Calidi Biotherapeutics, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Nature of Operations

On September 12, 2023, First Light Acquisition Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“FLAG”) consummated a series of transactions that resulted in the merger of FLAG Merger Sub Inc., a Nevada corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of FLAG and Calidi Biotherapeutics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“Calidi” and the transactions the “Business Combination”). Following the consummation of the Business Combination, FLAG was renamed “Calidi Biotherapeutics, Inc.” and Calidi was renamed “Calidi Biotherapeutics (Nevada), Inc.” and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Unless the context otherwise requires, the “Company” refers to Calidi Biotherapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (f/k/a First Light Acquisition Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation) and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The Company is a clinical stage immuno-oncology company that is developing proprietary allogeneic stem cell-based and enveloped platforms to potentiate and deliver oncolytic viruses (vaccinia virus and adenovirus) and potentially other molecules to cancer patients. The Company is developing a pipeline of off-the-shelf allogeneic cell product candidates that are designed to: (i) protect oncolytic viruses from complement inactivation and innate immune cell inactivation by the body’s immune system; (ii) support oncolytic viral amplification in the allogeneic cells, and (iii) modify the tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor cell targeting and viral amplification at the tumor sites for an extended period of time, potentially leading to an improved cancer therapy.

The Company’s operations to date have focused on organization and staffing, business planning, raising capital, licensing, acquiring and developing technology, establishing intellectual property portfolio, identifying potential product candidates and undertaking preclinical studies, process development and procuring manufacturing for preclinical and clinical trials. The Company’s product candidates are subject to long development cycles and the Company may be unsuccessful in its efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market its product candidates.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, possible failure of preclinical studies or clinical trials, the need to obtain marketing approval for its product candidates, development by competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, the need to successfully commercialize and gain market acceptance of any of the Company’s products that are approved and the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations. Product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing, and regulatory approval prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel and infrastructure, and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company’s drug development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales.

Reverse Stock Split

On July 10, 2024, the Company filed a First Certificate of Amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), effective on July 15, 2024 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every ten shares of issued and outstanding Common Stock were automatically combined into one issued and outstanding share of Common Stock, without any change in the par value per share. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split, and any fractional shares that would otherwise have resulted from the Reverse Stock Split were rounded up to the next whole number. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, remained unchanged.

All references to share and per share amounts for all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively restated to reflect this Reverse Stock Split. All rights to receive shares of common stock under outstanding securities, including but not limited to, warrants, options, and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) were adjusted to give effect to the reverse stock split. Furthermore, proportionate adjustments were made to the per share exercise price and the number of shares of Common Stock that may be purchased upon exercise of outstanding stock options granted by the Company, and the number of shares of Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the Company’s 2023 Equity Incentive Plan.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business, and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The Company has experienced recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities, has a significant accumulated deficit and expects to continue to incur net losses into the foreseeable future. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $121.7 million at December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company used $19.7 million for operating activities. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had cash of $9.6 million and restricted cash of $0.2 million. Management expects operating losses and negative cash flows to continue for the foreseeable future.

Management estimates that based on the Company’s liquidity resources, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within 12 months from the date of issuance of the financial statements.

Management’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to raise additional funding. Management’s plans to raise additional capital through public or private equity or debt financings to fulfill its operating and capital requirements for at least 12 months from the date of the issuance of the financial statements. However, the Company may not be able to secure such financing in a timely manner or on favorable terms, if at all. Furthermore, if the Company issues equity securities to raise additional funds, its existing stockholders may experience dilution, and the new equity securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of the Company’s existing stockholders.

Risks and Uncertainties

Changes in economic conditions, including rising interest rates, public health issues, lower consumer confidence, volatile equity capital markets, ongoing supply chain disruptions and the impacts of geopolitical conflicts, may affect the Company’s operations.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiary, Calidi Biotherapeutics (Nevada), Inc., a company incorporated in the state of Nevada Calidi Biotherapeutics, Inc., StemVac GmbH (“StemVac”), a company organized under the laws of Germany, Calidi Biotherapeutics Australia Pty Ltd (“Calidi Australia”), a wholly owned Australian subsidiary, Nova Cell, Inc. (“Nova Cell”), a subsidiary incorporated in the state of Nevada, and Redtail Biopharma, Inc. (“Redtail”), a wholly owned subsidiary incorporated in the state of Nevada. StemVac’s primary operating activities include process development and other research and development activities for the SNV1 program performed for the Company under a cost-plus intercompany development agreement funded by the Company. Calidi Australia’s principal purpose is for conducting a part of the SNV1 clinical trials in Australia. Nova Cell’s primary operating activities will be expanding potential uses of the Company’s AAA stem cell programs from oncology to other fields that require regenerative medical applications, such as cosmetics, orthopedics, auto-immune diseases, and various other therapies. Nova Cell will also serve as a technology service provider to develop innovative stem cell-based products, such as anti-aging creams and lotions. Redtail’s primary operating activities will be to expand on the Company’s systemic antitumor virotherapies. Both Nova Cell and Redtail were incorporated in May 2024. Redtail has had no activity to date.

Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are legal entities that either have an insufficient amount of equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or, as a group, the holders of equity investment at risk lack the ability to direct the entity’s activities that most significantly impact economic performance through voting or similar rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses or the right to receive expected residual returns of the entity.

For all VIEs in which the Company is involved, it assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary on an ongoing basis. In circumstances where the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive the benefits of the VIE that could be significant, the Company would conclude that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and the Company consolidates the VIE. In situations where the Company is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE, it does not consolidate the VIE and only recognizes the Company’s interests in the VIE.

As the Board of Directors of the Company acknowledged a strategic investment by a related party investor into Nova Cell, the Company’s ownership interest decreased to 75% (see Note 1 and Note 7). Under the rules of determining whether an entity is a VIE, the Company has a controlling financial interest and is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of Nova Cell and therefore consolidates Nova Cell’s financial statements. Since the Company owns less than 100% of Nova Cell, the Company records net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in its consolidated statements of operations equal to the percentage of the economic or ownership interests retained in Nova Cell by the noncontrolling party.

Calidi Cure LLC (“Calidi Cure”), a Delaware limited liability company formed in June 2023, was a special purpose vehicle entity that was solely managed and operated by Allan J. Camaisa, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company. Calidi Cure was created for the sole purpose of supporting the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock financing arrangement for the Company and had no other operations, whereby the historical level of equity in Calidi Cure was not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support provided by other parties. Accordingly, it was determined that Calidi Cure was a VIE and the Company was the primary beneficiary. As such, the Company consolidated Calidi Cure into its consolidated financial statements. Calidi Cure was dissolved on July 17, 2024, and was no longer in existence as of December 31, 2024.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates estimates which are subject to significant judgment, including, but not limited to, valuation methods used, assumptions requiring the use of judgment to prepare financial projections, timing of potential commercialization of acquired in-process intangible assets, applicable discount rates, comparable companies or transactions, liquidity events, determination of fair value of financial instruments under the fair value option of accounting, assumptions related to the going concern assessments, allocation of direct and indirect expenses, useful lives associated with long- lived assets, key assumptions in operating and financing leases including incremental borrowing rates, loss contingencies, valuation allowances related to deferred income taxes, assumptions used to value common stock, debt and debt-like instruments, warrants, and stock-based awards and other equity instruments. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

Reclassification

Certain prior year financial statement amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on our previously reported results of operations or accumulated deficit.

Cash and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity date of ninety days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash in readily available checking, money market accounts and brokerage accounts.

The Company classifies cash that has contractual or legal restrictions imposed by third parties as restricted cash, which is restricted as to withdrawal or use except for the specified purpose under a contract. The Company classifies restricted cash as either part of prepaids and other current assets, or as part of other noncurrent assets, depending on the term and nature of the underlying contract with a financial institution, which requires the Company to hold a fixed amount of funds in a restricted money market account as collateral to the financial institution for the Company’s corporate credit card program with that financial institution.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the balance sheet dates that comprise the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

Machinery and Equipment

Machinery and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and includes assets purchased under financing leases. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally over a period of 3 to 5 years. For equipment purchased under financing leases, The Company depreciates the equipment based on the shorter of the useful life of the equipment or the term of the lease, ranging from 3 to 5 years, depending on the nature and classification of the financing lease. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred whereas significant renewals and betterments are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC 842,Leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the consolidated statements of operations. When determining whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease, ASC 842 does not specifically define criteria to determine “major part of remaining economic life of the underlying asset” and “substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset.” For lease classification determination, the Company continues to use: (i) greater than or equal to 75% to determine whether the lease term is a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset; and (ii) greater than or equal to 90% to determine whether the present value of the sum of lease payments is substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset. The Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

For operating leases, the Company recognizes right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities for leases with terms greater than 12 months in the consolidated balance sheet, while leases with terms of 12 months or less are not capitalized. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate commensurate with the lease term, based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses the implicit rate when it is readily determinable. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company discloses the amortization of ROU assets and operating lease payments as a net amount, “Amortization of right-of-use assets and liabilities”, on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Finance leases are included in machinery and equipment, and in finance lease liabilities, current and noncurrent, in the consolidated balance sheets.

See Note 11 for the San Diego Office lease which commenced on March 1, 2023, and was accounted for as an operating lease in accordance with ASC 842.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets, which consist primarily of right-of-use assets for operating leases and machinery and equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that such assets might be impaired and the carrying value may not be recoverable. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable and the expected undiscounted future cash flows attributable to the asset are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss equal to the excess of the assets carrying value over its fair value is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC 815,Derivatives and Hedging. Warrants that meet the definition of a derivative financial instrument and the equity scope exception in ASC 815-10-15-74(a) are classified as equity and are not subject to remeasurement provided that the Company continues to meet the criteria for equity classification. Warrants that are classified as liabilities are accounted for at fair value and remeasured at each reporting date until exercise, expiration, or modification that results in equity classification. Any change in the fair value of the warrants is recognized as change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations. The classification of warrants, including whether warrants should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of liability-classified warrants is determined using the Black-Scholes options pricing model (“Black-Scholes model”) which includes Level 3 inputs.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows ASC 820,Fair Value Measurement, which among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Accordingly, fair value is a market-based measurement determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value, which are as follows:

When quoted market prices are available in active markets, the fair value of assets and liabilities is estimated within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of assets and liabilities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows, within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, the fair values are estimated by using inputs within Level 3 of the hierarchy. See Note 3 for fair value measurements.

Forward Purchase Agreement

On August 28, 2023, and August 29, 2023, FLAG and the Company entered into forward purchase agreements (each a “Forward Purchase Agreement”, and together, the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) with each of Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC”), Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”), Great Point Capital LLC (“Great Point”), Funicular Funds, LP (“Funicular Funds”) and Marybeth Wootton (“Wootton”) (with each of MSC, MCP, MSTO, Great Point, Funicular, and Wootton, individually a “Seller”, and together, the “Sellers”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. For purposes of the Forward Purchase Agreement, FLAG is referred to as the “Counterparty” prior to the consummation of the business combination), while the Company is referred to as the “Counterparty” after the consummation of the business combination. Capitalized terms used herein but not otherwise defined shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Forward Purchase Agreement.

Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreements, each Sellers intends to purchase up to a number of shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of FLAG (“FLAG Class A Common Stock”) in the aggregate amount equal to up to 100,000, concurrently with the Closing pursuant to each Seller’s respective FPA Funding Amount PIPE Subscription Agreement, less, the number of FLAG Class A Common Stock purchased by each Seller separately from third parties through a broker in the open market (“Recycled Shares”).

The Forward Purchase Agreements provide that Sellers will be paid directly an aggregate cash amount (the “Prepayment Amount”) equal to the product of (i) the Number of Shares as set forth in each Pricing Date Notice and (ii) the redemption price per share as defined in Section 9.2(a) of FLAG’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (the “Initial Price”) less (iii) an amount in USD equal to 0.50% of the product of (i) the Recycled Shares multiplied by (ii) the Initial Price paid by Seller to Counterparty on the Prepayment Date (which amount shall be netted from the Prepayment Amount) (the “Prepayment Shortfall”).

The Counterparty will pay to Seller the Prepayment Amount required under the respective Forward Purchase Agreement directly from the Counterparty’s Trust Account maintained by Continental Stock Transfer and Trust Company holding the net proceeds of the sale of the units in the Counterparty’s initial public offering and the sale of private placement warrants (the “Trust Account”) no later than the earlier of (a) one business day after the Closing Date and (b) the date any assets from the Trust Account are disbursed in connection with the Business Combination, except that to the extent the Prepayment Amount payable to a Seller is to be paid from the purchase of Additional Shares by such Seller pursuant to the terms of its FPA Funding Amount PIPE Subscription Agreement, such amount will be netted against such proceeds, with such Seller being able to reduce the purchase price for the Additional Shares by the Prepayment Amount.

Following the Closing, the reset price (the “Reset Price”) will initially be $100.00; provided, however, that the Reset Price may be reduced immediately to any lower price at which the Counterparty sells, issues or grants any FLAG Class A Common Stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into FLAG Class A Common Stock (excluding any secondary transfers) (a “Dilutive Offering”), then the Reset Price shall be modified to equal such reduced price as of such date.

From time to time and on any date following the Trade Date (any such date, an “OET Date”), Seller may, in its discretion, terminate its Forward Purchase Agreement in whole or in part by providing written notice to the Counterparty (the “OET Notice”), by the later of (a) the fifth Local Business Day following the OET Date and (b) no later than the next Payment Date following the OET Date (which shall specify the quantity by which the Number of Shares shall be reduced (such quantity, the “Terminated Shares”)); provided that “Terminated Shares” includes only such quantity of Shares by which the Number of Shares is to be reduced and included in an OET Notice and does not include any other Share sales, Shortfall Sale Shares or sales of Shares that are designated as Shortfall Sales (which designation can be made only up to the amount of Shortfall Sale Proceeds), any Share Consideration sales or any other Shares, whether or not sold, which shares will not be included in any OET Notice when calculating the number of Terminated Shares. The effect of an OET Notice shall be to reduce the Number of Shares by the number of Terminated Shares specified in such OET Notice with effect as of the related OET Date. As of each OET Date, the Counterparty shall be entitled to an amount from the Seller, and the Seller shall pay to the Counterparty an amount, equal to the product of (x) the number of Terminated Shares and (y) the Reset Price in respect of such OET Date, except that no such amount will be due to Counterparty upon any Shortfall Sale. The payment date may be changed within a quarter at the mutual agreement of the parties.

From time to time and on any date following the Trade Date (any such date, a “Shortfall Sale Date”) Seller may, in its absolute discretion, at any sales price, sell Shortfall Sale Shares, and in connection with such sales, Seller shall provide written notice to Counterparty (the “Shortfall Sale Notice”) no later than the later of (a) the fifth Local Business Day following the Shortfall Sales Date and (b) the first Payment Date after the Shortfall Sales Date, specifying the quantity of the Shortfall Sale Shares and the allocation of the Shortfall Sale Proceeds. Seller shall not have any Early Termination Obligation in connection with any Shortfall Sales. The Counterparty covenants and agrees for a period of at least sixty (60) Local Business Days (commencing on the Prepayment Date or if an earlier Registration Request is submitted by Seller on the Registration Statement Effective Date) not to issue, sell or offer or agree to sell any Shares, or securities or debt that is convertible, exercisable or exchangeable into Shares, including under any existing or future equity line of credit, until the Shortfall Sales equal the Prepayment Shortfall.

Unless and until the proceeds from Shortfall Sales equal 100% of the Prepayment Shortfall, in the event that the product of (x) the difference between (i) the number of Shares as specified in the Pricing Date Notice(s), less (ii) any Shortfall Sale Shares as of such measurement time, multiplied by (y) the VWAP Price, is less than (z) the difference between (i) the Prepayment Shortfall, less (ii) the proceeds from Shortfall Sales as of such measurement time (the “Shortfall Variance”), then the Counterparty, as liquidated damages in respect of such Shortfall Variance, at its option shall within five (5) Local Business Days either:

(A) Pay in cash an amount equal to the Shortfall Variance; or

(B) Issue and deliver to Seller such number of additional Shares that are equal to (1) the Shortfall Variance, divided by (2)90% of the VWAP Price (the “Shortfall Variance Shares”).

The valuation date will be the earliest to occur of (a) 36 months after of the Closing Date, (b) the date specified by a Seller in a written notice to be delivered to the Counterparty at a Seller’s discretion (which Valuation Date shall not be earlier than the day such notice is effective) after the occurrence of any of (v) a Shortfall Variance Registration Failure, (w) a VWAP Trigger Event (x) a Delisting Event, (y) a Registration Failure or (z) unless otherwise specified therein, upon any Additional Termination Event and (c) the date specified by Seller in a written notice to be delivered to Counterparty at Seller’s sole discretion (which Valuation Date shall not be earlier than the day such notice is effective) (the “Valuation Date”).

On the Cash Settlement Payment Date, which is thetenth business day following the last day of the valuation period commencing on the Valuation Date, a Seller shall pay the Counterparty a cash amount equal to either: (1) in the event that the Valuation Date is determined by clause (c) of the Valuation Date definition, a cash amount equal to (A) the Number of Shares as of the Valuation Date, multiplied by (2) the closing price of the Shares on the Exchange Business Day immediately preceding the Valuation Date, or (2) (A) the Number of Shares as of the Valuation Date less the number of Unregistered Shares, multiplied by (B) the volume-weighted daily VWAP Price over the Valuation Period less (3) if the Settlement Amount Adjustment is less than the cash amount to be paid, the Settlement Amount Adjustment. The Settlement Amount Adjustment is equal to (1) the Maximum Number of Shares as of the Valuation Date multiplied by (2) $20.00 per share, and the Settlement Amount Adjustment will be automatically netted from the Settlement Amount. If the Settlement Amount Adjustment exceeds the Settlement Amount, the Counterparty will pay the Seller in FLAG Class A Common Stock or, at the Counterparty’s election, in cash.

Seller has agreed to waive any redemption rights under FLAG’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, with respect to any FLAG Class A Common Stock purchased through the FPA Funding Amount PIPE Subscription Agreement and any Recycled Shares in connection with the Business Combination, that would require redemption by FLAG of the Class A Common Stock. The Forward Purchase Agreement has been structured, and all activity in connection with such agreement has been undertaken, to comply with the requirements of all tender offer regulations applicable to the Business Combination under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

During the 36-month term of the Forward Purchase Agreement, if the Sellers liquidate the 100,000 shares in the market above $100.00 per share, then the Company will be entitled to receive up to $10.0 million in cash from the Sellers pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement. If the Sellers liquidate the shares below $100.00 per share, then the Company will be entitled to the price sold less $20.00 per share, from the Sellers. No proceeds will be available to the Company if the Forward Purchase Agreement shares are sold below $20.00 per share. The Forward Purchase Agreement may be terminated earlier by the Sellers if certain default events occur, including the stock price trading below defined thresholds for a defined period. In no event will the Company be obligated to pay cash to the Sellers during the term of the Forward Purchase Agreement or at its expiration.

On March 8, 2024, the Company and one of the sellers mutually terminated and cancelled 34,000 shares per the Forward Purchase Agreement described above.

*Convertible Instruments *

The Company evaluates and accounts for conversion options embedded in convertible instruments in accordance with ASC 815 –Derivatives and Hedging. Applicable GAAP requires companies to bifurcate conversion options from their host instruments and account for them as freestanding derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria include circumstances in which (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (b) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under other GAAP with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (c) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument.

The Company reviews the terms of convertible instruments issued to determine whether there are embedded derivative instruments, including embedded conversion options, which are required to be bifurcated and accounted for separately as derivative financial instruments. In circumstances where the host instrument contains more than one embedded derivative instrument, including the conversion option, that is required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single, compound derivative instrument.

Bifurcated embedded derivatives are initially recorded at fair value and are then revalued at each reporting date with changes in the fair value reported as nonoperating income or expense. When the convertible instruments contain embedded derivative instruments that are to be bifurcated and accounted for as liabilities, the total proceeds received are first allocated to the fair value of all the bifurcated derivative instruments. The remaining proceeds, if any, are then allocated to the host instruments themselves, usually resulting in those instruments being recorded at a discount from their face value. The discount from the face value of the convertible debt, together with the stated interest on the instrument, is amortized over the life of the instrument through periodic charges to interest expense.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC 815Derivatives and Hedging. The Company values its derivatives using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or other acceptable valuation models, as applicable, with the assistance of valuation specialists. Derivative instruments accounted for as liabilities are valued at inception and subsequent valuation dates for each reporting period the derivative instrument remains outstanding. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities, is reassessed at each reporting period.

The Company evaluates equity or liability classification for common stock warrants in accordance with ASC 480,Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC 815 and accounts for common stock warrants as liabilities if the warrant requires net cash settlement or gives the holder the option of net cash settlement or it otherwise does not meet other equity classification criteria. The Company accounts for common stock warrants as equity if the contract requires physical settlement or net physical settlement or if the Company has the option of physical settlement or net physical settlement and the warrants meet the requirements to be classified as equity. Common stock warrants classified as liabilities are initially recorded at fair value and remeasured at fair value at each subsequent reporting period with the offset adjustments recorded in change in fair value of warrant liability within the consolidated statements of operations. Common stock warrants classified as equity are initially measured at fair value on the grant date and are not subsequently remeasured.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Forward Purchase Agreement discussed above was accounted for as a derivative asset under ASC 815 –Derivatives and Hedging. The fair value of the Forward Purchase Agreement at the closing of the Business Combination was estimated to be a $4.5 million asset with a corresponding amount recorded in equity at the Closing. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the asset was revalued and estimated to have a fair value of $11,000 and $0.2 million, respectively, and was recorded as part of other noncurrent assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. There can be no assurance that any proceeds from the Sellers will be made to the Company under the Forward Purchase Agreement.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs incurred to obtain debt financings are deferred and are amortized over the term of the debt using the effective interest method for all debt financings in which the fair value option has not been elected. Debt issuance costs on debt financings in which the fair value option is not elected are recorded as a reduction to the carrying value of the debt and are amortized to interest expense or interest expense — related party, as applicable, in the consolidated statements of operations.

For any debt financing in which the Company has elected the fair value option, any debt issuance costs associated with the debt financing are immediately recognized in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations and are not deferred.

Revenue Recognition

To date, the Company has not generated any revenues from commercial products. The Company analyzes its research collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”), to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards that are dependent on the commercial success of such activities. To the extent the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808, the Company assesses whether aspects of the arrangement is within the scope of other accounting literature.

If the Company concludes that some or all aspects of the arrangement represent a transaction with a customer, the Company accounts for those aspects of the arrangement within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), by applying the following five-step model: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract, including whether they are distinct within the context of the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied.

If a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 at inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract, determines which of those goods and services are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company considers the intended benefit of the contract in assessing whether a promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. If a promised good or service is not distinct, the Company combines that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. The Company may provide options to additional goods or services in such arrangements exercisable at a customer’s discretion. The Company assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are considered performance obligations. The identification of material rights requires judgments related to the determination of the value of the underlying good and services to the optional price, if any, that may be offered.

The Company determines the transaction price based on the amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. Consideration may be fixed, variable, or a combination of both. The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling prices (“SSP”). SSP is determined at contract inception and is not updated to reflect changes between contract inception and when the performance obligations are satisfied. In developing the SSP for a performance obligation, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs.

If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled by using the expected value method or the most likely amount method. The Company includes the unconstrained amount of estimated variable consideration in the transaction price. The amount included in the transaction price is constrained to the amount for which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. At each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price.

The Company recognizes revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied, either at a point in time or over time, and if over time, recognition is based on the use of an output or input method. Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. If the related performance obligation is expected to be satisfied within the next twelve months, deferred revenue will be classified in current liabilities. Revenue recognized, if any, prior to contractual billings made to the customer, and if the Company expects to have an unconditional right to receive the consideration in the next twelve months, these contractual assets are included in other current assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, there are no deferred revenue or contractual assets recorded.

The Company further analyzes changes to contracts from customers to assess whether they qualify as a contract modification within the scope of ASC 606. The Company considers that a contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a modification that either creates new, or changes, existing enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. The Company considers that a contract approval could be approved in writing, by oral agreement, or implied by customary practices. Whenever a change in the scope or price, or both, of a contract is approved by the parties to the contract, the Company analyzes whether the contract modification qualifies as a separate contract or a contract combination.

The Company accounts for a contract modification as a separate contract when (i) the scope of the contract increases because of the addition of promised goods or services that are distinct and (ii) the price of the contract increases by an amount of consideration that reflects the Company’s SSP of the additional promised goods or services and any appropriate adjustments to that price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract. If the modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, the Company analyzes whether one of the following should occur: (i) a termination of the original contract and the creation of a new contract, (ii) a cumulative catch-up adjustment to the original contract, or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii) in a way that faithfully reflects the economics of the transaction.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740,Income Taxes, using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the consolidated financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. The potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by analyzing carryback capacity in periods with taxable income, reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The Company’s judgments regarding future taxable income may change over time due to changes in market conditions, changes in tax laws, tax planning strategies or other factors. If the Company’s assumptions and consequently its estimates change in the future, the valuation allowance may be increased or decreased, which may have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized, if any. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties. The Company recognizes any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company is not aware of any uncertain tax positions that could result in significant additional payments, accruals, or other material deviation for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company is currently unaware of any tax issues under review.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 specifically introduces the topic of corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) on adjusted financial statement income on applicable corporations for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022. The Company does not expect the CAMT will have a material impact to its consolidated income tax provision (see Note 10).

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which generally occurs if the percentage of the corporation’s stock owned by 5% stockholders increases by more than 50% over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization. The Company performed a Section 382 study for the period February 15, 2015 to December 31, 2021. There was an ownership change identified on March 26, 2018 after the Company’s Series A-2 preferred stock issuance. The Company has not undertaken a Section 382 study through December 31, 2024. The Company’s ability to utilize their net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities may be limited as a result of ownership changes.

Government Grants

On October 27, 2022, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) approved the Company’s application for a CIRM grant for the Company’s continued development of the SNV1 program. CIRM awarded the Company approximately $3.1 million of CIRM funding conditioned that the Company co-fund approximately $0.8 million under the requirements of the CIRM application. On December 28, 2022, the Company received the Notice of Award from CIRM for this grant. The Company drew $3.1 million in funds based on the operational milestones defined in the grant in 2023 and 2024.

Proceeds from the CIRM grant are recognized over the period necessary to match the related research and development expenses when it is probable that the Company has complied with the CIRM conditions and will receive the proceeds pursuant to the milestones defined in the grant as reimbursement of those expenditures. The CIRM grant proceeds, if any, received in advance of having incurred the related research and development expenses are recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and recognized as grant income included in other income (expense), net, on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations when the related research and developments expenses are incurred.

During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized approximately $0.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively, in grant income in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, grant receivables from CIRM of approximately $0 and $1.4 million, respectively, were included prepaids and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred to discover, research and develop drug candidates, including compensation-related expenses for research and development personnel, including stock-based compensation expense, preclinical and clinical activities, costs of manufacturing, overhead expenses including facilities and laboratory expenses, materials and supplies, amounts paid to consultants and outside service providers, and depreciation and amortization.

Upfront and annual license payments related to acquired technologies or technology licenses which have not yet reached technological feasibility and have no alternative future use are also included in research and development expense in the period in which they are incurred.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in executive, finance and accounting, business development, operations and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include fees for legal, patent prosecution, legal settlements, consulting, charge off of deferred financing costs for aborted or terminated financing offerings, accounting and audit services as well as insurance, outside service providers, direct and allocated facility-related costs and depreciation and amortization.

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments and Other Comprehensive Income or Loss

StemVac, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, is located and operates in Germany and its functional currency is the Euro. Calidi Australia, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, is located and operates in Australia and its functional currency is the Australian Dollar (“AUD”). Accordingly, StemVac’s and Calidi Australia’s assets and liabilities are translated using respective published exchange rates in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date. Expenses and cash flows are translated using respective approximate weighted average exchange rates for the reporting period. Resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as other comprehensive income or loss, net of tax, in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss and included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss on the consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, comprehensive loss includes such foreign currency translation adjustments and was insignificant for all periods presented.

Foreign Currency Transaction Gains and Losses

For transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the Company recognizes foreign currency transaction gains and losses in the consolidated statements of operations and classifies the gain or loss based on the nature of the item that generated it. The Company’s foreign currency transaction gains and losses are principally generated by intercompany transfers to StemVac denominated in Euros to pay for the research and development activities performed by StemVac under an intercompany development agreement with the Company. Furthermore, the Company’s foreign currency transaction gains and losses include intercompany transfers to Calidi Australia denominated in AUD to pay for the research and development activities performed by Calidi Australia. These foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net, and were insignificant for all periods presented.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense related to employee option grants and restricted stock grants, if any, in accordance with ASC 718,Compensation — Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”).

The Company measures all stock options and other stock-based awards granted based on the fair value of the award on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense for those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur. The reversal of compensation cost previously recognized for an award that is forfeited because of a failure to satisfy a service condition is recognized in the period of the forfeiture. Generally and unless otherwise specified, the Company’s grants stock options with service-based only vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method over the requisite service period.

The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statements of operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipients’ service payments are classified.

The Company estimated the fair value of common stock through the date of the FLAG Merger using an appropriate valuation methodology, in accordance with the framework of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Technical Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. Each valuation methodology includes estimates and assumptions that require the Company’s judgment. These estimates and assumptions include a number of objective and subjective factors, including external market conditions, guideline public company information, the prices at which the Company sold convertible preferred stock and common stock to third parties in arms’ length transactions, the rights and preferences of securities senior to the Company’s common stock at the time, and the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event such as an initial public offering or sale. Significant changes to the assumptions used in the valuations could result in materially different fair values of stock options at each valuation date, as applicable. Following the FLAG Merger, the Company used the public price of its common stock.

The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies within the biotechnology industry with characteristics similar to the Company. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options provided under Staff Accounting Bulletin, Topic 14, or SAB Topic 14, as necessary. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is zero, based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Net Loss per Common Share

Earnings per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for the holders of the Company’s common shares and participating securities. Net loss attributable to common stockholders and participating securities is allocated to each share on an if-converted basis as if all of the earnings for the period had been distributed. However, the participating securities do not include a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company and are not included in the calculation of net loss per share in the periods that have a net loss. In addition, common stock equivalent shares (whether or not participating) are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect on net loss per common share.

Diluted net loss per share is computed using the more dilutive of (a) the two-class method or (b) the if-converted method and treasury stock method, as applicable. In periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. Diluted net loss per share is equivalent to basic net loss per share for the periods presented herein because common stock equivalent shares from the outstanding warrants, earnout shares, convertible notes, stock option awards, restricted stock units, and contingently issuable warrants were antidilutive.

As a result of the Company reported net loss attributable to common stockholders for all periods presented herein, the following common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 because including them would have been antidilutive (in thousands):

Segments

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (or CODM), the Executive Management Team, consisting of the following individuals:

The Company views it operations and manages its business as a single reportable segment whose operations includes the research, development and commercialization efforts of cell-based platforms to potentiate oncolytic virus therapies on a consolidated basis, as further described in Note 1. The Company manages its R&D activities on a consolidated basis. The Company expects to generate future income from a combination of license fees and other upfront payments, funded R&D agreements, milestone payments, product sales, government and other third-party funding, and royalties, which depend on the results, regulatory approval, and timing of the successful commercialization of the Company’s products.

Net loss is the measure of segment profit or loss used by CODM in making decisions regarding resource allocation and evaluating financial performance, which is also reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The CODM does not evaluate its reportable segment using asset or liability information. The CODM uses net loss in making decisions regarding resource allocation and evaluating financial performance.

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07,Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses and other segment items on an interim and annual basis. Public entities with a single reportable segment are required to apply the disclosure requirements in ASU 2023-07, as well as all existing segment disclosures and reconciliation requirements in ASC 280 on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2023-07 and the adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements, other than disclosures.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-03,Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions(“ASU 2022-03”) which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. ASU 2022-03 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. On January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2022-03 and the standard did not have any impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as the Company carries no such financial instruments.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09,Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-09.

3. Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, inclusive of related party components, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities. The carrying value of these financial instruments is generally considered to approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of valued instruments for the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

The following table presents the changes in fair value of valued instruments for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

4. Selected Balance Sheet Components

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, accrued expenses and other current liabilities were comprised of the following (in thousands):

See Note 11 for additional commitments.

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, prepaid expenses and other current assets were comprised of the following (in thousands):

5. Machinery and Equipment, net

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, machinery and equipment, net, was comprised of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense amounted to approximately $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

6. Related Party Transactions

The Company has funded its operations to date primarily through private sales of convertible preferred stock, contingently convertible and convertible promissory notes, and common stock. These investments have included various related parties, including from AJC Capital and certain directors as further discussed below.

The following table presents the various significant related party transactions and investments in the Company for the periods presented (in thousands):

7. Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt obligations as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, including related party components, are as follows (in thousands):

Scheduled maturities of outstanding debt, net of discounts as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

The following discussion includes a description of the Company’s outstanding debt as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The weighted average interest rate related to the Company’s outstanding debt was approximately 14.4% and 15.1% as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Interest expense related to the Company’s outstanding debt not accounted for under the fair value option totaled approximately $0.7 million and $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which is reported within other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest expense includes interest on outstanding borrowings and the amortization of discounts associated with debt issuance costs or from the allocation of proceeds to freestanding common stock or warrants as part of the relevant financing transactions.

Term Notes Payable

2021 Term Note Payable

In January 2021, the Company entered into a note agreement with a related party investor and director to borrow up to $0.5 million (“2021 Term Note”).

In connection with the closing of the FLAG Merger on September 12, 2023, the 2021 Term Note plus accrued interest was amended, with an extended maturity date of January 1, 2025. For this holder, a related party, the Company agreed to accrue an interest rate of 24% per annum payable with principal at maturity, and offered certain incentives, including 500,000 warrants to purchase common stock, fair valued at approximately $0.1 million at the time of the amendment.

The interest rate on the 2021 Term Notes was amended on August 12, 2024, to 14% per annum.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the interest rate of the 2021 Term Notes was 14% and 24%, respectively, and the total carrying value, including accrued interest was approximately $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The term note was subsequently settled in January 2025 (see Note 12).

2022 Term Notes Payable

In November and December 2022, the Company issued $1.5 million of secured term notes payable (the “2022 Term Notes”) to investors, including to related parties (see Note 6).

On September 12, 2023, with regard to the 2022 Term Notes, approximately $0.5 million of principal plus accrued interest was amended, extending maturity of the notes to dates ranging from November 2023 to January 2025. Further, approximately $1.0 million of principal, excluding accrued interest, was settled with shares of common stock issued to the noteholders. For the term notes that were amended, all to related parties, $0.2 million of principal was extended to mature on November 1, 2023, $0.2 million of principal was extended to mature on March 1, 2024, and in February 2024 further extended to mature on May 1, 2024, and $0.2 million of principal was extended to mature on January 1, 2025. The debt amendments occurred close to or upon the stated maturity date and resulted in the application of extinguishment accounting. For the term loans that were settled with shares of common stock, the debt settlement occurred near or at the stated maturity and resulted in the application of extinguishment accounting.

On October 3 and November 8, 2023, the Company settled in cash $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of the principal of 2022 Term Notes plus accrued interest. Said term notes payable were no longer outstanding as of the settlement dates.

On March 1, 2024, the maturity date of $0.2 million of the 2022 Term Note was extended to May 1, 2024. The amended 2022 Term Note will accrue interest at 16% per annum commencing on March 1, 2024. All other terms and conditions remained substantially unchanged. The debt amendment occurred close to or upon the stated maturity date and resulted in the application of extinguishment accounting in accordance with ASC 470-50. The carrying value of the original notes equals the fair value at extinguishment date, which resulted in no gain or loss recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

On April 12, 2024, the maturity date of $0.2 million of the 2022 Term Note was extended to January 1, 2025. All other terms and conditions remained substantially unchanged. The debt amendment occurred close to or upon the stated maturity date and resulted in the application of extinguishment accounting. The carrying value of the original notes equals the fair value at extinguishment date, which resulted in no gain or loss recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

The interest rate of 24% per annum on the 2022 Term Notes for a total principal of $0.2 million was amended on August 12, 2024, to 14% per annum.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the interest rate of the 2022 Term Notes was 14% and 24% per annum, respectively, for a total principal of $0.2 million, and 16% and 15% per annum, respectively, for a total principal of $0.2 million. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total carrying value, including accrued interest, was $0.4 million. The term notes were subsequently settled in January 2025 (see Note 12).

2023 Term Notes Payable

From January through September 2023, the Company issued $3.3 million of secured term notes payable (the “2023 Term Notes”) to investors, including to related parties (see Note 6).

On September 12, 2023, approximately $1.2 million of principal plus accrued interest was amended, extending maturity of the notes to January 1, 2025. Further, approximately $1.0 million of principal, excluding accrued interest, was settled with shares of common stock issued to the noteholders. For the term notes that were amended, all which were extended to January 1, 2025 by the holder, a related party, the Company agreed to accrue an interest rate of 24% per annum payable with principal at maturity. The debt amendment occurred close to or upon the stated maturity date and resulted in the application of extinguishment accounting. For the term loans that were settled with shares of common stock, the settlement resulted in the issuance of 19,735 shares of common stock with a fair value of $1.1 million. The debt settlement occurred near or at the stated maturity and resulted in the application of extinguishment accounting.

On October 3, 2023, as agreed upon above in connection with the Closing of the FLAG Merger, the Company settled in cash $0.6 million of principal of 2023 Term Notes plus accrued interest and said term notes payable were no longer outstanding as of that date.

On April 12, 2024, the maturity date of $0.3 million of the 2023 Term Note was extended to January 1, 2025. Approximately $0.2 million of the amended 2023 Term Note will accrue interest at 18% per annum commencing on April 12, 2024, while the interest rate of the other $0.1 million of the amended 2023 Term Note will remain unchanged. All other terms and conditions remained substantially unchanged. The debt amendment occurred close to or upon the stated maturity date and resulted in the application of extinguishment accounting. The carrying value of the original notes equals the fair value at extinguishment date, which resulted in no gain or loss recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company settled in cash $0.3 million of principal of 2023 Term Notes plus accrued interest and said term notes payable were no longer outstanding as of that date.

The interest rate of 24% on the 2023 Term Notes for a total principal of $1.1 million was amended on August 12, 2024, to 14% per annum.

On December 23, 2024, pursuant to the debt amendment on $1.0 million of the 2023 Term Notes, commencing on February 1, 2025, the Company shall pay the holder, a related party, $0.1 million each month until the 2023 Term Note’s principal and interest are fully paid. The principal shall continue accruing interest of 14% per annum until fully paid.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the interest rate of the 2023 Term Notes was 14% and 24% per annum, respectively, for a total principal of $1.1 million,18% and 14% per annum, respectively, for a total principal of $0.2 million, and 14% per annum for a total principal of $0.1 million. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total carrying value, including accrued interest and net of debt discount, was $1.9 million. Term notes of $0.5 million were subsequently settled in January 2025 (see Note 12).

2024 Bridge Loan

On January 19, 2024, the Company received approximately $0.2 million in aggregate proceeds from the issuance of certain bridge loans (the “2024 Bridge Loan”), which matureone year from the issuance date and bear simple interest of 12% per annum. As consideration for the 2024 Term Loans, the Company issued an aggregate of 893 shares of restricted common stock to the Lender.

As of December 31, 2024, the total carrying value of the 2024 Bridge Loan, including accrued interest and net of debt discount, was $0.2 million, which was fully settled in January 2025 (see Note 12).

Convertible Promissory Notes

On January 26, 2024, the Company entered into a convertible promissory note purchase agreement (the “2024 Purchase Agreement”) with an Accredited Investor (the “Investor”) for a loan in the principal amount of $1.0 million (the “2024 Convertible Note Loan”). In connection with the Convertible Note Loan, the Company issued a one-year convertible promissory note evidencing the aggregate principal amount of $1.0 million under the Loan, which accrues at a 12.0% simple interest rate per annum (the “2024 Convertible Note”).

The 2024 Convertible Note also provides the Investor a voluntary right to convert all, but not less than all, the Principal Amount and accrued interest into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion rate equal to a 10% discount to the 10-day VWAP as determined immediately before January 26, 2024. In addition, upon such voluntary conversion by the Investor, the Investor will be entitled to a warrant for 50% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued upon the Note conversion at an exercise equal to 120% of the Conversion Price (the “2024 Note Warrant”). In the event the Company consummates a public offering prior to the maturity date of the 2024 Convertible Note, the 2024 Convertible Note and accrued interest will be subject to a mandatory conversion into the equity securities of the Company issued and sold to investors in such public offering, equal to the price per share of the equity security sold to other purchasers and subject to similar terms and conditions of such public offering, except that such equity securities received under a mandatory conversion will be restricted securities.

On April 18, 2024, pursuant to the April Public Offering (see Note 1), the Company’s $1.0 million convertible note, inclusive of outstanding principal and accrued interest, was automatically converted into shares of Common Stock Unit shares, with terms identical to those sold in the April Public Offering. As of that date, the convertible note was no longer outstanding.

Convertible Promissory Notes and Unasserted Claim Settlement

On March 8, 2024, the Company entered into settlement agreement (“Settlement Agreement”) with an investor who previously enter into a series of related agreements including (i) an agreement with Calidi Cure to fund the purchase of Calidi Series B Preferred Stock; (ii) a Non-Redemption Agreement with the Company; (iii) an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Purchase Agreement with the Company; and (iv) a Subscription Agreement with the Company (items (i) through (iv) collectively “the Supplemental Funding Agreements”) for the purpose of satisfying the “Minimum Cash Condition” required under the Business Combination agreement between First Light Acquisition Group, Inc., and Calidi Biotherapeutics, Inc., a Nevada corporation among others. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, (i) the investor purchased a $2.0 million convertible note from the Company for cash and (ii) the Company issued to the investor a $1.5 million convertible note in consideration for the settlement of all claims related to the Supplemental Funding Agreements. The $2.0 million convertible note and $1.5 million convertible note are collectively herein referred to as the “Convertible Notes”. The Convertible Notes bear semiannual interest at 10.0% per annum and each mature on March 8, 2028, unless due earlier due to an event of a default. After the earlier of 180 days or the effective date of a registration statement registering the Company’s common stock underlying the Convertible Notes, the Company may prepay the Convertible Notes, including any interest earned thereon, without penalty. The Convertible Notes provide the Investor a right to convert in whole or in part , the Principal Amount (as defined in the Convertible Notes) and accrued interest earned thereon into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial note conversion price equal to 94.0% of the 10-day VWAP ending the business day preceding execution of the Convertible Notes, subject to a reset note conversion price equal to 94.0% of 10-day VWAP ending on the one hundred and eightieth (180th) day from the issuance of the Convertible Notes. On September 4, 2024, the exercise price was reset to $1.14. In the event the Company completes a financing (i) of at least $8.0 million in an offering registered with the SEC; or (ii) of at least $2.0 million with a non-affiliated purchaser at an effective price of at least 150.0% of the initial note conversion price, then the Convertible Notes will be subject to mandatory conversion at the lower of the initial note conversion price and reset note conversion price.

On April 14, 2024, the $1.5 million convertible note agreement was amended to include a mandatory prepayment of the entire convertible note upon the closing of a public offering of the Company’s securities registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission in which Holder participates in an amount equal to the principal amount of the convertible note. All other terms and conditions remained substantially unchanged. As no concession was granted as part of the amendment and the present value of the cash flows under the new debt instrument did not differ from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original debt instrument, it was determined that the debt was not substantially different which resulted in modification accounting. The carrying value of the original notes equaled the fair value at modification date, which resulted in no adjustment to the debt’s carrying value.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the $1.5 million convertible note was paid in full upon the closing of a public offering by the Company, in which the Holder participated in an amount equal to the principal amount of the convertible note, and principal of $2.0 million and accrued interest of $0.1 million of the Company’s $2.0 million convertible note was converted into 1,863,855 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2024, the convertible notes were no longer outstanding.

Promissory Note Loan Agreement

On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with a third party lender (the “Lender”). Under the Loan Agreement, the Lender agreed to loan the Company the principal amount of $0.6 million pursuant to the terms of the promissory note dated July 1, 2024 which was issued to the Lender by the Company (the “Promissory Note”).

The Promissory Note bears a simple interest rate at 15.0% per annum and matures on the third calendar year from July 1, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”) unless due earlier due to an event of a default under the terms of the Promissory Note. The Company agreed to pay annual payments of accrued interest after each calendar year from the Payment Date until any remaining interest is paid in full on the Maturity Date. As of December 31, 2024, the total carrying value of the promissory note, including accrued interest, was $0.6 million.

8. Convertible Preferred Stock, Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation filed on September 19, 2023, as amended (“the Amended Articles”), the Company is authorized to issue a total of 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Convertible Preferred Stock

In connection with the closing of the FLAG Merger on September 12, 2023, all Convertible Preferred Stock, including the Series B Convertible Preferred stock classified as a liability which were completed as to the Series B financing, were converted to Calidi common stock pursuant to the conversion provisions and wereno longer outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Common Stock

Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 330,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of which 312,000,000 shares are designated as Voting Common Stock (“Common Stock”) and 18,000,000 are designated as Non-Voting Common Stock (the “Non-Voting Common Stock”). As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 20,760,214 and 3,552,223 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively, and 1,800,000 shares of non-voting common stock outstanding. Since inception to date, no dividends have been declared or paid. Issuance costs related to common stock issuances during all periods presented were immaterial.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 174,997 shares of common stock in lieu of cash for certain services (see Note 11),13,875 shares of common stock in lieu of cash for payment of a commitment fee related to the Company’s SEPA agreement (see Note 11),1,581 shares of common stock issued to a stockholder as a result of the FLAG Merger (see Note 1),1,323,250 shares of common stock shares issued in connection with the Company’s April Offering (see Note 1),2,120,741 shares of common stock pursuant to Convertible Notes conversion (see Note 7),1,069,800 shares of common stock issued in connection with the Company’s May Inducement Offer (see Note 1),3,082,500 shares of common stock from exercises of warrants (see Note 8),196,500 shares of common stock from exercises of pre-funded warrants (see Note 8),20,000 shares of common stock issued for a legal settlement (see Note 11),79,438 shares of common stock for reverse stock split fractional shares (see Note 1),698,812 shares of common stock issued pursuant to a subscription agreement entered into with a related-party (see Note 11),2,050,000 shares of common stock issued in connection with a October Public Offering (see Note 1),1,900,173 shares of common stock issued in through At The Market Offering (see Note 1),4,437,869 shares of common stock issued in connection with a November Public Offering (see Note 1), and 38,455 shares of common stock issued pursuant to a release of Restricted Stock Units.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued 718,574 shares of common stock in connection with the conversion of convertible preferred stock (see above),4,282 shares of common stock with term notes as interest paid in kind and other (see Note 8),155 shares of common stock in lieu of cash per legal settlement agreement,19,773 shares of common stock from exercises of stock options (see Note 8),38,782 shares of common stock for Calidi debt settlement in connection with the FLAG Merger (see Note 8),4,683 shares of common stock for Calidi deferred compensation settlement in connection with the FLAG Merger (see Note 11),130,682 shares of common stock issued to Non-Redemption and PIPE Agreement Investor in connection with FLAG Merger,100,000 shares of common stock under the Forward Purchase Agreement in connection with FLAG Merger, and 1,676,919 shares of common stock issued to Calidi stockholders as result of FLAG Merger.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, common stock reserved for future issuance consisted of the following:

April Public Offering

On April 18, 2024, in connection with the April Public Offering (see Note 1), the Company sold an aggregate of 1,323,250 Common Stock Units and 196,500 Pre-Funded Warrant (“PFW”) Units at an effective combined purchase price of $4.00 per Common Stock Unit or PFW Unit.

Each Common Stock Unit consists of: (i) one share of the Company’s voting common, (ii) a Series A warrant to purchase one share common stock, (iii) a Series B warrant to purchase one Series B Unit, with each Series B Unit consisting of (a) one share of common stock and (b) a Series B-1 Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, and (iv) a Series C warrant to purchase one Series C Unit, with each Series C Unit consisting of (a) one share of common stock and (b) a Series C-1 Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. See further warrant details per each issued series below.

Each PFW Unit consists of: (i) a pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, (ii) a Series A warrant to purchase one share common stock, (iii) a Series B warrant to purchase one Series B Unit, with each Series B Unit consisting of (a) one share of common stock and (b) a Series B-1 Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, and (iv) a Series C warrant to purchase one Series C Unit, with each Series C Unit consisting of (a) one share of common stock and (b) a Series C-1 Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. See further warrant details per each issued series below.

The Company issued the Placement Agent common stock warrants to purchase up to 75,988 shares of Common Stock. See further warrant details below.

May Inducement Offer

On May 31, 2024, following the closing of the May Inducement Offer (see Note 1), warrant holders immediately exercised some or all of their respective outstanding Series B Warrants and C Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,069,800 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, Series B-1 Warrants to purchase up to 267,300 shares of Common Stock and Series C-1 Warrants to purchase up to 802,500 shares of Common Stock, at a reduced exercise price of $2.00. In consideration for the immediate exercise of some or all of the Existing Warrants for cash, the Company agreed to issue unregistered new Series D Warrants to purchase up to 1,069,800 shares of Common Stock.

The Company accounted for the exercise price decrease of the Existing Warrants as a modification. Based on the nature of the modification (i.e., reduction in exercise price to induce exercise and raise additional capital), the modification was accounted for as an equity issuance cost on the date the offer was accepted by the Holders, calculated as the excess fair value of the modified warrants post modification.

The Company issued the Placement Agent common stock warrants to purchase up to 53,490 shares of common stock. See further warrant details below.

Subscription Agreement

On July 26, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a Subscription Agreement dated July 28, 2024 entered with an accredited investor, a related-party (see Note 1). Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company sold to the Investor and the Investor purchased, (i)698,812 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $1.431 per share; and (ii) warrants to purchase 600,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $1.90, for an aggregate purchase price of $1.0 million.

At The Market Offering Agreement

On October 11, 2024, the Company entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (“Ladenburg”), under which the Company may, from time to time, in its sole discretion, issue and sell through Ladenburg, acting as agent or principal, shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, initially having an aggregate offering price of up to $5.1 million. Pursuant to the Sales Agreement, Ladenburg may sell the Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Ladenburg will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the Shares from time to time, based upon instructions from the Company (including any price or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions the Company may impose).

The Company will pay Ladenburg a cash commission of 3.0% of the aggregate gross sales proceeds of shares sold through Ladenburg under the Sales Agreement. The Company also agreed to reimburse Ladenburg for certain specified expenses, including the fees and disbursements of its counsel, in an amount not to exceed $50,000, in addition to certain ongoing disbursements of its legal counsel up to $7,500 in connection with diligence bring downs.

Under the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Company may also sell shares to Ladenburg as principal for its own account at prices agreed upon at the time of sale. If the Company sells shares to Ladenburg as principal, it will enter into a separate terms agreement with Ladenburg in substantially the form attached to the Sales Agreement. The Company is not obligated to sell any shares under the Sales Agreement. The offering of the shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement may be terminated by either the Company or Ladenburg, as permitted therein.

On February 4, 2025, the Company increased the maximum aggregate offering amount of the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share issuable under the At The Market Offering Agreement with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., dated October 11, 2024, from $5.1 million to $11.2 million, and filed a prospectus supplement under the Sales Agreement for an aggregate of $6.1 million (see Note 12). Prior to February 4, 2025, the Company sold shares of Common Stock having an aggregate sales price of approximately $5.0 million under the Sales Agreement, including $3.2 million in 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company sold 2,682,911 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $2.9 million under the Sales Agreement.

October Public Offering

On October 23, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Purchasers, (i) in a registered offering,2,050,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, at a purchase price of $1.00 per share, and (ii) in a concurrent private placement, Series E common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 2,050,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Series E Common Warrants”) and Series F common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 2,050,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Series F Common Warrants” and together with the Series E Common Warrants, the “Common Warrants”). Such registered direct offering and concurrent private placement are referred to herein as the “Transactions.”

The closing of the Transactions took place on October 24, 2024. The gross proceeds from the Transactions were approximately $2.1 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company and excluding the net proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Common Warrants or Placement Agent Warrants (as defined below).

The shares were offered by the Company pursuant to a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-282456), which was declared effective by the Securities Exchange Commission on October 10, 2024.

The Company issued the Placement Agent common stock warrants to purchase up to 102,500 shares of Common Stock. See further warrant details below.

November Public Offering

On November 14, 2024, the Company entered into a Placement Agency Agreement with Ladenburg (the “Placement Agent”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue in a public offering 4,437,869 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”), par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), at a purchase price of $1.69 per Share.

The closing of the offering took place on November 15, 2024. The gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $7.5 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company and excluding the net proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants.

The Shares were offered by the Company pursuant to a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the Securities Exchange Commission on October 10, 2024.

The Company issued the Placement Agent common stock warrants to purchase up to 221,893 shares of Common Stock. See further warrant details below.

Nova Cell Investment

On July 26, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company acknowledged a strategic investment of approximately $2.0 million by an accredited investor, a related-party, into Nova Cell, a subsidiary of the Company, in exchange for the issuance of 7,500,000 shares of Nova Cell’s shares of common stock to the Investor, representing 25% of Nova Cell’s current fully-diluted capitalization.

Warrants

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has outstanding warrants to purchase 10,923,158 and 1,341,217 shares of Common Stock, respectively, consisting of the following:

Private Warrants

In connection with the closing of the FLAG Merger on September 12, 2023, the Company assumed private warrants to purchase 191,217 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $115.00 per share (the “Private Warrants”). The Private Warrants (and shares of common stock issued or issuable upon exercise of the Private Warrants) in general, will not be transferable, assignable or salable until 30 days after the Closing (excluding permitted transferees) and they will not be redeemable under certain redemption scenarios by us so long as they are held by the Sponsor, Metric or their respective permitted transferees. Otherwise, the Private Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants, including as to exercise price, exercisability and exercise period. If the Private Warrants are held by holders other than the Company’s sponsor, Metric or their respective permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company under all redemption scenarios and exercisable by the holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Private Warrants to purchase 191,217 of Common Stock remain outstanding.

Public Warrants

In connection with the closing of the FLAG Merger on September 12, 2023, the Company assumed 1,150,000 public warrants to purchase common stock with an exercise price of $115.00 per share. The public warrants became exercisable 30 days after the Closing. Each whole share of the warrant is exercisable for one share of the Company’s common stock.

The Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants for $0.01 per warrant upon at least 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption given after the warrants become exercisable, if the reported last sale price of the common stock equals or exceeds $180.00 per share (as adjusted for stock dividends, sub-divisions, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period commencing after the warrants become exercisable and ending on the third trading day before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders. Upon issuance of a redemption notice by the Company, the warrant holders may, at any time after the redemption notice, exercise the public warrants on a cashless basis.

The Company accounts for the public warrants in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40. Such guidance provides that because the warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment thereunder, each warrant must be recorded as a liability.

The accounting treatment of derivative financial instruments in accordance with ASC 815,Derivatives and Hedging, requires that the Company record a derivative liability upon the closing of the FLAG Merger. Accordingly, the Company classifies each warrant as a liability at its fair value and the warrants were allocated a portion of the proceeds from the issuance of the Units equal to its fair value. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. With each such re-measurement, the warrant liability will be adjusted to fair value, with the change in fair value recognized in the Company’s statement of operations. The Company will reassess the classification at each balance sheet date. If the classification changes as a result of events during the period, the warrants will be reclassified as of the date of the event that causes the reclassification.

On October 17, 2024, the Company received notice from the NYSE that the Company’s Public Warrants to purchase common stock are no longer suitable for listing pursuant to Section 1001 of the NYSE American Company Guide due to the low trading price of such public warrants, and that the NYSE Regulation has determined to commence proceedings to delist the public warrants. The Public Warrants may be traded on the OTC Pink Marketplace under the symbol CLDWW.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Public Warrants to purchase 1,150,000 shares of Common Stock remained outstanding.

Warrants to Purchase Restricted Shares

On February 21, 2024, in connection with a settlement agreement (see Note 11), the Company issued additional warrants to purchase 40,000 Restricted Shares which (i) have an exercise price equal to $13.20 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

On July 26, 2024, pursuant to a subscription agreement entered into with an accredited investor, a related-party (see Note 11), the Company sold to the investor warrants to purchase 600,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $1.90 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 3 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

As of December 31, 2024, non-series warrants to purchase 640,000 shares of Calidi common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Placement Agent Warrants

On April 18, 2024, in connection with the closing of the April Public Offering (see Note 1), the Company issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase up to 75,988 shares of Common Stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $6.60 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

On June 3, 2024, in connection with the closing of the May Inducement Offer (see Note 1), the Company issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase up to 53,490 shares of Common Stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $3.75 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

On October 23, 2024, in connection with the Securities Purchase Agreement (see Note 1), the Company issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase up to 102,500 shares of Common Stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $1.25 per share; and (ii) are exercisable 6 months from the date of issuance and expire on the 5 year anniversary of initial exercise date, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

On November 14, 2024, in connection with a Placement Agency Agreement (see Note 1), the Company issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase up to 221,893 shares of Common Stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $2.11 per share; and (ii) are exercisable 6 months from the date of issuance and expire on the 5 year anniversary of initial exercise date, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

As of December 31, 2024, placement agent warrants to purchase a total of 453,871 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series A Warrants

On April 18, 2024, in connection with the closing of the April Public Offering (see Note 1), the Company issued Series A warrants to purchase 1,519,750 shares of Common Stock. Furthermore, on April 18, 2024, in connection with the mandatory conversion of a $1.0 million Convertible Note (see Note 8), the Company issued additional Series A warrants to purchase 256,885 shares of Common Stock. The Series A Warrants have (i) an exercise price equal to $6.00 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split effected July 15, 2024 (See Note 1), the exercise price of the Series A warrants was reset to $1.52 per share, effective July 22, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, Series A warrants to purchase 725,000 shares of common stock were exercised at $1.52 per share and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $1.1 million.

As of December 31, 2024, Series A warrants to purchase 1,051,635 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series B Warrants

On April 18, 2024, in connection with the closing of the April Public Offering (see Note 1), the Company issued Series B warrants to purchase 1,519,750 shares of common stock. Furthermore, on April 18, 2024, in connection with the mandatory conversion of a $1.0 million Convertible Note (see Note 7), the Company issued additional Series B warrants to purchase 256,885 shares of common stock. The Series B Warrants have (i) an exercise price equal to $6.00 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 1 year after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

Series B warrants to purchase 267,300 shares of common stock were exercised at a reduced exercise price of $2.00 in connection with the May Inducement Offer. Pursuant to the issuance of common stock per the Series B warrant exercises, the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $0.5 million.

Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split effected July 15, 2024 (See Note 1), the exercise price of the Series B warrants was reset to $1.52 per share, effective July 22, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, Series B warrants to purchase 820,000 shares of common stock were exercised at $1.52 per share and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $1.2 million.

As of December 31, 2024, Series B warrants to purchase 689,335 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series C Warrants

On April 18, 2024, in connection with the closing of the April Public Offering (see Note 1), the Company issued Series C warrants to purchase 1,519,750 shares of common stock. Furthermore, on April 18, 2024, in connection with the mandatory conversion of a $1.0 million Convertible Note (see Note 7), the Company issued additional Series C warrants to purchase 256,885 shares of common stock. The Series C Warrants have (i) an exercise price equal to $6.00 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 4 months after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

Series C warrants to purchase 802,500 shares of common stock were exercised at a reduced exercise price of $2.00 in connection with the May Inducement Offer. Pursuant to the issuance of common stock per the Series C warrant exercises, the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $1.6 million.

Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split effected July 15, 2024 (See Note 1), the exercise price of the Series C warrants was reset to $1.52 per share, effective July 22, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, Series C warrants to purchase 637,500 shares of common stock were exercised at $1.52 per share and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $1.0 million.336,635 Series C warrants expired on August 18, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024 no Series C warrants remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series B-1 Warrants

On June 3, 2024, in connection with the closing of the May Inducement Offer (see Note 1), the Company issued Series B-1 warrants to purchase 267,300 shares of common stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $2.00 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split effected July 15, 2024 (See Note 1), the exercise price of the Series B-1 warrants was reset to $1.52 per share, effective July 22, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the Series B Warrants, the Company issued Series B-1 warrants to purchase 820,000 shares of common stock which (i) have an exercise price equal to $1.52 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant. Series B-1 warrants to purchase 325,000 shares of common stock were exercised at $1.52 per share and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $0.5 million.

As of December 31, 2024, Series B-1 warrants to purchase 762,300 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series C-1 Warrants

On June 3, 2024, in connection with the closing of the May Inducement Offer (see Note 1), the Company issued Series C-1 warrants to purchase 802,500 shares of common stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $2.00 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant. Series C-1 warrants to purchase 50,000 shares of common stock were subsequently exercised at an exercise price of $2.00 per share.

Pursuant to the issuance of common stock per the Series C-1 warrant exercises, the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $0.1 million. Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split effected July 15, 2024 (See Note 1), the exercise price of the Series C-1 warrants was reset to $1.52 per share, effective July 22, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the Series C Warrants, the Company issued Series C-1 warrants to purchase 637,500 shares of common stock which (i) have an exercise price equal to $1.52 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant. Series C-1 warrants to purchase 575,000 shares of common stock were exercised at $1.52 per share and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $0.9 million.

As of December 31, 2024, Series C-1 warrants to purchase 815,000 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series D Warrants

On June 3, 2024, in connection with the closing of the May Inducement Offer (see Note 1), the Company issued Series D warrants to purchase 1,069,800 shares of common stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $3.00 per share; and (ii) are exercisable for 5.5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant. The Series D Warrants were issued as additional consideration to the Holders as part of the May Inducement Offer (see Note 1). The fair value of the Series D Warrants totaling $1.7 million was recorded as a deemed dividend to the warrant holders, and accordingly was treated as a reduction from total loss attributable to common stockholders in the calculations of net loss per share in the consolidated statements of operations.

Pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split effected July 15, 2024 (See Note 1), the exercise price of the Series D warrants was reset to $1.52 per share, effective July 22, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, Series D warrants to purchase 1,069,800 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series E Warrants

On October 23, 2024, in connection with the Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors (see Note 1), the Company issued Series E warrants to purchase 2,050,000 shares of common stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $1.13 per share; and (ii) are exercisable 6 months from the date of issuance and expire on the 1 year anniversary of initial exercise date, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

As of December 31, 2024, Series E warrants to purchase 2,050,000 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There wereno such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

Series F Warrants

On October 23, 2024, in connection with the Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors (see Note 1), the Company issued Series F warrants to purchase 2,050,000 shares of common stock, which (i) have an exercise price equal to $1.13 per share; and (ii) are exercisable 6 months from the date of issuance and expire on the 5 year anniversary of initial exercise date, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant.

As of December 31, 2024, Series F warrants to purchase 2,050,000 shares of common stock remained outstanding. There were no such warrants as of December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the Company’s aggregate warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes the Company’s aggregate warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2023.

9. Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

Prior to January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the 2016 Stock Plan (the “2016 Plan”) under which the Company was authorized to grant stock options, restricted stock, a stock appreciation right, or a restricted stock unit award. In June 2019, the Company adopted the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) to replace the 2016 Plan. Other than the change of plan name and incorporation state, all the terms of the 2016 Plan were carried over into the 2019 Plan. In adopting the 2019 Plan, the Company terminated the 2016 Plan and may no longer grant any additional stock options or sell any stock under restricted stock purchase agreements under the 2016 Plan; however, stock options issued under the 2016 Plan will continue to be in effect in accordance with their terms and the terms of the 2019 Plan, which are substantially the same terms as the 2016 Plan, until the exercise or expiration of the individual options awards. In connection with the Business Combination, the Company assumed the options granted under the 2019 Plan. Upon completion of the Business Combination on September 12, 2023, the Company adopted the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”). Since the 2019 Plan was not assumed by the Company, the Company may no longer grant any additional stock options or sell any stock under restricted stock purchase agreements under the 2019 Plan; however, stock options issued under the 2019 Plan will continue to be in effect in accordance with their terms and the terms of the 2023 Plan until the exercise or expiration of the individual options awards.

The 2019 Plan reserved the right for the Board of Directors as the administrator of the plan (the “Administrator”) to issue up to shares pursuant to 2,000,000 (pre-Business Combination) equity awards, which was increased to up to 2,550,000 (pre-Business Combination) in May 2022, including stock options (“Options”), restricted stock awards (“Restricted Stock”), dividend equivalents awards, stock payment awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and/or stock appreciation rights (“SARs”, together with Options, Restricted Stock and RSUs, “Awards”), according to its discretion. Awards may be granted under the 2019 Plan to our employees, directors, and consultants. As of December 31, 2023, the Administrator has not issued any Restricted Stock, RSUs, dividend equivalents awards, stock payment awards or SARs. Stock options remain as the sole outstanding type of award under the 2019 Plans.

Under the 2019 Plan, awards may vest and thereby become exercisable or have restrictions on forfeiture lapse on the date of grant or in periodic installments or upon the attainment of performance goals, or upon the occurrence of specified events depending on the Administrator’s discretion. The Administrator has broad authority to determine the terms and conditions of any Award granted pursuant to the 2019 Plan including, but not limited to, the exercise price, grant price, or purchase price, any reload provision, any restrictions or limitations on the Award, any schedule for lapse of forfeiture restrictions or restrictions on the exercisability of an Award, and accelerations or waivers thereof as the Administrator, in its sole discretion may determine.

No Awards may be granted under the 2019 Plan with a term of more than ten years and no Awards granted may be exercised after the expiration of ten years from the date of grant.

The 2023 Plan reserved the right for the Compensation Committee or by the Board of Directors acting as the Compensation Committee, as the administrator of the plan (the “Administrator”) to issue up to 393,781 equity awards, including stock options (“Options”), restricted stock awards (“Restricted Stock”), dividend equivalents awards, stock payment awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and/or stock appreciation rights (“SARs”, together with Options, Restricted Stock and RSUs, “Awards”), according to its discretion. Awards may be granted under the 2023 Plan to our employees, directors, and consultants.

Under the 2023 Plan, Awards may vest and thereby become exercisable or have restrictions on forfeiture lapse on the date of grant or in periodic installments or upon the attainment of performance goals, or upon the occurrence of specified events depending on the Administrator’s discretion. The Administrator has broad authority to determine the terms and conditions of any Award granted pursuant to the 2023 Plan including, but not limited to, the exercise price, grant price, or purchase price, any reload provision, any restrictions or limitations on the Award, any schedule for lapse of forfeiture restrictions or restrictions on the exercisability of an Award, and accelerations or waivers thereof as the Administrator, in its sole discretion may determine.

No Awards may be granted under the 2023 Plan with a term of more than ten years and no Awards granted may be exercised after the expiration of ten years from the date of grant.

On September 12, 2023, upon closing of the FLAG Merger, the number of equity awards issued and available for grant were retrospectively adjusted pursuant to the conversion ratio of approximately 0.042. The mechanism of conversion resulted in the fair value of each option prior to the Closing equal to the fair value of each option after. All stock option activity presented in these statements has been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the conversion.

On July 15, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-10 Reverse Stock Split. As a result, proportionate adjustments were made to the per share exercise price and the number of shares of Common Stock that may be purchased upon exercise of outstanding stock options granted by the Company, and the number of shares of Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the Company’s 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. All stock option activity presented in these statements has been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.

2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)

On August 28, 2023, the Company approved the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, hereinafter the 2023 ESPP, which became effective on the consummation of the FLAG Merger. Under the 2023 ESPP, eligible employees may purchase a limited number of shares of common stock at a discount of up to 15% of the market value of such stock at pre-determined and plan-defined dates. There were no shares issued under the 2023 ESPP during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Stock Options

Options granted under the 2019 Plan and 2023 Plan may be either “incentive stock options” within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or “non-qualified” stock options that do not qualify incentive stock options. Incentive stock options may be granted only to the Company’s employees and employees of domestic subsidiaries, as applicable. The exercise price of stock options shall be equal to or greater than the fair market value of Calidi common stock on the date the option is granted. In the case of an optionee who, at the time of grant, owns more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of Calidi stock, the exercise price of any incentive stock option must be at least 110% of the fair market value of the common stock on the grant date, and the term of the option may be no longer than five years. The aggregate fair market value of common stock (determined as of the grant date of the option) with respect to which incentive stock options become exercisable for the first time by an optionee in any calendar year may not exceed $0.1 million, otherwise it will be classified as a Non-Qualified Stock Option.

The exercise price of an option may be payable in cash or in common stock, or in a combination of cash and common stock, or other legal consideration for the issuance of stock as the Board or Administrator may approve.

Generally, options vest over four years and will be exercisable only while the optionee remains an employee, director or consultant, or during the three months thereafter, but in the case of the termination of an employee, director, or consultant’s services due to death or disability, the period for exercising a vested option shall be extended to the earlier of twelve months after termination or the expiration date of the option.

Employee Benefit Plans Securities Registration Statement

On October 1, 2024, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-8, which includes a Reoffer Prospectus which may be used for reoffers and resales of shares of the Company. The Reoffer Prospectus covers the shares issuable to the holders pursuant to awards granted by the Company under the Calidi Equity Plans. The Company will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares offered by the Reoffer Prospectus.

Option Awards Activity

A summary of the option activity and related information follows (in thousands except weighted average exercise price):

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of the 2023 Plan restricted stock unit (RSU) activity and related information follows (in thousands except weighted average grant date fair value):

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the following categories on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

On January 18, 2023, the Board approved a repricing of approximately 0.2 million stock options previously granted at an exercise price of $92.70 per share to the then current fair value of $71.10 per share pursuant to an updated valuation report. The year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 include a noncash compensation charge of approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in connection with this repricing. The stock option repricing and the acceleration of vesting were accounted for as a modification.

As of December 31, 2024, the total unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options was approximately $2.7 million, expected to be amortized over an estimated weighted average life of 0.8 years. The weighted-average estimated fair value of stock options with service-conditions granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.44 and $42.90 per share, respectively, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

The Company does not recognize deferred income taxes for incentive stock option compensation expense and records a tax deduction only when a disqualified disposition has occurred.

In connection with the closing of the FLAG Merger on September 12, 2023, all stock options underlying of the 2019 Plan were assumed by Calidi at the appropriate conversion ratio and the legacy Calidi 2019 Plan was terminated.

10. Income Taxes

Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

The income tax expense (benefit) by jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows (in thousands):

Since inception, the Company has incurred net operating losses primarily for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes and has not reflected any benefit of such net operating loss carryforwards for any periods presented herein. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no U.S. provision or benefit for income taxes was recorded and an insignificant amount of German provision for income taxes was recorded as presented on the consolidated statements of operations.

Income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 differed from the amounts computed by applying the applicable U.S. federal income tax rates indicated to pretax loss from operations as a result of the following:

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

The primary components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $68.2 million for U.S. federal income tax purposes and $88.0 million for state income tax purposes. Federal net operating losses of $8.0 million generated on or prior to December 31, 2017, expire in varying amounts between 2034 and 2037, while federal net operating losses of $60.2 million generated after December 31, 2017 carryforward indefinitely. The state net operating losses expire in varying amounts between 2034 and 2044.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has research and development credit carryforwards for federal purposes of $1.1 million and for state purposes of $1.0 million. The federal credits will expire between 2040 and 2044, while the state credits have no expiration.

Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization. The Company performed a Section 382 study for the period February 15, 2015 to December 31, 2021. There was an ownership change identified on March 26, 2018 after the Company’s Series A-2 preferred stock issuance. The Company has not undertaken a Section 382 study through December 31, 2024. Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities may be limited as a result of ownership changes.

A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company established a full valuation allowance for all periods presented due to the uncertainty of realizing future tax benefits from its net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. The change in the valuation allowance was $5.5 million and $8.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company has uncertain tax benefits (“UTBs”) totaling approximately $1.8 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which were netted against deferred tax assets subject to valuation allowance. The UTBs had no effect on the effective tax rate and there would be no cash tax impact for any period presented. The Company does not expect its UTBs to change significantly over the next twelve months.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefit amount is as follows (in thousands):

The Company files tax returns in the U.S. for federal purposes and California for state purposes. For jurisdictions in which tax filings have been filed, all tax years remain open for examination by the federal and California state authorities for three and four years, respectively, from the date of utilization of any net operating losses or credits. The Company is not currently under audit by any taxing jurisdiction.

The Company tax filings are subject to audit by taxing authorities in jurisdictions where it conducts business. These audits may result in assessments of additional taxes that are subsequently resolved with the authorities or potentially through the courts. Management believes the Company has adequately provided for any ultimate amounts that are likely to result from these audits; however, final assessments, if any, could be significantly different than the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating and Financing Leases

On October 10, 2022, the Company entered into an Office Lease Agreement (the “San Diego Lease”) of a building containing 15,197 square feet of rentable space located in San Diego, California (the “Premises”) that will serve as the Company’s new principal executive and administrative offices and laboratory facility. The Company completed constructing tenant improvements at the Premises on February 27, 2023, and moved into the Premises by the end of March 2023.

To secure and execute the San Diego Lease, Mr. Allan Camaisa provided a personal Guaranty of Lease of up to $0.9 million (the “Guaranty”) to the lessor for the Company’s future performance under the San Diego Lease agreement. As consideration for the Guaranty, the Company agreed to pay Mr. Camaisa 10% of the Guaranty amount for the first year of the San Diego Lease, and 5% per annum of the Guaranty amount thereafter through the life of the lease, with all amounts accrued and payable at the termination of the San Diego Lease or release of Mr. Camaisa from the Guaranty by the lessor, whichever occurs first.

The San Diego Lease has an initial term of 48 calendar months, from the first day of the first full month following which the “Commencement Date” occurs (the “Term”), which was March 1, 2023.

Beginning on the Commencement Date, the Company pays base monthly rent in the amount of $0.1 million during the first 12 months of the Term, plus a management fee equal to 3.0% of base rent. Base monthly rent will increase annually, over the base monthly rent then in effect, by 3.0%.

In addition to base monthly rent and management fees, the Company pays in monthly installments its share of (a) all costs and expenses, other than certain excluded expenses, incurred by the lessor in each calendar year in connection with operating, maintaining, repairing (including replacements if repairs are not feasible or would not be effective) and managing the Premises and the building in which the Premises are located (“Expenses”), and (b) all real estate taxes and assessments on the Premises and the building in which the Premises are located, all personal property taxes for property that is owned by Landlord and used in connection with the operation, maintenance and repair of the Premises (“Taxes”).

Upon execution of the San Diego Lease, the Company provided the lessor a payment of $0.1 million as first month base rent and prepaid operating expenses, and a letter of credit in the amount of $0.1 million issued by a bank in the name of the lessor. To obtain the letter of credit, the Company has provided the issuing bank with a restricted cash deposit that the bank will hold to cover its obligation to pay any draws on the letter of credit by the lessor. The restricted cash may not be used for any other purpose (see Note 2). The prepaid rent was included in the initial accounting of the San Diego Lease in accordance with operating leases under ASC 842, as presented in the tables below.

On April 1, 2022, StemVac entered into an office lease which includes laboratory space which expires on March 31, 2027, with monthly payments of€4,047 per month.

Operating lease expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $1.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

The Company is also party to certain financing leases for machinery and equipment (see Note 5).

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to operating and financing leases for the periods presented (in thousands):

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to operating and financing leases for the periods presented (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):

The following table presents future minimum lease commitments as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Litigation — General

The Company is subject to various claims and contingencies in the ordinary course of its business, including those related to litigation, business transactions, employee-related matters, and other matters. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that addresses accounting for contingencies. If it is probable that a loss will result and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company will record a liability for the loss. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible, and the amount involved could be material. The Company expenses the costs related to legal proceedings as incurred. See other legal matters discussed below. Other than the matters discussed below, the Company is not currently party to any material legal proceedings.

Physician Agreement Matter

On July 19, 2016, the Company entered into a Partnership Agreement between certain physicians (the “Physicians”, as one of the “partners”) and the Company for the Physicians to provide certain services to the Company. In connection with the Partnership Agreement, the Company granted the Physicians stock options as consideration for those services pursuant to the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Partnership Agreement was deemed terminated on March 21, 2018. Pursuant to the terms of the stock option agreements and the Plan, the Physicians had three months from the termination date to exercise their vested stock options before those options would automatically expire and cancel unexercised, while all unvested stock options are forfeited immediately on the termination date. The Physicians did not elect to exercise any of their vested options thereby resulting in full cancellation of those options in accordance with the Plan.

On March 14, 2022, the Physicians filed a lawsuit against the Company in San Diego Superior Court, seeking, among other claims, declaratory relief and claiming that the stock options granted to them pursuant to the Partnership Agreement, have not expired and remain exercisable by the Physicians. The Physicians are claiming 300,000 in vested stock options to be valid and exercisable, even though the Physicians have not provided any services to the Company since the March 2018 termination date.

On December 6, 2022, the Company and the Physicians participated in mediation in San Diego, California. In order to attempt to settle all claims and avoid a costly trial, the Company offered the Physicians 5,000 shares of Calidi common stock valued at $38.60 per share and 10,000 options to purchase Calidi common stock at an exercise price of $38.60 per share in full settlement of the claims. As of December 31, 2022, the Company estimated this offer of settlement to be valued at approximately $0.2 million and all settleable in noncash consideration, which was rejected. At the mediation, the Physicians were demanding 0.1 million options to purchase Calidi common stock at $2.50 per share,0.1 million options to purchase Calidi common stock at $38.60 per share, plus 25,000 shares of Calidi common stock, which amounts to an aggregate claims value of approximately $5.0 million as of December 31, 2022. The mediation was terminated without settlement and the Company planned to go to trial with a preliminary trial date set for March 8, 2024 in San Diego Superior Court. On March 24, 2023, the Company initiated an arbitration proceeding with the American Health Lawyers Association seeking declaratory relief under Delaware law, specifically to determine that the Partnership Agreement was terminated in 2018, which is not a matter before the San Diego Superior Court. The arbitration was stayed by the Superior Court, pending the related civil action. Based on the stay, the Company moved for a judgment on the pleadings to be heard in January 2024.

On February 9, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement and mutual release (the “Settlement Agreement”) with Dr. Elliot Lander, Saralee Berman, as Trustee of the Mark Howard Berman and Saralee Turrell Berman Living Trust, successor in interest to the Estate of Dr. Mark Berman, and Cell Surgical Network, Inc. (the “physicians”) in connection with the dispute outlined above. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, as consideration for a full release and discharge of claims, and dismissal of claims by the parties, the Company agreed to provide to the physicians the following: (a) the issuance of 20,000 restricted shares of common stock (the “Restricted Shares”) and (b) the issuance of 40,000 warrants to purchase Restricted Shares, which (i) has an exercise price equal to $13.20; and (ii) are exercisable for 5 years after the date of issuance of the warrants, subject to the terms set forth in such warrant (the “Warrant”). In addition, the physicians were granted piggy-back rights with respect to the Restricted Shares and any shares issued pursuant to any Warrants (“Warrant Shares”) that were granted by the Settlement Agreement. However, the Company has the right to refuse to register the Restricted Shares and Warrant Shares if it determines, in their sole discretion based on commercially reasonable grounds, that the inclusion of the Restricted Shares and Warrant Shares pursuant to piggy-back rights will adversely affect our ability to raise capital from such registration statement. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had settled all outstanding amounts of the settlement.

Former Chief Accounting Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer

On November 15, 2023, Tony Kalajian, the Company’s prior Chief Accounting Officer and interim Chief Financial Officer, filed a complaint in the Superior Court of the State of California County of San Diego against the Company, Mr. Camaisa, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Ms. Pizarro, the Company’s Chief Corporate Development Officer and Chief Legal Officer, alleging defamation and constructive discharge of Mr. Kalajian’s position of Chief Accounting Officer and interim Chief Financial Officer (Case No. 37-203-00049813-CU-DF-CTL) (the “Primary Case”). Mr. Kalajian is seeking $0.6 million in damages under his employment contract, damages to be proven at trial, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees.

The Company successfully moved to disqualify Mr. Kalajian’s counsel, Robert Brownlie, which is now on appeal. It also filed a claim against Mr. Kalajian in arbitration for breach of fiduciary duty, constructive fraud, conversion, and declaratory relief relating to bonuses Mr. Kalajian caused to be paid to himself and the accounting team. Due to the appeal, the Court in November 2024, issued a discretionary stay on this case and all related cases, as described below.

The Company denies the allegations and, along with the two named officers, continues to vigorously defend the lawsuit and related claims, prosecute its claims against Mr. Kalajian, and seek recovery of a $150,000 bonus Mr. Kalajian approved to be paid to himself without first obtaining proper authorization by the Company’s Board of Directors. No trial date is scheduled. Discovery has not yet commenced. Therefore, at this time, the Company is unable to evaluate the outcome of this case or estimate the amount or range of potential loss

On February 29, 2024, Mr. Kalajian filed a Petition for Writ of Mandate in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego, seeking to compel the production of certain corporate records from the Company. This case is deemed related to the Primary Case above and is stayed.

On May 1, 2024, Mr. Kalajian filed a complaint in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Diego against the Company alleging intentional conversion and violation of Section 158 of the Delaware General Corporations Code due to the Company’s failure to remove a restrictive legend from 13,943 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. Mr. Kalajian is seeking compensatory damages to be proven at trial, punitive damages and attorney’s fees, and an order requiring removal of the restrictive legend from his share certificates. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself. This case is deemed related to the Primary Case above and is stayed.

In March 2025, the Company received notice that Mr. Kalajian retained new counsel in the above cases. Accordingly, it is possible that the Court will lift the stays on all related cases.

Securities Matter

On October 29, 2024, Mr. Yian Zeng filed a complaint against the Company related to securities fraud in violation of the California Corporations Code, breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust enrichment, restitution, breach of fiduciary duty, and constructive fraud in US District Court, Southern District of California (Case Number 3:24-cv-02026-H-KSC). The Company filed an Answer to the complaint on February 10, 2025. The Company vigorously opposes this case and categorically denies all claims. Discovery has not commenced. Therefore, at this time, the Company is unable to evaluate the outcome of this case or estimate the amount or range of potential loss.

Unasserted Claim Settlement

On March 8, 2024, the Company entered into a convertible promissory note purchase agreement with an accredited investor (the “Investor”) for a loan in the principal amount of $2.0 million (the “2024 Loan”), and settlement of $1.5 million of an unasserted claim. As of December 31, 2023, the Company included in other noncurrent liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets the resulting amount of the unasserted claim settlement of approximately $1.5 million. In connection with the 2024 Loan, the Company issued convertible notes due in 2028 evidencing the aggregate principal amount of $3.5 million (the “2024 Notes”). The 2024 Notes also provides the Investor a right to convert all, but not less than all, the Principal Amount (as defined in the 2024 Notes) and accrued interest into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion rate equal to a 6% discount to the 10-day VWAP preceding execution of the 2024 Notes, convertible after the earlier of 180 days or the effective registration date with mandatory conversion for Investor in the event that the Company completes a registered financing of at least $8 million or of at least $2 million to a non-affiliated purchaser with an effective price of 150% of the Note conversion price with a conversion price reset to be completed 30 (thirty) days after the effective registration date.

On April 19, 2024, the $1.5 million convertible note was paid in full upon the closing of a public offering by the Company, in which the Holder participated in an amount equal to the principal amount of the convertible note (See Note 7). On September 27, 2024, $0.2 million and accrued interest of $11,000 of the $2.0 million convertible note was converted into 184,810 shares of common stock (See Note 7). From October 21, 2024 through November 6, 2024, principal of $1.8 million and accrued interest of approximately $118,000 of the Company’s existing $2.0 million convertible note was converted into 1,679,045 shares of common stock (See Note 7). Upon completion of the conversions, the convertible note was no longer outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

Employment Contracts

The Company has entered into employment and severance benefit contracts with certain executive officers and other employees. Under the provisions of the contracts, the Company may be required to incur severance obligations for matters relating to changes in control, as defined, and certain terminations of those executives and employees. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had not accrued any such benefits except for the severance accrual for Mr. Ng discussed below.

Manufacturing and Other Supplier Contracts

The Company has entered into certain manufacturing and other supplier agreements with vendors principally for manufacturing drug product for clinical trials and continued development of the CLD-101 and CLD-201 programs, amounting to approximately $7.0 million and $7.3 million in aggregate commitments, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which 2.4 million and 2.9 million, respectively, are denominated in Australian dollars (approximately $1.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively) and 0.8 million for both periods are denominated in Euros (approximately $0.9 million).

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had incurred approximately $6.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively, under these various agreements.

License Agreements with Northwestern University

On June 7, 2021, the Company entered into a License Agreement with Northwestern University (“Northwestern”) (the “Northwestern Agreement”) for the exclusive commercialization rights to the investigational new drug (“IND”) and data generated from Northwestern’s phase 1 clinical trial treating brain tumor patients with an engineered oncolytic adenovirus delivered by neural stem cells (“NSC-CRAd-S-pk7”). Under the Northwestern Agreement, among other rights, Northwestern granted to the Company a worldwide, twelve-year exclusivity for the commercial development of NSC-CRAd-S-pk7 or other oncolytic viruses for therapeutic and preventive uses in oncology and a right of reference to Northwestern’s IND application which relates to the treatment of newly diagnosed HGG.

Pursuant to the Northwestern Agreement, the Company agreed to a best-efforts commitment to fund up to $10 million towards a phase 2 clinical trial of NSC-CRAd-S-pk7 or other oncolytic viruses. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Northwestern Agreement, Northwestern may become entitled to receive contingent payments from the Company based on, if any (i) sublicense royalty payments of double-digit percentage for any sublicensing revenue that the Company earns and, (ii) in the event of an assignment or transfer of licensed data, with the consent of Northwestern, a small percentage of the fair market value of any consideration received.

On October 14, 2021, the Company entered into a Material License Agreement with Northwestern to license the NSC-CRAd-S-pk7 oncolytic virus materials which the Company intends to use to continue advancing its research, development and commercialization efforts of the NNV1 and NNV2 programs.

On December 15, 2024, the Company entered into an Investigator-Initiated Clinical Trial Agreement for Northwestern to conduct a clinical trial (the “CTA”) under the protocol referenced “A Phase I Study of Repeated Neural Stem Cell Based Virotherapy in Combination with N-Acetylcysteine amid and Standard Radiation and Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed High Grade Glioma” (the “Study”). In connection with the Study, Northwestern granted the Company a non-exclusive, transferable and sublicensable license to use all available de-identified data collected from the Study, including, but not limited to, survival data, patient pathology, and immune studies data.

In consideration of the data use license granted by Northwestern to the Company under the CTA, the Company shall pay Northwestern the following: a non-creditable and non-refundable one-time milestone payment of $250,000 upon reaching an aggregate of $2,000,000 of net sales of a licensed product; (b) a non-creditable and nonrefundable one-time milestone payment of $500,000 upon reaching an aggregate of $10,000,000 of net sales of a licensed product; and (c) sublicensing royalty of twenty percent (20%) of any sublicensing revenue resulting from the grant of rights hereunder. This sublicensing royalty shall be cumulative, meaning it shall be imposed only once with respect to a single unit of sublicensing revenue, regardless of whether the sublicensing revenue derives from the CTA, or the June 7, 2021 Northwestern Agreement described above, or both.Calidi the Company

The CTA shall terminate upon the completion of the parties’ Study-related activities. Either party has the right to terminate the Study upon thirty (30) days prior written notice to the other. The Study may also be terminated immediately at any time for cause, which includes the following: material breach, which cannot be cured, by either party of the terms and conditions of the CTA.

As of the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements, it is not probable that the Company will make these payments, if any at all. The Company will record the contingent payments if and when they become payable, in accordance with the applicable guidance.

License Agreement with City of Hope and the University of Chicago

On July 22, 2021, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with City of Hope (“COH”) and the University of Chicago (the “City of Hope Agreement”) for patents covering cancer therapies using an oncolytic adenovirus loaded into allogeneic neural stem cells for treatment of HGG. Pursuant to the City of Hope Agreement, COH transferred its IND to the Company for the commercial development of a licensed product, as defined in the City of Hope Agreement. This agreement grants to the Company commercial exclusivity in using neural stem cells with the adenovirus known as CRAd-S-pk7 for oncolytic virotherapy.

The City of Hope Agreement provides for the Company to pay royalties in low single digit percentage of net sales generated for any product of the licensed patents for specific periods, and to pay up to $18.7 million if certain milestones are achieved during the clinical trials and post commercialization of the licensed product.

As of the date of the issuance of these consolidated financial statements, it is not probable that the Company will make these payments. The Company will record the contingent payments if and when they become payable, in accordance with the applicable guidance.

Indemnification

In the normal course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scope under the Company’s agreements with other companies or consultants, typically the Company’s clinical research organizations, investigators, clinical sites, suppliers and others. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company will generally agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses and expenses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties arising from claims of third parties. Indemnification provisions could also cover third party infringement claims with respect to patent rights, copyrights, or other intellectual property pertaining to the Company. The Company’s office and laboratory facility leases also will generally contain indemnification obligations, including obligations for indemnification of the lessor for environmental law matters and injuries to persons or property of others, arising from the Company’s use or occupancy of the leased property. The term of these indemnification agreements will generally continue in effect after the termination or expiration of the particular research, development, services, lease, or other agreement to which they relate. The potential future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements will generally not be subject to any specified maximum amounts. Historically, the Company has not been subject to any claims or demands for indemnification. The Company also maintains various liability insurance policies that limit the Company’s financial exposure. As a result, the Company’s management believes that the fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any liabilities for these agreements as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Separation Agreement with Chief Operating Officer and President

On June 23, 2023, the Company entered into a Separation and Release Agreement (“Separation Agreement”) with George Ng, Chief Operating Officer and President, effective on that date. In accordance with the provisions of the Separation Agreement, the Company will pay Mr. Ng in the amount of $0.5 million payable in a lump sum due one year after the effective date, and in the event that this amount is not paid when due, the unpaid amount will accrue interest at the rate of 8.0% per annum to be paid no later than thetwo year anniversary of the effective date. The Company also paid for certain benefits, including healthcare for six months following the effective date. In June 2024, the Company made a payment of $50,000 and executed an Amendment to extend the due date to January 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the lump sum payment and accrued interest of $0.4 million is included in related party accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, and was subsequently settled in full in January 2025.

Settlement, Deferral or Payment of Deferred Compensation of Certain Executives and a Director

On August 31, 2023, Mr. Camaisa and Mr. Leftwich entered into certain amendments with respect to their deferred compensation arrangements in connection with the FLAG Merger. Mr. Camaisa agreed to settle approximately $0.7 million of deferred compensation with 46,972 FLAG warrants which were issued at the closing of the FLAG Merger in September 2023, and Mr. Leftwich agreed to defer approximately $0.5 million of deferred compensation, combined with the deferral of certain term notes discussed above, to January 1, 2025, which will include accrued interest at 24% per annum payable at maturity. All notes and deferred compensation of Mr. Leftwich were amended on August 12, 2024, to reduce the interest rate to 14% per annum. This deferred compensation is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, and was subsequently paid in January, 2025 (see Note 12).

On September 12, 2023, Mr. Kalajian was issued 4,683 shares of common stock in exchange for settlement of $333,000 in deferred compensation.

Standby Equity Purchase Agreement

On December 10, 2023, the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA II PN, Ltd., a Cayman Island exempt limited partnership (“Yorkville”). Pursuant to the SEPA, the Company will have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Yorkville up to $25.0 million of its shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, at the Company’s request any time during the 36 months following the execution of the SEPA. The maximum advance under the SEPA is the lower of(i) an amount equal to 100% of the average of the daily traded amount during the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding an advance notice, or (ii) 500,000 shares. For the SEPA to be utilized, the shares underlying the agreement need to be registered pursuant to a registration statement filed with the SEC.

As consideration for Yorkville’s commitment to purchase the Common Stock at the Company’s direction upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the SEPA, upon execution of the SEPA, the Company paid a structuring fee of $25,000 to an affiliate of Yorkville and issued 13,875 shares of Common Stock to Yorkville (the “Commitment Fee Shares”). The Commitment Fee Shares were determined by dividing $0.3 million by the lowest daily VWAP of the Common Stock during the 10 Trading Days immediately prior to December 10, 2023.

Effective January 23, 2025, the SEPA was terminated via a Notice of Termination as required under Section 10.01(b) of the SEPA (See Note 12).

Consulting Agreement

In February 2024, the Company entered into a consulting agreement whereby the consultant agreed to provide the Company with marketing and distribution services to communicate information. As compensation, the Company issued 5,000 shares of common stock to the consultant on March 25, 2024 (see Note 8).

Subscription Agreement

In recognition of a Subscription Agreement entered into with a related party investor on July 26, 2024 (see Note 1), the Board has approved the appointment of the Investor, a distinguished physician and expert in stem cell therapy, to the Company’s Scientific and Medical Advisory Board (“SMAB”). This appointment was made in accordance with the SMAB Consulting Agreement dated July 28, 2024 (“Consulting Agreement”). As part of the Consulting Agreement, the Investor will be awarded 5,000 stock options, with a standard four-year vesting period.

Assignment of Intellectual Property to Nova Cell

In conjunction with a strategic investment by a related party investor on July 26, 2024 (see Note 1), the Board has approved the assignment of certain intellectual property rights to Nova Cell, pursuant to an Intellectual Property Assignment Agreement dated July 28, 2024.

12. Subsequent Events

On January 9, 2025, the Company entered into a Placement Agency Agreement with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (the “Placement Agent”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a public offering 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”), par value $0.0001 per share, at a purchase price of $0.85 per Share. The closing of the offering took place on January 10, 2025. The gross proceeds from the offering were $4.3 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

The common stock shares were offered by the Company pursuant to a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the Securities Exchange Commission on October 10, 2024.

Termination of Standby Equity Purchase Agreement

On January 23, 2025, the Company delivered to YA II PN, LTD. (“Yorkville”), a Notice of Termination of the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (“SEPA”), as required under Section 10.01(b) of the SEPA, which notifies Yorkville of the Company’s election to terminate the SEPA, dated as of December 10, 2023, by and between the Company and Yorkville. Termination of the SEPA became effective as of January 23, 2025, as mutually agreed by the Company and Yorkville.

At the time of the termination, there were no outstanding borrowings, advance notices or shares of common stock to be issued under the SEPA.

Settlement of 2024 Bridge Loan

On January 21, 2025, the total outstanding principal and accrued interest of the 2024 Bridge Loan of $0.2 million was settled in cash. As of that date, the bridge loan was no longer outstanding.

Settlement of Term Notes

On January 3, 2025, $0.5 million outstanding principal and accrued interest of the 2023 Term Notes, $0.4 million outstanding principal and accrued interest of the 2022 Term Notes, and $0.7 million outstanding principal and accrued interest of the 2021 Term Notes was settled in cash. Out of the total amount settled, $1.4 million was paid to related parties.

Settlement of Deferred Compensation

On January 3, 2025, $0.6 million of deferred compensation and accrued interest which were due to Director A was settled in cash.

Increase in Maximum Aggregate Offering Amount under the At The Market Offering Agreement

On February 4, 2025, the Company increased the maximum aggregate offering amount of the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share issuable under the At The Market Offering Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., dated October 11, 2024, from $5.1 million to $11.2 million and filed a prospectus supplement (the “Current Prospectus Supplement”) under the Sales Agreement for an aggregate of $6.1 million. Prior to February 4, 2025, the Company sold shares of common stock having an aggregate sales price of approximately $5.0 million under the Sales Agreement, including $3.2 million in 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company sold 2,682,911 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $2.9 million under the Sales Agreement.

On March 28, 2025, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a single institutional investor (the “Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company issued to the Purchaser, (i) in a registered offering,3,325,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, at a purchase price of $0.65 per share, and at the election of the investor, in lieu of the common stock, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2,728,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $0.649 per pre-funded warrant, which represents the per share offering price for the common stock less the $0.001 per share exercise price for each such pre-funded warrant, and (ii) in a concurrent private placement, Series G common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 6,053,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Series G Common Warrants”). Such registered direct offering and concurrent private placement are referred to herein as the “Transactions.” Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (“Ladenburg”) acted as the placement agent.

The series G common warrants have an exercise price of $0.6954 per share, will be exercisable six months following the date of issuance, and will have a term of seven and one-half years from the date of exercisability. The securities issued in these Transactions do not contain any variable or priced based resets.

The closing of the Transactions took place on March 31, 2025. The gross proceeds from the Transactions were approximately $3.9 million before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company.