BNB Standard Corp

Note 1 –Organization and Description of Business

CEA Industries Inc., formerly Surna Inc. (the “Company”), was incorporated in Nevada on October 15, 2009. We design, engineer and sell environmental control and other technologies for the Controlled Environment Agriculture (“CEA”) industry. From leafy greens (kale, Swiss chard, mustard, cress), microgreens (leafy greens harvested at the first true leaf stage), ethnic vegetables, ornamentals, and small fruits (such as strawberries, blackberries and raspberries) to bell peppers, cucumbers, tomatoes and cannabis and hemp, more and more producers consider or act to grow crops indoors in response to market dynamics or as part of their preferred farming practice. In service of the CEA industry, we provide: (i) architectural design and licensed engineering of commercial scale thermodynamic systems specific to cultivation facilities, (ii) liquid-based process cooling systems and other climate control systems, (iii) air handling equipment and systems, (iv) air sanitation products, (v) LED lighting, (vi) benching and racking solutions for indoor cultivation, (vii) proprietary and third party controls systems and technologies used for environmental, lighting, and climate control, and (viii) preventive maintenance services, through our partnership with a certified service contractor network, for CEA facilities. Our customers include commercial, state- and provincial-regulated CEA growers in the U.S. and Canada. Customers are those growers building new facilities and those expanding or retrofitting existing facilities. Currently, our revenue stream is derived primarily from supplying our products, services, and technologies to commercial indoor facilities ranging from several thousand to more than 100,000 square feet. Headquartered in Louisville, Colorado, we leverage our experience in this space to bring value-added climate control solutions to our customers that help improve their overall crop quality and yield, optimize energy and water efficiency, and satisfy the evolving state and local codes, permitting and regulatory requirements. Although most of our customers do, we neither produce nor sell cannabis or its related products.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Our Business

The impact of the government and the business economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic affected demand across the majority of our markets and disrupted workflow and completion schedules on projects. We believe we continue to have adverse effects on our sales, project implementation, supply chain infrastructure, operating margins, costs, and working capital, as a result of the pandemic. Due to this uncertainty, we continue to monitor costs and continue to take actions to reduce costs in order to mitigate the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to the best of our ability. However, these actions may not be sufficient in the long run to avoid reduced sales, increased losses, and reduced operating cash flows in our business. During the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2024, the Company experienced delays in the receipt of equipment it had ordered to meet its customer orders due to disruption and delays in its supply chain. Consequently, our revenue recognition of some customer sales has been delayed until future periods when the shipment of orders can be completed.

Impact of Ukrainian and Israeli Conflicts

We believe that the conflicts involving Ukraine and Israel do not have any direct impact on our operations, financial condition, or financial reporting. We believe the conflicts will have only a general impact on our operations in the same manner as it is having a general impact on all businesses that have their operations limited to North America resulting from international sanction and embargo regulations, possible shortages of goods and goods incorporating parts that may be supplied from countries involved in the conflicts, supply chain challenges, and the international and US domestic inflation resulting from the conflict and government spending in relation to the conflicts. As our operations are related only to the North American controlled agricultural industry, largely within the cannabis space, we do not believe we will be specifically targeted for cyber-attacks related to the conflicts. We have no operations in the countries directly involved in the conflict or are specifically impacted by any of the sanctions and embargoes specifically related to those conflicts, as we principally operate in the United States and Canada. We do not believe that the conflicts will have any impact on our internal control over financial reporting. Other than general securities market trends, we do not have reason to believe that investors will evaluate the company as having special risks or exposures related to the conflicts.

Note 2 –Basis of Presentation; Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Financial Statement Presentation

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures.

Liquidity

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business within one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are available to be issued. The Company continues to experience recurring losses since its inception. As a result, in order to continue as a going concern, the Company has historically been reliant on the ability to obtain additional sources of financing to fund operations. On February 15, 2022, the Company received approximately $21,711,000 in net proceeds from completion of an equity offering. Based on management’s evaluation, the proceeds from the Offering will be more than sufficient to fund any deficiencies in working capital or cash flow from operations, and the Company is confident that it will be able to meet its obligations as they come due, and fund operations for at least 12 months after the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, the conditions around liquidity and limited working capital necessary to fund operations have been addressed.

In the event that the Company was to decide to enter into an acquisition for which it had insufficient funding on hand to complete the transaction, the Company would be required to raise additional debt and or equity funding to complete the acquisition. There can be no assurance that the Company would be successful in raising the necessary debt and or equity funding to successfully complete the acquisition.

Reverse Stock Split

On May 7, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a reverse stock split at a ratio ofone-for-twelve. The reverse stock split was effective June 7, 2024. The par value for the Common Stock was not affected.

As a result of the reverse stock split, all outstanding options, restricted stock units, and common stock purchase warrants were proportionately adjusted as to number of securities and exercise prices.

All Common Stock, warrants, options and per share amounts set forth herein are presented to give retroactive effect to the Reverse Split for all periods presented.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled and wholly owned subsidiary, Hydro Innovations, LLC (“Hydro”). Intercompany transactions, profit, and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and that affect the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Key estimates include: allocation of transaction prices to performance obligations under contracts with customers, standalone selling prices, timing of expected revenue recognition on remaining performance obligations under contracts with customers, valuation of intangible assets as it applies to impairment analysis, valuation of equity-based compensation, valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, warranty accruals, inventory allowances, and legal contingencies.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

All highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains deposits in financial institutions that exceed the federally insured amount of $250,000. As of December 31, 2024, the Company held cash in bank depository accounts of approximately $9,453,000, consequently $9,203,000 of this balance was not insured by the FDIC. The Company has not experienced any losses to date on depository accounts.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount, and generally do not bear interest. In accordance with ASU No. 2016-13 (as amended),*Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,*which the Company adopted on a prospective basis effective January 1, 2023, an allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded against the Company’s receivablesby applying an expected credit loss model. Each period, management assesses the appropriateness of the level of allowance for credit losses by considering credit risk inherent within its receivables as of the end of the period. The Company considers a receivable past due when a debtor has not paid us by the contractually specified payment due date. Account balances are written off against the allowance for credit losses if collection efforts are unsuccessful and the receivable balance is deemed uncollectible (debtor default), based on factors such as the debtor’s credit rating as well as the length of time the amounts are past due. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $84,961 and $125,177, respectively. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The inventory is valued based on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis. Lower of cost or net realizable value is evaluated by considering obsolescence, excessive levels of inventory, deterioration and other factors. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to its net realizable value, if required, are made for estimated excess, obsolescence or impaired inventory. Excess and obsolete inventory is charged to cost of revenue and a new lower-cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the allowance for excess and obsolete inventory was $219,687 and $192,698, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. For financial statement purposes, property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as disclosed in the table below. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of their useful lives or the life of the lease. Upon sale or retirement of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred.

Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. When such an event occurs, management determines whether there has been impairment by comparing the anticipated undiscounted future net cash flows to the related asset’s carrying value. If an asset is considered impaired, the asset is written down to fair value, which is determined based either on discounted cash flows or appraised value, depending on the nature of the asset. The Company has not identified any indicators of impairment during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of website development costs and trademarks. Website development costs are amortized over five years. Trademarks are not amortized since they have an indefinite life.

Fair Value Measurement

The Company records its financial assets and liabilities at fair value. The accounting standard for fair value provides a framework for measuring fair value, clarifies the definition of fair value, and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting standard establishes a three-tier hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

Level 1 - inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3 - inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.

Due to their short-term nature, the carrying values of accounts receivable, contract assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, approximate fair value.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC 842. The Company determines whether a contract is a lease at contract inception or for a modified contract at the modification date. At inception or modification, the Company recognizes right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and related lease liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases greater than one year in duration. Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are initially measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments as of the lease commencement date. If the lease contains a renewal and/or termination option, the exercise of the option is included in the term of the lease if the Company is reasonably certain that a renewal or termination option will be exercised. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an estimated incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) based on the information available at the commencement date of the respective lease to determine the present value of future payments. The IBR is determined by estimating what it would cost the Company to borrow a collateralized amount equal to the total lease payments over the lease term based on the contractual terms of the lease and the location of the leased asset.

Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term in equal amounts of rent expense attributed to each period during the term of the lease, regardless of when actual payments are made. This generally results in rent expense in excess of cash payments during the early years of a lease and rent expense less than cash payments in later years. The difference between rent expense recognized and actual rental payments is typically represented as the spread between the ROU asset and lease liability.

The Company’s facilities operating leases have lease and non-lease fixed cost components, which we account for as one single lease component in calculating the present value of minimum lease payments. Variable lease and non-lease cost components are expensed as incurred.

The Company does not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have an initial lease term of 12 months or less. The Company recognizes the lease payments associated with short-term leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Revenue Recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 (Topic 606),Revenue from Contracts with Customers and all the related amendments (“ASC 606” or the “revenue standard”) to all contracts and elected the modified retrospective method.

Revenue Recognition Accounting Policy Summary

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Under the revenue standard, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. Most of the Company’s contracts contain multiple performance obligations that include engineering and technical services as well as the delivery of a diverse range of climate control system equipment and components, which can span multiple phases of a customer’s project life cycle from facility design and construction to equipment delivery and system installation and start-up. The Company does not provide construction services or system installation services. Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation, typically engineering only services contracts.

A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. When there are multiple performance obligations within a contract, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on standalone selling price. When estimating the selling price, the Company uses various observable inputs. The best observable input is the Company’s actual selling price for the same good or service, however, this input is generally not available for the Company’s contracts containing multiple performance obligations. For engineering services, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by reference to certain physical characteristics of the project, such as facility size and mechanical systems involved, which are indicative of the scope and complexity of the mechanical engineering services to be provided. For equipment sales, the standalone selling price is determined by forecasting the expected costs of the equipment and components and then adding an appropriate margin, based on a range of acceptable margins established by management. Depending on the nature of the performance obligations, the Company may use a combination of different methods and observable inputs if certain performance obligations have highly variable or uncertain standalone selling prices. Once the selling prices are determined, the Company applies the relative values to the total contract consideration and estimates the amount of the transaction price to be recognized as each promise is fulfilled.

Generally, satisfaction occurs when control of the promised goods is transferred to the customer or as services are rendered or completed in exchange for consideration in an amount for which the Company expects to be entitled. The Company recognizes revenue for the sale of goods when control transfers to the customer, which primarily occurs at the time of shipment. The Company has elected to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes (e.g., sales, use, value added, and certain excise taxes) that are assessed by a governmental authority in connection with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by the Company from the customer. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue net of sales taxes. The revenue and cost for freight and shipping is recorded when control over the sale of goods passes to the Company’s customers.

The Company also has performance obligations to perform certain engineering services that are satisfied over a period of time. Revenue is recognized from this type of performance obligation as services are rendered based on the percentage completion towards certain specified milestones.

The Company offers assurance-type warranties for its products and products manufactured by others to meet specifications defined by the contracts with customers and does not have any material separate performance obligations related to these warranties. The Company maintains a warranty reserve based on historical warranty costs.

Disaggregation of Revenue

In accordance with ASC 606-10-50-5 through 6, the Company considered the appropriate level of disaggregated revenue information that depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Additionally, per the implementation guidance in ASC 606-10-55-90 through 91, the Company also considered (a) disclosures presented outside of the financial statements such as earnings releases and investor presentations, (b) information regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker for evaluating the financial performance of operating segments and (c) other information that is similar to the types of information identified in (a) and (b) and that is used by the Company or users of the Company’s financial statements to evaluate financial performance or make resource allocation decisions. Finally, we considered the examples of categories found in the guidance that might be appropriate, including: (a) type of good or service (major product lines), (b) geographical region (country or region), (c) market or type of customer (government or non-government customers), (d) type of contract (fixed-price or time-and-materials), (e) contract duration (short- or long-term), (f) timing of transfer of goods or services (point-in-time or over time) and (g) sales channels (direct to customers or through intermediaries).

Based on the aforementioned guidance and considerations, the Company determined that disaggregation of revenue by equipment sales, engineering and other services, shipping and handling, and forfeited non-refundable customer deposits was required.

The following table sets forth the Company’s revenue by source:

Other Judgments and Assumptions

The Company typically receives customer payments in advance of its performance of services or transfers of goods. Applying the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-32-18, which the Company has elected, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component since the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. Accordingly, the remaining performance obligations related to customer contracts does not consider the effects of the time value of money.

Applying the practical expedient in ASC 340-40-25-4, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred since the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs include certain sales commissions and incentives, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses, and are payable only when associated revenue has been collected and earned by the Company.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Contract assets reflect revenue recognized and performance obligations satisfied in advance of customer billing. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance under the contract. The Company receives payments from customers based on the terms established in its contracts.

Contract assets include unbilled amounts where revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer and the right of payment is conditional, subject to completing a milestone, such as a phase of a project. The Company typically does not have material amounts of contract assets since revenue is recognized as control of goods are transferred or as services are performed. In accordance with ASU No. 2016-13 (as amended),*Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,*which the Company adopted on a prospective basis effective January 1, 2023, an allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded against the Company’s contract assetsby applying an expected credit loss model. Each period, management assesses the appropriateness of the level of allowance for credit losses by considering credit risk inherent within its contract assets as of the end of the period. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $1,500 and $1,436, respectively. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. We expect to complete our performance obligations and bill the customer for this contract asset during 2024. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had contract assets of $234,328 and $224,414, respectively.

Contract liabilities consist of advance payments in excess of revenue recognized. The Company’s contract liabilities are recorded as a current liability in deferred revenue in the consolidated balance sheets since the timing of when the Company expects to recognize revenue is generally less than one year. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, deferred revenue, which was classified as a current liability, was $343,790 and $499,800, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $162,461 related to the deferred revenue at January 1, 2024, or 33%. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $3,911,083 related to the deferred revenue at January 1, 2023, or 90%.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations, or backlog, represents the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining obligations that the Company has not performed under its customer contracts. The Company has elected not to use the optional exemption in ASC 606-10-50-14, which exempts an entity from such disclosures if a performance obligation is part of a contract with an original expected duration of one year or less. Accordingly, the information disclosed about remaining performance obligations includes all customer contracts, including those with an expected duration of one year or less.

Industry uncertainty, project financing concerns, and the licensing and qualification of our prospective customers, which are out of the Company’s control, make it difficult for the Company to predict when it will recognize revenue on its remaining performance obligations. There are risks that the Company may not realize the full contract value on customer projects in a timely manner or at all, and completion of a customer’s cultivation facility project is dependent upon the customer’s ability to secure funding and real estate, obtain a license and then build their cultivation facility so they can take possession of the equipment. Accordingly, the time it takes for customers to complete a project, which corresponds to when the Company is able to recognize revenue, is driven by numerous factors including: (i) the large number of first-time participants interested in the indoor cannabis cultivation business; (ii) the complexities and uncertainties involved in obtaining state and local licensure and permitting; (iii) local and state government delays in approving licenses and permits due to lack of staff or the large number of pending applications, especially in states where there is no cap on the number of cultivators; (iv) the customer’s need to obtain cultivation facility financing; (v) the time needed, and coordination required, for our customers to acquire real estate and properly design and build the facility (to the stage when climate control systems can be installed); (vi) the large price tag and technical complexities of the climate control and air sanitation system; (vii) the availability of power; and (viii) delays that are typical in completing any construction project. Further, based on the current economic climate, the uncertainty regarding the COVID-19 virus, and the Company’s recent cost cutting measures, there is no assurance that the Company will be able to fulfil its backlog, and the Company may experience contract cancellations, project scope reductions and project delays.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s remaining performance obligations, or backlog, was $490,000. There is significant uncertainty regarding the timing of the Company’s recognition of revenue on its remaining performance obligations, and there is no certainty that these will result in actual revenues. The backlog at December 31, 2024, contains a booked sales order of $3,600 (1% of the total backlog) from one customer that we believe is at risk of cancellation based on conversations with this customer.

The remaining performance obligations expected to be recognized through 2025 are as follows:

Product Warranty

The Company warrants the products that it manufactures for a warranty period equal to the lesser of 12 months from start-up or 18 months from shipment. The Company’s warranty provides for the repair, rework, or replacement of products (at the Company’s option) that fail to perform within stated specification. The Company’s third-party suppliers also warrant their products under similar terms, which are passed through to the Company’s customers.

The Company assesses the historical warranty claims on its manufactured products and, since 2016, warranty claims have been approximately 1% of annual revenue generated on these products. Based on the Company’s warranty policy, an accrual is established at 1% of the trailing 18 months revenue. The Company continues to assess the need to record a warranty reserve at the time of sale based on historical claims and other factors. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had an accrued warranty reserve amount of $53,148 and $191,338, respectively, which are included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue includes product costs (material, direct labor and overhead costs), shipping and handling expense, outside engineering costs, engineering, project management and service salaries and benefits, client visits and warranty.

Concentrations

Two customers accounted for 45%, and 10% of the Company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024. Three customers accounted for 37%,21% and 12% of the Company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company’s accounts receivable from two customers made up 61%, and 36%, respectively, of the total balance as of December 31, 2024. The Company’s accounts receivable from three customers made up 59%,29%, and 12%, respectively, of the total balance as of December 31, 2023.

One supplier accounted for 80% of the Company’s purchases of inventory for the year ended December 31, 2024, and three suppliers accounted for 34%,17%,16%, of the Company’s purchases of inventory for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Product Development

The Company expenses product development costs as incurred. Internal product development costs are expensed as incurred, and third-party product developments costs are expensed when the contracted work has been performed or as milestone results have been achieved. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company incurred $0 and $76,487, respectively, on product development.

*** Share-Based Compensation***

The Company recognizes the cost resulting from all share-based compensation arrangements, including stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units that the Company grants under its equity incentive plan in its consolidated financial statements based on their grant date fair value. For awards subject to service conditions, compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. Awards subject to performance conditions are attributed separately for each vesting tranche of the award and are recognized rateably from the service inception date to the vesting date for each tranche, based on the probability of vesting. The probability of awards with future performance conditions is evaluated each reporting period and compensation expense is adjusted based on the probability assessment.

Awards are considered granted, and the service inception date begins, when mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of the award between the Company and the recipient has been established. For awards that provide discretion to adjust the amount of the award, the service inception date for such awards could precede the grant date as a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of the award between the Company and the recipient has not yet been established. For awards in which the service inception date precedes the grant date, compensation cost is accrued beginning on the service inception date.

The grant date fair value of stock options is based on the Black-Scholes Model. The Black-Scholes Model requires judgmental assumptions including volatility and expected term, both based on historical experience. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury interest rates whose term is consistent with the expected term of the option.

The grant date fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units is based on the closing price of the underlying stock on the date of the grant.

The Company has elected to reduce share-based compensation expense for forfeitures as the forfeitures occur since the Company does not have historical data or other factors to appropriately estimate the expected employee terminations and to evaluate whether particular groups of employees have significantly different forfeiture expectations.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, the Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which: (i) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position, and (ii) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive common stock equivalents, including stock options, warrants and restricted stock units and other equity-based awards, except in periods when losses are reported where the effect of the common stock equivalents would be antidilutive. Potential common stock equivalents consist of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options and warrants and the vesting of restricted stock units using the treasury method. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023,643,998 and 665,243 potential common share equivalents from warrants, options, and restricted stock units, respectively, were excluded from the diluted EPS calculations as their effect is anti-dilutive.

Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, customer disputes, government investigations and tax matters. An accrual for a loss contingency is recognized when it is probable that an asset had been impaired, or a liability had been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Other Risks and Uncertainties

To achieve profitable operations, the Company must successfully develop, manufacture and market its products. There can be no assurance that any such products can be developed or manufactured at an acceptable cost and with appropriate performance characteristics, or that such products will be successfully marketed. These factors could have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s financial results, financial position, and future cash flows.

The Company is subject to risks common to similarly-situated companies including, but not limited to, general economic conditions, its customers’ operations and access to capital, and market and business disruptions including severe weather conditions, natural disasters, health hazards, terrorist activities, financial crises, political crises or other major events, or the prospect of these events, new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, uncertainty of market acceptance of products, product liability, and the need to obtain additional financing. As a supplier of services and equipment to cannabis cultivators, the Company is also subject to risks related to the cannabis industry. Although certain states have legalized medical and/or recreational cannabis, U.S. federal laws continue to prohibit marijuana in all its forms as well as its derivatives. Any changes in the enforcement of U.S. federal laws may adversely affect the implementation of state and local cannabis laws and regulations that permit medical or recreational cannabis and, correspondingly, may adversely impact the Company’s customers. The Company’s success is also dependent upon its ability to raise additional capital and to successfully develop and market its products.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Company’s senior management team in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company hasone operating segment that is dedicated to the manufacture and sale of its products.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-04 – Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options: Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, which improves the relevance and consistency in application of the induced conversion guidance in Subtopic 470-20, Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options. Specifically, the guidance is intended to clarify how to determine whether a settlement of convertible debt (particularly cash convertible instruments) at terms that differ from the original conversion terms should be accounted for under the induced conversion or extinguishment guidance. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted for all entities that have adopted the amendments in Update 2020-06. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 22-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU requires entities to provide enhanced disclosures related to certain costs and expenses in the notes to the financial statements. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09). ASU 2023-09 includes requirements that an entity disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that are greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (or loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate. The standard also requires that entities disclose income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) and income tax expense (or benefit) each disaggregated between domestic and foreign. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2023-09 on its disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07). ASU 2023-07 includes requirements that an entity disclose the title of the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and on an interim and annual basis, significant segment expenses and the composition of other segment items for each segment’s reported profit. The standard also permits disclosure of additional measures of segment profit. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 has not had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, which defers the sunset date ofReference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”) from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. ASU No. 2022-06 was effective upon issuance. Topic 848 provides temporary optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting, providing optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by FASB that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the financial statements upon adoption. The Company does not discuss recent pronouncements that are not anticipated to have an impact on or are unrelated to its financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures.

Note 3 –Leases

The Louisville Facility Lease

On July 28, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement to lease 11,491 square feet of office and manufacturing space (the “New Facility Lease”), in Louisville, CO. The New Facility lease commenced on November 1, 2021 and continues through January 31, 2027. From November 2021 through January 2022, the monthly rent was abated. Beginning February 2022, the monthly rent is $10,055 and will increase by 3% annually every November through the end of the New Facility Lease term. Pursuant to the New Facility Lease, the Company made a security deposit of $14,747. The Company has the option to renew the New Facility Lease for an additional five years. Additionally, the Company pays the actual amounts for property taxes, insurance, and common area maintenance. The New Facility Lease agreement contains customary events of default, representations, warranties, and covenants.

Upon commencement of the New Facility Lease, the Company recognized on the balance sheet an operating lease right-of-use asset and lease liability in the amount of $582,838. The lease liability was initially measured as the present value of the unpaid lease payments at commencement and the ROU asset was initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. The renewal option to extend the New Facility Lease is not included in the right-of-use asset or lease liability, as the option is not reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company regularly evaluates the renewal option and when it is reasonably certain of exercise, the Company will include the renewal period in its lease term.

The Company’s operating and finance right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are as follows:

Cash paid during the year for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities is as follows:

Future annual minimum under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Note 4 –Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following:

Overhead expenses of $10,571 and $13,679 were included in the inventory balance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Note 5 –Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

Depreciation expense amounted to $20,065 for the year ended December 31, 2024, of which $2,139 was allocated to cost of revenue, $535 was allocated to inventory, with the remainder recorded as selling, general and administrative expense. Depreciation expense amounted to $29,655 for the year ended December 31, 2023, of which $2,818 was allocated to cost of revenue, $705 was allocated to inventory, with the remainder recorded as selling, general and administrative expense.

Note 6 –Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following:

Website development costs are amortized over five years. Trademarks are not amortized since they have an indefinite life. No amortization expense was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 as the website development costs have been fully amortized.

Note 7 –Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

Note 8 –Related Party Agreements and Transactions

Agreements and Transaction with a Company Director

The Company entered into a manufacturer representative agreement with RSX Enterprises (“RSX”) in March 2021 to become a non-exclusive representative for the Company to assist in marketing and soliciting orders. James R. Shipley, one of our independent directors, has a significant ownership interest in RSX.

Under the manufacturer representative agreement, RSX will act as a non-exclusive representative for the Company within the United States, Canada and Mexico and may receive a commission for qualified customer leads. The agreement had an initial term through December 31, 2021 with automatic one-year renewal terms unless notice is given 90 days prior to each annual expiration. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company paid $6,763 and $18,273, respectively, in commissions under this agreement.

On October 13, 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with Lone Star Bioscience, Inc. (Lone Star) to provide engineering design services. Nicholas Etten, one of our independent directors, is the Chief Executive Officer of Lone Star. The balance due under this agreement totaled $2,500 with $1,250 received as a deposit in 2022. Another agreement for engineering services was signed on December 20, 2022, in the amount of $10,900. We entered into positive change orders in March 2023 of $3,577 increasing the total of the second sales order to $14,477. Revenue and cash of $16,977 was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023 in respect of these agreements. No transactions were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024, in respect of these agreements.

On June 19, 2024, the Company engaged Nicholas J. Etten, a director of the Company, to provide services covering transaction sourcing and evaluation, in the Company’s effort to arrange for a merger, acquisition, combination or other strategic transaction. Mr. Etten has a background in corporate development and investment banking in multiple industries. Mr. Etten will be paid a weekly fee of $2,500. It is expected that Mr. Etten will provide a minimum of 10 hours per week, up to a maximum of 40 hours a month, as determined by the Company and Mr. Etten. The consulting agreement will be on a month-to-month basis, and either the Company or Mr. Etten may terminate the arrangement on five days’ notice. The Company has agreed to indemnify Mr. Etten in respect of his services to the Company under the agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid Mr. Etten $58,250 in respect of services related to this agreement.

Note 9 –Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

On October 20, 2023, Sweet Cut Grow, LLC and Green Ice, LLC (collectively, “Claimant”) a client of the Company with which it had an equipment contract and engineering contract, filed a demand for arbitration asserting claims for breach of contract, breach of warranty, and unjust enrichment, and a demand for $1,049,280 in damages, plus interest (“Claims”). The Company continues to deny all the Claims and has asserted a counterclaim. The Company believes Claimant is owed nothing as the Company fulfilled all its obligations under the contracts to Claimant, and further, that the negligence of a third-party supplier is the basis of the Claims. We intend to generally defend the claims on the basis that we promptly addressed all problems, and that any issues with defective HVAC equipment are the responsibility of the third-party equipment manufacturer. The Company’s equipment contract with Claimant requires the parties to arbitrate their disputes under the rules of the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”). The arbitration will be heard in Denver, Colorado. The matter is in the discovery phase. The parties will pay their own legal fees and expenses. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously, believing there are no merits to the Claims as currently presented.

On or about April 17, 2024, Optima Consulting Services, LLC (the “Claimant”), a client of the Company with which it had an equipment contract and engineering contract, advised the Company of a potential claim related to work performed by the Company for Claimant and demanded mediation under the parties’ contract. On or about October 28, 2024, Claimant informed the Company it was asserting claims for negligent/defective design and breach of warranty, and alleges its damages exceed $2,000,000 (Claims”). The Company denies all the Claims and that Claimant is entitled to any damages. The Company believes Claimant is owed nothing as the Company fulfilled all its obligations under the contracts to Claimant and performed all work in line with all applicable standards. We intend to generally defend the Claims on the basis that all work was performed pursuant to the contract and any alleged issues that may have occurred were the result of actions by Claimant and/or third parties. If Claimant moves forward with its Claims, the Company’s equipment contract with Claimant requires the parties to arbitrate their dispute with the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”). The arbitration will be heard in Denver, Colorado. The matter is in the preliminary phase. The parties will pay their own legal fees and expenses. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously, believing there are no merits to the Claims as currently presented.

Given the current uncertainty around the ability to estimate the amount and success of the Claims, we have not recorded an accrual for any potential loss related to these matters.

From time to time, in the normal course of its operations, the Company is subject to litigation matters and claims. Litigation can be expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict, and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future as the litigation and events related thereto unfold. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred. The Company records a liability for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss is known. An unfavorable outcome to any legal matter, if material, could have an adverse effect on the Company’s operations or its financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

Leases

The Company has a lease agreement for its manufacturing and office space. Refer toNote 3 Leases above.

Other Commitments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, lessors, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the Company’s breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company, or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and certain of its officers and employees that will require the Company to, among other things, indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers, or employees. The Company maintains director and officer insurance, which may cover certain liabilities arising from its obligation to indemnify its directors and certain of its officers and employees, and former officers, directors, and employees of acquired companies, in certain circumstances.

Note 10 –Preferred and Common Stock

Preferred Stock

Authorized Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company was authorized to issue 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with a par value of $0.00001 per share.

No shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Common Stock

Authorized Common Stock

As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company was authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share.

Reverse Split

On May 7, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a reverse stock split at a ratio ofone-for-twelve. The reverse stock split was effective June 7, 2024. The par value for the Common Stock was not affected.

As a result of the reverse stock split, all outstanding options, restricted stock units, and common stock purchase warrants were proportionately adjusted as to number of securities and exercise prices.

All Common Stock, warrants, options and per share amounts set forth herein are presented to give retroactive effect to the Reverse Split for all periods presented.

An additional 107,126 shares of common stock were issued to round up partial shares following the reverse split. As a result of the stock split, immediately thereafter there were 791,580 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

Also, as a result of this reverse stock split, the number of the Company’s shares of common stock issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 was reduced from 8,076,372 to 673,090.

Issued Common Stock

As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had 793,109 and 673,090 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued shares of its common stock as follows:

Consequently, effective December 31, 2024,793,109 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued shares of its common stock as follows:

Consequently, effective December 31, 2023,673,090 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding.

Note 11 –Outstanding Warrants

The following table summarizes information with respect to outstanding warrants to purchase common stock during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The following table summarizes information about warrants outstanding at December 31, 2024.

Q1 2022 Investor Warrants

On February 15, 2022, the Company issued 484,262 investment units for aggregate gross proceeds of $24,000,000, or $49.56 per unit. Each unit consisted of one share of the Company’s common stock and one warrant for the purchase of one share of the Company’s common stock. The warrants vested immediately, have a term of 5 years and an exercise price of $60.00.

Q1 2022 Overallotment Warrants

Further on February 15, 2022, in connection with the Company’s issuance of 484,262 investment units for aggregate gross proceeds of $24,000,000, or $49.56 per unit as described above, a further 63,473 warrants were issued in connection with the subscription for substantially all of the available 15% overallotment warrants. The warrants were acquired for consideration of $0.12 per warrant, vested immediately, have a term of 5 years and an exercise price of $60.00.

Q1 2022 Underwriter Warrants

Further on February 15, 2022, in connection with the Company’s issuance of 484,262 investment units for aggregate gross proceeds of $24,000,000, or $49.56 per unit described above, the Company also issued representatives of the underwriters 24,213 warrants. Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $61.95, during the period commencing August 9, 2022, and expiring on February 10, 2027.

Q1 2022 Series B Preferred Shares Conversion Warrants

Further on February 16, 2022, in connection with the conversion of 1,650 shares of Series B Preferred Stock into 30,193 shares of the Company’s common stock, the Series B Preferred Shareholder was also issued with 44,391 Series B Preferred shares conversion warrants. Each warrant entitled the holder to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $60.00, vested immediately and had a term of 5 years.

Q3 2021 Warrants Issued to Series B Preferred Stockholder

On September 28, 2021, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with an institutional investor, pursuant to which the investor purchased from the Company 3,300 shares of convertible Series B Preferred Stock with a stated value of $1,000 per share, or $3,300,000 of stated value in the aggregate, and a warrant to purchase up to 16,082 shares of common stock of the Company for an aggregate purchase price of $3,000,000. The warrant was exercisable until September 28, 2024, at an exercise price of $113.40, subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends and other typical adjustments and changes in capitalization, including mergers and acquisitions and distribution of rights.

These warrants expired, unexercised on September 29, 2024.

Q3 2021 Warrants Issued to Series B Preferred Placement Agent

In connection with the sale of the shares of convertible Series B Preferred Stock described above, the Company issued 2,894 warrants to the placement agent and its designees. Half of the warrants were issued on September 28, 2021, and the second half were issued on November 3, 2021, and are exercisable commencing February 28, 2022 and May 3, 2022, respectively, until September 28, 2024 and November 3, 2024, respectively. The exercise price per share of the warrants is $124.80, subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends and other typical adjustments and changes in capitalization, including mergers and acquisitions and distribution of rights.

These warrants expired, unexercised,1,447 on September 28, 2024 and the balance of 1,447 on November 3, 2024.

**Note 12 –Equity Incentive Plans **

Directors Remuneration

During the year ended December 31, 2024

On December 17,2024, the Company issued an RSU grant of 3,058 shares of common stock under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan to newly elected independent director. The RSUs were granted as an equity retention award pursuant to the Company’s compensation plan for independent directors. The award was issued such that 50% of the RSUs vested upon grant and the remaining 50% vested on the one-year anniversary of the award. A total of 1,529 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued in settlement of the RSUs effective December 17, 2024, the date of the grant.

On January 2, 2024, the Company issued an RSU grant of 3,788 shares of common stock under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan to three of its four independent directors. Mr. Shipley declined to receive the RSUs which he was entitled to receive. The RSUs were granted as an equity retention award pursuant to the Company’s compensation plan for independent directors effective January 17, 2022 and vested immediately on the grant date. A total of 11,364 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued in settlement of the RSUs.

During the year ended December 31, 2023

On January 3, 2023, the Company issued an RSU grant of 2,480 shares of common stock under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan to each of its four independent directors. The RSUs were granted as an equity retention award pursuant to the Company’s compensation plan for independent directors effective January 17, 2022 and vested immediately on the grant date. A total of 10,200 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued in settlement of the RSUs.

Subsequent Events

As further discussed inNote 14 Subsequent Events below, on January 2, 2025, the Company issued an RSU grant of 3,079 shares of common stock under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan to each of its three independent directors who served the entire year of 2024. The RSUs were granted as an equity retention award pursuant to the Company’s compensation plan for independent directors effective January 2, 2025 and vested immediately on the grant date. A total of 9,237 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued in settlement of the RSUs.

Revised Compensation Plan for Directors

On December 16, 2024, the Board of Directors revised the previously adopted compensation plan. This plan supersedes the plan adopted on January 17, 2022. The Plan is effective retroactively for the current independent directors and for independent directors elected or appointed after the Effective Date.

At the time of initial election or appointment, each independent director will receive an equity retention award in the form of restricted stock units (“RSUs”). The aggregate value of the RSUs at the time of grant will be $25,000, with the number of shares underlying the RSUs to be determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the trade date immediately prior to the date of grant. Vesting of the RSUs will be as follows: (i) 50% at the time of grant, and (ii) 50% on the first anniversary of the grant date.

In addition, on the first business day of January each year, each independent director who was not initially appointed or elected in the previous year will receive an equity retention award in the form of RSUs. The aggregate value of the RSUs at the time of grant will be $25,000, with the number of shares underlying the RSUs to be determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the trade date immediately prior to the date of grant. These RSUs will be fully vested at date of grant.

There is no additional compensation paid to members of any committee of the Board. Directors who are also executives of the Company, serving on the Board, do not receive compensation for their Board service.

All the independent directors, Messrs. Shipley, Etten, Mariathasan, and Tarallo are subject to the Plan.

Each independent director is responsible for the payment of any and all income taxes arising with respect to the issuance of any equity awarded under the plan, including the exercise of any non-qualified stock options.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan

Under the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, as may be modified and amended by the Company from time to time (the “2017 Equity Plan”), the Board of Directors (the “Board”) (or the compensation committee of the Board, if one is established) may award stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock unit awards (“RSUs”), shares granted as a bonus or in lieu of another award, and other stock-based performance awards. The 2017 Equity Plan allocates 27,778 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Plan Shares”) for issuance of equity awards under the 2017 Equity Plan. If any shares subject to an award are forfeited, expire, or otherwise terminate without issuance of such shares, the shares will, to the extent of such forfeiture, expiration, or termination, again be available for awards under the 2017 Equity Plan.

As of December 31, 2024, of the 27,778 shares authorized under the 2017 Equity Plan,13,641 relate to restricted shares issued,11,615 relate to outstanding non-qualified stock options and 2,522 shares remain available for future equity awards.

2021 Equity Incentive Plan

On March 22, 2021, the Board approved the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Equity Plan”), which was approved by the stockholders on July 22, 2021. The 2021 Equity Plan permits the Board to grant awards of up to 55,556 shares of common stock. The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options intended to qualify under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock awards and restricted stock unit awards and other equity linked awards to our employees, consultants and directors. If an equity award (i) expires or otherwise terminates without having been exercised in full or (ii) is settled in cash (i.e., the holder of the award receives cash rather than stock), such expiration, termination or settlement will not reduce (or otherwise offset) the number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to this Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan Issuances During 2024

Share-based compensation costs (including expenses from the accrued compensation liabilities related to the annual incentive awards subsequently settled in non-qualified stock options) totaled $82,457 and $187,615 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Such share-based compensation costs are classified in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in the same manner as if such compensation was paid in cash.

The following is a summary of such share-based compensation costs included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

As of December 31, 2024, of the 55,556 shares authorized under the 2021 Equity Plan,23,940 relate to restricted shares issued,11,104 relate to outstanding non-qualified stock options,3,401 relate to outstanding incentive stock options,1,529 related to outstanding restrictive stock units, and 15,581 shares remain available for future equity awards.

There was $12,021 in unrecognized compensation expense for unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2024 which will be recognized over approximately 1 year.

As further discussed inNote 14 Subsequent Events below, effective January 2, 2025, the Company issued 9,237 shares of common stockin settlement of restricted stock units issued to three directors that vested immediately.

Restricted Stock Awards

No shares of restricted stock were issued during the year ended December 31, 2024 or the year ended December 31, 2023.

Stock Options

The Company uses the Black-Scholes Model to determine the fair value of options granted. Option-pricing models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, particularly for the expected stock price volatility and the expected term of options. Changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate. The expected stock price volatility assumptions are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over periods that are similar to the expected terms of grants and other relevant factors. The Company derives the expected term based on an average of the contract term and the vesting period taking into consideration the vesting schedules and future employee behavior with regard to option exercise. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields for a maturity approximating the expected term calculated at the date of grant. The Company has never paid any cash dividends on its common stock and the Company has no intention to pay a dividend at this time; therefore, the Company assumes that no dividends will be paid over the expected terms of option awards.

The Company determines the assumptions used in the valuation of option awards as of the date of grant. Differences in the expected stock price volatility, expected term or risk-free interest rate may necessitate distinct valuation assumptions at those grant dates. As such, the Company may use different assumptions for options granted throughout the year. No stock options were issued during the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the valuation assumptions used to determine the fair value of each option award on the date of grant were: expected stock price volatility 152.23%; expected term of 10 years and risk-free interest rate 3.48%.

Employee and Consultant Options

A summary of the stock options granted to employees and consultants under the 2017 Equity Plan and the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented in the table below:

A summary of non-vested stock options activity for employees and consultants under the 2017 Equity Plan and the 2021 Equity Plan for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented in the table below:

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $(5,522) and $86,298 as compensation expense related to vested options issued to employees and consultants, net of forfeitures, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there wasno unrecognized share-based compensation related to unvested options.

Director Options

A summary of the non-qualified stock options granted to directors under the 2017 Equity Plan and 2021 Equity Plan during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented in the table below:

There wasno non-vested non-qualified stock option activity for directors for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of the RSUs awarded to employees, directors and consultants under the 2021 Equity Plan during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented in the table below:

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $87,980 and $101,316 as compensation expense related to vested RSUs issued to employees, directors and consultants. As of December 31, 2024, there was $12,021 in unrecognized share-based compensation related to unvested RSUs.

As further discussed inNote 14 Subsequent Events below, effective January 2, 2025, the Company issued 9,237 shares of common stockin settlement of restricted stock units issued to three directors that vested immediately.

Note 13 –Income Taxes

For financial reporting purposes, there were no provisions for U.S. federal, state or international income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023 due to the Company’s net operating losses (“NOLs”) in such periods and full valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets.

The differences between income taxes expected at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and the reported provision for income taxes are summarized as follows:

The components of the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has U.S. federal and state net operating losses (“NOLs”) of approximately $31,985,000, of which $11,196,000 will expire, if not utilized, in the years 2034 through 2037. The balance of $20,789,000 NOLs generated subsequent to December 31, 2017 do not expire but may only be used against taxable income to 80%. In addition, pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, use of the Company’s NOLs carryforwards may be limited in the event of cumulative changes in ownership of more than 50% within athree-year period. In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited.

The securities sales we completed in September 2021 and February 2022, as described in** Note 10 Preferred and Common Stockabove will need to be evaluated for determination of any “ownership change” that we may have undergone during a determination period. If an ownership change has occurred, our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards is materially limited and it would harm our future post tax results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations.

The Company must assess the likelihood that its net deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent the Company believes that recovery is not likely, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. Management’s judgment is required in determining the Company’s provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets. The Company recorded a full valuation allowance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Based on the available evidence, the Company believes it is more likely than not that it will not be able to utilize its net deferred tax assets in the foreseeable future. The Company intends to maintain valuation allowances until sufficient evidence exists to support the reversal of such valuation allowances. The Company makes estimates and judgments about its future taxable income that are based on assumptions that are consistent with the Company’s plans. Should the actual amounts differ from the Company’s estimates, the carrying value of the Company’s deferred tax assets could be materially impacted.

The Company is subject to examination by the IRS for the calendar year 2019 and thereafter. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to the Company’s taxes or the Company’s net operating losses with respect to years under examination as well as subsequent periods.

The Company recognizes in its consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of operating expense. The Company does not believe there are any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within twelve months of the reporting date. There wereno penalties or interest liabilities accrued as of December 31, 2024 or 2023, nor were any penalties or interest costs included in expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Note 14 –Subsequent Events

In accordance with ASC 855,Subsequent Events, the Company has evaluated all subsequent events through the date the financial statements were available to be issued. The following events occurred after December 31, 2024.

Issuance of Common Stock

Effective January 5, 2025, the Company issued 9,237 shares of common stock in settlement of restricted stocks units issued to three directors that vested immediately, pursuant to the 2021 director compensation plan.

Entry into Acquisition Agreement

On February 7, 2025, CEA Industries Inc., a Nevada corporation, entered into a purchase agreement with the several owners of all the equity of a group of Manitoba corporations that own all the assets used in the business of Fat Panda Ltd. (“Fat Panda”). Fat Panda is engaged in the manufacture, distribution and retail sale of e-cigarettes, vape devices and e-liquids and related products through multiple retail locations in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan, Canada, as well as through its online e-commerce site.

The acquisition will include all the assets of Fat Panda, including among other things, the leases for the retail outlets, intellectual property, inventory, government licenses and permits, franchise agreements, manufacturing facilities and supply agreements, which are necessary for the ongoing manufacturing and retail operations of Fat Panda. The acquisition will continue the employment of the current management and of the production and retail staff, for the uninterrupted, continuous operations of the business. The sellers will enter into non-competition agreements at closing. Certain of the senior management persons will enter into employment agreements for their continued employment after the closing of the acquisition.

The purchase price is CAD$18,000,000 (approximately US$12,600,000), payable in cash, securities and seller loans. The Company also expects to borrow part of the cash portion of the purchase price, in an amount yet to be determined, which will be secured by the assets of Fat Panda. The purchase price includes an initial cash payment of CAD$13,900,000, issuance of 39,000 shares of the common stock of the Company with an agreed aggregate value of CAD$700,000 (approximately CAD$18.00 per share), and issuance of notes to the sellers in the aggregate principal amount of CAD$2,060,000, and release of a CAD$100,000 due diligence deposit. The Company is also agreeing to pay certain financial statement audit expenses of the selling parties. Of the notes to be issued by Fat Panda to the selling parties, one of the notes in the principal amount of CAD$1,030,000, is convertible into the common stock of the Company at a conversion rate of USD$19.00 per share. At closing the following will occur: first, a portion of the cash purchase price in the amount of CAD$1,375,000 will be held in a joint escrow account for 120 days after closing as a working capital adjustment escrow; second, the sum of CAD$1,240,000, will be paid into escrow for possible indemnity claims to be held for 18 months; and third, the purchase price will be reduced by CAD$112,500 and the sum of CAD$112,500 will be paid into escrow to be held for 18 months, both in relation to employee obligation claims under Canadian employment law.

Completion of the acquisition is subject to a number of conditions, which include the preparation and delivery of the Fat Panda companies audited consolidated financial statements and unaudited interim consolidated financial statements, satisfaction of the financial condition of Fat Panda, completion of due diligence by the Company, receipt of all necessary government approvals and licenses, and continuation and reformation of the various retail location leases. Completion is also subject to the Company obtaining financing for a portion of the cash purchase price. The acquisition agreement also provides for the selling persons to make representations and warranties and undertake certain covenants about many aspects of the business of Fat Panda that shall be true and correct and performed at or prior to closing. The representations, warranties and covenants are those that are typical in relation to the acquisition of an operating business. The Company has also made certain representations, warranties and covenants, the principal one of which is to obtain financing for a part of the purchase price, which if not obtained will permit the Company to terminate the purchase agreement.

The Company anticipates that it will complete the acquisition in the first half of fiscal year 2025.