Snail, Inc.

Snail Inc. and Subsidiaries

NOTE 1 –PRESENTATION AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Snail, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of Delaware in January 2022. The terms “Snail, Inc,” “Snail Games,” “our” and the “Company” are used to refer collectively to Snail, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31. The Company was formed for the purpose of completing an initial public offering (“IPO”) and related transactions to carry on the business of Snail Games USA Inc. and its subsidiaries. Snail Games USA Inc. was founded in 2009 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Suzhou Snail Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Suzhou Snail”) located in Suzhou, China and is the operating entity that continues post IPO. Snail Games USA Inc. is devoted to researching, developing, marketing, publishing, and distributing games, content and support that can be played on a variety of platforms including game consoles, PCs, mobile phones and tablets.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and generally accepted accounting principles as promulgated in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim reporting. Accordingly, certain notes or other information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted if they substantially duplicate disclosures contained in our annual audited consolidated financial statements. Additionally, the year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 26, 2025. The condensed consolidated results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or for any other future annual or interim period.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and its results of operations in accordance with U.S. GAAP (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) have been included in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Snail, Inc. and the following subsidiaries:

All intercompany accounts, transactions, and profits have been eliminated upon consolidation. Matrioshka Games, LLC was consolidated as of May 1, 2025 and is included in Note 19 –Business Combination.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Such estimates include revenue recognition, see Note 2 –Revenue Recognition, provisions for credit losses, deferred income tax assets and associated valuation allowances, deferred revenue, stock-based compensation, the fair value of warrants and convertible debt. These estimates generally involve complex issues and require management to make judgments, involve analysis of historical and future trends that can require extended periods of time to resolve, and are subject to change from period to period. In all cases, actual results could differ materially from estimates.

Segment Reporting

The Company hasone operating and reportable segment. Our operations involve similar products and customers worldwide. Revenue earned is primarily derived from the sale of software titles, which are developed internally or licensed from related and third parties. Financial information about our geographic regions is included in Note 3 –Revenue from Contracts with Customersand information about our reportable operating segment is included in Note 18 –Operating Segments.

NOTE 2 –SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue is generated from the publishing of software games sold digitally and through physical discs (e.g., packaged goods), the publishing of separate downloadable content that are new feature releases to existing digital full-game downloads that are sold digitally, and in-app purchases of virtual goods used by players of its free-to-play mobile games. When control of the promised products and services is transferred to the end users, the Company recognizes revenue in the amount that reflects the consideration received in exchange for these products and services. Revenue from delivery of products is recognized at a point in time when the intellectual property is made available to the third party platform. Revenue from delivery of products is recognized at a point in time when the end consumers purchase the games, and the control of the license is transferred to them.

The Company determines the standalone selling price for its technical support performance obligation using the cost-plus-margin approach in accordance with ASC 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company determines the proportion of total technical support activity attributable to its games based on historical data. The Company then uses the per-unit cost determination to allocate technical support costs over an estimated service period of five years, the expected life of the user. The resulting per-unit cost is increased by a reasonable margin percentage to arrive at the per unit price of our technical support obligations.

The virtual goods that the Company sells to players of our free-to-play mobile-games, include virtual currency or in-game purchases of additional game play functionality. For virtual goods, the satisfaction of our performance obligation is dependent on the nature of the virtual good purchased and as a result, the Company categorizes its virtual goods as follows:

For theARK: Survival AscendedandLost Colony Expansion Passgames that were sold in a bundle with downloadable content (“DLC”) that have not yet been launched and been reported in deferred revenue in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, the Company has used the adjusted market assessment approach per Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606-10-32-34 to assign a value for the Company’s remaining performance obligations. The Company uses the following reasonably available information in developing the standalone selling prices of the performance obligations:

The Company recognizes revenue using the following five steps as provided by ASC Topic 606Revenue from Contracts with Customers: 1) identify the contract(s) with the customer; 2) identify the performance obligations in each contract; 3) determine the transaction price; 4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and 5) recognize revenue when, or as, the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company’s terms and conditions vary by customers and typically provide payment terms of net 30 to 75 days.

Principal vs. Agent Consideration

The Company offers certain software products via third-party digital storefronts, such as Microsoft’s Xbox Live, Sony’s PlayStation Network, Valve’s Steam, Epic Games Store, My Nintendo Store, Apple’s App Store, the Google Play Store, and retail distributors. For sales of our software products via third-party digital storefronts and retail distributor, the Company determines whether or not it is acting as the principal in the sale to the end user, which the Company considers in determining if revenue should be reported based on the gross transaction price to the end user or based on the transaction price net of fees retained by the third-party digital storefront. An entity is the principal if it controls a good or service before it is transferred to the customer. Key indicators that the Company uses in evaluating these sales transactions include, but are not limited to, the following:

Based on our evaluation of the above indicators, for sales arrangements via Microsoft’s Xbox Live, Sony’s PlayStation Network, Valve’s Steam, Epic Games Store, My Nintendo Store, and our retail distributor, the digital platforms and distributors have discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service and the Company has determined it is the agent in the sales transaction to the end user and therefore the Company reports revenue on a net basis based on the consideration received from the digital storefront. The Company’s customers in these arrangements are the platform providers. For sales arrangements via Apple’s App Store and the Google Play Store, the Company has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service and it has determined that the Company is the principal to the end user and thus reports revenue on a gross basis and mobile platform fees charged by these digital storefronts are expensed as incurred and reported within cost of revenues.

Contract Balance

The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of its performance, even if amounts are non-refundable.

Deferred revenue is comprised of the transaction price allocable to the Company’s performance obligation on technical support and the sale of virtual goods available for in-app purchase, and payments received from customers prior to launching the games on the platforms. The Company recognizes revenues from the sale of virtual goods ratably over their estimated service period. The Company’s estimated service period for players of our mobile games is generally 30 to 100 days from the date of purchase.

The Company has a long-term title license agreement with a platform which makesARK 1 available on the platform in perpetuity, and putsARK II on the platform for three years upon release. The Company deferred $2.3 million related toARK II that is included in the long-term portion of deferred revenue and will be recognized upon the release ofARK IIon the platform.

In July 2023, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with its retail distribution partner for the distribution ofARK: Survival AscendedandARK II.The initial term is two years and will renew each subsequent year unless it is cancelled. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has deferred $1.1 million related toARK IIas long-term deferred revenue until the disc releases occur.

Estimated Service Period

For certain performance obligations satisfied over time, the Company has determined that the estimated service period is the time period in which an average user plays our software games (“user life”) which most faithfully depicts the timing of satisfying our performance obligation. The Company considers a variety of data points when determining and subsequently reassessing the estimated service period for players of our software games. Primarily, the Company reviews the weighted average number of days between players’ first and last day playing online or the subscription trend for mobile games. The Company also considers publicly available online trends.

The Company believes this provides a reasonable depiction of the transfer of our game related services to our players, as it is the best representation of the period during which our players play our software games. Future usage patterns may differ from historical usage patterns, and therefore the estimated service period may change in the future. The estimated service periods for players of our current software games are generally between 30 and 100 days depending on the software games.

Shipping, Handling and Value Added Taxes (“VAT”)

The distributor, as the principal, is responsible for the shipping of the game discs to retail stores and incurring the shipping and VAT costs. The Company is paid the net sales amount after deducting shipping costs, VAT and other related expenses by the distributor.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues include software license royalty fees, merchant fees, server and database center costs, game licenses, engine fees and amortization costs. Cost of revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were comprised of the following:

General and Administrative Costs

General and administrative costs include rent, salaries, stock-based compensation, legal and professional expenses, expenses related to being a publicly traded company, administrative internet and server, contractor costs, insurance expense, licenses and permits, other taxes and travel expenses. These costs are expensed as they are incurred. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, general and administrative expenses totaled $3,475,089 and $2,795,884, respectively. For the six month ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, general and administrative expenses totaled $8,439,440 and $5,077,924, respectively. Stock based compensation (income) expense of($530,535) and $13,949 was incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Stock compensation expense (income) of $257,642 and($848,685) was incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Advertising and Marketing Costs

The Company expenses advertising and marketing costs as incurred. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, advertising and marketing expenses totaled $1,520,201 and $694,195, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, advertising and marketing expenses total $2,826,567 and 835,225, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include travel, payroll, and other general expenses specific to research and development activities. Research and development costs for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were $3,293,409 and $1,860,881, respectively. Research and development costs for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were $6,903,154 and $3,637,403, respectively. Stock-based compensation (income) expense, included in research and development costs, of($32,196) and $1,033 was incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense (income), included in research and development costs, of $23,246 and($63,208) was incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Non-controlling Interests

Non-controlling interests on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss include the equity allocated to non-controlling interest holders. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were non-controlling interests with the following subsidiaries:

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash is available for use in current operations or other activities such as capital expenditures and business combinations. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are time deposits, that are currently provided as a standby letter of credit to landlords. The Company’s policy for determining whether an item is treated as cash, or a cash equivalent, is based on its original maturity, liquidity, and risk profile. Investments with maturities of three months or less, are highly liquid and have insignificant risk are considered to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable

The Company generally records a receivable related to revenue when it has an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment. Accounts receivable are carried at original invoice amount less an allowance made for credit losses. The Company uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative risk factors to estimate the allowance, including an analysis of the customers’ creditworthiness, historical experience, age of current accounts receivable balances, changes in financial condition or payment terms of our customers, and reasonable forecasts of the collectability of the accounts receivable. The Company evaluates the allowance for credit losses on a periodic basis and adjusts it as necessary based on the risk factors mentioned above. Any increase in the provision for credit losses is recorded as a charge to general and administrative expense in the current period. Any amounts deemed uncollectible are written off against the allowance for credit losses. Management judgment is required to estimate our allowance for credit losses in any accounting period. The amount and timing of our credit losses and cash collection could change significantly because of a change in any of the risk factors mentioned above. There were no credit losses recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Film Costs, net

The Company capitalizes costs to produce short videos in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 926, including direct production costs, production overhead, interest, acquisition costs and development costs. The Company will account for each episodic series as a unit for which capitalized film costs will be amortized by the Company using the individual-film forecast-computation method. Each reporting period the Company will reassess its estimate of ultimate revenues used to determine the amortization rate for each episodic series. If the estimate is revised, the Company will account for the change prospectively. The Company will then remeasure the amortization based on the portion of ultimate revenues that have been recognized and that are yet to be recognized. Unamortized film costs shall be tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that fair value of the film may be less than its unamortized film costs. If the fair value of an episodic series is less than its unamortized film costs, the Company will write off the excess amount. The Company groups its film and content rights by monetization strategy. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $2,034,594 and $1,512,960, respectively, of film costs are capitalized and included in other noncurrent assets, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, $432,360 and $645,069 of film costs were amortized respectively, and reported in the cost of revenues in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. There was no film cost amortization in the six months ended June 30, 2024.

The Company recognized an impairment of $415,719 and $0 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This impairment is primarily related to the underperforming titles released during the period and the elimination of marketing plans for these titles. These impairments reflect management’s updated projections that the estimated remaining future cash flows for the four films are not sufficient to recover their costs. The impairment charges are included in the impairment of film assets on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The Company continues to monitor the performance of its film assets and may record additional impairments in future periods if conditions warrant.

Software Development Costs and Licenses

We account for software products intended to be sold, leased or otherwise marketed in accordance with ASC 985. Accordingly, we capitalize costs incurred for internally developed titles and payments made to third-party software developers under development agreements as software. These software development costs may include payroll, materials, and other costs directly related to development activities subsequent to establishing technological feasibility of the software. Significant management judgments are made in the assessment of when technological feasibility is established. Technological feasibility is evaluated on a product-by-product basis. Prior to establishing technological feasibility of a product, we record any costs incurred by their-party developers as research and development expenses.

The Company also enters into agreements with third-party developers that require us to make payments for game development. In exchange for our payments, we receive exclusive licensing and publishing rights to the game titles. These agreements typically include a tiered royalty share between the Company and the developer, net of any shared costs. These agreements are commonly entered into after completing the technical design document, viewing a game play demonstration and verifying they conform with game design documentation. The developers are often experienced with an established track record of past development projects, we monitor the software development process, and establish technological feasibility. We also enter into agreements with third-party developers after completing the technical design documentation and therefore record the design costs leading up to a signed development contract as research and development expense. Accordingly, we may be able to establish technological feasibility of a title early in the development cycle. After technological feasibility is established, we capitalize these software development costs as software licenses.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company capitalized $2,620,209 of software development costs under ASC 985 for various titles, which are included in intangible assets, net, in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. There were no software development costs capitalized under ASC 985 during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under generally accepted accounting principles and enhances disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined under ASC 820 as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.

ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy of valuation inputs based on the extent to which the inputs are observable in the marketplace. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and unobservable inputs reflect the entity’s own assumptions about how market participants would value an asset or liability based on the best information available. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value under ASC 820 must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value.

The following describes the hierarchy of inputs used to measure fair value and the primary valuation methodologies used by the Company for financial instruments measured at fair value.

The three levels of inputs are as follows:

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, short-term loans, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The carrying values of receivables, payables, and other amounts arising out of the normal course of business approximate their fair value due to their short maturities or economic substance. The carrying amount of the Company’s short-term and long-term borrowings, which are considered level 2 liabilities, approximate their fair value based on current rates and terms available to the Company for similar debt. The fair value of the Company’s promissory note has a fixed rate until June 2026, then a floating rate that approximates the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 0.50%. The fair value of the Company’s term loan note has a floating rate that approximates the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 0.50% or a floor rate of 6.50%, whichever is higher. The Company considers the carrying amount of the loans to approximate fair value as the discounted cost in comparison to market rates would not be materially different than the cost to acquire a loan with similar terms. The Company’s convertible notes are measured at fair value using a binomial lattice framework and a range of level 3 inputs as described in Note 12 –Revolving Loan, Short Term Notes and Long-Term Debt.

The Company also has liability classified warrants measured at fair value on a recurring basis. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company transitioned its valuation methodology from a Monte Carlo simulation model to a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company had historically valued the warrants using a Monte Carlo simulation due to certain anti dilutive features that are no longer expected to occur. The change represents a change in accounting estimate and is applied prospectively. See Note 17 –Equity for the fair value disclosures related to the Company’s convertible notes, and the Company’s warrant liability and derivative instruments. The Company does not have any other assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the Company’s convertible notes, convertible notes warrants, and equity line of credit warrants measured at fair value and classified within the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Amortizable Intangibles and Other Long-lived Assets

The Company’s long-lived assets and other assets consisting of property and equipment and purchased intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment in accordance with the guidance of FASB Topic ASC 360, Property and Equipment. Intangible assets subject to amortization are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and amortized over the estimated useful life in proportion to the economic benefits received. The Company evaluates the recoverability of definite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets in accordance with ASC Subtopic 360-10, which generally requires the assessment of these assets for recoverability when events or circumstances indicate a potential impairment exists. The Company considers certain events and circumstances in determining whether the carrying value of identifiable intangible assets and other long-lived assets, other than indefinite lived intangible assets, may not be recoverable including, but not limited to: significant changes in performance relative to expected operating results; significant changes in the use of the assets; significant negative industry or economic trends; and changes in the Company’s business strategy. If the Company determines that the carrying value may not be recoverable, the Company estimates the undiscounted cash flows to be generated from the use and ultimate disposition of the asset group to determine whether an impairment exists. If an impairment is indicated based on a comparison of the asset groups’ carrying values and the undiscounted cash flows, the impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. There can be no assurance, however, that market conditions will not change or demand for the Company’s products under development will continue. Either of these could result in future impairment of long-lived assets. Actual useful lives and cash flows could be different from those estimated by management which could have a material effect on our consolidated reporting results and financial positions.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are provided for the tax effects of transactions reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and consisted of taxes currently due and deferred taxes. Deferred taxes are recognized for the differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes.

The Company follows FASB Topic ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns.

Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each period end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates, applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

FASB ASC 740-10-25 provides criteria for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions. The Company must recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The Company recognizes liabilities for uncertain tax positions pursuant to FASB ASC 740-10-25. Such amounts are included in the long-term accrued expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $265,251 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company accrues and recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in operating expenses.

Concentration of Credit Risk, Significant Customers and Vendors

The Company maintains cash balances at several major financial institutions. While the Company attempts to limit credit exposure with any single institution, balances often exceed insurable amounts. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had deposits of $7,254,427 and $6,610,066, respectively, that were not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and are included in the cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents, in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company extends credit to various digital resellers and partners. Collection of trade receivables may be affected by changes in economic or other industry conditions and may, accordingly, impact our overall credit risk. The Company does not require collateral or other security to support financial instruments subject to credit risk. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers and maintains reserves for potentially uncollectible accounts. The Company has four customers as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, who accounted for approximately 91% and 85% of consolidated gross receivables, respectively. Among four customers as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, each customer accounted for 44%,26%,15% and 6% as of June 30, 2025, and 42%,19%,14% and 10% as of December 31, 2024 of the consolidated gross receivables outstanding. The Company had three customers in the three months ended June 30, 2025, and four customers in the three months ended June 30, 2024, that accounted for 44%,23% and 10% and 53%,14%,13% and 10% of the Company’s net revenue, respectively. The Company had four customers in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, that accounted for 44%,19%,12% and 10%, and 47%,14%,13%, and 10% of the Company’s net revenue, respectively. The loss of these customers or declines in the forecasts of their accounts receivable collectability would have a significant impact on the Company’s financial performance.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had three vendors who accounted for approximately 26%,10% and 10% of gross payables, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had one vendor who accounted for approximately 36% of consolidated gross payables. The loss of these vendors could have a significant impact on the Company’s financial performance.

The Company had one vendor, SDE, a related party, that accounted for 56% and 50% of the Company’s combined cost of revenues and operating expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. SDE accounted for 52% and 57% of the Company’s combined cost of revenues and operating expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and the only vendor with a concentration in excess of 10% during the period. Amounts payable to SDE are included in accounts receivable – related party in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The loss of SDE as a vendor would significantly and adversely affect the Company’s core business.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,*Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,*to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The amendments in the update requires that public business entities, on an annual basis, disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting the new standard.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03,*Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,*to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, though early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting the new standard.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04,*Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments,*to clarify the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within show annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for all entities that have adopted the amendments in update 2020-06. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting the new standard.

In March 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-02,*Liabilities (Topic 405):*amends the guidance in ASC 450-10-S99-1 that eliminates the requirement for entities to recognize liabilities associated with safeguarding crypto assets. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting the new standard.

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-03,*Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity,*provides guidance on identifying the accounting acquirer in transactions involving a variable interest entity (VIE), aiming to improve consistency in practice. This amendment in this update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, including interim periods within those years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption for this new standard.

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-04,*Clarifications on Share-Based Consideration to a Customer,*to provide clarifications on accounting for share-based consideration payable to a customer. The update focuses on improving consistency in accounting for such arrangements, particularly by revising the definition of a “performance condition” and eliminating a forfeiture policy election. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption for this new standard and does not anticipate to have any impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Employee Savings Plans

The Company maintains a 401(k) for its United States based employees. The plan is offered to all eligible employees to make voluntary contributions. Employer contributions to the plan are reported under general and administrative costs in the amounts of $33,474 and $24,982 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and $66,236 and $49,256 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation cost for stock-based awards to employees based on the awards’ estimated grant-date fair value using a straight-line approach over the service period for which such awards are expected to vest. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The Company granted 337,774 restricted stock units (“Restricted Stock Units” or “restricted stock units”) during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 to its non-employee directors and didnot grant any restricted stock units during the three or six months ended June 30, 2024. The fair value of Restricted Stock Units is determined based on the quoted market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

The Company’s 2022 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) became effective upon the consummation of the IPO. The 2022 Omnibus Incentive allows us to grant options to purchase our common stock and to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance awards and other cash-based awards and other stock-based awards to our employees, officers, and directors, up to a maximum of 5,718,000 shares. Stock options may be granted to employees and officers and non-qualified options may be granted to employees, officers, and directors, at not less than the fair market value on the date of grant. The number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan will be increased annually on the first day of each fiscal year during the term of the 2022 Plan, beginning with the 2023 fiscal year, by an amount equal to the lesser of (a)5,718,000 shares, (b)1% of the shares of the Company’s Class B common stock outstanding (on a fully diluted basis) on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year or (c) such smaller number of shares as determined by the Company’s board of directors. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 4,185,391 and 4,508,239 shares reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The Company granted restricted stock units under our 2022 Omnibus Incentive Plan to employees during the initial public offering and grants restricted stock units under the plan to directors over certain periods. Restricted stock units are unfunded, unsecured rights to receive common stock upon the satisfaction of certain vesting criteria. Upon vesting, a number of shares of common stock equivalent to the number of restricted stock units is typically issued net of required tax withholding requirements, if any. Restricted stock units are subject to forfeiture and transfer restrictions.

Warrants

The Company accounts for Warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the Warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the Warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the Warrants are indexed to the Company’s own shares of Class A common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the Warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified Warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the Warrants are required to be recorded as a component of equity at the time of issuance. For issued or modified Warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the Warrants are required to be recorded as liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the Warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. Each of the outstanding warrants is convertible on a one-for-one basis into the Company’s common stock and are fully exercisable as of June 30, 2025. A summary of our outstanding warrants as of June 30, 2025 is included below:

A summary of our outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2024 is included below:

Share Repurchase Program

On November 10, 2022, the Company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $5 million of outstanding shares of Class A common stock of the Company, subject to ongoing compliance with the Nasdaq listing rules. The program does not have a fixed expiration date. Repurchased shares are accounted for at cost and reported as a reduction of equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheets under treasury stock. No treasury stock was sold during the three or six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024,1,350,275 shares of Class A common stock were repurchased pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $3.7 million. The average price paid per share was $2.72 and approximately $1.3 million aggregate amount of shares of Class A common stock remain available for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program.

Earnings (loss) Per Share

Earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) that is applicable to the common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock during that period. The computation of diluted EPS for the period assumes the potential dilutive effect of potential common shares, which includes common shares, consisting of (a) unvested restricted stock units and warrants using the treasury stock method, and (b) convertible debt using the if-converted method. The Company issues two classes of common stock with differing voting rights, and as such, reports EPS using the dual class method. For more information see Note 16 – Income (Loss) Per Share.

Dividend Restrictions

Our ability to pay cash dividends is currently restricted by the terms of our credit facilities.

NOTE 3 –REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Disaggregation of revenue

Timing of recognition

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time for performance obligations that are met at the time of sale or at the time of a release. The Company recognizes revenue over a period based on the estimated service period of the product and additional performance obligations met over time for technical support. Net revenue by timing of recognition during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Geography

The Company attributes net revenue to geographic regions based on customer location. Net revenue by geographic region for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Platform

Net revenue by platform for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Our net revenues through our current period top four platform providers as a proportion of our total net revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Distribution channel

Our products are delivered through digital online services (digital download, online platforms, and cloud streaming), mobile, and retail distribution and other. Net revenue by distribution channel for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

Other Revenues

As discussed in Note 15, the Company recognized the $1.2 million payment related to the Angela Games settlement upon satisfaction of performance obligations included in the contract. This amount is included in other revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2024. No amounts were recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

Deferred Revenue

The Company records deferred revenue when payments are due or received in advance of the fulfilment of our associated performance obligations; reductions to deferred revenue balance were primarily due to the recognition of revenue upon fulfilment of its performance obligations, which were in the ordinary course of business. As of June 30, 2025, the balance of deferred revenue was $32.5 million, of which $31.4 million is due to non-refundable payments. The Company is expecting to recognize $24.9 million, of the non-refundable payments in the next 12 to 60 months through the platform releases of certain DLCs. Of this amount, approximately $12.8 million is expected to be recognized within the next 12 months and $12.1 million is expected to be recognized thereafter. The remaining $3.8 million of current non-refundable deferred revenues and $2.7 million of long term non-refundable deferred revenue will be recognized as revenue primarily on a straight-line basis over the next 12 and 60 months based on our estimates of technical support obligations, the usage of consumable virtual goods and estimated period of time an end user will play the game. The Company’s refundable deferred revenue consists of $1.1 million in advance payments received in accordance with the agreement the Company has made with its retail distributor. Activities in the Company’s deferred revenue as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

NOTE 4 –CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Cash equivalents are valued using quoted market prices or other readily available market information. The Company has restricted cash and cash equivalents of $935,000 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The amounts of restricted cash and cash equivalents held as of June 30, 2025, are to secure the standby letter of credit with landlords. The following table summarizes the components of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2025 and 2024:

NOTE 5 –ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE (PAYABLE) – RELATED PARTY

Accounts receivable — related party represents receivables in the ordinary course of business attributable to certain mobile game revenues that, for administrative reasons, were collected by a related party and that the related party has not yet remitted back to the Company. Accounts receivable — related party is non-interest bearing and due on demand. The related party, SDE Inc. (“SDE”), is 100% owned and controlled by the wife of the Founder, Co-Chief Executive Officer, Chief Strategy Officer and Chairman of the Company. In January 2024, the Company entered into an offset agreement with SDE. The Company has the right to offset payables due to the related party for royalties, internet, server, and datacenter costs (“IDC”) and marketing costs as they are determinable, mutual, and the right is enforceable by law. The Company will offset $0.5 million per month, or $6.0 million annually, beginning in January 2024, until the receivable has been collected or offset in full. To reflect the timing of the offset agreement, a portion of the SDE receivable is presented as a long-term asset. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company made cash payments to SDE in the amount of $19.6 million and $26.3 million, respectively, and anticipates continuing to make cash payments to SDE in future years. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of net accounts (payable) receivable from related party was as follows:

NOTE 6 –PREPAID EXPENSES - RELATED PARTY

On March 10, 2023, the Company amended its exclusive software license agreement with SDE relating to theARK franchise. For DLC’s the Company plans to release during the term of the agreement, the Company has the option to pay the $5.0 million DLC payment in whole or in part, when paid in advance; or in full, upon the DLC release. No payment for any DLC under this agreement will exceed $5.0 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company made $1.7 million in prepaid royalty payments related toARK: Survival AscendedDLC’s which have not yet been released. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made $1.7 million in prepaid royalty payments related to theARK: Survival AscendedDLC’s which have not yet been released. Prepaid expenses — related party consisted of the following as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The amount classified as short-term, as of June 30, 2025, includes prepaid royalties forARK: Survival AscendedDLC’s which have not yet been released and various operational software licenses obtained through SDE.

NOTE 7 –PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

In October 2024, the Company entered into a collaborative arrangement for the development and publishing of a new title with a third party developer. In accordance with the agreement, the Company will pay $1.5 million to the developer as prepaid royalties, to be recovered prior to any profit sharing on sales of the title. In addition to the financial responsibilities, the Company is responsible for the marketing, publishing, and distribution of the game and is providing substantial creative and technical input in the development of the game. The developer will retain ownership of the IP and is responsible for the overall development of the game. The game has not yet been released and accordingly is not reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. As of June 30, 2025, the Company made $0.5 million of the prepaid royalty payments, and the amount is capitalized in the other prepaids. Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

NOTE 8 –PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Depreciation expense was $67,761 and $80,554 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Depreciation expense was $135,665 and $162,892 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company did not have any disposals in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 or 2024.

NOTE 9 –INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets consist of game licenses, game software underlying intellectual property rights, internally developed software, game trademarks and other branding items. The Company amortizes the intangible assets over its useful life.

The following tables reflect all the intangible assets presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Amortization expense was $79,424 and $20,864 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These amounts are included in cost of revenues in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The weighted average remaining useful life for which amortization expense will be recognized is 4.5 years as of June 30, 2025. The Company has capitalized $2.6 million in development costs for titles that have reached technological feasibility but have not yet launched, and as such, are included in the thereafter amount in the table below. Future amortization expense of intangible assets is as follows:

NOTE 10 –ACCOUNTS PAYABLE — RELATED PARTIES

Accounts payable due to related parties represents payables in the ordinary course of business primarily for purchases of game distribution licenses, research and development costs and also the royalties due to Suzhou Snail. In July 2024, the Company entered into another software development, publishing and distribution agreement with Suzhou Snail. Under the terms of the agreements Suzhou Snail will develop a game for distribution by the Company and the Company will make $4.5 million in milestone payments during the development of the game and an ongoing royalty on sales of the game. The Company made $0.5 million in milestone payments under the July contract, in 2025. In December 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with Suzhou Snail for the development of an application to deliver short film content to end users. In accordance with the agreement Suzhou Snail will develop the app for release and will receive $290,000 as a development fee. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the development fee has been capitalized as an intangible asset in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had an accounts payable - related party balance for payments made on behalf of Suzhou Snail for licensing, legal and marketing costs prior to the Company’s IPO. The Company also has accounts receivable – related party balance due from Suzhou for royalties collected on behalf of the Company prior to its IPO. The accounts receivable – Suzhou are due on demand. The Company has the legal right to offset amounts payable to the related party, including royalties and research and development fees, against the related party accounts receivable. The offset right is determinable, mutual and enforceable under applicable law. The Company intends to exercise this right to offset in future periods.

In January 2025, the Company extended its outsource agreement with Suzhou Snail for the research and development ofFor the Stars. In consideration, the Company will pay Suzhou Snail twelve equal monthly payments of $340,600, beginning on January 1, 2025. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred $30,557 and $44,296, respectively as license costs due to Suzhou Snail that are included in cost of revenues. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred $66,386 and $91,401, respectively as license costs due to Suzhou Snail and included in cost of revenues. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, the Company incurred $1,521,800 and $3,043,600 of research and development costs from Suzhou Snail; and made $1,681,200 and $3,405,400 in payments to Suzhou Snail for royalties and research and development costs. The royalty payments are included in costs of revenues and research and development costs are included in operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) or intangible assets, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Accounts payable – related parties consisted of the following as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

NOTE 11 –LOAN AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE — RELATED PARTY

In February 2021, the Company loaned $200,000 to a wholly owned subsidiary of Suzhou Snail. The loan bears 2.0% per annum interest, interest and principal were due in February 2022. In February 2022, Suzhou Snail signed an agreement with this subsidiary and assumed the loan and related interest for a total of $203,890. Subsequently, $103,890 was offset against the loan and interest payable owed to Suzhou Snail on a separate note. The total amount of loan and interest receivable — related party was $106,751 and $105,759, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company earned $499 and $498 in interest on the related party loans receivable during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company earned $992 and $997 in interest on the related party loans receivable during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 12 –REVOLVING LOAN, SHORT TERM NOTES AND LONG - TERM DEBT

Total interest expense for the above debt and revolver loan amounted to $148,360 and $142,295 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total interest expense for the above debt and revolver loan amounted to $229,106 and $538,259 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Accretion of the convertible notes and amortization of loan origination expenses and loan discounts of $3,635 and $45,931 are included as part of interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Accretion of the convertible notes and amortization of loan origination expenses and loan discounts of $6,246 and $340,614 are included as part of interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company has a weighted average interest rate of 6.6% and 5.6% on its short-term obligations as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company was not in compliance with its debt covenants related to the 2021 Revolving Note, 2021 Promissory note and 2025 Term Loan for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2025 and received a waiver from the lender for the breach. While waivers were received, it is probable that the Company will fail these covenants again within the next twelve months and accordingly the Company has classified the long-term portion of its promissory note, revolving loan and term loan as current.

The following table provides future minimum payments of its long-term debt based on contractual payments, as of June 30, 2025:

Convertible Debt

2023 Convertible Notes

In August 2023, pursuant to a securities purchase agreement, the Company issued to two accredited investors (the convertible debt “Investors”) convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount of $1,080,000 (the “2023 Convertible Notes”) and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 714,285 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock for gross proceeds of $1,000,000 (the “2023 Convertible Notes Financing”).

The 2023 Convertible Notes carried an original issue discount of approximately 7.4%, bore interest at a rate of 7.5% per annum (16% per annum in case of an event of default), were repaid in equal consecutive monthly installments that began in February 2024 and matured on May 24, 2024.

The Company determined that the 2023 Convertible Notes included features that required bifurcation from the debt host and met the criteria to be accounted for as a derivative liability that is accounted for at fair value. On the date of issuance, the compound derivative had an estimated fair value that was not significant due to the remoteness of the events that would trigger the redemption features. The derivative liability uses level 3 inputs, is to be measured at fair value each reporting date with change in fair value being reported in other income. The change in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $0. The change in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, was not significant and as such, was not recorded.

The debt discount was amortized to interest expense over the maturity period using the effective interest method at a rate of 103.4%. The effective interest rate was based on the principal balance discounted by stated interest, debt issuance costs and fair value allocated to the related warrants. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized $56,613 of interest expense related to the 2023 Convertible Notes, comprising of $4,378 of contractual interest expense, $40,560 in accretion and $11,675 of amortization of debt discount and issuance costs. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized $309,433 of interest expense related to the 2023 Convertible notes, comprising of $22,725 of contractual interest expense, $222,628 in accretion and $64,080 of amortization of debt discount and issuance costs.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repaid the balance of $1,071,750 of principal and accrued interest and the investors converted $60,000 of principal into 71,460 shares of Class A common stock.

2025 Convertible Notes

In February 2025, pursuant to a securities purchase agreement (the “SPA”), the Company issued to two accredited investors (the “Investors”) convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount of $3,300,000 (the “2025 Convertible Notes”) for gross proceeds of $3,000,000 (the “2025 Convertible Notes Financing”). The 2025 Convertible Notes, which mature on February 21, 2026, carry an original issue discount of 10%, and are subject to a guaranteed interest equal to 5% of the principal amount. The principal and interest charges are payable in 10 equal monthly payments starting May 21, 2025.

Subject to certain ownership limitations, all or portion of the then outstanding and unpaid principal and interest (the “conversion amount”) of the 2025 Convertible Notes can be converted at the option of the holder at any time into shares of the Company’s Class A common, at a conversion price of $5.00 per share, except that, for an aggregate of $866,250 ofthe conversion amount, the conversion price is equal to the lesser of $5.00 per share or 92% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the Class A common stock during the 5 trading days period prior the receipt of the notice of conversion (the “Market Price”). The conversion price may be adjusted for certain customary dilutive events.

The 2025 Convertible Notes may be prepaid by the Company upon giving the Investors a ten-calendar day notice by paying an amount equal to the outstanding balance. In event of default the Investors may require the Company to prepay the 2025 Convertible Notes at a 120% premium and have the option to convert any amount then outstanding into shares of Common Stock at the lesser of the then applicable conversion price or the Market Price. If the Company fails to make the monthly payment, the Noteholders have the right to convert the amount of the monthly payment into shares of Common Stock at the lesser of the then applicable Conversion Price or the Market Price.

The Convertible Notes include multiple features that would require bifurcation, analysis and to be revalued at each reporting date. Accordingly, the Company has elected to apply the fair value option to the 2025 Convertible Notes to simplify the reporting. The 2025 Convertible Notes were initially measured at fair value and are being re-measured at fair value at each subsequent reporting date. From the date of issuance through June 30, 2025, the change in fair value was as follows:

The change in fair value of $53,803 is reported in other income in our condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and $28,377 is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) due to the change in credit spread from issuance to June 30, 2025, prior to tax adjustment. The portion of the total change in the fair value of the 2025 Convertible Notes that is attributable to changes in the Company’s own credit risk (the “credit component”) is estimated each reporting date using awith-and-without approach. Management first measures fair value using all updated valuation inputs, including the credit spread implied by current market data (33.0%) then management re-measures fair value holding every assumption constant except for the credit spread, which is reset to the spread calibrated on the issuance date (31.2%). The difference between the two fair-value estimates isolates the effect of instrument-specific credit risk.

The Company used the binomial lattice framework to determine the fair value of each maturity payout. Accordingly, the valuation uses a range of level 3 inputs to evaluate each maturity payout individually. The range of level 3 inputs used on the issuance date and as of June 30, 2025 are as follows:

The weighted average volatility, risk-free rate and contractual term used in the valuation was 122.8%,4.26%, and 0.35 years as of June 30, 2025, respectively.

NOTE 13 –INCOME TAXES

The Company is required to calculate its interim income tax provision using the estimated annual effective tax rate (“AETR”) method which involves the use of forecasted information, adjusted for the effect of discrete items arising in that quarter. Under the AETR method, the income tax provision is calculated by applying the estimated AETR for the full fiscal year to “ordinary” income or loss (pretax income or loss excluding discrete items) for the reporting period. This could result in a higher or lower effective tax rate during a particular quarter, based upon the mix and timing of actual earnings or losses versus forecasted earnings for the full fiscal year. In each quarter, the Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated annual tax rate changes, a cumulative adjustment is made in that quarter.

The Company recognized an income tax expense of $13,868,598 and $589,512 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recognized an income tax expense of $12,397,768 and $111,562 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 the Company’s effective tax rate was 203% and 19%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% during the six months ended June 30, 2025 primarily due to the impact of the valuation allowance recorded against U.S. net deferred tax assets. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate during the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to state taxes and permanent differences.

The Company has assessed all available positive and negative evidence, including the results of recent operations, cumulative losses in recent periods, and projections of future taxable income. Based on this assessment, the Company concluded that it is more likely than not that its U.S. net deferred tax assets will not be realized and therefore recorded a full valuation allowance. The negative evidence included the Company’s cumulative U.S. pre-tax losses over the last twelve quarters, operating losses generated in the first half of 2025, and revised projections indicating lower anticipated profitability. While certain positive indicators, such as expected growth in specific business segments, were also considered, the Company determined that these did not outweigh the negative evidence. As a result, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance on the opening balance of $10,815,239 as a discrete adjustment.

In the Company’s ordinary course of business the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other taxing authorities may examine various years of the Company’s tax filings. The Company’s 2022 fiscal year is currently under examination by the IRS. During the examination the Company may receive proposed adjustments that could be material. There are currently no settlements that the Company believes will be more likely than not to require settlement and thus no liability has been accrued.

NOTE 14 –OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS

The Company’s right-of-use assets represent arrangements related primarily to office facilities used in the ordinary business operations of the Company and its subsidiaries. In April 2018, a commercial bank issued an irrevocable standby letter of credit on behalf of the Company to the landlord for $1,075,000 to lease office space. The standby letter of credit was valid for a one-year term and was amended in January 2021 to extend to January 31, 2026. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s net operating lease right-of-use assets amounted to $676,918 and $1,279,330, respectively. The Company has entered into an operating lease for a vehicle that commenced on June 15, 2025. The term for this lease is 36 months, with a fair value purchase option which the Company is not reasonably certain it will exercise. The Company had variable lease payments of approximately $37,865 and $34,840 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and approximately $76,142 and $62,171 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which consisted primarily of common area maintenance charges and administrative fees.

Operating lease costs included in the general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, are as follows:

Supplemental information related to operating leases for lease liabilities as of June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, is as follows:

Future undiscounted lease payments for operating leases and a reconciliation of these payments to our operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2025 are as follows:

NOTE 15 –COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

The Company is subject to claims and contingencies related to lawsuits and other matters arising out of the normal course of business. In addition, the Company may receive notifications alleging infringement of patent or other intellectual property rights. The Company has elected to expense legal costs associated with legal contingencies as incurred.

On December 1, 2021, the Company and Studio Wildcard sent a notice of claimed infringement (the “DCMA Takedown Notice”) to Valve Corporation, which operates the Steam platform, pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DCMA”). The DCMA Takedown Notice concerned a videogame titledMyth of Empires, which was developed by Suzhou Angela Online Game Technology Co., Ltd. (“Angela Game”) and published by Imperium Interactive Entertainment Limited (“Imperium”).

On December 9, 2021, Angela Game and Imperium sued the Company and Studio Wildcard in the United States District Court for the Central District of California (the “District Court”) in response to the DCMA Takedown Notice. The lawsuit sought a declaratory judgment on non-liability for copyright infringement and non-liability for trade secret misappropriation, as well as unspecified damages for alleged misrepresentations in the DCMA Takedown Notice. Angela Game and Imperium also filed an application for a temporary restraining order asking the court to order us and Studio Wildcard to rescind the DCMA Takedown Notice so that Steam could reinstate Myth of Empires for download. On December 20, 2021, the Company and Studio Wildcard filed an answer to the complaint, which included counterclaims against Angela Game and Imperium and a third-party complaint against Tencent seeking unspecified damages resulting from the alleged copyright infringement and misappropriation of trade secrets in connection with theARK: Survival Evolved source code.

On September 8, 2023, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Angela Game. The settlement agreement includes an upfront payment from Angela Game to the Company plus ongoing payments.

On March 14, 2023, Bel Air Soto, LLC (“Plaintiff”) filed suit in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, against Snail Games USA Inc. and INDIEV, an affiliate company that is owned by Mr. Hai Shi, the Company’s Founder, Co-Chief Executive Officer, Chief Strategy Officer, and Chairman, for breach of contract and related claims arising out of a commercial lease for premises located in Los Angeles County. Plaintiff alleges that the defendants exercised an option to extend the lease and was harmed when defendants instead terminated the lease and vacated the premises. The complaint seeks damages in excess of $3 million. The Company disputes the allegations and the amount of damages. The Company has responded to the complaint with an answer and cross-complaint. The cross-complaint seeks return for the $130,000 security deposit. The landlord has answered and denied the allegations of the cross-complaint. Snail Games USA Inc. denies exercising the option to extend and has vigorously defended against the claims asserted. The Plaintiff recently amended its complaint to expand its claims in the ongoing litigation by adding Mr. Hai Shi and the Company as additional defendants. The landlord alleges that the Company is exclusively controlled by Mr. Shi and they act as the alter egos of Snail Games USA, Inc. and INDIEV and therefore should be liable for the underlying liability. Once again, the Company denies these new allegations and will vigorously defend against these new claims. The present trail date is February 2026, but the Company will and has filed several law and motions contesting the new and existing claims.

On April 21, 2023, Snail Games USA Inc. entered into an indemnity and reimbursement agreement with INDIEV, dated as of April 1, 2023, pursuant to which INDIEV agrees to assume all obligations and liabilities pursuant to the lease and indemnify and reimburse Snail Games USA Inc. for any amounts, damages, expenses, costs or other liability incurred by Snail Games USA Inc. arising under or pursuant to the lease or relating to the premises.

In October 2023, INDIEV has filed for bankruptcy and the Company does not expect to recover its costs from INDIEV. Accordingly, it is uncertain whether INDIEV would be able to indemnify the Company due to its bankruptcy. At this time, the Company is unable to quantify the magnitude of the potential loss should the plaintiffs’ lawsuit succeed and accordingly no accrual for loss has been recorded in the accompanying financial statements. However, the Company does not believe that the outcome of this litigation will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows and believes the likelihood of a loss to the Company to be remote.

Commitments

The Company routinely enters contracts with related party developers for the development of new games. These agreements ordinarily include contractual payments to the developers for several milestones that occur at various times through 2026. The aggregate amount of development commitments to related party developers is $3.5 million as of June 30, 2025. The Company also has a license agreement with its related party SDE for the exclusive publishing rights of theARK franchise. In consideration of the publishing rights the Company will pay SDE a fixed monthly license fee of $2.0 million untilARK IIreleases. Our commitments assume satisfactory performance by our related party software developer. See Note 10 –Accounts Payable – Related Party and Note 20 –Subsequent Eventsfor more information.

NOTE 16 –INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

The Company uses the two class method to compute its basic loss per share (“Basic EPS”) and diluted loss per share (“Diluted EPS”). The following table summarizes the computations of basic EPS and diluted EPS. The allocation of earnings between Class A and Class B shares is based on their respective economic rights to the undistributed earnings of the Company. Basic EPS is computed as net loss divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur using the treasury stock and if-converted methods, as applicable. The following table provides a reconciliation of the weighted average number of shares used in the calculation of Basic and Diluted EPS.

For the three and six months ended June 31, 2025, the convertible notes were excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS due to the conversion price being above the Company’s average stock price for the fixed portion while the variable portion was anti dilutive based upon the reversal of the fair value adjustment. The following table provides a listing of shares excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS due to their anti-dilutive effects:

NOTE 17 –EQUITY

The Company has authorizedtwo classes of common stock, Class A and Class B. The rights of the holders of both Class A and Class B common stock will be identical, except with respect to voting, conversion and transfer restrictions applicable to the Class B common stock. Each share of Class A common stock will be entitled toone vote. Each share of Class B common stock will be entitled toten votes and will be convertible intoone share of Class A common stock automatically upon transfer, subject to certain exceptions. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will vote together as a single class on all matters unless otherwise required by law.

In connection with our IPO, on November 9, 2022, the Company issued to the Underwriters warrants to purchase 120,000 shares of Class A common stock (the “Underwriters Warrants”). The Underwriters Warrants may be exercised at a price per share equal to 125% of the IPO price, or $6.25 per share. The Underwriters Warrants are exercisable, in whole or in part, commencing on November 9, 2022, and expiring on the three-year anniversary thereof. The Underwriters Warrants have not been exercised as of the filing of this Quarterly Report.

The Underwriters Warrants are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the Class A common stock; therefore, they meet the definition of freestanding and are not considered embedded in the Firm Shares.

The Underwriters Warrants are considered indexed to the Company’s own stock. Additionally, the Company concludes that the Underwriters Warrants meet all requirements for equity classification. Because the Underwriters Warrants were issued to the Underwriters for their services and can be exercised immediately (subject to certain transfer conditions) they were measured at their fair value on their date of issuance and recorded within stockholders’ equity. As long as the Underwriters Warrants remain classified as equity, they shall not be revalued.

Convertible Note Warrants

On August 24, 2023, the Company issued warrants in connection with its convertible debt for the purchase of 714,285 shares (the “Convertible Note Warrants”). The Convertible Note Warrants are accounted for as liabilities and are included in the accrued expenses and other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Convertible Note Warrants may require partial cash settlement in the future, include various adjustment provisions, meet the definition of a derivative and are classified as a liability, as such the warrants are measured at fair value in accordance with ASC 815 –“Derivatives and Hedging”.

The convertible note warrants allow the Investors to purchase an aggregate of 714,285 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $1.89. The warrants can be exercised, subject to certain ownership limitations, in whole or in part during the exercise period commencing on November 24, 2023 and ending on the date that is five years thereafter.

The exercise price and the number of shares of the warrants are subject to adjustment for standard anti-dilution provisions and also for subsequent issuance at a price lower than the then exercise price and adjustments to the strike price of other equity-linked instruments to a lower price than the then exercise price.

Due to their adjustment provisions, the warrants are classified as a liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. In January 2024 there was a conversion which triggered anti-dilutive features of the convertible note warrants, decreasing the exercise price and increasing the number of outstanding convertible notes warrants to 1,607,849. The fair value of the warrants at issuance has been estimated using a Black-Scholes pricing model as of June 30, 2025 and a Monte Carlo pricing model as of December 31, 2024 as follows:

Expected volatility is the estimate of the expected volatility of the Company’s Class A common stock, based on the Company’s weekly trading history then reduced by 5% as it is generally accepted that market participants to not pay for the full volatility.

The warrant liability, which uses level 3 inputs, is to be measured at fair value each reporting period with the change in fair value being recognized in other income. The measured fair value may be uncertain due to the use of unobservable inputs. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the warrant liability was $1,066,542 and $1,448,109, respectively, and was included in the accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the warrant liability was $337,389 and $480,281, respectively. The changes in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, amounted to a loss and income of $429,403 and $58,455, respectively, included in other income in our condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The changes in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, amounted to an income of $147,993 and $142,892, included in other income in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Investors exercised 189,285 warrants, for which the Company received $159,000 in proceeds and recorded a loss of $128,085 upon revaluation of the exercised warrants. The loss is included in other income in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). There were no such exercises during the six months ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2025,391,664 of the convertible notes warrants have been exercised.

The Convertible Notes Warrants were initially measured at fair value and are being re-measured at fair value at each subsequent reporting date. The change in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, was as follows:

Equity Line Purchase Agreement

On August 24, 2023, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the “Equity Line Purchase Agreement”) and a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with an investor, pursuant to which the investor has committed to purchase up to $5,000,000 in shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement. The Company shall not issue or sell any shares of common stock under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of common stock beneficially owned by the investor, would result in beneficial ownership of more than 9.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock.

Under the terms of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to the investor, shares of Class A common stock over the period commencing on the execution date of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement and ending on the earlier of (i) December 31, 2025, or (ii) the date on which the investor shall have purchased Securities pursuant to the Equity Line Purchase Agreement for an aggregate purchase price of the $5,000,000, provided that a registration statement covering the resale of shares of Class A common stock that have been and may be issued under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement is declared effective by the SEC. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has not sold any Class A common stock under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement.

The registration statement covering the offer and sale of up to 15,093,768 shares of Class A common stock was effective on October 10, 2023. The purchase price will be calculated as 92% of the volume weighted average prices of the Company’s common stock during normal trading hours for five business days prior to the closing date with respect of a purchase notice.

Concurrently with the signing of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, the Company issued the equity line warrant to purchase 367,647 shares of its Class A common stock to the investor as a commitment fee. The total fair value, at the date of issuance, of the equity line warrant of approximately $105,411 was recorded as a liability and deferred offering cost and is included in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Equity Line Warrants

On August 24, 2023, the Company issued a warrant to an investor (the “Equity Line Warrant”) for the purchase of 367,647 shares of Class A common stock in consideration of the investor’s commitment to purchase Class A common stock. The fair value of the Equity Line Warrant is recorded as a warrant liability and is included in the accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Equity Line Warrants may require partial cash settlement in the future, include various adjustment provisions, meet the definition of a derivative and are classified as a liability, as such the warrants are measured at fair value in accordance with ASC 815 –“Derivatives and Hedging”.

The Investors warrants allow them to purchase the 367,647 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock for an exercise price of $1.50. The warrants can be exercised, subject to certain ownership limitations, in whole or in part during the exercise period commencing on August 24, 2023 and ending on the date that is five years thereafter.

The exercise price and the number of shares of the warrants are subject to adjustment for standard anti-dilution provisions, for subsequent common share issuance at a price lower than the then exercise price of the warrants and adjustments to the strike price of other equity-linked instruments to a lower price than the then exercise price of the warrants.

Due to their adjustment provision, the warrants are classified as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the warrants has been estimated using a Black-Scholes pricing model as of June 30, 2025 and a Monte Carlo pricing model as of December 31, 2024 as follows:

Expected volatility is the estimate of the expected volatility of the Company’s Class A common stock, based on the Company’s weekly trading history then reduced by 5%.

The warrant liability, which uses level 3 inputs, is to be measured at fair value at each reporting period and with the change in fair value being recognized in earnings. The measured fair value may be uncertain due to the use of unobservable inputs. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the warrant liability was $259,075 and $292,004 respectively, and included in the accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The changes in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, amounted to (expense) income of ($118,732) and $32,929, respectively, and is included in other income in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The changes in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, amounted to an income of $20,194 and $29,814, respectively, and is included in other income in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

As of June 30, 2025 and 2024,33,333 and 0 warrants have been exercised, respectively.

The Equity Line Warrants were initially measured at fair value and are being re-measured at fair value at each subsequent reporting date. The change in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, was as follows:

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

RSUs granted to directors vest based on the directors’ continued employment with us through each applicable vest date, which is generally overone year. If the vesting conditions are not met, unvested RSUs will be forfeited. The following table summarizes our RSU units’ activity with directors for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The grant date fair value of RSUs granted to directors is based on the quoted market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

Our RSUs granted to employees vest upon the achievement of pre-determined performance-based milestones as well as service conditions (“PSUs”). The pre-determined performance-based milestones are based on specified percentages of the PSUs that would vest at each of the first five anniversaries of the IPO date if the Company’s average annual growth rate (“AAGR”) is calculated to be at a target percentage or above during the period between the Company’s IPO Date and the annual revenue for each of the anniversary year. If these performance-based milestones are not met but service conditions are met, the PSUs will not vest, in which case any compensation expense the Company has recognized to date will be reversed. Generally, the total aggregate measurement period of our PSUs is 5 years, with awards cliff-vesting after each annual measurement period during the total aggregate measurement period.

Each quarter, the Company updates our assessment of the probability that the performance milestones will be achieved. The Company amortizes the fair values of PSUs over the requisite service period. Each performance-based milestone is weighted evenly and the number of shares that vest based on each performance-based milestone is independent from the other.

The following table summarizes our PSU activity with employees, presented with the maximum number of shares that could potentially vest, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

The grant date fair value of PSUs granted to employees is based on the quoted market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

Repurchase Activity

As of June 30, 2025,1,350,275 shares of Class A common stock were repurchased pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $3.7 million. The average price paid per share was $2.72 and approximately $1.3 million aggregate amount of shares of Class A common stock remain available for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program.

There wereno share repurchases made during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Income)

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company determined that it is probable that the Company will not meet the performance-based milestones required by the RSU’s granted to employees. Conversely, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company determined it is probable it will meet the performance-based milestones required by said RSU’s, then in the three months ended June 30, 2025, the milestone was reverted back to not probable.

Stock-based compensation (income) expense resulting from RSUs and PSUs of($562,731) and $14,982 are recorded under general and administrative expenses included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense (income) resulting from RSUs and PSUs of $257,642 and($848,685) are recorded under general and administrative expenses included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Stock-based compensation (income) expense resulting from PSUs of($32,196) and $1,033 are recorded under research and development expenses included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense (income) resulting from PSUs of $23,246 and($63,208) are recorded under research and development expenses included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized approximately $62,898 of deferred income tax expense, and $181,230 of deferred income tax expense, respectively, related to our stock-based compensation expense.

As of June 30, 2025, our total unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs and PSUs was approximately $1.7 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average service period of 1.4 years.

NOTE 18 –OPERATING SEGMENTS

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is our Founder, Co-Chief Executive Officer, Chief Strategy Officer, and Chairman Mr. Hai Shi. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss to evaluate operational efficiency and direct resources of the Company. Segment assets are reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as total assets. The table below presents segment revenue, operating profit and significant expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

Depreciation and amortization expense is consistent with those presented in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. There are no additional segment items requiring separate disclosure. Interest income, interest expense, other income and foreign currency transactions are captured in the total other income (expense), net line item. The Company continues to report revenue by geographic region as part of its revenue disclosures, see Note 3 –*Revenue from Contracts with Customers.*The CFO provides reports to the CODM for key decision making purposes.

NOTE 19 –BUSINESS COMBINATION

On May 2, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of the remaining 66.0% equity interest in Matrioshka Games LLC (“Matrioshka”), increasing its ownership from 34.0% to 100.0%, and obtaining a controlling financial interest. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under theacquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805,Business Combinations. As a result, Matrioshka became a wholly owned subsidiary and is consolidated in the Company’s financial statements effective May 2, 2025. The Company previously accounted for its 34.0% interest in Matrioshka under the equity method of accounting. Upon obtaining control, the Company remeasured its previously held equity interest to its acquisition-date fair value, resulting in a recognition of a gain on remeasurement of $7,857 and included in the determination of the total purchase consideration. Matrioshka is a U.S.-based software development company. The acquisition is expected to enhance the Company’s human capital and software development capabilities. The acquisition was not material to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, and the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been recognized at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.

NOTE 20 –SUBSEQUENT EVENTS