Soluna Holdings, Inc

1. Nature of Operations

Description of Business

Unless the context requires otherwise in these notes to the consolidated financial statements, the terms “SHI,” “ the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Soluna Holdings, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “SDI” refers to Soluna Digital, Inc., “SCI” refers to Soluna Computing, Inc., formerly known as EcoChain, Inc., “Soluna Cloud” or “Cloud” refers to Soluna Cloud, Inc., and “SEI” refers to Soluna Energy, Inc.

Soluna Holdings, Inc. (“SHI”) is a digital infrastructure company that specializes in transforming surplus renewable energy into computing resources. The Company’s strategy is to operate modular data centers co-located with wind, solar, and hydroelectric power plants, supporting compute-intensive applications, including Bitcoin mining, generative AI, and soon-high performance computing (“HPC”). This approach aims to create a more sustainable grid while providing cost-effective and environmentally friendly computing solutions.

SHI was originally incorporated in the State of New York in 1961 as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and reincorporated in the State of Nevada on March 24, 2021. On March 23, 2021, SHI’s common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”). Headquartered in Albany, New York, the Company changed its name from “Mechanical Technology, Incorporated” to Soluna Holdings, Inc. on November 2, 2021. On October 29, 2021, Soluna Callisto Holdings, Inc. (“Soluna Callisto”) merged into Soluna Computing, Inc. (“SCI”), a private green data center development company and a subsidiary of SHI. MTI Instruments, Inc., a subsidiary of SHI, was sold on April 11, 2022. The Company formed a wholly owned subsidiary of SHI on December 27, 2023, Soluna Digital, Inc. (“Soluna Digital,” or “SDI”). Effective December 31, 2023, SCI transferred substantially all of its assets to SHI or its subsidiaries, including SDI. The Company sold SCI in April 2024.

During fiscal year 2021, the Company commenced mining operations at its Murray, Kentucky location (“Project Sophie”) and Calvert City, Kentucky site (“Project Marie”). Project Marie was decommissioned in February 2023, while Project Sophie transitioned its focus from proprietary Bitcoin mining to hosting customers’ Bitcoin mining operations in the second quarter of 2023. All 25 MW of Project Sophie now perform data hosting services. The Company has since sold all Bitcoin miners at Project Sophie and redeployed the capital.

The Company’s Texas site (“Project Dorothy”), located at a wind farm, holds the potential for up to 100 MW of power generation. By June 2024, SHI had energized 50 MW of the site across two phases, Project Dorothy 1A and 1B. As of June 30, 2025, SHI holds a 15% Class B membership interest in Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC (“DVSL”), owner of Project Dorothy 1A, and a subsidiary of SHI holds a 100% Class A membership interest in DVSL. SHI also holds a 51% ownership interest in Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC (“DVCC”), owner of Project Dorothy 1B. On July 22, 2024, the Company closed financing for the 48 MW modular data center (the “Project Dorothy 2”). Project Dorothy 2 is financed by Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC, an investment vehicle of Spring Lane Capital (“SLC”) and SDI. As of June 30, 2025, SDI has 100% Class A membership and 0% Class B membership interest in Project Dorothy 2.

Going Concern and Liquidity

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025 have been prepared using generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. As shown in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company was in a net loss position, has negative working capital, and has significant outstanding debt as of June 30, 2025. In addition, Soluna MC Borrowings, LLC 2021-1 (“Borrower”), a subsidiary of Soluna MC, LLC (“Soluna MC”), a subsidiary of Soluna Digital, Inc. (“Soluna Digital” or “SDI”), a subsidiary of the Company, has a litigation matter with NYDIG ABL LLC (“NYDIG”) in relation to their Master Equipment Finance Agreement. See further discussion around the NYDIG litigation in Note 10. The Company had outstanding commitments as of June 30, 2025 related to SDI of $10.1 million in capital expenditures related to Project Dorothy 2 and Project Kati. In addition, in June 2024, Soluna AL Cloudco, LLC (“CloudCo”), a subsidiary of Soluna Cloud, entered into an agreement (the “HPE Agreement”) with Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company (“HPE”), with an initial pre-payment of $10.3 million and a total commitment of $34 million over a 36-month period. On March 24, 2025, CloudCo notified HPE of its termination of the HPE Agreement and, on March 26, 2025, HPE notified CloudCo of its termination of the HPE Agreement for cause, effective immediately, due to CloudCo’s material breach of its payment obligations that remained uncured for more than thirty (30) days. In accordance with the terms of the HPE Agreement, upon a termination for cause by HPE, CloudCo must pay HPE the remaining payment stream under the term of the HPE Agreement of approximately $19.3 million as of June 30, 2025, including all upfront payments and monthly charges, plus any fees incurred for the terminated Services (as defined in the HPE Agreement). CloudCo has not made any additional payments under the HPE Agreement since CloudCo notified HPE of its termination of the HPE Agreement.

These factors, among others indicate that there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025, or August 14, 2025.

The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company generating profitable operations in the future and/or obtaining the necessary financing to meet its obligations and repay its liabilities arising from normal business operations when they come due. In the near term, management is evaluating and implementing different strategies to obtain financing to fund the Company’s expenses and growth to achieve a level of revenue adequate to support the Company’s current cost structure. Financing strategies may include, but are not limited to, stock issuances, project level equity, debt borrowings, partnerships and/or collaborations. If the Company is unable to meet its financial obligations, it could be forced to restructure or refinance, seek additional equity capital or sell its assets. The Company might then be unable to obtain such financing or capital or sell its assets on satisfactory terms. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available to the Company when needed or, if available, that it can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. If the Company is not able to obtain the additional financing on a timely basis, if and when it is needed, it will be forced to delay or scale down some or all of its development activities or perhaps even cease the operation of its business.

In addition to the Company’s cash on hand for available use of approximately $9.9 million as of June 30, 2025, the Company will need to raise additional capital through financing raising activities, to meet its capital expenditure needs for its current pipeline and other operational needs. On August 12, 2024, the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA II PN, LTD., a Cayman Islands exempt limited company (“YA”). In accordance with the terms of the SEPA, YA has agreed to purchase up to $25 million in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued fully paid shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time subject to the limits and the conditions of the SEPA. The Company drew on the SEPA in the first quarter of 2025, and the proceeds were used to pay debt, invest in data center projects, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has drawn approximately $2.0 million on the SEPA. Additionally, on April 29, 2025, the Company entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through Wainwright, up to $3.75 million of shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has drawn approximately $2.2 million pursuant to the ATM Agreement. On July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the purchasers signatory thereto, pursuant to which the Company received gross proceeds of $5.0 million from a public offering of common stock. See Subsequent Events: Note 16 for further details on the public offering.

The Company, in 2025, will continue to look to evaluate different strategies to obtain financing to fund operations. However, management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing additional financing or any of its other plans. These financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

2. Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods presented in accordance with United States of America’s Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“the Annual Report”).

The information presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements. All other information has been derived from the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, including the Company’s variable interest entities disclosed in Note 14. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of less than three months.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash relates to cash that is legally restricted as to withdrawal and usage or is being held for a specific purpose and thus not available to the Company for immediate or general business use. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had restricted cash of approximately $5.3 million, of which $2.2 million was classified as current and $3.1 million was classified as non-current. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had restricted cash of approximately $2.6 million, of which $1.1 million was classified as current and $1.5 million was classified as non-current. Currently, the balance in restricted cash relates to restricted deposits held with customers that were for less than 12 months, or held for debt covenant purposes. The Company has a long-term restricted cash balance in relation to a collateralized deposit.

Deposits and Credits on equipment

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $1.0 million and $5.1 million, respectively, in deposits and credits on equipment that had not yet been received by the Company. Once the Company receives such equipment in a subsequent period, the Company will reclassify such balance into Property, Plant and Equipment, net. Included in these balances was a credit on equipment of $975 thousand, of which approximately $195 thousand has been used as of June 30, 2025, and the remaining $780 thousand will be restricted to be used on future purchases for Project Dorothy 2 and Project Kati until September 1, 2025 (“expiration date”). The Company notes that if an order is not executed by the expiration date, the credit would be forfeited. The Company intends to utilize the full credit balance for future orders prior to the expiration date.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs consist of costs incurred in obtaining long-term financing. These costs are classified on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability and subsequently amortized as interest expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations using the effective interest rate method.

The Company evaluates amendments to its debt instruments in accordance with ASC 470-50,Debt - Modifications and Extinguishments(“ASC 470”) to determine whether the amendment should be accounted for as a modification or an extinguishment. An amendment may be considered modified when the terms of the new debt and original instrument are not “substantially different” (as defined in the debt modification guidance in ASC 470). Amendments that are considered modifications are accounted for prospectively as yield adjustments, based on the revised terms, and lender fees and costs directly incurred with third parties, to the extent material, are recorded as debt discount and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method.

Reclassification

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations or net assets.

3. Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivables consist of the following at:

The Company’s allowance for expected credit loss was $244 thousand at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, one of the Company’s borrowers for a note receivable was having financial difficulty securing additional financing to pay the note. As such, the Company fully reserved the note balance and incurred a provision on credit loss of approximately $244 thousand. In addition, the Company had a credit provision for approximately $516 thousand due to a pricing dispute with a Bitcoin hosting customer, in which the agreement with the customer was terminated in December 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the Company wrote off the entire allowance with the Bitcoin hosting customer of $516 thousand.

Rollforward of Allowance of Expected Credit Losses:

4. Property, Plant and Equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at:

Depreciation expense was approximately $1.6 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Depreciation expense was approximately $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

5. Intangible Assets, net

Intangible assets consist of the following as of June 30, 2025:

Intangible assets consist of the following as of December 31, 2024:

Amortization expense for the each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $2.4 million and $4.7 million, respectively.

The strategic pipeline contract relates to supply of a critical input to our digital mining and hosting business. The Company has analyzed this strategic pipeline contract similar to a permit for future benefit. The strategic pipeline contract relates to potential renewable energy datacenters that fit in the alignment of the Company structure to expand operations of the Company’s new focus in their business.

The Company expects to record amortization expense of intangible assets over the next five years and thereafter as follows:

6. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following at:

Contract liability

On March 24, 2025, CloudCo notified HPE of its termination of the HPE Agreement and, on March 26, 2025, HPE sent notice of its termination of the HPE Agreement. The HPE Agreement provided the Company access to datacenter and cloud services for AI and supercomputing applications utilizing NVIDIA H100 GPUs. In accordance with the terms of the HPE Agreement, CloudCo is required to pay all of the unpaid fees that were payable over the entire term of the HPE Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, the Company reduced its prepaid assets and other long-term assets by approximately $8.6 million, increased termination liability by approximately $20.0 million and recorded a loss on contract of approximately $28.6 million to account for the termination of the contract and CloudCo’s contractual payments. The liability has been reduced to approximately $19.3 million as of June 30, 2025. See Note 1 for details.

7. Income Taxes

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company’s effective income tax rate was 7.2% and 6.4%, respectively, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company’s effective tax rate was 6.6% and 9.3%, respectively. The projected annual effective tax rate is less than the Federal statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to the change in the valuation allowance, as well as changes to estimated taxable income for 2025 and permanent differences. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, there was a deferred income tax benefit of $615 thousand and $714 thousand respectively, offset by a $7 thousand and $65 thousand current tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, there was a deferred income tax benefit of approximately $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, offset by a $12 thousand and $63 thousand current tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

In connection with the strategic contract pipeline acquired in the acquisition as further discussed in Note 5, ASC 740-10-25-51 requires the recognition of a deferred tax impact of acquiring an asset in a transaction that is not a business combination when the amount paid exceeds the tax basis on the acquisition date. As such, the Company is required to adjust the value of the strategic contract pipeline by approximately $10.9 million at inception date, which was recorded as a deferred tax liability, and this amount will be amortized over the life of the asset. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company amortized $547 thousand and $1.1 million, respectively.

The Company provides for recognition of deferred tax assets if the realization of such assets is more likely than not to occur in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes. Significant management judgment is required in determining the period in which the reversal of a valuation allowance should occur. The Company has considered all available evidence, both positive and negative, such as historical levels of income and future forecasts of taxable income amongst other items, in determining its valuation allowance. In addition, the Company’s assessment requires us to schedule future taxable income in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes to assess the appropriateness of a valuation allowance which further requires the exercise of significant management judgment.

The Company believes that the accounting estimate for the valuation of deferred tax assets is a critical accounting estimate because judgment is required in assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. The Company based the estimate of deferred tax assets and liabilities on current tax laws and rates and, in certain cases, business plans and other expectations about future outcomes. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or the Company adjusts these estimates in future periods, the Company may need to adjust the recorded valuation allowance, which could materially impact our financial position and results of operations. The Company has a full valuation allowance for the deferred tax asset of $41.7 million and $38.5 million on June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. We will continue to evaluate the ability to realize our deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.

8. Debt

The following table represents total debt outstanding by agreement as of June 30, 2025:

The following table represents total debt outstanding by agreement as of December 31, 2024:

NYDIG Financing

On December 30, 2021, Borrower, a subsidiary of Soluna MC, a subsidiary of SDI, a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Master Equipment Finance Agreement (the “Master Agreement”) with NYDIG as lender, servicer and collateral agent (the “NYDIG facility”). The Master Agreement outlined the framework for a financing up to approximately $14.4 million in aggregate equipment financing. Subsequently, the parties negotiated the specific terms of each equipment financing transaction as well as the terms upon which the Noteholders would consent to the transactions contemplated by the Master Agreement.

On January 14, 2022, the Borrower effected an initial drawdown under the Master Agreement in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $4.6 million that bore interest at 14% and was to be repaid over 24 months. On January 26, 2022, the Borrower had a subsequent drawdown of $9.8 million. As part of the transactions contemplated under the Master Agreement, (i) the Company’s indirect wholly owned subsidiary, Soluna MC LLC, formerly EcoChain Block LLC (“Guarantor”), which is the owner of 100% of the equity interests of Borrower, executed a Guaranty Agreement in favor of NYDIG, as lender, dated as of December 30, 2021 (the “Guaranty Agreement”), (ii) Borrower had granted a lien on, and security interest in, all of its assets to NYDIG, as collateral agent, (iii) Guarantor entered into an equipment financing arrangement on assets purchased with the borrowed funds, (iv) Borrower would borrow from NYDIG the loans as set forth in certain loan schedules (the “Specified Loans”), and (v) Borrower had executed a Digital Asset Account Control Agreement (the “ACA Wallet Agreement”) with NYDIG, as collateral agent and secured party, and NYDIG Trust Company LLC, as custodian, dated as of December 30, 2021, as well as such other agreements related to the foregoing as mutually agreed (collectively, the “NYDIG Transactions”).

On December 20, 2022, as a result of the Borrower’s default on as series of loans made by NYDIG to the Borrower, the Borrower received a Notice of Acceleration and Repossession (the “NYDIG Notice”) from NYDIG with respect to the Master Agreement, by and between Borrower and NYDIG. The obligations of Borrower under the Master Agreement and reflected in the NYDIG Notice are ring-fenced to Borrower and its direct parent company, Soluna MC LLC. The Company is not a party to any guaranty, collateral agreement, or other support agreement with or for the benefit of NYDIG.

On February 23, 2023, NYDIG proceeded to foreclose on all of the collateral securing the MEFA, and repossessed the collateralized assets that totaled approximately $3.4 million, approximately $560 thousand of which was first used to pay off accrued interest and penalty to date. On September 5, 2023, NYDIG provided a letter finalizing the accounting for the repossessed collateralized assets totaling proceeds of approximately $3.4 million. On December 7, 2023, NYDIG filed its Motion for Summary Judgment seeking entry of a judgment against Soluna in the approximate amount of $10.3 million for principal and interest and penalties. On January 12, 2024, Soluna filed its objection to NYDIG’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds that NYDIG failed to explain what collateral of which loan was sold and how the sale proceeds were allocated to each loan. A summary judgment motion hearing took place on February 13, 2024, where it was agreed upon by both NYDIG and the Borrower, that the total outstanding loan principal balance would be approximately $9.2 million. The Company applied the per diem interest rate agreed upon with the summary judgement and recorded interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 of approximately $361 thousand and $719 thousand, respectively. The Company’s interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 related to the NYDIG financing was approximately $361 thousand and $723 thousand, respectively. The Company has an outstanding interest and penalty accrual of approximately $3.0 million recorded within “Accrued interest payable” as of June 30, 2025. See Note 10 for further information in relation to the NYDIG litigation matter.

Green Cloud secured note

On June 20, 2024, pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of a Note Purchase Agreement (the “June SPA”) by and among (i) CloudCo, a Delaware limited liability company and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, (ii) Soluna Cloud, a Nevada corporation, indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and parent of CloudCo, (iii) the Company and (iv) the accredited investor named therein (the “Investor”, and collectively the “Note Parties”), CloudCo issued to the Investor a secured promissory note in a principal amount equal to $12.5 million (the “Note” or “Green Cloud secured note”). The Note accrues interest at a rate 9.0% per annum, subject to adjustment upon an event of default. The Note matures on June 20, 2027. CloudCo’s obligations under the Note will be secured by all or substantially all of CloudCo’s assets, including pursuant to a security agreement to be executed and delivered by CloudCo in favor of the Investor (the “CloudCo Security Agreement”, and together with the June SPA and the Note, the “CloudCo Agreements”).

As further inducement for the Investor to purchase the Note, Soluna Cloud issued to the Investor a warrant (the “Warrant”) exercisable within three years from June 20, 2024 for a number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud equal to the sum of (a) 12.5% of Soluna Cloud’s issued and outstanding common stock as of the date of the Warrant divided by 0.875, plus (b) the percentage of each Qualified Issuance (as defined below) divided by 0.875. For purposes of the Warrant, “Qualified Issuance” means (y) each issuance of common stock of Soluna Cloud during the period commencing on the day after the date of the Warrant and ending on the earlier to occur of (i) the conclusion of up to an additional $112.5 million of capital raised, whether in the form of debt, equity, mixed or otherwise, by Soluna Cloud and its subsidiaries and (ii) December 31, 2024 and (z) the number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud issuable upon the exercise or conversion of any convertible securities of CloudCo issued during such period (other than certain issuances pursuant to CloudCo’s equity compensation plans). On June 20, 2024, the Company determined that the warrant should be treated as a warrant liability and based on valuation, the Company booked a warrant liability of approximately $314 thousand and a related debt discount which will be amortized over the life of the loan. Further evaluation of the Warrants under ASC 815-10 was required to determine if the warrants meet the definition of a derivative. The warrants are classified as a liability that are required to be adjusted to fair market value. The Company applied a discounted cash flow method in relation to the valuation of Cloud in which assumptions from forecasted projected cash flow data and other key operating assumptions such as working cash flow were used to determine an enterprise value less any current debt in order to determine an equity value for Cloud. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the warrants were fair valued, and deemed to not have any further value, as such the Company wrote down the liability balance to $0.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred approximately $354 thousand and $744 thousand in interest expense in relation to the June SPA, which includes interest paid on the note and amortization of deferred financing costs.

June SPA Modification

On March 21, 2025, the Note Parties entered into a Modification Agreement (the “Modification Agreement”) to, among other things:

The joint-and-several liability arrangement is between the Company and CloudCo. While no written agreement has been created to establish the amount that each entity agrees to pay under the obligation, the nature of the relationship is such that the Company has taken a significant role in the economics of the Notes. The Company expects to make any necessary payments on behalf of CloudCo in order to prevent default on the Notes because the Investor has a lien on all property and assets of the Company in connection with the Notes. Based on quantitative analysis performed by the Company, it was determined that the terms of the debt instrument before and after the June SPA Modification were not substantially different. Accordingly, the June SPA Modification is accounted for as a debt modification.

Subsequently, the Company and the Investor mutually agreed that the 1,000,000 Escrow Shares would instead be issued directly to the Investor and, on April 29, 2025, the Company issued 1,000,000 shares of common stock to the Investor.

July 2024 Additional Secured Note

On July 12, 2024, the Company, CloudCo, Soluna Cloud, and the Investor entered into a First Amendment to the Note Purchase Agreement (the “June SPA Amendment”). This amendment allows CloudCo to issue additional secured promissory notes totaling $1.25 million (the “Additional Notes”) to new accredited investors (the “Additional Investors”). These Additional Notes are subject to the same terms and conditions as the June SPA financing.

To further incentivize the Additional Investors, Soluna Cloud issued warrants (the “Cloud Additional Warrants”) to each Additional Investor. These Cloud Additional Warrants are exercisable within three years from the effective date of the June SPA Amendment. They allow the purchase of a number of shares of Soluna Cloud common stock equal to 1.25% of Soluna Cloud’s issued and outstanding common stock as of the Cloud Additional Warrant date, divided by 0.9875, plus 1.25% of each Qualified Issuance, divided by 0.9875. On July 12, 2024, the Company determined that the additional warrants were treated as a warrant liability and based on valuation, the Company booked a warrant liability of approximately $13 thousand and a related debt discount which will be amortized over the life of the loan. Further evaluation of the Warrants under ASC 815-10 was required to determine if the warrants meet the definition of a derivative. The warrants are classified as a liability that are required to be adjusted to fair market value. The Company applied a discounted cash flow method in relation to the valuation of Cloud which assumptions from forecasted projected cash flow data and other key operating assumptions such as working cash flow were used to determine an enterprise value less any current debt in order to determine an equity value for Cloud. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the warrants were fair valued, and deemed to not have any further value, as such the Company wrote down the liability balance to $0.

A “Qualified Issuance” includes any issuance of common stock by Soluna Cloud from the day after the Cloud Additional Warrant date until the earlier of raising an additional $111.25 million or December 31, 2024, as well as shares issuable upon exercise or conversion of convertible securities issued during this period, excluding certain equity compensation plan issuances.

On October 1, 2024, CloudCo, Soluna Cloud and the Company entered into assignment and assumption agreements (the “Assignment Agreements”) with the Additional Investors with respect to an aggregate of $1.25 million of notes issued by CloudCo. Pursuant to the Assignment Agreements, the Company will be able to purchase such notes for a purchase price of $750 thousand, or 60% of face value. The assignment and assumption will be effective once all conditions of the agreement are met including fulfilling the purchase price. The notes will be paid to the note holders from an escrow that is funded in installments from the SEPA funding. The transfer is not effective until payment from the escrow is made. The Company was required to escrow 20% of all SEPA draws until the $750 thousand purchase price is accumulated. In addition to the 20% of SEPA funds, the Company would apply all principal payments and 50% of interest payments made to date from October 1, 2024, until the $750 thousand purchase price has been met.

On March 14, 2025, the Company fulfilled the purchase obligations, and assumed the Additional Notes through payment of $750 thousand through principal and 50% interest payments and use of 20% SEPA funds. Effectively, the remaining debt assignment was assumed by Soluna Holdings, Inc. and was recorded as an intercompany debt obligation that was eliminated on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30 2025. The Company recorded a gain on extinguishment of the July 2024 Additional Secured Notes of approximately $551 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2025. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred approximately $0 and $33 thousand in interest expense in relation to the July Additional Secured Note.

Galaxy Loan

On March 12, 2025, Soluna SW LLC (the “SW Borrower”), a Delaware limited liability company and subsidiary of Soluna SW Holdings LLC (“SW Holdings”, and together with the SW Borrower, the “SW Loan Parties”), a subsidiary of SDI, a Nevada corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Company, entered into a Loan Agreement (the “Galaxy Loan Agreement”) with SW Holdings and Galaxy Digital LLC (the “Lender”).

The Galaxy Loan Agreement provides for a term loan facility in the principal amount of $5.0 million (the “Term Loan Facility”). The Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum, subject to an increase of 5.0% (for a total of 20.0%) in the event an Event of Default as defined within the Galaxy Loan Agreement has occurred and is continuing. The Term Loan Facility matures on March 12, 2030 and includes scheduled payments over a five-year term. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred approximately $236 thousand and $277 thousand in interest expense in relation to the Term Loan Facility, which includes interest paid on the note and amortization of deferred financing costs.

The SW Borrower may voluntarily prepay all or part of the Term Loan Facility at any time together with accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount to be prepaid up to the date of prepayment. The SW Borrower shall prepay all or part of the Term Loan Facility with 100% of the Net Cash Proceeds (as defined therein) received upon the occurrence of (i) an Asset Sale or Casualty Event (each as defined therein), (ii) an Equity Issuance (as defined therein), (iii) an issuance or incurrence of Indebtedness (as defined therein), or (iv) an Extraordinary Receipt (as defined therein), each subject to certain exceptions. In addition, certain principal payments are subject to the payment of a premium amount equal to 50% of the remaining amount of interest payable on such principal amount through the scheduled maturity date, if paid on or prior to the 30-month anniversary of the closing date, and 25% of the remaining amount of interest payable on such principal amount through the scheduled maturity date, if paid after the 30-month anniversary of the closing date.

The Galaxy Loan Agreement includes certain restrictions (subject to certain exceptions outlined in the Galaxy Loan Agreement) on the ability of the SW Loan Parties and their subsidiaries to undertake certain activities, including to incur indebtedness and liens, enter into sale or lease-back transactions, merge or consolidate with other entities, dispose or transfer their assets, pay dividends or make distributions, make investments, make Restricted Payments (as defined therein), enter into burdensome agreements or transact with affiliates. In addition, the SW Loan Parties are subject to three financial covenants – a minimum debt service coverage ratio, a minimum current ratio, and cash in customer deposit account must equal or be greater than related customer liabilities. As of the date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company is in compliance with all covenants in relation to the Galaxy Loan Agreement.

Proceeds of the Term Loan Facility will be used to issue a distribution to SW Holdings, the proceeds of which may be used to make a distribution to SDI.

In connection with the Galaxy Loan Agreement, on March 12, 2025, the SW Loan Parties and the Lender entered into a security agreement to secure the obligations under the Term Loan Facility by a lien on substantially all the assets and properties of SW Borrower and SW Holdings, subject to certain exceptions. The SW Borrower is the owner and operator of the Company’s Project Sophie data center.

In connection with the Galaxy Loan Agreement, on March 12, 2025, SDI and the Lender entered into a Limited Guarantee Agreement pursuant to which SDI guarantees the Loss Liabilities (as defined therein) and, after the occurrence of a Recourse Trigger Event (as defined therein), the obligations under the Loan Agreement.

Equipment Loan Agreement

On May 16, 2024, SDI SL Borrowing – 1, LLC, an affiliate of the Company (the “SDI Borrower”), entered into a loan agreement (the “Equipment Loan Agreement” or the “Loan”) with Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC (the “Lender”, and collectively, the “Parties”). As further amended on February 28, 2025, the Equipment Loan Agreement provides for the Company to borrow, from time to time, up to $4.0 million, to be used to purchase necessary equipment for the progression of Project Dorothy 2 and Project Kati. Any loans made under the Equipment Loan Agreement have a maturity date of May 16, 2027 and will bear interest at a rate of 15% per annum. The Equipment Loan Agreement includes customary covenants for loans of this nature including financial reporting, monthly updates, event reporting, as well as conduct of business. In addition, the Equipment Loan Agreement contains a multiple on invested capital (“MOIC”) provision, which requires the Company to pay, in addition to principal and interest, an amount equal to the difference of (i) the greater of (a) the principal amount of the Loan being repaidplus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan, and (b) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid multiplied by three,minus (ii) the sum of the principal amount of the Loan being repaidplus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan.

On May 17, 2024, the SDI Borrower drew down $720 thousand of the Loan with the Lender. On July 22, 2024, the SDI Borrower satisfied and repaid the borrowing amount in full by issuing the Investor Class B Membership Interests in the Dorothy 2 project valued at three times the borrowing amount (i.e., $2.16 million). The redemption of debt through equity created approximately a $1.4 million loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On March 21, 2025, the SDI Borrower drew down $250 thousand of the Loan with the Lender, in relation to Project Kati. In addition, on June 11, 2025, the SDI Borrower drew down an additional $269 thousand of the Loan with the Lender, in relation to Project Kati. The total amount of equipment loans of $519 thousand was outstanding as of June 30, 2025. The SDI Borrower shall repay the Loans under these Borrowing Requests with a different MOIC Payment than as defined in the Equipment Loan Agreement. The MOIC Payment for these Borrowing Requests only, shall be an amount equal to the difference of (i) the greater of (a) the principal amount of the Loan being repaidplusall interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan, and (b) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid multiplied by three and three tenths (3.3),minus(ii) the sum of the principal amount of the Loan being repaidplusall interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had approximately $108 thousand in Accrued interest payable in relation to the MOIC and 15% interest accruing on the Loan that was outstanding.

Per ASC 835-30-S45-1, debt issuance costs related to line of credits should be recorded as an asset and amortized over the life of the line of credit agreement. As such, the Company recorded $62 thousand and $53 thousand within Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and $56 thousand and $75 thousand within Other assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, of which approximately $16 thousand and $30 thousand has been amortized and recorded within Interest Expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

Navitas Term Loan

On May 9, 2023, DVCC and Navitas West Texas Investments SPV, LLC entered into a 2-year Loan Agreement (“Navitas Term Loan”) for $2,050,000. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has paid the remaining outstanding balance of $137 thousand, therefore fulfilling its debt obligation with Navitas. Interest expense related to the Navitas Term Loan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $0 and $2 thousand, respectively. Interest expense related to the Navitas Term Loan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $37 thousand and $100 thousand, respectively.

Convertible Notes

On October 25, 2021, pursuant toa Securities Purchase Agreement (the “October SPA”), the Company issued to certain accredited investors (the “Noteholders”) (i) secured convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $16.3 million for an aggregate purchase price of $15 million (collectively, the “October Secured Notes”), which were, subject to certain conditions, convertible at any time by the investors, into an aggregate of 1,776,073 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a price per share of $9.18 and (ii) Class A, Class B and Class C common stock purchase warrants (collectively, the “October Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,776,073 shares of common stock, at an initial exercise price of $12.50, $15 and $18 per share, respectively. The October Warrants are legally detachable and can be separately exercised immediately for five years upon issuance, subject to applicable Nasdaq rules.

On July 19, 2022 and on September 13, 2022, the Company entered into an Addendum and Addendum Amendment which adjusted the terms such as maturity date, conversion prices, and the issuance of new warrants to the Noteholders. Pursuant to the Addendum and Addendum Amendment, the Company evaluated whether the new addendums qualified as debt modification or debt extinguishment. Based on ASC 470, Debt, the Company determined the Addendum and Addendum Amendment to fall under Debt Extinguishment treatment and the Company would be required to record the new debt at fair value, and in turn write off the existing debt on the Company’s books.

Following the debt extinguishment on July 19, 2022 as noted above, the Convertible Notes have been accounted for under the fair value method on a recurring basis upon issuance (e.g., upon execution of the Addendum) per guidance within ASC 480, and at each subsequent reporting period, with changes in fair value reported in earnings. See below for rollforward of the fair value of the convertible debt:

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company had approximately $2.7 million and $3.7 million of note conversions with the Noteholders, approximately $4.0 million and $2.8 million in revaluation losses, net in relation to fair value assessments of the convertible debt, and a 4% note extension in June 2024 increasing the note balance by approximately $325 thousand. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had a fair value outstanding balance of approximately $7.9 million and a principal outstanding value of approximately $5.3 million. In addition, from July 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024, there were approximately $5.3 million of note conversions with the Noteholders, and the Company incurred a revaluation gain of debt of approximately $2.6 million, and, as of December 31, 2024, the Convertible Notes were no longer outstanding.

The following table represents the significant and subjective fair value assumptions used for Convertible Notes during the year ended December 31, 2024. As the Convertible Notes were fully converted in fiscal year 2024, no assumptions were noted for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

There were two additional amendments in fiscal year 2023. On February 28, 2024, the Company and the Noteholders entered into a Fourth Amendment Agreement to amend the Notes, SPA and related agreements to facilitate future financings by the Company. In addition, the Company was permitted to unilaterally extend the maturity date of the Notes for two 3-Month extensions if prior to the then in effect maturity date the Company gives notice to the Noteholders and increases the principal amount of the Notes on the date of each such extension by two percent (2%) the principal amount of the Notes outstanding on the date of such extension.

In consideration of the foregoing, the Company:

In June 2024, pursuant to the Fourth Amendment Agreement, the Company exercised its right to extend the maturity date of the Notes for an additional six months, or until January 24, 2025, to enable the Company to continue to pursue its significant project development opportunities for Soluna Cloud, Dorothy 2, and other projects. The extension of the notes caused an increase in the convertible note balance of approximately $325 thousand and the extension fee was recorded within Other Expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The effect of the additional penny warrants, $3.78 warrants, and the $6.00 repriced warrants including additional warrants if exercised with the Noteholders, created a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $5.8 million due to the fair value associated as of February 28, 2024. Such amounts were recorded as a loss on debt extinguishment and affected the Company’s warrant liability and additional paid in capital balance account. Due to the requirement of the shareholder approval associated with the Fourth Amendment, the warrants associated were initially treated as a liability. In addition, a warrant revaluation was done on March 31, 2024, which created a gain on revaluation associated with the warrant liability of approximately $1.5 million.

On May 30, 2024, shareholder approval was obtained removing the cap containment provision for the warrants, and as such, the liability accounting treatment was no longer required. Since all other criteria were met to be treated as equity, the Company adjusted the warrant liability as of the date of shareholder approval and reclassified balance to equity. As such, the Company accounted for the change in the fair value of the warrant liability as of the date of the shareholder approval (May 30, 2024), in connection with its loss on revaluation of the warrant of approximately $1.6 million.

Pursuant to additional agreements with holders of another 51,618 outstanding warrants, similar adjustments with those warrants, resulted in a total adjustment to 530,569 warrants. As the 51,618 warrants were not with the Noteholders, the treatment of $6.00 repriced warrants was recorded as a deemed dividend and adjusted the Company’s earnings per share calculation for the year ended December 31, 2024. The fair value associated with the 51,618 warrants with non-Noteholders totaled approximately $386 thousand. On May 17, 2024, the Company permitted the holders of the Company’s Amended Class C Warrants, previously exercisable at $6 per share, to exercise such warrants at a reduced exercise price of $4 per share, provided that each such holder exercised at least 61.83% of their Amended Class C Warrants by the close of business on May 17, 2024. The Company also agreed to reduce the exercise price on all remaining Amended Class C Warrants. The adjustment in the exercise price, resulted in an additional deemed dividend which amounted to approximately $66 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2024,529,161 of the Amended Class C warrants have been exercised by both the Noteholders and non-Noteholders, resulting in the issuance of 719,658 shares of $0.01 warrants,846,657 shares of $4.20 warrants, and 846,657 shares of $5.70 warrants.

The following table represents the significant fair value assumptions used for warrants issued or repriced during the year ended December 31, 2024. No warrants were issued or repriced for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

As previously discussed in Footnote 1, the Company entered into the SEPA with YA on August 12, 2024. Access to the SEPA was subject to a number of conditions precedent including, but not limited to, various consents from the Company’s Note Holders. On October 1, 2024, the Noteholders entered into a Consent, Waiver, and Mutual Release Agreement (the “Master Consent”) which provides the following:

In return for these consents, the Company agreed to pay a $750 thousand waiver fee and to prepay to the remaining Note Holders the 20% premium for the prepayment of the Notes of approximately $625 thousand. Such amounts were recorded as within Other Expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 2,512,581 shares of common stock for conversion of the debt, which includes the final conversion shares noted below.

On December 12, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with the remaining three Note Holders who held an outstanding principal balance as of December 12, 2024, pursuant to which the three remaining Note Holders elected to immediately convert all of the outstanding principal of certain convertible notes into shares of the Company’s common stock. The agreement satisfied the full outstanding debt owed to the remaining three Note Holders under the Convertible Notes. Following the conversion,335,661 shares of common stock were issued to the Note Holders in accordance with the terms of the Convertible Notes, as amended. The Company recorded a debt inducement conversion expense of approximately $388 thousand within Other Expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024. No further amounts are owed by the Company under the Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2025.

Line of Credit

On September 15, 2021, the Company entered into a $1.0 million unsecured line of credit with KeyBank National Association (“KeyBank”), that will, among other things, allow the Company to request loans and to use the proceeds of such loans for working capital and other general corporate purposes (the “KeyBank facility”). The line of credit bears interest at a rate of Prime +0.75% per annum. Accrued interest is due monthly and principal is due in full following KeyBank’s demand. The Company does not have any remaining balance outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and June 30, 2025. The Company does not plan to draw down on the line of credit in the foreseeable future. In addition, future drawdowns require pre-approval by KeyBank.

9. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has two series of preferred stock outstanding: the Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), with a $25.00 liquidation preference; and the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 4,953,545 shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, and as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was 62,500 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding.

Series A Preferred Stock

The Series A Preferred Stock is not convertible into or exchangeable into common stock of the Company, except upon the occurrence of a delisting event or change of control. Per the Company’s Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series A Certificate of Designations”), if there is an occurrence of delisting or change of control, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock will have the right to convert the number of preferred A shares into a number of common shares by the lesser of (a) the sum of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share of Series A Preferred Stock plus the amount of any accumulated and unpaid dividends divided by the closing price of the common stock on ten consecutive trading days preceding a delisting event, or (b) the share cap of 0.2817.

Series B Preferred Stock

On July 19, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Series B SPA”) with an accredited investor (the “Series B Investor”) pursuant to which the Company sold to the Series B Investor 62,500 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, for a purchase price of $5,000,000. The shares of Series B Preferred Stock are initially convertible, subject to certain conditions, into 46,211 shares of common stock, at a price per share of $135.25 per share, a 20% premium to the closing price of the common stock on July 18, 2022, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Certificate of Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations for the Series B Preferred Stock (“Series B Certificate of Designations”). On October 1, 2024, the Company agreed, as a condition of a waiver of the Series B Investor’s’ right of first refusal and participation rights in connection with the SEPA, to reduce the conversion price to $5.00 upon stockholder approval, which was obtained on November 15, 2024.

In addition, in 2022, the Company issued to the Series B Investor 60,000 common stock purchase warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of shares of common stock. In connection with the above referenced waiver, the exercise price of these warrants was reduced to $0.01 per share and an additional 140,000 warrants exercisable for $0.01 per share were issued. The Series B Investor exercised the 60,000 Series B Warrants on April 22, 2025 through a cashless warrant exercise resulting in the issuance of 59,131 shares of common stock.

Effective from October 1, 2024, the sale of common stock as a result of conversion of Series B Preferred Stock and exercise of the new 140,000 warrants is subject to a 12-month lockup, followed by a 12 month leak out where the holder may not sell shares during the lockup period and may sell up to 1/12 th of total conversion and warrant exercise shares per month during the leak out. The effects of the modification of the Series B Preferred Stock on October 1, 2024, including repriced and newly issued penny warrants, and dividend amendments, created an extinguishment on the Series B Preferred Stock in which the Company recorded a deemed dividend of approximately $1.7 million which relates to the fair value consideration of the modified Series B Preferred Stock less the original carrying value for the year ended December 31, 2024, excluding the consideration of the Preferred B dividend as discussed below.

Common Stock

The Company has one class of common stock, par value $0.001 per share. Each share of the Company’s common stock is entitled to one vote on all matters submitted to stockholders. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 19,055,122 and 10,607,020 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively.

Dividends

Pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock of the Company, dividends, when, as and if declared by the Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board), will be payable monthly in arrears on the final day of each month, beginning August 31, 2021. The Board of Directors had not declared any Series A Preferred Stock dividends beginning October 2022 through June 30, 2025, as such the Company has accumulated approximately $18.5 million of dividends in arrears on the Series A Preferred Stock through December 31, 2024, and an additional $2.8 million and $5.6 million of dividends in arrears for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, for a total of approximately $24.1 million.

The Company’s Series B Preferred Stock included a 10% accruing dividend compounded daily for 12 months from the original issue date of July 20, 2022, and annually thereafter, that may be paid in cash or stock at the Company’s option at the earlier of (i) the date the Series B Preferred Stock is converted, or (ii) the Series B Dividend Termination Date. On August 11, 2023, the Company paid a mandatory dividend on its outstanding Series B Preferred Stock in the amount of approximately $656 thousand. Pursuant to the Certificate of Designation for the Series B Preferred Stock, the Company had the option to pay the dividend in cash or shares of Common Stock. Pursuant to a Dividend Payment Agreement, the Company and the holder of the Series B Preferred Stock agreed to satisfy the payment of the dividend through the issuance of 44,000 shares of its Common Stock and 70,300 pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-funded Warrants”).

Effective October 1, 2024, the dividend payment obligation has been modified to be annual. The amendment resulted in annual dividend payments going forward. As a result of the amendment, the Company would be obligated to make annual dividend payments for the period starting from July 2023 as per the Series B Preferred Consent and Waiver, however, the board of directors has not yet declared any dividends for that period. As such, the Company has accumulated approximately $941 thousand dividends in arrears in relation to the Series B Preferred Stock through December 31, 2024 and an additional $170 thousand and $335 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, for a total of approximately $1.3 million. The dividends in arrears are included in the calculation of net loss per share as discussed below.

Standby Equity Purchase Agreement

On August 12, 2024, the Company entered into the SEPA with YA. Pursuant to the terms of the SEPA, the Company agreed to issue and sell to YA, from time to time, and YA agreed to purchase from the Company, up to $25 million of shares of the Company’s common stock (the “SEPA Shares”). The Company paid a commitment fee of approximately $250 thousand to YA and consent fee of $25 thousand to the holder of shares of Series B Preferred Stock, which was paid through the issuance of 65,320 shares of common stock. The commitment and consent fees were recorded within Other expense, net on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company and YA also entered into a registration rights agreement, pursuant to which the Company agreed to prepare and file with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-1, registering the resale of the SEPA Shares. On November 12, 2024, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-282559) with the SEC for the resale by YA of 3,000,000 SEPA Shares, which was declared effective by the SEC on February 5, 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company has issued and sold approximately 1.5 million shares of common stock to YA pursuant to the SEPA for aggregate net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.0 million.

ATM Agreement

On April 29, 2025, the Company entered into the ATM Agreement” with Wainwright, as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through Wainwright, up to $3.75 million of shares of common stock. The Company will pay Wainwright a commission of 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of shares and has agreed to provide Wainwright with customary indemnification and contribution rights. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company sold 3,340,663 shares of common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement for net proceeds of $2.2 million after deducting sales agent commissions of approximately $88 thousand. The Company has sold 1,867,824 shares of common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement subsequent to June 30, 2025 for additional net proceeds of approximately $1.4 million.

Reservation of Shares

The Company had reserved common shares for future issuance as follows as of June 30, 2025:

As noted above in relation to the Series B Preferred Stock, as of June 30, 2025, the Series B Preferred Stock can be converted to 1,250,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at approximately $5.00 per share. The Company also notes that as of June 30, 2025, there are 23,138 Series A preferred stock available for future equity awards under the 2021 Plan.

Loss per Share

The Company computes basic loss per common share by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution, if any, computed by dividing loss by the combination of dilutive common share equivalents, comprised of shares issuable under outstanding investment rights, warrants and the Company’s share-based compensation plans, and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Dilutive common share equivalents include the dilutive effect of in-the-money stock options, which are calculated based on the average share price for each period using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the exercise price of a stock option and the amount of compensation cost, if any, for future service that the Company has not yet recognized are assumed to be used to repurchase shares in the current period.

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations for operations for the three and six months ended June 30:

The Company notes as continuing operations was in a Net loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, as such basic and diluted EPS is the same balance as continuing operations acts as the control amount in which would cause antidilution. Not included in the computation of earnings per share, assuming dilution, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, were options to purchase 2,645 shares of the Company’s common stock,209,885 nonvested restricted stock units, and 2,347,135 outstanding warrants not exercised which excludes penny warrants that can be potentially exercised. These potentially dilutive items were excluded because the calculation of incremental shares resulted in an anti-dilutive effect.

Not included in the computation of earnings per share, assuming dilution, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, were options to purchase 3,325 shares of the Company’s common stock,5,692 nonvested restricted stock units, and 3,820,152 outstanding warrants not exercised which excludes penny warrants that can be potentially exercised. These potentially dilutive items were excluded because the calculation of incremental shares resulted in an anti-dilutive effect.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments:

Leases

The Company determines whether an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company and its subsidiaries have operating leases for certain manufacturing, laboratory, office facilities and certain equipment. The leases have remaining lease terms of approximately 3 years to less thanten years. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has no assets recorded under finance leases.

Lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For the three and six months ended June 30, total lease costs are comprised of the following:

Short-term leases are leases having a term of twelve months or less. The Company recognizes short-term leases on a straight-line basis and does not record a related asset or liability for such leases. On April 3, 2025, Soluna KK Energy ServiceCo, LLC (“Soluna KK Energy”), a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a lease agreement for 50 acres of property located in Willacy County, Texas, for the purpose of constructing, installing, operating, and maintaining modular data centers and related facilities. Soluna KK Energy can terminate the lease within six months of April 3, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, there was uncertainty over project funding and whether the Company would extend the lease agreement. As such, the Company recorded the lease agreement as short-term. If Soluna KK Energy extends the lease agreement for an additional term of twenty-two years, the Company will record a right-of-use asset and lease liability.

Other information related to leases was as follows:

Maturities of noncancellable operating lease liabilities are as follows for the quarter ending June 30:

As of June 30, 2025, there were no additional operating lease commitments that had not yet commenced.

Project Dorothy 2 and Project Kati Commitments:

As of June 30, 2025, the Company was contractually committed for approximately $10.1 million of capital expenditures, primarily related to infrastructure builds, equipment procurement, and labor associated with the Company’s Project Dorothy 2 and Project Kati datacenters. These capital expenditures are expected to occur over the current year.

Contingencies:

Spring Lane Capital Contingency

The Company has a potential contingency associated with an agreement with Spring Lane of up to $250 thousand which would be reduced by a proportion of funding received from Spring Lane up to the $45.0 million aggregate contribution cap. The Company considers the probability of a payment for the contingency to be remote.

Bonus Contingency

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a discretionary bonus program with an aggregate payout of approximately $2.1 million, including associated payroll taxes. The bonus is subject to achievement of specific conditions. As of June 30, 2025, management evaluated the likelihood of meeting the requisite conditions for payout and determined that it is not probable that conditions will be satisfied. Accordingly, no liability has been recorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company will continue to monitor the status of the conditions and will recognize a liability in future periods if and when it becomes probable that the bonus will be paid.

Legal

We are subject to legal proceedings, claims and liabilities which arise in the ordinary course of business. When applicable, we accrue for losses associated with legal claims when such losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted as additional information becomes available or circumstances change. Legal fees are charged to expense as they are incurred.

On December 29, 2022, NYDIG filed a complaint against Soluna MC Borrowings, LLC 2021- 1, a subsidiary of Soluna MC, LLC, a subsidiary of Soluna Digital, a subsidiary of the Company (“Borrower”) and Soluna MC, LLC (“Guarantor”, and together with Borrower, “NYDIG Defendants”) in Marshall Circuit Court of the Commonwealth of Kentucky regarding a series of loans (the “NYDIG Loans”) made by NYDIG to Borrower pursuant to a Master Equipment Finance Agreement (“MEFA”) that were secured by certain assets of Borrower and guaranteed by Guarantor pursuant to a written guaranty agreement executed by Guarantor. On February 23, 2023, NYDIG proceeded to foreclose on all of the collateral securing the MEFA, and repossessed the collateralized assets. Subsequently, NYDIG filed its Motion for Summary Judgment seeking entry of a judgment against the NYDIG Defendants in the approximate amount of $10.3 million, and NYDIG and the NYDIG Defendants consensually resolved the motion in the form of a Stipulation and Agreed Judgment, which the Circuit Court approved on February 23, 2024.

On March 13, 2024, NYDIG served the NYDIG Defendants with a post-judgment discovery seeking information regarding the NYDIG Defendants’ assets and liabilities. The NYDIG Defendants completed responding to NYDIG’s initial document requests on May 13, 2024. On September 24, 2024, NYDIG sent a letter seeking supplemental discovery from the NYDIG Defendants, and the NYDIG Defendants completed responding to NYDIG’s additional/supplemental document requests by November 20, 2024. A deposition of a representative of the NYDIG Defendants occurred on January 23, 2025. On April 2, 2025, NYDIG sent another letter seeking supplemental discovery from the NYDIG Defendants or alternatively to commence discovery discussions. The NYDIG Defendants sent a response on April 10, 2025 requesting contact information for potential settlement discussions and proposing a rolling discovery schedule; as of August 14, 2025 there has not been a response on the proposed discovery schedule.

Additionally, NYDIG has stated its intention to pursue the parent company of Guarantor (“Parent Entity”) under a piercing of the corporate veil theory relating to NYDIG Defendants’ debts and liabilities under the loan documents. Parent Entity intends to vigorously defend itself from NYDIG’s parent company claims. Parent Entity denies any such liability and filed a complaint for a declaratory judgment against NYDIG in the Eighth Judicial District Court in Clark County, Nevada on March 16, 2023, seeking a declaratory judgment as to such matter. On June 22, 2023, the court issued an order granting NYDIG’s motion to dismiss, without prejudice. Parent Entity intends to continue to vigorously defend any allegations regarding liability on account of NYDIG Defendants’ debts and liabilities to NYDIG under their loan documents.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company still has an outstanding principal of approximately $9.2 million and outstanding interest and penalty balance of approximately $3.0 million. This settlement did not result in the admission of any liability on the part of SHI, whose declaratory judgment remains the subject of litigation.

11. Related Party Transactions

MeOH Power, Inc.

On December 18, 2013, MeOH Power, Inc. and the Company executed a Senior Demand Promissory Note (the Note) in the amount of $380 thousand to secure the intercompany amounts due to the Company from MeOH Power, Inc. upon the deconsolidation of MeOH Power, Inc. Interest accrues on the Note at the Prime Rate in effect on the first business day of the month, as published in the Wall Street Journal. At the Company’s option, all or part of the principal and interest due on this Note may be converted to shares of common stock of MeOH Power, Inc. at a rate of $0.07 per share. Interest began accruing on January 1, 2014. The Company recorded a full allowance against the Note. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $394 thousand and $385 thousand, respectively, of principal and interest are available to convert into shares of common stock of MeOH Power, Inc. Any adjustments to the allowance are recorded as miscellaneous expense during the period incurred.

Employee Receivables

Certain employees have a receivable due to the Company based on their stock-based awards, in which $128 thousand and $178 thousand was outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The balance is currently presented as $31 thousand and $82 thousand, respectively within Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and $97 thousand and $96 thousand, respectively within Other assets on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

HEL Transactions

As discussed in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report and all agreements included as exhibits and defined within the 2023 Annual Report, on October 29, 2021, the Company completed the Soluna Callisto acquisition pursuant to the merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”). The purpose of the transaction was for SCI to acquire substantially all of the assets (other than those assets physically located in Morocco) formerly held by Harmattan Energy, Ltd. (“HEL”), which assets consisted of SCI’s existing pipeline of certain cryptocurrency mining projects that HEL previously transferred to SCI, which was formed expressly for this purpose, and to provide SCI with the opportunity to directly employ or retain the services of four individuals whose services it had retained through HEL prior to the merger. As a result of the merger, each share of common stock of Soluna Callisto issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the merger, other than shares owned by the Company or any of our subsidiaries, was cancelled and converted into the right to receive a proportionate share of the Merger Consideration.

In connection with the Soluna Callisto acquisition, effective as of October 29, 2021, upon and subject to the terms and conditions of the Termination Agreement, on November 5, 2021: (1) the existing Operating and Management Agreements between HEL and SCI were terminated in all respects; and (2)(A) SCI paid HEL $725 thousand, (B) SHI issued to HEL the Termination Shares, and (C) HEL and SHI entered into an Amended and Restated Contingent Rights Agreement that, among other things, amended the existing Contingent Rights Agreement by and between HEL and SHI, dated January 13, 2020, to provide SHI the right to invest directly in certain cryptocurrency mining opportunities being pursued by HEL. SHI filed a registration statement with the SEC to register the resale of the Termination Shares on February 14, 2022.

Due to conditions being met within the Merger Agreement in relation to energization and retention of employees, the Company has advised SCI US Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, who is the sole Effective Time Holder (as defined in the Merger Agreement) of the right to receive the Merger Shares of the Company and that 19,800 Merger Shares were issued on May 26, 2023 and 39,600 Merger Shares were issued on October 10, 2023. SCI US Holdings LLC has consented to the issuance of such Merger Shares as required under the Merger Agreement and has directed the Company to issue such Merger Shares to its affiliate, HEL. Following the issuance of the 59,400 Merger Shares, a total of 59,400 Merger Shares remains available for possible issuance through October 29, 2026 pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement.

Several of HEL’s equity holders are affiliated with Brookstone Partners, the investment firm that previously held an equity interest in the Company through Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC. The Company’s two Brookstone-affiliated directors also serve as directors and, in one case, as an officer, of HEL and also have ownership interest in HEL. In light of these relationships, the various transactions by and between the Company and SCI, on the one hand, and HEL, on the other hand, were negotiated on behalf of the Company and SCI via an independent investment committee of the Board and separate legal representation. The transactions were subsequently unanimously approved by both the independent investment committee and the full Board.

Four of the Company’s directors have various affiliations with HEL.

Michael Toporek, the former Chief Executive Officer, and current Executive Chairman of the Board, owns(i) 90% of the equity of Soluna Technologies Investment I, LLC, which owns 57.9% of HEL and (ii) 100% of the equity of MJT Park Investors, Inc., which owns 3.1% of HEL, in each case, on a fully diluted basis. Mr. Toporek does not own directly, or indirectly, any equity interest in Tera Joule, LLC, which owns 9.2% of HEL; however, as a result of his 100% ownership of Brookstone IAC, Inc., which is the manager of Tera Joule, LLC, he has dispositive power over the equity interests that Tera Joule owns in HEL.

In addition, one of the Company’s directors, Matthew E. Lipman, serves as a director and is currently acting as President of HEL. Mr. Lipman does not directly own any equity interest in Tera Joule, LLC, which owns 9.2% of HEL; however, as a result of his position as a director and officer of Brookstone IAC, Inc., which is the manager of Tera Joule, LLC, he has dispositive power over the equity interests that Tera Joule owns in HEL. As a result, the approximate dollar value of the amount of Mr. Toporek’s and Mr. Lipman’s interest in the Company’s transactions with HEL for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $0 and $0, respectively.

John Belizaire, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and John Bottomley, who were elected to the Board upon the effective time of SCI’s acquisition of Soluna Callisto, serve as directors of HEL. In addition, Mr. Belizaire is the beneficial owner of 1,317,567 shares of common stock of HEL and 102,380 Class Seed Preferred shares, which are convertible into 86,763 shares of common stock of HEL. These interests give Mr. Belizaire an ownership of 10.54% in HEL. Mr. Belizaire also owns an interest in HEL indirectly through his 5.0139% interest in Tera Joule, LLC’s 965,945 Class Seed Preferred shares, which are convertible into 818,596 shares of common stock of HEL. Mr. Bottomley is the beneficial owner of 96,189, or approximately 0.72%, of the outstanding shares of common stock of HEL.

The Company owned approximately 1.79% of HEL, calculated on a converted fully diluted basis, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company’s equity investment of HEL was fully impaired in fiscal year 2023, as such the equity investment is valued at $0 for both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company may enter into additional transactions with HEL in the future.

12. Stock Based Compensation

The Company currently issues awards under the Soluna Holdings, Inc. Third Amended and Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2021 Plan”), and the Soluna Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2023 Plan”). There were no amendments to the 2021 Plan or the 2023 Plan during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. For further details regarding our stock-based compensation plans and the methods and assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of stock-based awards, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company awarded the following under the 2021 Plan:

1,201,312 of the restricted stock awards vest at separation from the Company,939,371 of the restricted stock awards vest 33% on June 1 ,2026,33% on June 1, 2027 and 34% on June 1, 2028, and 32,000 of the restricted stock units vest 33% on June 3, 2026,33% on June 3, 2027 and 34% on June 3, 2028.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company awarded the following under the 2021 Plan:

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company awarded the following under the 2023 Plan:

25,309 of the restricted stock awards vest immediately,2,022,246 of the restricted stock awards vest at separation from the Company,690,223 of the restricted stock awards vest 33% on June 1 ,2024,33% on June 1, 2025 and 34% on June 1, 2026, and 304,289 of the restricted stock awards vest 33% on June 1, 2025,33% on June 1, 2026 and 34% on June 1, 2027.

No options were granted under the 2021 Plan and the 2023 Plan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

During April 2024, the Company cancelled certain vested Awards and modified the terms of certain unvested Awards, to permit different settlement outcomes. The service period and vesting terms were changed at the time of modification. All such vested Awards were fully vested as of the cancellation date and all compensation cost had been recognized. All such unvested equity awards were probable of vesting as of the modification date and the change was accounted for as a Type I modification. In a Type I modification, the Company is required to calculate the incremental difference of the awards, which equals the difference of new award value inclusive of estimated forfeitures and the fair value of the original award as of the modification date. As of the modification date, there is no reversal or adjustment of previously recognized stock compensation expense. The modification related to the cancellation of 48,547 under the water stock options granted to eight board members. The options were replaced with new awards of restricted stock. The amount of incremental compensation cost resulting from the modification was approximately $4.0 million.

The Company will recognize the compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the service period for the entire Awards. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Awards from the Plans are presented within the stockholders’ equity section of the Company’s balance sheet.

As of June 30, 2025, unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested Awards was approximately $9.3 million. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.

13. Effect of Recent Accounting Updates

Accounting Updates Effective for fiscal year 2025

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) in the form of accounting standard updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The Company considered the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not mentioned below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures(ASU 2023-09), which requires disclosure of incremental income tax information within the rate reconciliation and expanded disclosures of income taxes paid, among other disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendment is required to be disclosed on an annual basis, in which the Company will include on its annual report for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Stock Compensation

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01,Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards (“ASU 2024-01”), to clarify the scope application of profits interest and similar awards by adding illustrative guidance inASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation(“ASC 718”). ASU 2024-01 clarifies how to determine whether profits interest and similar awards should be accounted for as a share-based payment arrangement (ASC 718) or as a cash bonus or profit-sharing arrangement*(ASC 710, Compensation—General,* or other guidance*)* and applies to all reporting entities that account for profits interest awards as compensation to employees or non-employees. In addition to adding the illustrative guidance, ASU 2024-01 modified the language in paragraph 718-10-15-3 to improve its clarity and operability without changing the guidance. ASU 2024-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied either retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements, or prospectively to profits interests and similar awards granted or modified on or after the adoption date. The Company notes that this ASU did not have an impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. If any new awards are issued in the future, the Company will evaluate the scope application of this ASU.

Accounting Updates Not Yet Effective

Improvements to Comprehensive Income- Expense Disaggregation

In December 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03,Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)(“ASU 2024-03”). ASU 2024-03 requires, in the notes to the financial statements, disclosures of specified information about certain costs and expenses specified in the updated guidance. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact the updated guidance will have on its disclosures.

Debt with Conversion and Other Options

In December 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2024-04,Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments. ASU 2024-04 clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion to improve relevance and consistency. The new standard is effective for the Company for its annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025 and interim periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard.

14. Variable Interest Entities and Voting Interest Entities

On January 26, 2022, DVSL was created in order to construct, own, operate and maintain data centers in order to support the mining of cryptocurrency assets, batch processing and other non-crypto related activities (collectively, the “Project”). On May 3, 2022, SCI entered into a Bilateral Master Contribution Agreement (the “Bilateral Contribution Agreement”) with Spring Lane Capital, pursuant to which Spring Lane agreed, pursuant to the terms and conditions of such agreement, to make one or more capital contributions to, and in exchange for equity in, SCI or one of its subsidiaries up to an aggregate amount of $45 million, as amended in the third quarter of fiscal year 2024 to fund certain projects to develop green data centers co-located with renewable energy assets (the “Spring Lane Commitment”).

On August 5, 2022, the Company entered into a Contribution Agreement (the “Dorothy Contribution Agreement”) with Spring Lane, Soluna DV Devco, LLC (“Devco”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of SCI, and DVSL an entity formed in order to further the Company’s development for Project Dorothy, (each, a “Party” and, together, the “Parties”). Pursuant to the Dorothy Contribution Agreement, the Company committed to a capital contribution of up to approximately $26.3 million to DVSL (the “Company Commitment”), and on August 5, 2022, the Company was deemed to have contributed approximately $8.1 million, through payment of capital expenditures and development costs made on behalf of DVSL by the Company prior to August 5, 2022. Further under the Agreement, Spring Lane committed to a capital contribution of up to $12.5 million to DVSL (the “Spring Lane Dorothy Commitment”), and as of December 31, 2022, Spring Lane had actually contributed approximately $4.8 million. Under the Dorothy Contribution Agreement, the Company and Spring Lane have committed to make subsequent contributions, up to their respective Company Commitment and Spring Lane Dorothy Commitment amounts, on a pro rata basis, upon receipt of a contribution request from DVSL, as set forth in the Dorothy Contribution Agreement and subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions described therein. The proceeds of any subsequent commitments will be applied to pay project costs in accordance with the project budget.

In exchange for their contributions, the Company and Spring Lane were issued 67.8% and 32.2% of the Class B Membership Interests in DVSL, respectively, and were admitted as Class B members of DVSL. Further pursuant to the Dorothy Contribution Agreement, DVSL issued 100% of its Class A Membership Interests to Devco.

The Company evaluated this legal entity underASC 810, Consolidations and determined that DVSL is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) that should be consolidated into the Company, with a non-controlling interest recorded to account for Spring Lane’s equity ownership of the Company. The Company has a variable interest in DVSL. The entity was designed by the Company to create an entity for outside investors to invest in specific projects. The creation of this entity resulted in the Company, through its equity interest in DVSL, absorbing operational risk that the entity was created to create and distribute, resulting in the Company having a variable interest in DVSL.

On March 10, 2023, the Company along with Devco, and DVSL, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Project Company”) entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Purchase and Sale Agreement”) with Soluna SLC Fund I Projects Holdco, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Spring Lane”) that is wholly owned indirectly by Spring Lane Management LLC. The Project Company was constructing a modular data center with a peak demand of 25 MW (the “Dorothy Phase 1A Facility”).

Under a series of transactions in February 2023 and March 2023, culminating in the March 10, 2023 Purchase and Sale Agreement, the Company sold to Spring Lane certain Class B Membership Interests for a purchase price of $7.5 million (the “Sale”). After giving effect to the Sale, the Company owned 6,790,537 Class B Membership Interests (constituting 14.6% of the Class B Membership Interests) and Spring Lane owns 39,791,988 Class B Membership Interests (constituting 85.4% of the Class B Membership Interests). The cash portion of the purchase price paid by Spring Lane to the Company was approximately $5.8 million, which represented the purchase price of $7.5 million less the Company’s pro rata share of certain contributions funded entirely by Spring Lane in the earlier portion of this series of transactions occurring during February 2023 and March 2023. As a further part of these transactions, the parties agreed that from January 1, 2023 onwards, the Company would bear only 14.6% of the costs relating to the construction and operation of the Dorothy Phase 1A Facility, compared to its 67.8% share until that time, including during the calendar year 2022. After Spring Lane Capital realizes an 16% Internal Rate of Return hurdle on its investments, the Company retains the right to 50% of the profits on DVSL. In connection with the Spring Lane transactions and agreements, Soluna DV Services, LLC. will be providing the operations and maintenance services to DVSL. DVCC expects to receive a margin of 20% for services rendered on certain expenses.

Concurrently with the Sale, the Company, Spring Lane, Devco and the Project Company entered into (a) the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of the Project Company, dated as of March 10, 2023 (the “Fourth A&R LLCA”), an amendment and restatement of the Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of the Project Company dated as of March 3, 2023, and (b) the Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, dated as of March 10, 2023 (the “A&R Contribution Agreement”), an amendment and restatement of the Contribution Agreement dated as of August 5, 2022. The Fourth A&R LLCA provides for certain updates in respect of Spring Lane’s majority ownership. The A&R Contribution Agreement reflects updated pro rata member funding percentages as a result of the Sale as well as updated contribution caps for each of the Company and Spring Lane.

As of January 1, 2023, there were no changes in the Limited Liability Agreement of DVSL other than those related to incorporating the new investment and the purpose and design of DVSL has not changed. The Company evaluated the concepts under ASC 810 for DVSL after the change in membership interest, concluding that this resulted in the Project Company not being structured with non-substantive voting rights, as the noncontrolling shareholders have disproportionately fewer voting rights but the activities are not conducted on their behalf. This, in conjunction with there being sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities and the equity holders as a group having the characteristics of a controlling financial interest in DVSL, results in DVSL not meeting the definition of a VIE. The Company’s consolidation model is based on the concept of power. Given the Company’s Class A membership interest, the Company has the ability to control the significant decisions made in the ordinary course of the business of DVSL. The non-controlling shareholders do not hold substantive participating rights, voting rights or liquidation rights. This results in the Project Company being a voting interest entity (“VOE”), therefore allowing the Company to continue to consolidate.

The carrying amount of the assets and liabilities was as follows for DVSL:

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company’s ownership in DVSL was reduced from 67.8% to 14.6%; see above for details.

On May 9, 2023, the Company’s indirect subsidiary DVCC completed a strategic partnership and financing with a special purpose vehicle, Navitas West Texas Investments SPV, LLC**,**(“Navitas”) organized by Navitas Global, to complete the second phase of the Dorothy Project (“Dorothy 1B”). Under a Contribution Agreement among the parties, the Company owned a substantially complete 25MW data center under construction, in whichthe Company had contributed capital expenditures for the data center. Soluna and Navitas amended and restated the Initial LLCA (the “Existing LLCA”) to reflect Navitas’ contribution of $4.5 million and its receipt of 4,500 Membership Interests, constituting 26.5% of the outstanding Membership Interests of DVCC. On June 2, 2023, Soluna and Navitas amended and restated the Existing LLCA to (a) reflect (i) Navitas’s additional capital contribution of approximately $7.6 million and receipt of an additional 7,597 Membership Interests, for a total of 12,097 Membership Interests and 49% ownership of DVCC, and (ii) Soluna’s additional capital contribution of $1.34 million and receipt of an additional 1,340 Membership Interests, for a total of 12,590 Membership Interests and 51% ownership of DVCC, and (b) describe the respective rights and obligations of the Members and the management of DVCC. As of June 30, 2025, Navitas owns 49% and Soluna owns 51% of DVCC.

The Company evaluated this legal entity underASC 810, Consolidations and determined that DVCC is a VIE that should be consolidated into the Company, with a non-controlling interest recorded to account for Navitas’ equity ownership of DVCC. The Company has a variable interest in DVCC. The entity was designed by the Company to create an entity for outside investors to invest in specific projects. The creation of this entity resulted in the Company, through its equity interest in DVCC, absorbing operational risk that the entity was created to create and distribute, resulting in the Company having a variable interest in DVCC.

DVCC is a VIE of the Company due to DVCC being structured with non-substantive voting rights. This is due to the following two factors being met as outlined inASC 810-10-15-14that require the VIE model to be followed.

Also, the Company is the primary beneficiary due to having the power to direct the activities of DVCC that most significantly impact the performance of DVCC due to its role as the manager handling the day-to-day activities of DVCC as well as majority ownership and the obligation to absorb losses or gains of DVCC that could be significant to the Company.

Accordingly, the accounts of DVCC are consolidated in the accompanying financial statements.

The carrying amount of the VIE’s assets and liabilities was as follows for DVCC:

On July 22, 2024 (the “Effective Date”), Soluna Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) closed financing for the Dorothy 2 project. This project involves Soluna Digital, Inc. (the “Developer”) and Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo, LLC (the “ComputeCo”), a special purpose vehicle initially owned solely by the Developer. They are collaborating on the development, design, procurement, and construction of a 48 MW modular data center (the “Project Dorothy 2”) in Silverton, Texas. This facility is owned by ComputeCo and operated by Soluna US Services, LLC, and may engage in cryptocurrency, batch processing, and other non-crypto related activities. It is adjacent to two other company modular data center projects at the same site.

Project Dorothy 2 is financed by Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC, an investment vehicle of Spring Lane Capital (“SLC”) with a capital contribution of up to $29.98 million, and the Developer, as the parent company of ComputeCo, with an initial capital contribution of up to $4.6 million. As of the Effective Date, the Company and the Developer became co-owners of ComputeCo. In exchange for contributions to ComputeCo, the Company and SLC were initially issued 42% and 58% of the Class B Membership Interests in ComputeCo, respectively, and were admitted as Class B members of ComputeCo. Further, ComputeCo issued 100% of its Class A Membership Interests to SDI. In relation to distributions, once ERCOT Achievement Date has been met ( date on which SLC and the Company have mutually agreed upon the parameters for power trading or demand response program in the ERCOT market) until the Target Return Date (last day of quarter in which the Class B members achieve an 18% internal rate of return, the Class A members will obtain 7.5% of the distributable cash with the remaining 92.5% being distributed to the Class B members on a pro-rata basis. After the Target Return Date is met, 50% of distributable cash will be allocated to the Class A members and 50% allocated to the Class B members in accordance with their membership interests.

Project Dorothy 2 allows the Developer to invest in ComputeCo, with the total ownership of the Developer and its affiliates capped at 49% of the Class B Membership Interests. This investment can occur within 30 days after the Effective Date (treated equally to the initial Investor), from day 31 to 180 days after the Effective Date (subject to a purchase price formula with a 20% discount rate), or after 180 days with the initial Investor’s approval.

On May 16, 2024, the Company secured $1.0 million in financing from SLC for equipment and machinery for Project Dorothy 2 through an Equipment Loan Agreement (the “ELA”) between SDI SL Borrowing - 1, LLC (the “Borrower”) and SLC. On that date, SLC lent the Borrower $720,000 to purchase medium voltage cables and low voltage switchboards. This debt was later assigned to ComputeCo on the Effective Date. Subsequently, the borrowing amount was paid in full by issuing SLC Class B Membership Interests in the Dorothy 2 project valued at three times the borrowing amount (i.e., $2.16 million).

On April 4, 2025, the Company transferred its Class B Membership to SLC, resulting in 0% Class B Membership Interests held by the Company. SDI still retains 100% Class A Membership Interests in ComputeCo as of June 30, 2025. Based on evaluation, the Company would be able to consolidate this entity.

The Company evaluated this legal entity underASC 810, Consolidations and determined that this entity is a VIE, as the equity holders as a group do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Even though SLC has all of the Class B membership, the Company holds all the Class A membership, which gives them the ability to control the significant decisions made in the ordinary course of business. The Company has the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE through its Class A membership interest, as it is eligible to receive 50% of distributions upon SLC obtaining a specified internal rate of return. The non-controlling shareholders do not hold substantive participating rights, voting rights or liquidation rights.

The carrying amount of the assets and liabilities was as follows for ComputeCo:

15. Segment Information

The Company applies ASC 280,Segment Reporting, in determining its reportable segments. The Company has adopted ASU) 2023-07,Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures(ASU 2023-07), which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis, primarily through enhanced disclosures of significant segment expenses. Operating segments are aggregated into a reportable segment if the operating segments have similar quantitative economic characteristics and if the operating segments are similar in the following qualitative characteristics: (i) nature of products and services; (ii) nature of production processes; (iii) type or class of customer for their products and services; (iv) methods used to distribute the products or provide services; and (v) if applicable, the nature of the regulatory environment. The Company’s reportable segments are identified based on the types of service performed. The Company has three reportable segments: Cryptocurrency Mining, Data Center Hosting, and High-Performance Computing. In the third quarter of 2024, the Company initiated Soluna Cloud Services, a new business line to provide high performance computing services to support generative AI workstreams, but decided to exit active provision of these services during the first quarter of 2025 and will focus in the future on provision of colocation services at our datacenters to host customers in the AI generative space.

The guidance requires that segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to decide how to allocate resources and for purposes of assessing such segments’ performance. The Company’s CODM is composed of several members of its senior leadership team directed by the CEO and CFO who use revenue and cost of revenues which formulate gross profit (loss), as well as total general and administrative expenses of the reporting segments to assess the performance of the business of our reportable operating segments and allocate resources. Operating profit (loss) is used to evaluate actual results against expectations, which are based on comparable prior results, current budget, and current forecast. Non-cash items of depreciation and amortization are included within both costs of sales and general and administrative expenses, however only depreciation through the Company’s site levels are evaluated for segment performance.

In the adoption of ASU 2023-07, the most significant provision was for the Company to disclose significant segment expenses (ie: costs of revenue) that are regularly provided to the CODM. Utility costs, wages and benefit related costs, facility and equipment costs, and depreciation costs at the site level were determined to be significant segment expenses. The CODM only reviews general and administrative expenses by site level as a whole, and not by significant expenses. No operating segments have been aggregated to form the reportable segments. The Company does not allocate all assets to the reporting segments as these are managed on an entity-wide basis. Therefore, the Company does not separately disclose the total assets of its reportable operating segments.

The Cryptocurrency Mining segment generates revenue from the cryptocurrency the Company earns through its Bitcoin mining activities, which is currently generated from Project Dorothy, and previously from Project Sophie and Marie. The Data Center Hosting segment generated revenue from hosting services provided to third-party Bitcoin mining customers at the Company’s data centers, which were previously at Project Marie and are currently from Project Sophie and Project Dorothy. The High-Performance Computing Services segment may generate revenue from either the sale or lease of HPC assets (such as Project Ada which leased GPUs), or from HPC/AI data centers to be leased to third-party HPC/AI customers. This segment began generating revenue in December 2024, as Project Ada worked to build its customer base. With the termination of the HPE Agreement, revenue was minimal for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and a majority of the costs associated with the termination of approximately $28.6 million were included in the December 31, 2024 financial statements.

The Company includes demand response revenue as a reconciling item of revenue and is not included within the three reportable segments. The Company utilizes its data centers to deliver demand response services to grid operators or utilities. Under these arrangements with a grid operator, the Company agrees to be available to ramp down a registered data center’s power consumption to a specific target level. In exchange, the grid pays the company a fee for this dispatch right, provided the Company can perform within certain parameters. The Company can be providing any type of service at the data centers whether it be Cryptocurrency Mining, Data Center Hosting, or AI to generate demand response service revenue.

The following table details revenue, cost of revenues, and other operating costs for the Company’s reportable segments for three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and reconciles to net income (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations:

For the three months ended June 30, 2025

For the three months ended June 30, 2024

The following table presents the reconciliation of segment operating income (loss) to net income (loss) before taxes:

The following table details revenue, cost of revenues, and other operating costs for the Company’s reportable segments for six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and reconciles to net income (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations:

For the six months ended June 30, 2025

For the six months ended June 30, 2024

The following table presents the reconciliation of segment operating income (loss) to net income (loss) before taxes:

Concentrations

During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, aside from the Bitcoin Mining revenue generated as a result of the Company’s participation in a mining pool and the Company’s participation in the demand response program, three customers each contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue constituting approximately 40% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and two customers contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue constituting approximately 41% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, aside from the Bitcoin Mining revenue generated as a result of the Company’s participation in a mining pool and the Company’s participation in the demand response program, three customers each contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue constituting approximately 37% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and two customers contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue constituting approximately 36% of the Company’s total consolidated revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, all of the Company’s cryptocurrency mining revenue was generated from Project Dorothy 1B (data center located in Silverton, Texas).

For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, approximately 53% and 73% of the Company’s data center hosting revenue was generated from Project Dorothy 1A,40% and 27% from Project Sophie, and 7% and 0% from Project Dorothy 2, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, approximately 55% and 70% of the Company’s data center hosting revenue was generated from Project Dorothy 1A,41% and 30% from Project Sophie, and 4% and 0% from Project Dorothy 2, respectively.

16. Subsequent Events

July 2025 Public Offering

On July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the purchasers signatory thereto, pursuant to which the Company sold in a public offering (the “July 2025 Offering”) an aggregate of (i)8,794,544 shares of common stock (each a “Share” and collectively, the “Shares”); (ii) pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase 296,365 shares of common stock; (iii) Series A warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase 9,090,909 shares of common stock; and (iv) Series B warrants (the “Series B Warrants,” and together with the Series A Warrants, the “Common Warrants”) to purchase 9,090,909 shares of common stock.

Each Share or Pre-Funded Warrant was sold together with one Series A Warrant to purchase one Share and one Series B Warrant to purchase one Share. The combined public offering price for each Share (or Pre-Funded Warrant) and accompanying Common Warrants was $0.55. The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.001 per share, are exercisable immediately upon issuance and will expire when exercised in full. Each Common Warrant has an exercise price of $0.55 per share and is exercisable immediately upon issuance. The Series A Warrants will expire on thefive-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of July 17, 2025 and the Series B Warrants will expire on thetwenty-four-month anniversary of the initial exercise date of July 17, 2025.

The net proceeds of the July 2025 Offering, after deducting the fees and expenses of the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company, but excluding the net proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Common Warrants, is approximately $4.3 million. The July 2025 Offering closed on July 17, 2025.

Project Kati Financing

On July 22, 2025, the Company closed a $20 million round of financing from Spring Lane Capital for a 35 megawatt (MW) expansion of Project Kati in Texas with Project Kati 1. The funds will be used for the construction of Project Kati 1 beginning in the third quarter of 2025.

Chief Financial Officer Resignation and Appointment

On August 5, 2025, John Tunison, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, notified the Company that, effective August 21, 2025, he will resign from his position as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Company. In connection with Mr. Tunison’s resignation, on August 8, 2025, David C. Michaels, a member of the Company’s Board of Directors, was appointed as the Company’s interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, effective August 21, 2025.