LANDMARK BANCORP INC

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Stockholders and the Board of Directors

Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Manhattan, Kansas

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Explanatory Paragraph - Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for credit losses in 2023 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (ASC Topic 326). The Company adopted the new credit loss standard using the modified retrospective method such that prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (U.S.) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans – Qualitative Factors

As described in Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements and the explanatory paragraph above, the Company adopted ASC Topic 326 as of January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method. The allowance for credit losses on loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized costs basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The Company utilized a weighted average remaining maturity model to estimate the quantitative component of the allowance for credit losses for loans. The quantitative model was adjusted with qualitative factors, including but not limited to: changes in economic and business conditions, changes in policies, procedures and underwriting, changes in management or staff and their related experience, changes in nature and volume of the portfolio, changes in loan review, changes in collateral values, changes in past due and nonaccrual loans, changes in competition, legal and regulatory issues, changes in concentrations and other qualitative factors that could affect credit losses.

We identified auditing the qualitative factors as a critical audit matter as it involved significant management judgment, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity to evaluate management’s determination and application of the qualitative factors.

The primary substantive audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

/s/ Crowe LLP

Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

Dallas, Texas

March 25, 2025

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Statements of Earnings

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(continued)** **

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Continued

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1)Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, the Bank and the Captive. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Bank, considered a single operating segment, is principally engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public and using such deposits, together with borrowings and other funds, to originate one-to-four family residential real estate, construction and land, CRE, commercial, agriculture, municipal and consumer loans. The Captive provides property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank for which insurance may not be currently available or economically feasible in today’s insurance marketplace.

Use of Estimates. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Business Combinations. At the date of acquisition, the Company records the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the consolidated balance sheets at their estimated fair values, and goodwill is recognized for the excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of acquired net assets. The results of operations for acquired companies are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of earnings beginning at the acquisition date. Expenses arising from the acquisition activities are recorded in the consolidated statements of earnings during the period incurred.

Reserve Requirements. Regulations of the Federal Reserve require reserves to be maintained by all banking institutions according to the types and amounts of certain deposit liabilities. These requirements restrict a portion of the amounts shown as consolidated cash and due from banks from everyday usage in the operation of banks. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Bank did not have a minimum reserve requirement.

Cash Flows. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and amounts due from banks with original maturities of fewer than 90 days, and are carried at cost. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions.

Interest-Bearing Deposits in Banks. Interest-bearing deposits in other banks include investments in certificates of deposits with original maturities greater than 90 days, and are carried at cost.

Implementation of CECL. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The provisions of the update eliminated the probable initial recognition threshold under previous GAAP which requires reserves to be based on an incurred loss methodology. Under CECL, reserves required for financial assets measured at amortized cost reflect an organization’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected term of the financial asset and thereby require the use of reasonable and supportable forecasts to estimate future credit losses. Because CECL encompasses all financial assets carried at amortized cost, the requirement that reserves be established based on an organization’s reasonable and supportable estimate of expected credit losses extends to held-to-maturity debt securities. Under the provisions of the update, credit losses recognized on available-for-sale debt securities are presented as an allowance as opposed to a write-down. In addition, CECL modified the accounting for purchased loans. Under prior GAAP, a purchased loan’s contractual balance was adjusted to fair value through a credit discount, and no reserve was recorded on the purchased loan upon acquisition. Under CECL loans determined to be purchased credit deteriorated have an allowance for credit losses established through purchase accounting. Finally, increased disclosure requirements under CECL oblige organizations to present credit quality disclosures disaggregated by the year of origination or vintage. FASB expects that the evaluation of underwriting standards and credit quality trends by financial statement users will be enhanced with the additional vintage disclosures. In October 2019, the FASB approved a change in the effective dates for CECL which delayed the effective date to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for smaller reporting companies.

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted CECL. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity investment securities. It also applies to off-balance credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments and standby letters of credit). In addition, ASC 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale investment securities management does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not they will be required to sell.

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. Results for the reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP requirements. The adoption of CECL resulted in an increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans of $1.5 million, an initial allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity investment securities of $72,000, an increase in deferred tax assets of $391,000 and a decrease in retained earnings of $1.2 million. The increases in allowance for credit losses is primarily due to moving to a weighted average remaining maturity allowance methodology and the transition of purchase accounting discounts on loans from an adjustment to amortized cost in the allowance calculation.

The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326:

Investment Securities. Investment securities are classified as held-to-maturity when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Securities are classified as available-for-sale when they might be sold before maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are carried at amortized cost while available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities are recorded on a trade date basis and are calculated using the specific identification method.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities. Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity investment securities on a collective basis by major security type. Accrued interest is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale Investment Securities. For available-for-sale investment securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or is more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, the current interest rate environment, changes to rating of the security or security issuer, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected was less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses would be recorded for the credit loss, which is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for or reversal of credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when the Company determines the available-for-sale security is uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. The Company does not estimate credit losses on available-for-sale security accrued interest receivable.

Bank Stocks. Bank stocks are investments acquired for regulatory purposes and borrowing availability and are accounted for at cost. The cost of such investments represents their redemption value as such investments do not have a readily determinable fair value. The Company evaluates bank stocks for other-than-temporary impairment by analyzing the ultimate recoverability based on a credit analysis of the issuer.

Acquired Loans. Acquired loans are recorded at estimated fair value at the time of acquisition. The Company’s acquired loans were not acquired with deteriorated credit quality. Estimated fair values of acquired loans are based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considers various factors including the type of loan and related collateral, the expected timing of cash flows, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan and whether or not the loan is amortizing, and a discount rate reflecting the Company’s assessment of risk inherent in the cash flow estimates. Discounts or premiums created when acquired loans are recorded at their estimated fair values are accreted or amortized over the remaining term of the loan as an adjustment to the related loan’s yield. Similar to originated loans described below, the accrual of interest income on acquired loans is discontinued when the collection of principal or interest, in whole or in part, is doubtful.

**Loans.**Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. The amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding net of previous charge-offs, and for purchased loans, net of unamortized purchase premiums and discounts. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Origination fees received on loans held in portfolio and the estimated direct costs of origination are deferred and amortized to interest income using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments.

The accrual of interest on non-performing loans is discontinued at the time the loan is ninety days delinquent, unless the credit is well secured and in process of collection. Loans are placed on non-accrual or are charged off at an earlier date if collection of the principal or interest is considered doubtful. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual or charged off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash basis or cost recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are evaluated individually and are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The analysis is updated on a quarterly basis based on historical loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Additionally, the Company considers asset quality trends, composition and trends in the loan portfolio, underlying collateral values, industry trends and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The level of the allowance for credit losses maintained by management is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses expected in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance is adjusted through provision for credit losses and charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged off.

The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. The Company has identified the following pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses.

**One-to-Four Family Residential Real Estate.**One-to-four family residential real estate loans consists primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.

**Construction and Land.**Construction and land loans consist primarily of loans to facilitate the development of both residential and CRE. Repayment is primarily dependent on the completion of the development and refinancing to longer term financing.

**Commercial Real Estate.**CRE loans consist primarily of loans secured by office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, retail buildings and multi-family housing and are primarily owner-occupied. For such loans, repayment is largely dependent upon the operation of the borrower’s business.

**Commercial.**Commercial loans include loans to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes. These loans are generally secured by equipment, inventory and accounts receivable of the borrower and repayment is primarily dependent on business cash flows.

**Agriculture.**Agriculture loans include operating and real estate loans to agriculture enterprises. Generally, the borrower’s ability to repay is based on the cash flows from farming operations.

**Municipal.**Municipal loans are generally related to equipment leasing or general fund loans. Repayment is primarily dependent on the tax revenue of the municipal entity.

**Consumer.**Consumer loans include automobile, boat, home improvement and home equity loans. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.

The Company utilizes a weighted average remaining maturity allowance methodology to calculate the quantitative component of the allowance for credit losses. Historical loss rates are adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Following the economic forecast period loss rates revert back to historical loss rates over a reasonable period of time. Additional adjustments for qualitative factors are included to quantify the risks within each of the loan categories that are not included in the historical loss rates or economic projections. These adjustments include but are not limited to: changes in economic and business conditions, changes in policies, procedures and underwriting, changes in management or staff and their related experience, changes in nature and volume of the portfolio, changes in loan review, changes in collateral values, changes in past due and nonaccrual loans, changes in competition, legal and regulatory issues, changes in concentrations and other qualitative factors that could affect credit losses. The data for the allowance calculation may be obtained from internal or external sources.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated loan pools. Such loans are evaluated for credit losses based on either discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral.

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual term of obligations to extend credit, unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable. The allowance for off-balance-sheet exposures is adjusted through the provision for credit losses. The estimates are determined based on the likelihood of funding during the contractual term and an estimate of credit losses subsequent to funding. Estimated credit losses on subsequently funded balances are based on the same assumptions used to estimated credit losses on loans.

Loan Modifications. Loan modifications, including modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, are treated as a new loan if two conditions are met. The terms of the new loan are at least as favorable to the Company as the terms for comparable loans to other customers with similar collection risks and modifications to the terms of the original loan are more than minor.

Loans Held for Sale. Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value. The fair value includes the servicing value of the loans as well as any accrued interest.

Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with servicing rights retained. The carrying value of mortgage loans sold is reduced by the amount allocated to the servicing right. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loan sold.

Mortgage Servicing Rights. When mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in gains on sales of loans. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts, when available or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be recorded in amortization of intangibles in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

Servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to carrying amount. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type and investor type. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for an individual grouping, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular grouping, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. Changes in valuation allowances are included in amortization expense on the income statement. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds, default rates and losses.

Transfers of Financial Assets. Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Mortgage Loan Repurchase Reserve. The Company routinely sells one-to-four family residential mortgage loans to secondary mortgage market investors. Under standard representations and warranties clauses in the Company’s mortgage sale agreements, the Company may be required to repurchase mortgage loans sold or reimburse the investors for credit losses incurred on those loans if a breach of the contractual representations and warranties occurred. The Company establishes a mortgage repurchase liability in an amount equal to management’s estimate of losses on loans for which the Company could have a repurchase obligation or loss reimbursement. The estimated liability incorporates the volume of loans sold in previous periods, default expectations, historical investor repurchase demand and actual loss severity. Provisions to the mortgage repurchase reserve reduce gains on sales of loans.

Premises and Equipment. Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Major replacements and betterments are capitalized while maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred. Gains or losses on dispositions are reflected in earnings as incurred.

Bank Owned Life Insurance. The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key officers. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill is not amortized; however, it is tested for impairment at each calendar year end or more frequently when events or circumstances dictate. The Company performed a qualitative assessment of factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as of December 31, 2024. This assessment included a review of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market specific considerations and other relevant factors including the Company’s market capitalization, with control premiums and valuation multiples, compared to recent financial industry acquisition multiples for similar institutions to estimate the fair value of the Company’s single reporting unit. A goodwill impairment would be recorded for the amount that the carrying value exceeds the implied fair value.

Intangible assets include core deposit intangibles. Core deposit intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life of ten years on an accelerated basis. When facts and circumstances indicate potential impairment, the Company will evaluate the recoverability of the intangible asset’s carrying value, using estimates of undiscounted future cash flows over the remaining asset life. Any impairment loss is measured by the excess of carrying value over fair value.

***Income Taxes.***The objective of accounting for income taxes is to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. Judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in financial statements or tax returns. Uncertain income tax positions will be recognized only if it is more likely than not that they will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based upon their technical merits. Once that standard is met, the amount recorded will be the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in the consolidated statements of earnings. The Company assesses deferred tax assets to determine if the items are more likely than not to be realized, and a valuation allowance is established for any amounts that are not more likely than not to be realized.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments. Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Loss Contingencies. Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there now are such matters that will have a material effect on the financial statements.

Comprehensive Income. Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, net of tax which are also recognized as separate components of equity.

Real Estate Owned. Assets acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.

***Stock-Based Compensation.***The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of its stock options, which is recognized as compensation expense over the option vesting period, on a straight-line basis, which is typically four years. The fair value of restricted common stock is equal to the Company’s stock price on the grant date, which is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Earnings per Share. Basic earnings per share represent net earnings divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued. The diluted earnings per share computation for 2024, 2023 and 2022 excluded 207,745,174,889 and 54,304, respectively, of unexercised stock options because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

The shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share, which have been adjusted to give effect to the 5% common stock dividends paid by the Company in December 2024, 2023 and 2022, are shown below:

Derivative Financial Instruments. Commitments to fund mortgage loans (interest rate locks) to be sold into the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans are accounted for as free standing derivatives. The fair value of the interest rate lock is recorded at the time the commitment to fund the mortgage loan is executed and is adjusted for the expected exercise of the commitment before the loan is funded. In order to hedge the change in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans, the Company enters into forward commitments for the future delivery of mortgage loans when interest rate locks are entered into. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are estimated based on changes in mortgage interest rates from the date the interest on the loan is locked. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans.

Dividend Restriction. Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the bank to the holding company or by the holding company to shareholders.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in a separate note. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates.

***Reclassifications.***Some items in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or stockholders’ equity.

(2)Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, in November 2023. The amendments require disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis. Public entities are required to disclose significant expense categories and amounts for each reportable segment, as well as the amount and a description of the composition of other segment items. Significant expense categories are derived from expenses that are regularly provided to an entity’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”), and included in a segment’s reported measures of profit or loss. Public entities are also required to disclose the title and position of the CODM and explain how the CODM uses the reported measures of profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This ASU requires interim disclosures of certain segment-related disclosures that previously were only required annually. ASU 2023-07 requires annual disclosures for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2024 and interim disclosures for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2025. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 in 2024, and other than the inclusion of additional disclosures, the adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The standard will be effective for the Company’s consolidated financial statements for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025.

The FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, in December 2023. The amendments require additional disclosures regarding the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 also removed certain existing disclosure requirements and is effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective application is permitted. Other than the inclusion of additional disclosures, the adoption is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses in November 2024. The amendments require new disclosures providing further detail of a company’s income statement expense items. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2027, and interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Other than the inclusion of additional disclosures, the adoption is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

(3)Acquisition

On October 1, 2022, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding common shares of Freedom Bancshares, Inc., in exchange for $33.4 million of cash. Freedom was the holding company of Freedom Bank. Freedom Bank was founded in 2006 and operated out of a single location in Overland Park, Kansas. The acquisition was effected through the merger of Freedom with and into the Bank. The purchase price was financed with $10.0 million of debt issued by Company and through cash received from a dividend from the Bank.

The transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, and as such, assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair value on the acquisition date. Acquired loans were recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and no separate valuation allowance was established. No purchased credit impaired loans were acquired. Market value adjustments are accreted or amortized on a level yield basis over the expected term of the asset or liability. Additionally, the Company recorded a core deposit intangible of $4.2 million. The core deposit intangible is amortized on an accelerated basis over the estimated useful life of the deposits. Goodwill of $14.7 million from the acquisition consisted largely of synergies and the cost savings resulting from the combining of the operations of the banks. The goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes. During 2023, goodwill was increased by $178,000 due to adjustments related to filing final tax returns for Freedom and Freedom Bank, which are reflected in the table below. The Company incurred $3.4 million of acquisition related costs relating to the acquisition during 2022, of which $3.1 million was deductible for income tax purposes.

Results of the operations of the acquired business are included in the income statement from the effective date of the acquisition.

The following table summarizes the consideration paid for Freedom and the amounts of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

The fair value of net assets acquired includes fair value adjustments to certain receivables that were not considered impaired as of the acquisition date. The fair value adjustments were determined using discounted contractual cash flows. However, the Company believes that all contractual cash flows related to these financial instruments will be collected. As such, these receivables, which have shown evidence of credit deterioration since origination were not considered impaired at the acquisition date and were not subject to the guidance relating to purchased credit impaired loans. Receivables acquired that were not subject to these requirements include non-impaired loans with a fair value and gross contractual amounts receivable of $113.9 million and $118.1 million on the date of acquisition.

Unaudited pro forma consolidated operating results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as if the acquisition was consummated on January 1 of that year are as follows:

(4)Investment Securities

A summary of investment securities available-for-sale and securities held-to-maturity is as follows:

The tables above show that some of the securities in the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment portfolio had unrealized losses, or were temporarily impaired, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. This temporary impairment represents the estimated amount of loss that would be realized if the securities were sold on the valuation date.

The following tables summarize securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss positions for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at December 31, 2024 and 2023 along with length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position.

The Company’s U.S. treasury portfolio consists of securities issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The receipt of principal and interest on U.S. treasury securities is guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Based on these factors, along with the Company’s intent to not sell the security and its belief that it was more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis, the Company believed that the U.S. treasury securities identified in the tables above were temporarily impaired.

The Company’s portfolio of municipal obligations consists of both tax-exempt and taxable general obligations securities issued by various municipalities. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell its municipal obligations in an unrealized loss position until the recovery of its cost basis. Due to the issuers’ continued satisfaction of the securities’ obligations in accordance with their contractual terms and the expectation that they will continue to do so, the evaluation of the fundamentals of the issuers’ financial condition and other objective evidence, the Company believed that the municipal obligations identified in the tables above were temporarily impaired.

The Company’s agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio consists of securities underwritten to the standards of and guaranteed by the government-sponsored agencies of FHLMC, FNMA and the GNMA. The receipt of principal, at par, and interest on agency mortgage-backed securities is guaranteed by the respective government-sponsored agency guarantor, such that the Company believed that its agency mortgage-backed securities did not expose the Company to credit-related losses. Based on these factors, along with the Company’s intent to not sell the securities and the Company’s belief that it was more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the securities before recovery of their cost basis, the Company believed that the agency mortgage-backed securities identified in the tables above were temporarily impaired.

The Company’s held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio consists of seven subordinated debentures issued by financial institutions. These investment securities were acquired in the Freedom Bank acquisition and classified as held-to-maturity. The securities were issued in 2021 and 2022 with a 10 year maturity and a fixed rate for five years. The securities are callable after the end of the fixed rate term.

The following table provides information on the Company’s allowance for credit losses related to held-to-maturity investment securities.

The table below includes scheduled principal payments and estimated prepayments, based on observable market inputs, for agency mortgage-backed securities. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at December 31, 2024 are as follows:

The Company has not sold any investment securities subsequent to December 31, 2024 and the date of this filing. Sales proceeds and gross realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities are as follows:

Securities with carrying values of $305.3 million and $380.4 million were pledged to secure public funds on deposit, repurchase agreements and as collateral for borrowings at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, all of the Company’s investment securities were performing and there were no securities on non-accrual status. Except for U.S. treasuries and federal agency obligations, no investment in a single issuer exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity.

**(5)Bank Stocks **

Bank stocks primarily consist of restricted investments in FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock. The carrying value of the FHLB stock at December 31, 2024 was $3.5 million compared to $5.0 million at December 31, 2023. The carrying value of the FRB stock at both December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3.0 million. These securities are not readily marketable and are required for regulatory purposes and borrowing availability. Since there are no available market values, these securities are carried at cost. Redemption of these investments at par value is at the option of the FHLB or FRB, as applicable. Also included in Bank stocks are other miscellaneous investments in the common stock of various correspondent banks which are held for borrowing purposes and totaled $111,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(6)Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans consisted of the following:

The following tables provide information on the Company’s allowance for credit losses by loan class and allowance methodology:

The Company recorded net loan charge offs of $183,000 during 2024 compared to net loan recoveries of $44,000 during 2023.

The following tables present information on non-accrual status and loans past due over 89 days and still accruing:

The Company has certain loans for which repayment is dependent upon the operation or sale of collateral, as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The underlying collateral can vary based upon the type of loan. The following tables present information on the amortized cost basis and collateral type of collateral-dependent loans:

The Company’s key credit quality indicator is a loan’s performance status, defined as accruing or non-accruing. Performing loans are considered to have a lower risk of loss. Past due loans are determined in accordance with the contractual repayment terms. Non-accrual loans are those which the Company believes have a higher risk of loss. The accrual of interest on non-performing loans is discontinued at the time the loan is ninety days delinquent, unless the credit is well secured and in process of collection. Loans are placed on non-accrual or are charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. There were no loans ninety days delinquent and accruing interest at December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The following tables present information on the Company’s past due and non-accrual loans by loan class:

Under the original terms of the Company’s non-accrual loans, interest earned on such loans for the years 2024, 2023 and 2022, would have increased interest income by $423,000, $96,000, and $137,000, respectively. No interest income related to non-accrual loans was included in interest income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

The Company also categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of the borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. Non-classified loans generally include those loans that are expected to be repaid in accordance with contractual loan terms. Classified loans are those that are assigned a special mention, substandard or doubtful risk rating using the following definitions:

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. Loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following table provides information on the Company’s risk category of loans by type and year of origination:

The following table provides information on the Company’s allowance for credit losses related to unfunded loan commitments.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans at December 31, 2024 and 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified by class, type of modification and includes the financial effect of the modification.

As of December 31, 2024, all loans experiencing both financial difficulty and modified during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 were current under the terms of the agreements. There were no commitments to lend additional funds to the borrowers and there were no charge-offs recorded against the loans. The Company had a $1.8 million allowance for credit losses recorded against these loans as of December 31, 2024. The Company did not have any loan modifications that had a payment default during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024.

The Company had loans and unfunded commitments to directors and officers, and to affiliated parties, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. A summary of such loans is as follows:

(7)Loan Commitments

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet customers’ financing needs. These financial instruments consist principally of commitments to extend credit. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. In the normal course of business, there are various commitments and contingent liabilities, such as commitments to extend credit, letters of credit, and lines of credit, the balance of which are not recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Company generally requires collateral or other security on unfunded loan commitments and irrevocable letters of credit. Unfunded commitments to extend credit, excluding standby letters of credit, aggregated to $201.2 million and $211.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are generally at variable interest rates. Standby letters of credit totaled $1.9 million at December 31, 2024 and $1.6 million at December 31, 2023.

(8)Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The changes in goodwill is as follows:

The Company performed its annual impairment test as of December 31, 2024. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, the Company concluded it was more likely than not that its goodwill was not impaired.

A summary of the other intangible assets that continue to be subject to amortization is as follows:

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $663,000 and $765,000. The following sets forth estimated amortization expense for core deposit intangible assets for the years ending December 31:

(9)Mortgage Loan Servicing

Mortgage loans serviced for others are not reported as assets. The following table provides information on the principal balances of mortgage loans serviced for others:

Custodial escrow balances maintained in connection with serviced loans were $5.6 million at December 31, 2024 and $5.0 million at December 31, 2023. Gross service fee income related to such loans was $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $1.8 million for the years ended 2023 and 2022, and is included in fees and service charges in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Activity for mortgage servicing rights and the related valuation allowance follows:

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no valuation allowance related to mortgage servicing rights.

The fair value of mortgage servicing rights was $9.6 million and $9.5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fair value at December 31, 2024 was determined using a discount rate at 10.0%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.00% to 25.44%, depending on the stratification of the specific mortgage servicing right, and a weighted average default rate of 1.87%. Fair value at December 31, 2023 was determined using a discount rate at 10.0%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.00% to 26.87%, depending on the stratification of the specific mortgage servicing right, and a weighted average default rate of 1.65%.

The Company had a mortgage repurchase reserve of $131,000 at December 31, 2024 and $159,000 at December 31, 2023, which represented the Company’s best estimate as of such dates of probable losses that the Company will incur related to the repurchase of one-to-four family residential real estate loans previously sold or to reimburse investors for credit losses incurred on loans previously sold where a breach of the contractual representations and warranties occurred. The Company madeno provision to the reserve during 2024 compared to a $50,000 provision to the reserve during 2023 andno reserve provision during 2022. The Company charged losses of $28,000, $116,000, and $1,000 against the reserve during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no outstanding mortgage repurchase requests.

(10)Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment consisted of the following:

Depreciation expense totaled $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and $1.1 million during the year ended 2022 and was included in occupancy and equipment expense on the consolidated statements of earnings.

(11)Deposits

The following table presents the maturities of certificates of deposit at December 31, 2024:

The aggregate amount of certificate of deposit in denominations of $250,000 or more at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $52.2 million and $50.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $91.4 million in brokered deposits compared to $83.2 million at December 31, 2023.

The components of interest expense associated with deposits are as follows:

(12)Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings

The Bank has a line of credit, renewable annually each September, with the FHLB under which there were $48.8 million of borrowings at December 31, 2024 compared to $58.0 million of borrowings at December 31, 2023. Interest on any outstanding balance on the line of credit accrues at the federal funds rate plus 0.15% (4.57% at December 31, 2024). The Company had $60.0 million letters of credit issued through the FHLB at December 31, 2024 compared to $20.0 million at December 31, 2023 to secure municipal deposits. The Company did not have any term advances from FHLB at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Although no loans are specifically pledged, the FHLB requires the Bank to maintain eligible collateral (qualifying loans and investment securities) that has a lending value at least equal to its required collateral. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was a blanket pledge of loans totaling $403.9 million and $328.7 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Bank’s total borrowing capacity with the FHLB was approximately $281.2 million and $232.3 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Bank’s available borrowing capacity was $171.0 million and $153.1 million, respectively. The difference between the Bank’s total borrowing capacity and available borrowing capacity is related to the amount of borrowings outstanding and letters of credit issued to collateralized public fund deposits. The available borrowing capacity with the FHLB is collateral based, and the Bank’s ability to borrow is subject to maintaining collateral that meets the eligibility requirements. The borrowing capacity is not committed and is subject to FHLB credit requirements and policies. In addition, the Bank must maintain a restricted investment in FHLB stock to maintain access to borrowings.

(13)Subordinated Debentures

In 2003, the Company issued $8.2 million of subordinated debentures. These debentures, which are due in 2034 and are currently redeemable, were issued to a wholly owned grantor trust (the “Trust”) formed to issue preferred securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of the Trust. The Trust then invested the gross proceeds of such preferred securities in the debentures. The Trust’s preferred securities and the subordinated debentures require quarterly interest payments and have variable rates, adjustable quarterly. Interest accrues at three month CME term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% and a margin of 2.85%. The interest rate at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 7.74% and 8.50%, respectively.

In 2005, the Company issued an additional $8.2 million of subordinated debentures. These debentures, which are due in 2036 and are currently redeemable, were issued to a wholly owned grantor trust (“Trust II”) formed to issue preferred securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of Trust II. Trust II then invested the gross proceeds of such preferred securities in the debentures. Trust II’s preferred securities and the subordinated debentures require quarterly interest payments and have variable rates, adjustable quarterly. Interest accrues at three month CME term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% and a margin of 1.34%. The interest rate at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 5.96% and 6.99%, respectively.

In 2013, the Company assumed an additional $5.2 million of subordinated debentures as part of the Bank’s acquisition of Citizens Bank. These debentures, which are due in 2036 and are currently redeemable, were issued by Citizens Bank’s former holding company to a wholly owned grantor trust, First Capital (KS) Statutory Trust (“Trust III”) formed to issue preferred securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of Trust III. Trust III’s preferred securities and the subordinated debentures require quarterly interest payments and have variable rates, adjustable quarterly. Interest accrues at three month CME term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% and a margin of 1.62%. The interest rate at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 5.94% and 7.24% respectively.

While these trusts are accounted for as unconsolidated equity investments, a portion of the trust preferred securities issued by the trusts qualifies as Tier 1 Capital for regulatory purposes.

(14)Other Borrowings

The Company has a $5.0 million line of credit from an unrelated financial institution maturing on November 1, 2025, with an interest rate that adjusts daily based on theprime rate less 0.50%. This line of credit has covenants specific to capital and other financial ratios. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s risk-based capital ratio of 12.43% was below the minimum required under such covenants of 12.50%. The Company requested from the lender a waiver of the default which was granted ty the lender. On March 14, 2025, the Company and the lender entered into a Change in Terms Agreement, reducing the minimum tier 1 capital ratio required under such covenants to 12.00% going forward. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have an outstanding balance on the line of credit.

The Company borrowed $10.0 million from an unrelated financial institution at a fixed rate of 6.15% maturing on September 1, 2027, which requires quarterly principal and interest payments. The principal balance was $4.2 million and $6.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Bank had no borrowings through the Federal Reserve discount window, while the borrowing capacity was $50.5 million and $60.7 million, respectively. The Bank also has various other federal funds agreements, both secured and unsecured, with correspondent banks totaling approximately $35.0 million at December 31, 2024 and $30.0 million at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno borrowings through these correspondent bank federal funds agreements.

(15)Repurchase Agreements

The Company has overnight repurchase agreements with certain deposit customers whereby the Company uses investment securities as collateral for non-insured funds. These balances are accounted for as collateralized financing and included in other borrowings on the balance sheet.

Repurchase agreements are comprised of non-insured customer funds, totaling $13.8 million at December 31, 2024, and $12.7 million at December 31, 2023, which were secured by $15.2 million and $23.7 million of the Bank’s investment portfolio at the same dates, respectively.

The following is a summary of the balances and collateral of the Company’s repurchase agreements:

The investment securities are held by a third party financial institution in the customer’s custodial account. The Company is required to maintain adequate collateral for each repurchase agreement. Changes in the fair value of the investment securities impact the amount of collateral required. If the Company were to default, the investment securities would be used to settle the repurchase agreement with the deposit customer.

(16)Revenue from Contracts with Customers

All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within non-interest income. Items outside the scope of ASC 606 are noted as such.

A description of the Company’s revenue streams within the scope of ASC 606 follows:

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts

The Company earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM usage fees, stop payment charges, statement rendering, and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Company fulfills the customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period during which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

Interchange Income

The Company earns interchange fees from debit cardholder transactions conducted through the interchange payment network. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder.

Gains (Losses) on Sales of Real Estate Owned

The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of real estate owned when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When the Company finances the sale of real estate owned to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the real estate owned asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on the sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain (loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present. There were no sales of real estate owned that were financed by the Company during the years 2024, 2023, or 2022.

(17)Income Taxes

Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from operations consisted of the following:

The reasons for the difference between actual income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense attributable to income from operations at the statutory federal income tax rate were as follows:

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at the following dates were as follows:

The Company had Kansas corporate and privilege tax net operating loss carry forwards totaling $4.5 million and $4.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which expire between 2025 and 2032. The Company had recorded a valuation allowance against the Kansas net operating loss carry forwards. The Company had federal net operating loss carry forwards totaling $465,000 as of December 31, 2023, which was utilized during 2024. A valuation allowance related to the remaining deferred tax assets has not been provided because management believes it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024.

Retained earnings at December 31, 2024 and 2023 include approximately $6.3 million for which no provision for federal income tax had been made. This amount represents allocations of income to bad debt deductions in years prior to 1988 for tax purposes only. Reduction of amounts allocated for purposes other than tax bad debt losses will create income for tax purposes only, which will be subject to the then current corporate income tax rate.

The Company has unrecognized tax benefits representing tax positions for which a liability has been established. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the liability relating to unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

Tax years that remain open and subject to audit include the years 2020 through 2024 for both federal and state tax purposes. The Company recognized $975,000 and $528,000 of previously unrecognized tax benefits during 2024 and 2023, respectively. The gross unrecognized tax benefits of $1.5 million and $2.0 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, would favorably impact the effective tax rate by $1.2 million and $1.6 million, respectively, if recognized. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $209,000, $51,000 and $52,000, respectively, associated with interest and penalties. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accrued interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits of $311,000 and $520,000, respectively, which are not included in the table above. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that a reduction in gross unrecognized tax benefits of up to $264,000 is possible during the next 12 months as a result of the lapse of the statute of limitations.

(18)Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Retirement Plan. Substantially all employees are covered under a 401(k) defined contribution savings plan. Eligible employees receive dollar-for-dollar matching contributions from the Company of up to 6% of their compensation. Matching contributions by the Company were $787,000, $857,000, and $768,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Split-Dollar Life Insurance Agreement. The Company has recognized a liability for future benefits payable under an agreement that splits the benefits of a bank owned life insurance policy between the Company and a former employee. The liability totaled $44,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

**Deferred Compensation Agreements.**The Company has entered into a deferred compensation agreement with a key employee that provides for cash payments to be made after retirement. The obligations under this arrangement have been recorded at the present value of the accrued benefits. The Company has also entered into agreements with a current and former director to defer portions of their compensation. The balance of accrued benefits under all deferred compensation agreements was $924,000 and $798,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was included as a component of other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded income associated with the deferred compensation agreements of $1,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, expense associated with the deferred compensation agreements of $2,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and income associated with the deferred compensation agreements of $1,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The liability balance is also impacted by changes in the value of the underlying assets supporting the agreements for directors who have not retired.

**(19)Stock-Based Compensation **

**Overview.**The Company has a stock-based employee compensation plan, which allows for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, and stock awards (including, among others, restricted common stock, and restricted stock unit awards.), the purpose of which is to provide additional incentive to certain employees, directors, and service providers by facilitating their purchase of a stock interest in the Company. Compensation expense related to prior awards under the Company’s current and former stock-based employee compensation plans is recognized on a straight line basis over the vesting period, which is typically four years. The stock-based compensation cost related to these awards was $520,000, $352,000, and $295,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The Company recognized tax benefits of $126,000, $84,000, and $77,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

For stock options, the exercise price may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares on the date of the grant, and no option shall be exercisable after ten years from the grant date. In determining compensation cost, the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of options on date of grant. The Black-Scholes model is a closed-end model that considers expected volatility, the expected term of the options the risk-free rate for the expected option term, and dividend yield using the assumptions outlined below. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The Company uses historical exercise behavior and other qualitative factors to estimate the expected term of the options, which represents the period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate for the expected term is based on U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant.

2015 Stock Incentive Plan. On May 20, 2015, our stockholders approved the Landmark Bancorp, Inc., 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Stock Incentive Plan”), which authorized the issuance of equity awards covering 407,224 shares of common stock, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. On August 1, 2022, the Compensation Committee awarded 20,318 shares of restricted common stock pursuant to the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The restricted stock awards vest ratably over one or four years and the value was based on a stock price of $22.02 per share on the date such shares were granted, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. On August 1, 2023, the Compensation Committee awarded 5,725 shares of restricted common stock pursuant to the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends and options to acquire 89,425 shares of common stock, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The restricted stock awards vest ratably over one year and the value was based on a stock price of $19.20 per share on the date such shares were granted, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The options vest ratably over four years.

On February 29, 2024, the Compensation Committee awarded, effective March 29, 2024,5,250 shares of restricted common stock pursuant to the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends and options to acquire 42,000 shares of common stock, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The restricted stock awards vest ratably over four years and the value was based on a stock price of $18.36 per share on the date such shares were granted, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The options vest ratably over four years.

**2024 Stock Incentive Plan.**On May 22, 2024, our stockholders approved the Landmark Bancorp, Inc., 2024 Stock Incentive Plan which authorized the issuance of equity awards covering 525,000 shares of common stock as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. Upon shareholder approval of the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan was frozen with respect to future grants.

On August 1, 2024, the Compensation Committee awarded 37,984 shares of restricted common stock, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The restricted stock awards vest ratably over one or four years and the value was based on a stock price of $19.10 per share on the date such shares were granted, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. As of December 31, 2024, there were 487,016 shares of common stock remaining available for issuance under the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan.

The fair value of the options granted were determined using the following weighted-average assumptions as of the grant date:

A summary of option activity during 2024 is presented below:

Additional information about stock options exercised is presented below:

As of December 31, 2024, there was $329,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the 111,807 outstanding unvested options that will be recognized over the following periods:

The fair value of restricted stock on the vesting date was $293,000, $187,000, and $223,000 during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively. A summary of nonvested restricted common stock activity during 2024 is presented below:

As of December 31, 2024, there was $791,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the outstanding nonvested restricted shares that will be recognized over the following periods:

(20)Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Fair value estimates of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, including methods and assumptions utilized, are set forth below:

Transfers

The Company did not transfer any assets or liabilities among levels during the year ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Valuation Methods for Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table represents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2024 and 2023, allocated to the appropriate fair value hierarchy:

The Company’s investment securities classified as available-for-sale include U.S. treasury securities, U.S. federal agency securities, municipal obligations and agency mortgage-backed securities. Quoted exchange prices are available for the Company’s U.S treasury securities which are classified as Level 1. U.S. federal agency securities and agency mortgage-backed obligations are priced utilizing industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including time value, yield curves, volatility factors, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severity, current market and contractual prices for the underlying financial instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace, can be derived from observable data, or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. These measurements are classified as Level 2. Municipal securities are valued using a type of matrix, or grid, pricing in which securities are benchmarked against U.S. treasury rates based on credit rating. These model and matrix measurements are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities are included in other comprehensive income to the extent the changes are not considered credit-related.

Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at estimated fair value. The mortgage loan valuations are based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans and are classified as Level 2. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market and derivative financial instruments are included in gains on sales of loans.

The aggregate fair value, contractual balance (including accrued interest), and gain or loss on loans held for sale were as follows:

The Company’s derivative financial instruments consist of interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans. The fair values of these derivatives are based on quoted prices for similar loans in the secondary market. The market prices are adjusted by a factor, based on the Company’s historical data and its judgment about future economic trends, which considers the likelihood that a commitment will ultimately result in a closed loan. These instruments are classified as Level 2. The amounts are included in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and gains on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of earnings. The total amount of gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments included in earnings were as follows:

Valuation Methods for Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company does not record its loan portfolio at fair value. Collateral-dependent loans are generally carried at the lower of cost or fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs. Collateral values are determined based on appraisals performed by qualified licensed appraisers hired by the Company and then further adjusted if warranted based on relevant facts and circumstances. The appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including the comparable sales and income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Individually evaluated loans are reviewed at least quarterly for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above. The carrying value of the Company’s individually evaluated loans was $15.0 million at December 31, 2024 and $4.3 million at December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company’s collateral dependent loans with an allowance for credit losses was $2.5 million and $1.7 million, with an allocated allowance of $777,000 and $311,000, at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Real estate owned includes assets acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure and land previously acquired for expansion. Real estate owned is initially recorded at the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. Subsequent valuations are updated periodically and are based upon independent appraisals, third party price opinions or internal pricing models. The appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including the comparable sales and income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Real estate owned is reviewed and evaluated at least annually for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above.

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for individually evaluated loans measure at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(21)Regulatory Capital Requirements

Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. Management believed that as of December 31, 2024, the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject at that time.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. The Company and the Bank are subject to the Basel III Rule, which is applicable to all U.S. banks that are subject to minimum capital requirements, as well as to bank and savings and loan holding companies other than “small bank holding companies” (generally, non-public bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $3.0 billion).

The Basel III Rule includes a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets minimum ratio of 4.5%, a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 6.0%, a minimum ratio of Total Capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, and a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. A capital conservation buffer, equal to 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital, is also established above the regulatory minimum capital requirements. The capital conservation buffer increases the common equity Tier 1 capital ratio, and Tier 1 capital and total risk-based capital ratios.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action then in effect. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institution’s category.

The following is a comparison of the Company’s regulatory capital to minimum capital requirements in effect at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The following is a comparison of the Bank’s regulatory capital to minimum capital requirements in effect at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(22)Parent Company Condensed Financial Statements

The following is condensed financial information of the parent company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023

and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Condensed Balance Sheets

Condensed Statements of Earnings

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

Dividends paid by the Company are provided through dividends from the Bank and dividends from nonbank subsidiaries. At December 31, 2024, the Bank could distribute dividends of up to $4.9 million without regulatory approvals. The primary source of funds for the Company is dividends from the Bank. Under the National Bank Act, a national bank may pay dividends out of its undivided profits in such amounts and at such times as the bank’s board of directors deems prudent. Without prior OCC approval, however, a national bank may not pay dividends in any calendar year that, in the aggregate, exceed the bank’s year-to-date net income plus the bank’s retained net income for the two preceding years. The payment of dividends by any financial institution is affected by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to applicable capital adequacy guidelines and regulations, and a financial institution generally is prohibited from paying any dividends if, following payment thereof, the institution would be undercapitalized.

(23)Segment Information

The Company operates as asingle segment entity for financial reporting purposes. The Company’s reportable segment is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is the designated CODM, based upon information provided about the company’s products and services offered, primarily banking operations. The CODM allocates resources and assesses performance of the Company based on the consolidated performance of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries and does not significantly utilize disaggregated segment financial information for decision making and resource allocation. Based on this assessment the Company’s financial statement disclosures fully comply with ASC 2023-07, and no additional qualitative segment disclosures are necessary. The CODM uses revenue streams to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess performance and evaluate return on assets. The CODM uses consolidated net income to benchmark the Company against its competitors. The benchmarking analysis coupled with monitoring of budget to actual results are used in assessments of Company performance and in establishing compensation. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the revenues for the Company. Interest expenses, provisions for credit losses, and compensation and benefits expense comprise the significant expenses. All operations are domestic.

(24)Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to a borrower provided there are no violations of any conditions established in the contract. The Company, as a provider of financial services, routinely issues financial guarantees in the form of financial and performance commercial and standby letters of credit. As many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. See Note 7 (Loan Commitments) for additional detail.

There are no pending legal proceedings to which the Company or the Bank is a party other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the Bank’s business. While the ultimate outcome of current legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management that the resolution of these legal actions should not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.