $2,880 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The recorded investment in residential mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $5,777 and $7,652 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Note (5)—Leases

As of March 31, 2025, the Company was the lessee in 48 operating leases and 1 finance lease of certain branch, mortgage and operations locations with original terms greater than one year.

Many leases include options to renew, with terms that can extend the lease up to an additional 20 years or more. Certain lease agreements contain provisions to periodically adjust rental payments for inflation. Renewal options that management is reasonably certain to renew and fixed rent escalations are included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability.

Information related to the Company’s leases is presented below as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The components of total lease expense included in the consolidated statements of income were as follows:

The Company does not separate lease and non-lease components and instead elects to account for them as a single lease component. Variable lease cost primarily represents variable payments such as common area maintenance, utilities, and property taxes.

A maturity analysis of operating and finance lease liabilities and a reconciliation of cash flows to lease liabilities as of March 31, 2025 is as follows:

Note (6)—Mortgage servicing rights

Changes in the Company’s mortgage servicing rights were as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

The following table summarizes servicing income and expense, which are included in mortgage banking income and other noninterest expense, respectively, in the consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Data and key economic assumptions, as well as the valuation's sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, related to the Company’s mortgage servicing rights as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical changes and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. Changes in fair value based on adverse changes in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in assumption to the change in fair value may not be linear. Also, the effect of an adverse variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights calculated without changing any other assumption, while in reality changes in one factor may result in changes in another, which may either magnify or counteract the effect of the change. The derivative instruments utilized by the Company, which were not included in the above sensitivities, would serve to offset the estimated impacts to fair value included in the table above. See Note 9, “Derivatives” for additional information on these derivative instruments.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company held mortgage escrow deposits totaling $93,956 and $68,995, respectively, related to loans sold with servicing retained.

Note (7)—Income taxes

The following table presents a reconciliation of income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Note (8)—Commitments and contingencies

Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit

The Company issues certain financial instruments to meet customer financing needs, including loan commitments, credit lines and letters of credit. The agreements associated with these type of unfunded loan commitments provide credit or support the credit of others, as long as conditions established in the contract are met, and usually have expiration dates.

The same credit and underwriting policies the Company uses to evaluate and underwrite loans are also used to originate unfunded loan commitments, including obtaining collateral at exercise of the commitment. These unfunded loan commitments are only recorded in the consolidated financial statements when drawn upon and many expire without being used. The Company’s maximum off-balance sheet exposure to credit loss from these unfunded loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, unfunded loan commitments included above with floating interest rates totaled $2,631,883 and $2,573,218, respectively.

As part of the credit loss process, the Company estimates expected credit losses on its unfunded loan commitments under the CECL methodology. When applying this methodology, the Company considers the likelihood that funding will occur, the contractual period of exposure to credit loss, the risk of loss, historical loss experience, and current conditions along with expectations of future economic conditions.

The table below presents activity within the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:

Loan repurchases or indemnifications

In connection with the sale of mortgage loans to third-party private investors or government sponsored agencies, the Company makes representations and warranties as to the propriety of its origination activities, which are typical and customary to these types of transactions. Occasionally, investors require the Company to repurchase loans sold to them or otherwise indemnify the investor against certain losses under the terms of the warranties. When the Company is required to repurchase the loans, the loans are recorded at fair value in loans HFI. The total principal amount of loans repurchased (or indemnified for) was $1,233 and $2,078 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company maintains a reserve associated with potential losses on loans previously sold included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The following table summarizes this activity:

Legal Proceedings

Various legal claims arise from time to time in the normal course of business, which, in the opinion of management, will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note (9)—Derivatives

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments as part of its ongoing efforts to manage its interest rate risk exposure as well as interest rate exposure for its customers. Derivative financial instruments are included in the consolidated balance sheet line items other assets or other liabilities at fair value in accordance with ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.” See Note 1, “Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies,” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for additional information on the Company’s accounting policies related to derivative instruments and hedging activities.

Derivatives designated as fair value hedges

The Company periodically enters into fair value hedging relationships using interest rates swaps to mitigate the Company’s exposure to losses in market value as interest rates change. Derivative instruments that are used as part of the Company’s interest rate risk management strategy include interest rate swaps that relate to pricing of specific balance sheet assets and liabilities. Interest rate swaps generally involve the exchange of fixed and variable rate interest payments between two parties, based on a common notional principal amount and maturity date. The critical terms of the interest rate swaps match the terms of the corresponding hedged items. All components of each derivative instrument’s gain or loss are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Any initial and ongoing assessment of expected hedge effectiveness is based on regression analysis.

At both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company didnot hold any interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges. The Company did hold interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges for a period of time during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company had $1,843 of amortization expense in interest expense on deposits related to terminated fair value hedges and $645 of expense included in interest expense on borrowings related to fair value hedges.

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

The Company periodically enters into cash flow hedging relationships using interest rate swaps to mitigate the exposure to the variability in future cash flows or other forecast transactions associated with its floating rate assets and liabilities. The Company uses interest rate swap agreements to hedge the repricing characteristics of its floating rate subordinated debt. All components of each derivative instrument’s gain or loss are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Any initial and ongoing assessment of expected hedge effectiveness is based on regression analysis. The ongoing periodic measures of hedge ineffectiveness are based on the expected change in cash flows of the hedged item caused by changes in the benchmark interest rate.

At both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company didnot have any interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges. The Company did hold interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The Company’s consolidated statements of income included income of $247 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 in interest expense on borrowings related to these cash flow hedges. The cash flow hedges were highly effective during this period and as a result qualified for hedge accounting treatment. As such, no amounts were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings as a result of hedge ineffectiveness during the period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company had a $174 loss recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax benefit of $62, for derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges. No such activity was recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

Derivatives not designated under hedge accounting rules include those that are entered into as either economic hedges as part of the Company’s overall risk management strategy or to facilitate client needs. Economic hedges are those that are not designated as a fair value or cash flow hedge for accounting purposes but are necessary to economically manage the risk exposure associated with the assets and liabilities of the Company.

The Company enters into derivative instruments to help its commercial customers manage their exposure to interest rate fluctuations. To mitigate the interest rate risk associated with customer contracts, the Company enters into an offsetting derivative contract. The Company manages its credit risk, or potential risk of default by its commercial customers through credit limit approval and monitoring procedures.

The Company enters into interest rate-lock commitments on residential loan commitments that will be held for resale. These are considered derivative instruments with no hedge accounting designation, and the interest rate exposure on these commitments is economically hedged primarily with forward contracts. Gains and losses arising from changes in the valuation of the interest rate-lock commitments are recognized currently in earnings and are reflected under the line-item mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of income.

The Company also enters into forwards, futures and option contracts to economically hedge the change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights. Gains and losses associated with these instruments are included in earnings and are reflected under the line-item mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of income.

The following tables provide details on the Company’s non-designated derivative financial instruments as of the dates presented:

Gains (losses) included in the consolidated statements of income related to the Company’s non-designated derivative financial instruments were as follows:

Netting of Derivative Instruments

Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, may be eligible for offset on the consolidated balance sheets when the “right of offset” exists or when the instruments are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement, which includes the right of the non-defaulting party or non-affected party to offset recognized amounts, including collateral posted with the counterparty, to determine a net receivable or net payable upon early termination of the agreement. Certain of the Company’s derivative instruments are subject to master netting agreements, however the Company has not elected to offset such financial instruments on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the Company’s gross derivative positions as recognized on the consolidated balance sheets as well as the net derivative positions, including collateral pledged to the extent the application of such collateral did not reduce the net derivative liability position below zero, had the Company elected to offset those instruments subject to an enforceable master netting agreement:

Collateral Requirements

Most derivative contracts with customers are secured by collateral. Additionally, in accordance with the interest rate agreements with derivative counterparties, the Company may be required to post collateral with these derivative counterparties. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had collateral posted of $23,737 and $20,961, respectively, against its obligations under these agreements. Cash pledged as collateral on derivative contracts is recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Note (10)—Fair value of financial instruments

FASB ASC 820-10 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820-10 also establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities according to a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that are derived from assumptions based on management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances.

The hierarchy is broken down into the following three levels, based on the reliability of inputs:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs for assets or liabilities that are derived from assumptions based on management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

The Company records the fair values of financial assets and liabilities on a recurring and nonrecurring basis using the following methods and assumptions:

The balances and levels of the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are presented in the following tables:

The balances and levels of the assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are presented in the following tables:

The significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) used in the valuation and changes in fair value associated with the Company’s mortgage servicing rights for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are detailed at Note 6, “Mortgage servicing rights.”

The following tables present information as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 about significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) used in the valuation of assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

Fair value for collateral-dependent loans is determined based on the estimated value of the collateral securing the loans, less estimated selling costs and closing costs related to liquidation of the collateral. For loans secured by real estate, the fair value is determined based on appraisals performed by qualified appraisers and reviewed by qualified personnel. For non-real estate collateral, fair value is determined based on various sources, including third party asset valuation and internally determined values based on cost adjusted or other judgmentally determined factors. Collateral-dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on changes in market conditions from the time of valuation and management’s knowledge of the borrower and borrower’s business. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total amortized cost of collateral-dependent loans measured on a nonrecurring basis amounted to $39,250 and $34,712, respectively. The allowance for credit losses is calculated as the amount for which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds fair value.

Other real estate owned acquired in settlement of indebtedness is recorded at fair value of the real estate less estimated costs to sell. Subsequently, it may be necessary to record nonrecurring fair value adjustments for declines in fair value. Any write-downs based on the asset’s fair value at the date of foreclosure are charged to the allowance for credit losses.

Appraisals for both collateral-dependent loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified appraisers whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of the lending administrative department reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry wide statistics. Collateral-dependent loans that are dependent on recovery through sale of equipment, such as farm equipment, automobiles and aircrafts are generally valued based on public source pricing or subscription services while more complex assets are valued through leveraging brokers who have expertise in the collateral involved.

Fair value option

The following table summarizes the Company’s loans held for sale as of the dates presented:

Mortgage loans held for sale

Net gains of $2,201 and $203 resulting from fair value changes of mortgage loans were recorded in income during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The amount does not reflect changes in fair values of related derivative instruments used to hedge exposure to market-related risks associated with these mortgage loans held for sale. The net change in fair value of these loans held for sale and derivatives resulted in a net gains of $2,816 and $1,821 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change in fair value of mortgage loans held for sale and the related derivative instruments are recorded in mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of income. Election of the fair value option allows the Company to reduce the accounting volatility that would otherwise result from the asymmetry created by accounting for the financial instruments at the lower of cost or fair value and the derivatives at fair value.

The Company’s valuation of mortgage loans held for sale incorporates an assumption for credit risk; however, given the short-term period that the Company holds these mortgage loans held for sale, valuation adjustments attributable to instrument-specific credit risk is nominal.

The following table summarizes the differences between the fair value and the principal balance for mortgage loans held for sale measured at fair value as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The following table contains the estimated fair values and the related carrying values of the Company’s financial instruments. Non-financial instruments are excluded from the table below.

Note (11)—Segment reporting

The Company and the Bank are engaged in the business of banking and provide a full range of financial services. The Company determines reportable segments based on the significance of the segment’s operating results to the overall Company, the products and services offered, customer characteristics, processes and service delivery of the segments and the regular financial performance review and allocation of resources by the Chief Executive Officer, the Company’s chief operating decision maker. The Company has identifiedtwo distinct reportable segments—Banking and Mortgage. The Company’s primary segment is Banking, which provides a full range of deposit and lending products and services to corporate, commercial and consumer customers. The Company also originates conforming residential mortgage loans through its Mortgage segment, whose activities include the servicing of residential mortgage loans and securitization of loans to third party private investors or government sponsored agencies.

The chief operating decision maker uses income before income taxes as the measure of segment profit or loss to assess the performance of and allocate resources to each segment. Interest income provides the primary revenue in the Banking segment, and mortgage banking income provides the primary revenue in the Mortgage segment. Interest expense, provision for credit losses, and salaries, commissions and employee benefits provide the significant expenses in the Banking segment, and salaries, commissions and employee benefits provide the significant expenses in the Mortgage segment. These figures are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and are monitored through budget-to-actual variance review.

The Company assigns a transfer rate to allocate net interest income to products and business segments. Through this process, the Company formulates a loan funding charge and a deposit funding credit for its entire loan and deposit portfolios. The intent of the transfer rate methodology is to transfer interest rate risk among the segments and allow management to better measure the net interest margin contribution of its products and business segments. Changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures result in changes in reported segment financial data. Prior period results have been adjusted to conform to the current methodology.

The following tables present selected financial information with respect to the Company’s reportable segments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(1) Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging is included in Mortgage banking income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

(2) Other noninterest expense for Banking includes expenses for occupancy and equipment expense, data processing, advertising, legal and professional fees and other expenses. Other noninterest expense for Mortgage includes expenses for occupancy and equipment expense, data processing, advertising, legal and professional fees, servicing expenses and other expenses.

(1) Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging is included in Mortgage banking income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

(2) Other noninterest expense for Banking includes expenses for occupancy and equipment expense, data processing, advertising, legal and professional fees and other expenses. Other noninterest expense for Mortgage includes expenses for occupancy and equipment expense, data processing, advertising, legal and professional fees, servicing expenses and other expenses.

Note (12)—Minimum capital requirements

Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.

Under regulatory guidance for non-advanced approach institutions, the Bank and Company are required to maintain minimum capital ratios as outlined in the table below. Minimum risk-based capital adequacy ratios below include a capital conservation buffer of 2.50%. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank and Company met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. Additionally, under U.S. Basel III Capital Rules, the Bank and Company opted out of including accumulated other comprehensive income in regulatory capital.

Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are included below as of the dates indicated.

Note (13)—Stock-based compensation

Restricted Stock Units

The Company grants RSUs under compensation arrangements for the benefit of certain employees and directors. RSU grants are subject to time-based vesting with associated compensation recognized on a straight-line basis based on the grant date fair value of the awards. The total number of RSUs granted represents the number of awards eligible to vest based upon the service conditions set forth in the grant agreements.

The following table summarizes changes in RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

The total fair value of RSUs vested and released was $731 and $668 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The compensation cost related to the grants and vesting of RSUs was $2,906 and $2,706 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This includes amounts paid related to grants and compensation for directors elected to be settled in stock amounting to $243 and $199 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025, there was $9,871 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.18 years. Additionally, as of March 31, 2025, there were 1,299,540 shares available for issuance under the Company’s stock compensation plans. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $363 and $344, respectively, accrued in other liabilities related to dividend equivalent units declared to be paid upon vesting and distribution of the underlying RSUs.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units

The Company awards PSUs to certain employees. Under the terms of the awards, the number of units that will vest and convert to shares of common stock will be based on the Company’s achievement of certain performance metrics over a fixed three-year performance period. The number of shares issued upon vesting can range from 0% to 200% of the PSUs granted.

For PSUs granted prior to December 31, 2023, performance factors will be based on the Company’s achievement of core return on average tangible common equity over the performance period relative to a predefined peer group.

For PSUs granted after December 31, 2023, performance factors will be based on a combination of the same metric discussed above as well as the Company’s adjusted tangible book value over the performance period.

Compensation expense for PSUs is estimated each period based on the fair value of the Company’s stock at the grant date and the most probable outcome of the performance condition, adjusted for the passage of time within the performance period of the awards.

The following table summarizes information about the changes in PSUs as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

The following table summarizes data related to the Company’s outstanding PSUs as of March 31, 2025:

The Company recorded compensation cost $1,925 and $114 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, maximum unrecognized compensation cost at 200% payout related to the unvested PSUs was $16,179, and the weighted average remaining performance period over which the cost could be recognized was 2.28 years. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $167 and $217, respectively, accrued in other liabilities related to dividend equivalent units declared to be paid upon vesting and distribution of the underlying PSUs.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company maintains an employee stock purchase plan under which employees, through payroll deductions, are able to purchase shares of Company common stock. The employee purchase price is 95% of the lower of the market price on the first or last day of the offering period. The maximum number of shares issuable during any offering period is 200,000 shares, limited to 725 shares for each participating employee. There were 8,161 and 10,606 shares of common stock issued under the ESPP with proceeds from employee payroll withholdings of $340 and $388 during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, there were 2,264,203 shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

Note (14)—Related party transactions

Loans

The Bank has made and expects to continue to make loans tomanagement, executive officers, the directors and significant shareholders of the Company and their related interests in the ordinary course of business, in compliance with regulatory requirements.

An analysis of loans tomanagement, executive officers, the directors and significant shareholdersof the Bank and their related interests is presented below:

Unfunded commitments to management, executive officers, the directors, and significant shareholders and their related interests totaled $27,282 and $14,510 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Deposits

The Bank held deposits from related parties totaling $262,237 and $282,963 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Leases

The Bank leases various office spaces from entities owned by certain directors of the Company under varying terms. Lease expense for these properties totaled $102 and $90 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Aviation lease

Through a wholly-owned subsidiary, FBK Aviation, LLC, the Company owns and maintains an aircraft. FBK Aviation, LLC maintains non-exclusive aircraft leases with entities owned by certain directors. The Company recognized income of $19 and $24 during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, under these agreements.

Equity investment in preferred stock and master loan purchase agreement

The Company holds an equity investment in a privately held entity which originates manufactured housing loans through utilization of its proprietary developed technology. As a result of the investment, the Company holdstwo board seats on the entity’s board of directors. The Company also has a master loan purchase agreement with the entity to purchase up to $250,000 in manufactured housing loan production over an initial five-year term. Under this agreement, the Company purchased $9,494 and $9,225 of loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost of these loans HFI amounted to $95,093 and $86,890, respectively. See Note 2, “Investment securities”, for additional information on this investment.