ORRSTOWN FINANCIAL SERVICES INC

(All dollar amounts presented in the tables, except per share amounts, are in thousands)

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

See the Glossary of Defined Terms at the beginning of this Report for terms used throughout the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes of this Form 10-Q.

Nature of Operations – Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. is a financial holding company that operates Orrstown Bank, a commercial bank providing banking and financial advisory services in Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Perry and York Counties, Pennsylvania, and in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Harford, Howard and Washington Counties, Maryland. The Company operates in the community banking segment and engages in lending activities, including commercial, residential, commercial mortgages, construction, municipal, and various forms of consumer lending, and deposit services, including checking, savings, time and money market deposits. The Company’s lending area also includes counties in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and West Virginia within a 75-mile radius of the Company's executive and administrative offices, as well as the District of Columbia. The Company also provides fiduciary, investment advisory, insurance and brokerage services. The Company and the Bank are subject to regulation by certain federal and state agencies and undergo periodic examinations by such regulatory authorities.

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Orrstown Financial Services, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank. The Company has prepared these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information, SEC rules that permit reduced disclosure for interim periods and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (all of which are of a normal recurring nature) that are necessary for a fair statement are reflected in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. There have been no material changes to the Company's significant accounting policies for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026. The December 31, 2025 consolidated balance sheet information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was derived from the Company's 2025 audited consolidated financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2026. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

The Company's management has evaluated all activity of the Company and concluded that subsequent events are properly reflected in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes as required by GAAP.

To prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.

Acquisition Accounting

The Company accounts for its mergers and acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting under the provisions of the FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations ("805"). Under ASC 805, all of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are recognized at their acquisition-date fair value, while transaction costs and restructuring costs associated with the business combination are expensed as incurred. The determination of fair values involves significant judgment regarding methods and assumptions, including discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events. The excess of the merger consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, is allocated to goodwill. The results of operations of the acquired entity are included in the consolidated statements of income from the acquisition date. In accordance with business combination accounting guidance, for the Merger as defined below, the Company reviewed and evaluated the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired for the permissible period of up to twelve months following the Merger date of July 1, 2024. Any such adjustments were recorded to goodwill and are reflected in the unaudited condensed statements of financial condition. The measurement period to finalize the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities ended on June 30, 2025. No further adjustments to the fair values were recorded subsequent to twelve months following the Merger date.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

The Company accounts for the ACL in accordance with the current expected credit losses accounting standard commonly referred to as "CECL," which requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses over the contractual term for financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity securities, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The CECL methodology also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (e.g., loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees and other similar instruments), net investments in leases recognized by a lessor and AFS debt securities.

The ACL represents the amount that, in management's judgment, appropriately reflects credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the ACL on loans, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL on loans when received. Changes to the ACL are recorded through the provision for credit losses on loans in the consolidated statements of income.

The ACL is maintained at a level considered appropriate to absorb credit losses over the expected life of the loan. The ACL for expected credit losses is determined based on a quantitative assessment of two categories of loans: collectively evaluated loans and individually evaluated loans. In addition, the ACL also includes a qualitative component which adjusts the CECL model results for risk factors that are not considered within the CECL model, but are relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan classes.

The ACL on loans is measured on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist within the Company's loan segments between commercial and consumer. For purposes of estimating the Company’s ACL, management generally evaluates collectively evaluated loans by federal call code, which represents the loan classes based upon U.S. regulatory loan classification rules, in order to group loans with similar risk characteristics. Each of these loan segments are broken down into multiple loan classes, which are characterized by loan type, collateral type, risk attributions and the manner in which management monitors the performance of the borrower. The risks associated with lending activities differ and are subject to the impact of change in interest rates, market conditions and the impact of economic conditions on the collateral securing the loans, and general economic conditions. The commercial loan segment includes commercial real estate, acquisition and development, commercial and industrial and municipal loan classes. The consumer loan segment includes residential mortgage, installment and other consumer loans.

The Company calculates credit losses over the estimated life of the applicable financial assets using the DCF methodology for the quantitative analysis for the majority of its loan segments, which applies the probability of default and loss given default factors to future cash flows, and then adjusts to the net present value to derive the required reserve. Reasonable and supportable macroeconomic conditions include unemployment and GDP. Model assumptions include the discount rate, prepayments and curtailments. The validation of credit models also includes determining the length of the reasonable and supportable forecast and regression period and utilizing national peer group historical loss rates. For the consumer loan segments, the remaining life methodology is applied as a practical expedient based on the risk characteristics.

Loans collectively evaluated include loans that share similar risk characteristics. The ACL for loans collectively evaluated is measured using a lifetime expected loss rate model that considers historical loss performance and past events in addition to forecasts of future economic conditions. The Company elected to use the DCF methodology for the quantitative analysis for the majority of its loan segments, which applies the probability of default to future cash flows, using a loss driver model and loss given default factors, and then adjusts to the net present value to derive the required reserve. The probability of default estimates are derived through the application of reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to the regression models, which incorporates the Company's and peer loss-rate data, unemployment rate and GDP. The reasonable and supportable forecasts of the selected economic metrics are then input into the regression model to calculate an expected default rate. The expected default rates are then applied to expected loan balances estimated through the consideration of contractual repayment terms and expected prepayments. The prepayment and curtailment assumptions adjust the contractual terms of the loan to arrive at the expected cash flows. The development and validation of credit models also included determining the length of the reasonable and supportable forecast and regression period and utilizing national peer group historical loss rates. Management selected the national unemployment rate and GDP as the drivers of the quantitative portion of collectively evaluated reserves on loan classes reliant upon the DCF methodology. For the consumer loan segment, the quantitative reserve was calculated using the remaining life methodology where the average historical bank-specific and peer loss rates are applied to expected loan balances over an estimated remaining life of loans. The estimated remaining life is calculated using historical bank-specific loan attrition data.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation for the ACL. Loans identified to be individually evaluated under CECL include substandard loans, loans on nonaccrual status and may include accruing loans that do not share similar risk characteristics to other accruing loans collectively evaluated. A specific reserve analysis is applied to the individually evaluated loans, which considers collateral value, an observable market price or the present value of expected future cash flows. A specific reserve may be assigned if the measured value of the loan using one of these methods is less than the current carrying value of the loans.

A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the Company determines foreclosure is probable or the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Collateral could be in the form of real estate, equipment or business assets. An ACL may result for a collateral-dependent loan if the fair value of the underlying collateral, as of the reporting date, adjusted for expected costs to repair or sell, was less than the amortized cost basis of the loan. If repayment of the loan is instead dependent only on the operation, rather than the sale of the collateral, the measure of the ACL does not incorporate estimated costs to sell. For loans evaluated on the basis of projected future principal and interest cash flows, the Company discounts the expected cash flows at the effective interest rate of the loan. An ACL will result if the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan.

Based on management's analysis, adjustments may be applied for additional factors impacting the risk of loss in the loan portfolio beyond the quantitatively calculated reserve on collectively evaluated loans. As the quantitative reserve calculation incorporates historical conditions, management may consider an additional or reduced reserve is warranted through qualitative risk factors based on current and expected conditions. These qualitative risk factors include significant or unexpected changes in:

•Lending policies, procedures, underwriting standards and recovery practices;

•Nature and volume of loans;

•Concentrations of credit;

•Collateral valuation trends;

•Delinquency and classified loan trends;

•Experience, ability and depth of management and lending staff;

•Quality of loan review system; and

•Economic conditions and other external factors.

A comprehensive analysis of the ACL is performed by the Company on a quarterly basis. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACL utilizing a defined methodology to determine if it properly addresses the current and expected risks in the loan portfolio, which considers the performance of borrowers and specific evaluation of individually evaluated loans including historical loss experiences, trends in delinquencies, nonperforming loans and other risk assets, and the qualitative factors. Risk factors are regularly reviewed and adjusted, as needed, by management when conditions support a change. Management believes its approach properly addresses relevant accounting and bank regulatory guidance for loans both collectively and individually evaluated. The results of the comprehensive analysis, including recommended changes, are governed by the Company's Reserve Adequacy Committee.

For loan modifications, the Company evaluates whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, if the modification results in a more-than-insignificant direct change in the contractual cash flows and whether the modifications represent terms that would result in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The Company refers to these loans as "financial difficulty modifications" or "FDMs."

If a modification occurs while the loan is on accrual status, it will continue to accrue interest under the modified terms. After the initial modification and recognition of an FDM, the Company will monitor the performance of the borrower. If no subsequent qualifying modifications are made to the FDM, the loan does not require disclosure in the current period's disclosures after the one-year period from the modification date has elapsed.

Purchased loans that do not qualify as PCD loans are accounted for similar to originated loans, whereby an ACL is recognized with a corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. For PCD loans, the nonaccrual status is determined in the same manner as for other loans. PCD loans are recorded at their fair value and include credit and interest rate marks associated with acquisition accounting adjustments plus the ACL expected at the time of acquisition resulting in a gross up of the amortized cost of the loans. Subsequent changes in the ACL from the initial ACL estimate are recorded as provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. Purchase premiums or discounts are subsequently amortized as an adjustment to yield over the estimated contractual lives of the loans. The acquired loans are evaluated on an individual asset level, and not maintained in pools and accounted for as units of accounts, which would permit treating each pool as a single asset.

Following a merger, the Company will evaluate and classify the acquired loans as PCD if the loans had experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination or as non-PCD if the loans had not experienced a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination. PCD loans include loans on nonaccrual status, loans with historical delinquency since loan origination or having a risk rating of watch, special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss based on the Company's internal risk rating system. At acquisition, the fair value of the PCD loans is recorded to the ACL, but not as a charge to the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. The initial allowance is instead established by grossing up the amortized cost of the PCD loan. Subsequent to a merger, changes in the expected credit losses on PCD loans are recorded to the provision for credit losses. The ACL for non-PCD loans is recorded to the provision for credit losses in the same period as the acquisition.

See Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements under Part I, Item 1, "Financial Information," for a description of the Company’s loan classes and differing levels of associated credit risk.

Allowance for Credit Losses on AFS Securities

The Company is required to conduct an impairment evaluation on AFS securities to determine whether the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery. If these situations apply, the guidance continues to require the Company to reduce the security's amortized cost basis down to its fair value through earnings. The Company also evaluates the unrealized losses on AFS securities to determine if a security's decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis is due to credit factors. The evaluation is based upon factors such as the creditworthiness of the underlying borrowers, performance of the underlying collateral, if applicable, and the level of credit support in the security structure. Management also evaluates other factors and circumstances that may be indicative of a decline in the fair value of the security due to a credit factor. This includes, but is not limited to, an evaluation of the type of security, length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost and near-term prospects of the issuer. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of the expected cash flows of the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost, an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, which is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any additional amount of loss would be due to non-credit factors and is recorded in AOCI, net of taxes. If a credit loss is recognized in earnings, subsequent improvements to the expectation of collectability will be recognized through the ACL. If the fair value of the security increases above its amortized cost, the unrealized gain will be recorded in AOCI, net of taxes, on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

See Note 3, Investment Securities, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements under Part I, Item 1, "Financial Information," for a description of the Company’s investment securities and impairment evaluation.

Accounting for Income Taxes

The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it operates. Due to the complexity of the tax laws, management may make judgments in computing income tax expense, which are subject to varying interpretations by management and the taxing authorities, and could result in changes upon final determination. Income tax expense is based upon income before taxes, adjusted for the effect of certain tax-exempt income, non-deductible expenses and tax credits. Temporary differences may occur as a result of certain income and expense items being reported in different periods for financial reporting and tax purposes. Deferred taxes are calculated, using the applicable enacted marginal tax rate, based on the differences between the tax basis and carrying value of the asset or liability on the financial statement. The Company recognizes, when applicable, interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. Under FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company must apply a more likely than not probability threshold on its tax positions before a financial statement benefit is recognized. A valuation allowance would be recognized if any deferred tax assets were determined to be more likely than not unrecoverable. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company recorded federal income tax credits, which resulted in an income tax benefit of $1.6 million.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public business entities to disclose specified information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments require that at each interim and annual reporting period an entity disclose:

•(a) purchases of inventory; (b) employee compensation; (c) depreciation; (d) intangible asset amortization; and (e) depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities included in each relevant expense caption;

•certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosures as other disaggregation requirements;

•qualitative descriptions of amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively; and

•the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, the entity's definition of selling expenses.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01 clarifying the effective date for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating ASU 2024-03 and its impact on its disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), which requires an entity to begin capitalizing costs incurred for software projects when the entity has both authorized and committed to funding the software project and it is probable that the software project will be completed and used for its intended function. To determine the probability of completion, an entity will be required to consider if there is significant uncertainty during the development activities. The effective date of the amendment is for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025-06 and its impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-08, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Purchased Loans, which expands the scope of acquired financial assets subject to the gross-up approach under Topic 326. Specifically, loans, excluding credit card receivables, acquired without credit deterioration and loans considered “seasoned” would be accounted for using the gross-up approach at acquisition, which requires the initial ACL at acquisition to be added to the amortized cost basis of the loans. The effective date of the amendment is for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026. The Company is evaluating the updated guidance to determine its impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270), which is intended to improve disclosure requirements and provide guidance on disclosing material reporting events and changes occurring after the annual reporting period. The effective date is for annual reporting periods after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the updated guidance to determine its impact on disclosures.

NOTE 2. MERGER

On July 1, 2024, Orrstown completed a merger of equals with Codorus Valley, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), dated as of December 12, 2023, by and between Orrstown and Codorus Valley. At the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), Codorus Valley was merged with and into Orrstown, with Orrstown as the surviving corporation, which was promptly followed by the merger of Codorus Valley’s wholly-owned bank subsidiary, PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company, with and into Orrstown Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Orrstown, with Orrstown Bank as the surviving bank.

Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, each share of Codorus Valley common stock, $2.50 par value per share (“Codorus Common Stock”), outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time was canceled and converted into the right to receive 0.875 shares (the “Exchange Ratio”) of Orrstown common stock, no par value per share (“Orrstown Common Stock”), with an amount in cash, without interest, to be paid in lieu of fractional shares.

In addition, at the Effective Time, (i) each option to purchase Codorus Valley common stock issued under Codorus Valley’s 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended, 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended, and any other similar plan (collectively, the “Codorus Valley Equity Plans”), outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time was automatically converted into an option to purchase a number of shares of Orrstown common stock equal to the product of the number of shares of Codorus Valley common stock subject to such stock option immediately prior to the Effective Time and the Exchange Ratio, at an exercise price per share (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) equal to (a) the exercise price per share of Codorus Valley common stock of such stock option immediately prior to the Effective Time divided by (b) the Exchange Ratio; (ii) all time-based restricted stock awards and time-based restricted stock unit awards granted under the Codorus Valley Equity Plans were vested in full; and (iii) all performance-based restricted stock awards and performance-based restricted stock unit awards granted under the Codorus Valley Equity Plans were vested in full. In addition, the 2007 Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. Restated

Employee Stock Purchase Plan was terminated prior to the closing date of the Merger. Each outstanding share of Orrstown Common Stock remained outstanding and was unaffected by the Merger.

The total aggregate consideration delivered to holders of Codorus Valley common stock was 8,532,038 shares of Orrstown common stock. The issuance of shares of Orrstown common stock in connection with the Merger was registered under the Securities Act on a registration statement initially filed by Orrstown with the SEC on March 29, 2024 and declared effective on April 23, 2024 (the “Registration Statement”). The consideration transferred at the close of the transaction was $233.4 million based on the closing market price of Orrstown common stock of $27.36 on June 28, 2024.

The Merger accomplished the Company’s objectives of providing increased market opportunities and expanding its branch network through a contiguous footprint in Central and Eastern Pennsylvania and the Greater Baltimore, Maryland area. Further, the Merger created an expanded product suite based on the complementary nature of the products and customers of both companies and increases lending capacity, which will support growth of the existing client base and is expected to provide an opportunity to mitigate risks and increase potential returns.

The following tables summarize the purchase price consideration paid for Codorus Valley and the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed recognized at the acquisition date.

Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total merger consideration is allocated to the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities of Codorus Valley based on their estimated fair value as of the closing of the Merger. The excess of the merger consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, is allocated to goodwill.

The Company initially recorded goodwill of $49.4 million in connection with the Merger, which is not amortized for financial reporting purposes, but is subject to annual impairment testing. As permitted under GAAP, the Company had up to twelve months following the date of the Merger to finalize the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities related to the merger of Codorus Valley. During this measurement period, the Company could record subsequent adjustments to goodwill for provisional amounts recorded at the Merger date. The Company recorded merger-related tax adjustments totaling $1.6 million, which increased goodwill associated with the Merger to $51.0 million. The measurement period to finalize the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities ended on June 30, 2025. No further adjustments to the fair values were recorded subsequent to twelve months following the Merger date.

The following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies used to estimate the fair values of major categories of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Merger. The Company used independent valuation specialists to assist with the determination of fair values for certain acquired assets and assumed liabilities.

The Company acquired core deposit intangibles of $40.1 million and customer relationship intangible assets associated with its wealth and brokerage businesses totaling $10.6 million from the Merger. Both were valued utilizing the income approach, which is based on the present value of the cash flows that can be expected to be generated in the future. The core deposit intangible and customer relationship intangible assets are amortized based on the sum-of-the-years digits method over the expected life of 10 years.

The Company increased the fair value of premises by $6.6 million with a corresponding decrease to goodwill based upon updated independent market-based appraisals for buildings, land and land improvements. The fair value adjustments are depreciated based on the estimated useful life of 40 years.

As a result of the Merger, the Company acquired operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities both with a fair value of $5.1 million based on the income approach, which considered the lease contracts current rental rates, escalation terms and expiration periods. The Company also acquired a finance lease asset and liability with fair values of $392 thousand each. At July 1, 2024, the Company recorded negative fair value adjustments of $1.1 million and $133 thousand to acquired operating lease assets and finance lease assets, respectively, which are amortized over the remaining lease terms.

An adjustment of $3.2 million was recorded to reflect the fair value of the time deposits assumed, which was determined using a discounted cash flow approach that utilized a discount rate equal to current market interest rates for instruments with similar terms and maturities. The fair value adjustment for time deposits are amortized over the remaining maturities.

Subordinated notes and trust preferred debt were valued using a discounted cash flow approach, which applied a discount rate based upon other issuances with comparable terms. Fair value adjustments of $2.4 million and $2.7 million were recorded for the acquired subordinated notes and trust preferred debt, respectively, which are being amortized over their remaining maturities. On June 30, 2026, the Company redeemed the $31.0 million outstanding 4.50% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due December 9, 2030, During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, $1.6 million of unearned discounts was accelerated as a result of the redemption.

The Company evaluated and classified the acquired loans between non-PCD or PCD. The PCD loans include loans which experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination. PCD loans included loans on nonaccrual status, past due 60 days or greater at any time since loan origination or having a risk rating of watch, special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss based on the Company's internal risk rating system. For PCD loans, an ACL is recorded on day 1 and added to the fair value of the loan for its amortized cost. At day 1, a provision for credit loss is not recorded on PCD loans. The following table presents details related to the fair value of acquired PCD loans at the acquisition date:

NOTE 3. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, all investment securities were classified as AFS. The following table summarizes amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities, the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in AOCI and the ACL at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The following table summarizes investment securities with unrealized losses at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, aggregated by major security type and the length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

On a quarterly basis, the Company conducts an impairment evaluation on AFS securities to determine whether the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery. If these situations apply, the guidance requires the Company to reduce the security's amortized cost basis down to its fair value through earnings. The Company also evaluates the unrealized losses on AFS securities to determine if a security's decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis is due to credit factors. The evaluation is based upon factors such as the creditworthiness of the underlying issuers, performance of the underlying collateral, if applicable, and the level of credit support in the security structure. Management also evaluates other factors and circumstances that may be indicative of a decline in the fair value of the security due to a credit factor. This includes, but is not limited to, an evaluation of the type of security, length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost and near-term prospects of the issuer. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of the expected cash flows of the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. Under the CECL standard, if the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost, an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, which is limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any additional amount of loss would be due to non-credit factors and is recorded in AOCI, net of taxes. If a credit loss is recognized in earnings, subsequent improvements to the expectation of collectability will be recognized through the ACL. If the fair value of the security increases above its amortized cost, the unrealized gain will be recorded in AOCI, net of taxes, on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company didnot record an ACL on the AFS securities at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. As of these periods, the Company considers the unrealized losses on the AFS securities to be related to fluctuations in market conditions, primarily higher interest rates from the time of the security purchase, and not reflective of deterioration in credit. In addition, the Company maintains that it has the intent and ability to hold these AFS securities until the amortized cost is recovered and it is more likely than not that any of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position would not be required to be sold.

U.S. Treasury Securities. The unrealized losses presented in the table above have been caused by an increase in interest rates from the time these securities were purchased. Management considers the full faith and credit of the U.S. government in determining whether declines in fair value are due to credit factors.

States and Political Subdivisions. The unrealized losses presented in the table above have been caused by a rise in interest rates from the time these securities were purchased. Management evaluates the financial performance of the issuers, including the investment rating, the state of the issuer of the security and other credit support in determining whether declines in fair value are due to credit factors.

GSE Residential CMOs, GSE Residential MBS and GSE Commercial MBS. The unrealized losses presented in the table above have been caused by a widening of spreads and a rise in interest rates from the time these securities were purchased. The contractual terms of these securities do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than its par value basis.

Non-Agency CMOs. The unrealized losses presented in the table above were caused by a widening of spreads and a rise in interest rates from the time the securities were purchased. In determining whether declines in fair value in these investment securities are due to credit factors, management evaluates credit enhancements and other credit support, the investment rating and delinquencies.

Asset-backed. The unrealized losses presented in the table above were caused by a widening of spreads and a rise in the interest rates from the time the securities were purchased. In determining whether declines in fair value in these investment securities are due to credit factors, management evaluates credit enhancements and other credit support, the investment rating and delinquencies.

The Company does not intend to sell the aforementioned investment securities with unrealized losses and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell them before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity. In addition, the unrealized losses are not credit related. Therefore, the Company has concluded that the unrealized losses for these securities do not require an ACL at June 30, 2026.

The following table summarizes amortized cost and fair value of investment securities by contractual maturity at June 30, 2026. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

The following table summarizes proceeds from sales of investment securities and gross gains and gross losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company recorded a net gain of $57 thousand and $55 thousand compared to a net gain of $8 thousand and $21 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 from mark-to-market activity on an equity security. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company didnot sell any investment securities. Investment securities with a fair value of $648.6 million and $556.5 million at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, were pledged to secure public funds and for other purposes as required or permitted by law. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, no AFS investment securities holding of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, amounted to greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity.

NOTE 4. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The Company’s loan portfolio is grouped into segments, which are further broken down into classes to allow management to monitor the performance by the borrower and to monitor the yield on the portfolio. The risks associated with lending activities differ among the various loan classes and are subject to the impact of changes in interest rates, market conditions of collateral securing the loans, and general economic conditions. All of these factors may adversely impact both the borrower’s ability to repay its loans and the value of its associated collateral.

The Company has various types of commercial real estate loans, which have differing levels of credit risk. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are generally dependent upon the successful operation of the borrower’s business, with the cash flows generated from the business being the primary source of repayment of the loan. If the business suffers a downturn in sales or profitability, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan could be in jeopardy.

Non-owner occupied and multi-family commercial real estate loans and non-owner occupied residential loans present a different credit risk to the Company than owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, as the repayment of the loan is dependent upon the borrower’s ability to generate a sufficient level of occupancy to produce rental income that exceeds debt service requirements and operating expenses. Lower occupancy or lease rates may result in a reduction in cash flows, which hinders the ability of the borrower to meet debt service requirements and may result in lower collateral values. The Company generally recognizes that greater risk is inherent in these credit relationships compared to owner-occupied loans mentioned above.

Acquisition and development loans consist of 1-4 family residential construction and commercial and land development loans. The risk of loss on these loans is largely dependent on the Company’s ability to assess the property’s value at the completion of the project, which should exceed the property’s construction costs. During the construction phase, a number of factors could potentially negatively impact the collateral value, including cost overruns, delays in completing the project, competition, and real estate market conditions, which may change based on the supply of similar properties in the area. In the event the collateral value at the completion of the project is not sufficient to cover the outstanding loan balance, the Company must rely upon other repayment sources, if any, including the guarantors of the project or other collateral securing the loan.

Commercial and industrial loans include advances to businesses for general commercial purposes and include permanent and short-term working capital, machinery and equipment financing, and may be either in the form of lines of credit or term loans. Although commercial and industrial loans may be unsecured to our highest-rated borrowers, the majority of these loans are secured by the borrower’s accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment. In a significant number of these loans, the collateral also includes the business real estate or the business owner’s personal real estate or assets. The Company attempts to mitigate this risk through its underwriting standards, including evaluating the creditworthiness of the borrower and, to the extent available, credit ratings on the business. Additionally, monitoring of the loans through annual renewals and meetings with the borrowers is typical. However, these procedures cannot eliminate the risk of loss associated with commercial and industrial lending.

Agricultural loans include advances to individuals or businesses to finance agricultural production or loans secured by farmland. Agricultural production may include the growing or storing of crops, the purchase and carrying of livestock, the purchase of farm machinery and equipment or the operations of a farm, including vehicles and consumer goods. The collateral securing these loans may include the real estate for agricultural production, the borrower's business or personal assets, inventory or equipment.

Municipal loans consist of extensions of credit to municipalities and school districts within the Company’s market area. These loans generally present a lower risk than commercial and industrial loans, as they are generally secured by the municipality’s full taxing authority, by revenue obligations, or by its ability to raise assessments on its clients for a specific utility.

The Company originates loans to its retail clients, including fixed-rate and adjustable first lien mortgage loans, with the underlying 1-4 family owner occupied residential property securing the loan. The Company’s risk exposure is minimized in these types of loans through the evaluation of the creditworthiness of the borrower, including credit scores and debt-to-income ratios, and underwriting standards, which limit the loan-to-value ratio to generally no more than 80% upon loan origination, unless the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance.

Home equity loans, including term loans and lines of credit, present a slightly higher risk to the Company than 1-4 family first liens, as these loans can be first or second liens on 1-4 family owner occupied residential property, but can have loan-to-value ratios of no greater than 85% of the value of the real estate taken as collateral. The creditworthiness of the borrower is considered, including credit scores and debt-to-income ratios.

Installment and other loans’ credit risk is mitigated through prudent underwriting standards, including evaluation of the creditworthiness of the borrower through credit scores and debt-to-income ratios and, if secured, the collateral value of the assets. These loans can be unsecured or secured by assets the value, of which may depreciate quickly or may fluctuate and may present a greater risk to the Company than 1-4 family residential loans.

The following table presents the loan portfolio by segment and class, excluding residential LHFS, at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

In order to monitor ongoing risk associated with its loan portfolio and specific loans within the segments, management uses an internal grading system. The first several rating categories, representing the lowest risk to the Bank, are combined and given a “Pass” rating. Management generally follows regulatory definitions in assigning criticized ratings to loans, including "Special Mention," "Substandard," "Doubtful" or "Loss." The Special Mention category includes loans that have potential weaknesses that may, if not monitored or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Bank's position at some future date. These assets pose elevated risk, but their weakness does not yet justify a more severe, or classified rating. Substandard loans are classified as they have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Substandard loans include loans that management may determine to be either individually evaluated, referred to as "Substandard - Individually Evaluated Loan," or collectively evaluated, referred to as "Substandard Non-Individually Evaluated Loan." A Doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as Loss is deferred. Loss loans are considered uncollectible, as the borrowers are often in bankruptcy, have suspended debt repayments, or have ceased business operations. Once a loan is classified as Loss, there is little prospect of collecting the loan’s principal or interest and it is charged-off.

The Company has a loan review policy and program, which is designed to identify and monitor risk, evaluate the adequacy and adherence to internal credit policies and loan administration procedures, verify the quality of loan approval, monitoring and risk assessments, and assess the overall quality of the loan portfolio. The Management ERM Committee, comprised of executive officers, senior officers and loan department personnel, is charged with the oversight of overall credit quality and risk exposure of the Company's loan portfolio. This includes the monitoring of the lending activities of all Company personnel with respect to underwriting and processing new loans and the timely follow-up and corrective action for loans showing signs of deterioration in quality. A loan review program provides the Company with an independent review of the commercial loan portfolio on an ongoing basis. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories unless a specific action, such as extended delinquencies, bankruptcy, repossession or death of the borrower occurs, which heightens awareness as to a possible credit event.

Internal loan reviews are completed annually on all commercial relationships with a committed loan balance in excess of $2.0 million, which includes confirmation of risk rating by an independent credit officer. In addition, all commercial relationships greater than $500 thousand rated special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss are reviewed quarterly and corresponding risk ratings are reaffirmed by the Company's Problem Loan Committee, with subsequent reporting to the Management ERM Committee and the Board ERM Committee.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of the loan portfolio, by year of origination, loan class, and credit quality, as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. For residential and consumer loan classes, the Company also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and payment activity. Residential mortgage, installment and other consumer loans are presented below based on payment performance: performing or nonperforming. Nonperforming includes substandard - individually evaluated loans.

For commercial real estate, acquisition and development, commercial and industrial and municipal segments, a loan is evaluated individually when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining expected credit losses, and whether the loan will be individually evaluated, include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not individually evaluated. Generally, loans that are more than 90 days past due will be individually evaluated for a specific reserve. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed to determine if the loan should be placed on nonaccrual status. Similarly, residential mortgage loans are individually evaluated if payment of the contractual principal balance is in doubt or if principal or interest have been in default for a period of 90 days or more, unless the loan is both well secured and is in process of collection. Nonaccrual loans are, by definition, deemed to be individually evaluated under CECL. A specific reserve allocation for individually evaluated loans is measured on a loan-by-loan basis by either the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. A loan is collateral dependent if the repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. For loans that are experiencing financial difficulty for extended periods of time, periodic updates on fair values are obtained, which may include updated appraisals. Updated fair values are incorporated into the analysis in the next reporting period.

Loan charge-offs, which may include partial charge-offs, are taken on an individually evaluated loan that is collateral dependent if the carrying balance of the loan exceeds the appraised value of the collateral, the loan has been placed on nonaccrual status or identified as uncollectible, and it is deemed to be a confirmed loss. Typically, loans with a charge-off or partial charge-off will continue to be individually evaluated. An individually evaluated loan with a partial charge-off may continue to have a specific reserve on it after the partial charge-off, if factors warrant.

At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company’s individually evaluated loans were measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral securing the loan or the present value of future cash flows. For real estate loans, collateral consists of commercial or residential real estate, but in the case of commercial and industrial loans, it could also consist of accounts receivable, inventory, equipment or other business assets. Commercial and industrial loans may also have real estate collateral.

Updated appraisals are generally required every 18 months for classified commercial loans, secured by commercial real estate, in excess of $250 thousand. The “as is" value provided in the appraisal is often used as the fair value of the collateral in determining impairment, unless circumstances, such as subsequent improvements, approvals, or other circumstances, dictate that another value than that provided by the appraiser is more appropriate.

Commercial loans secured by real estate that are evaluated individually are measured at fair value using certified real estate appraisals that had been completed within the last 18 months. Appraised values are discounted for estimated costs to sell the property and other selling considerations to arrive at the property’s fair value. In those situations, in which it is determined an updated appraisal is not required for loans individually evaluated for credit expected losses, fair values are based on either an existing appraisal or a DCF analysis as determined by management. The approaches are discussed below:

•Existing appraisal – if the existing appraisal provides a strong loan-to-value ratio (generally 70% or lower) and, after consideration of market conditions and knowledge of the property and area, it is determined by the Credit Administration staff that there has not been a significant deterioration in the collateral value, the existing certified appraised value may be used. Discounts to the appraised value, as deemed appropriate for selling costs, are factored into the fair value.

•Discounted cash flows – in limited cases, DCF may be used on projects in which the collateral is liquidated to reduce the borrowings outstanding, and is used to validate collateral values derived from other approaches.

Collateral on loans evaluated individually is not limited to real estate, and may consist of accounts receivable, inventory, equipment or other business assets. Estimated fair values are determined based on borrowers’ financial statements, inventory ledgers, accounts receivable aging or appraisals from individuals with knowledge in the business. Stated balances are generally discounted for the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. In determining fair value, liquidation discounts are applied to this collateral based on existing loan evaluation policies.

The Company distinguishes substandard loans for both loans individually and collectively evaluated, as it places less emphasis on a loan’s classification, and increased reliance on whether the loan was performing in accordance with the contractual terms. A substandard classification does not automatically meet the definition of an individually evaluated loan.

Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard loans, does not have to exist in individual extensions of credit classified as substandard. As a result, the Company’s methodology includes an evaluation of certain accruing commercial real estate, acquisition and development, commercial and industrial and municipal loans rated substandard to be collectively evaluated for credit expected losses. Although the Company believes these loans meet the definition of substandard, they are generally performing and management has concluded that it is likely the Company will be able to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of nonaccrual loans, according to loan class, with and without reserves on individually evaluated loans as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The Company did not recognize interest income on nonaccrual loans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

A loan is considered to be collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, substantially all individually evaluated loans were collateral-dependent and consisted primarily of commercial real estate, acquisition and development and residential mortgage loans, which were secured by commercial or residential real estate.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent individually evaluated loans by class as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The Company may modify loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by providing principal forgiveness, term extension, interest rate reduction or an other-than-insignificant payment delay. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged off against the ACL. The Company may also provide multiple types of modifications on an individual loan.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company extended modifications tofour borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that had a more-than-insignificant direct change in the contractual cash flows of the loan. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company extended modifications toone andfour borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that had a more-than-insignificant direct change in the contractual cash flows of the loan. For loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the prior twelve months, there are FDMs totaling $4.9 million that are on nonaccrual status andno FDMs that are 90 days or more past due and accruing at June 30, 2026. At June 30, 2026, the Company didnot commit to lend additional amounts to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, with a loan previously modified that was an FDM.

The following table presents the amortized cost of loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, by loan class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost of loans that were modified to borrowers experiencing difficulty as compared to the amortized cost of loan class is also presented below.

The Company monitors the performance of the modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to determine the effectiveness of its modification efforts. At June 30, 2026, modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that had a payment default in the twelve months following the modification totaled $4.5 million, which included commercial and land development loans with modified term extensions with an amortized cost of $4.5 million and an owner-occupied commercial real estate loan with a combination of a modified term extension and interest rate reduction with an amortized cost of $77 thousand. At June 30, 2025, modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that had a payment default in the twelve months following the modification included a commercial and industrial loan with an extension modification with an amortized cost of $44 thousand.

The following table presents the performance of the loans modified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, which includes loans that remain on nonaccrual status:

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the length of time a portfolio is past due by aggregating loans based on its delinquencies. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by aging categories at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The Company’s ACL is calculated quarterly, with any adjustment recorded to the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. Management calculates the quantitative portion of collectively evaluated loans for all loan categories, with the exception of the consumer loan segment, using DCF methodology. For purposes of calculating the quantitative portion of collectively evaluated reserves on the consumer loan segment, the remaining life methodology is utilized. For purposes of estimating the Company’s ACL, management generally evaluates collectively evaluated loans by federal call code, which represents the loan classes based upon U.S. regulatory loan classification rules, in order to group loans with similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual loan basis, and are excluded from the collective evaluation for the ACL. A specific reserve is assigned if the measured value of the loan is less than the current carrying value of the loan.

Based on management's analysis, adjustments may be applied for additional factors impacting the risk of loss in the loan portfolio beyond the quantitatively calculated reserve calculated on collectively evaluated loans. As the quantitative reserve calculation incorporates historical conditions, management may consider an additional or reduced reserve is warranted through qualitative risk factors based on current and expected conditions, which may be assigned at different levels of significance: minor, moderate or major. All factors noted above were within the Bank's CECL framework at June 30, 2026. These qualitative risk factors considered by management include significant or unexpected changes in:

Nature and Volume of Loans– including loan growth in the current and subsequent quarters based on the Company’s targeted growth and strategic plan, coupled with the types of loans booked based on risk management and credit culture; the number of exceptions to loan policy; and supervisory loan to value exceptions.

Concentrations of Credit and Changes within Credit Concentrations– including the composition of the Company’s overall portfolio makeup and management's evaluation related to concentration risk management and the inherent risk associated with the concentrations identified.

Lending Policies and Procedures, Underwriting Standards and Recovery Practices – including changes to credit policies and procedures, underwriting standards and perceived impact on anticipated losses, trends in the number of exceptions to loan policy, supervisory loan to value exceptions; and administration of loan recovery practices.

Delinquency and Classified Loan Trends – including delinquency percentages and internal loan ratings noted in the portfolio relative to economic conditions, severity of the delinquencies and the ratings and whether the ratios are trending upwards or downwards.

Collateral Valuation Trends – including underlying market conditions and impact on the collateral values securing the loans.

Experience, Ability and Depth of Management/Lending staff – including the level of experience of senior and middle management and the lending staff, turnover of the staff, and instances of repeat criticisms.

Quality of Loan Review System– including the level of experience of the loan review staff, in-house versus outsourced provider of review, turnover of the staff and instances of repeat criticisms from independent testing, which includes the evaluation of internal loan ratings of the portfolio.

Economic Conditions – including trends in the international, national, regional and local conditions that monitor the interest rate environment, inflationary pressures, the consumer price index, the housing price index, housing statistics, and bankruptcy rates.

Other External Factors- including regulatory and legal environment risks and competition.

The following table presents the activity in the ACL for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

NOTE 5. LEASES

A lease provides the lessee the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company has primarily entered into operating leases for branches and office space. Most of the Company's leases contain renewal options, which the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Including renewal options, the Company's leases range fromtwo to 27 years. Operating and finance lease right-of-use assets are included in other assets, operating lease liabilities are included in other liabilities and the finance lease liability is included in other borrowings on the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments, as the rate implicit in the Company's leases is not readily determinable. Lease agreements that contain non-lease components are generally accounted for as a single lease component, while variable costs, such as common area maintenance expenses and property taxes, are expensed as incurred.

The following table summarizes the Company's operating leases at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The following table summarizes the Company's finance lease at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The following table presents information related to the Company's operating and finance leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

The following table presents expected future maturities of the Company's operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2026:

NOTE 6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

At both June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, goodwill was $69.8 million. As permitted under GAAP, the Company had up to twelve months following the date of the Merger to finalize the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities related to the Merger. During this measurement period, the Company recorded subsequent adjustments totaling $1.6 million to goodwill for provisional amounts related to income taxes recorded at the Merger date, which increased total goodwill from the Merger to $51.0 million. The measurement period to finalize the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities ended on June 30, 2025. No further adjustments to the fair values were recorded subsequent to twelve months following the Merger date.

Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for potential impairment on at least an annual basis, with testing between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that could potentially reduce the fair value of a reporting unit. The Company conducted its last annual goodwill impairment test as of November 30, 2025 using generally accepted valuation methods. As a result of that impairment test, no goodwill impairment was identified. No changes occurred that would impact the results of that analysis through June 30, 2026. No goodwill impairment charges were recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

The following table presents changes in and components of other intangible assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. No impairment charges were recorded on other intangible assets during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

The following table presents the components of other identifiable intangible assets at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The following table presents future estimated aggregate amortization expense for other identifiable intangible assets at June 30, 2026:

NOTE 7. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company maintainstwo share-based compensation plans: the 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2011 Plan") and the 2025 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2025 Plan"). The purpose of the share-based compensation plans is to provide officers, employees, and directors of the Company with additional incentive to further the success of the Company. Awards may consist of grants of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, deferred stock units and performance shares. All employees and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate in the Company's share-based compensation plans. The Company's share-based compensation plans allow for the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors to determine the type of incentive to be awarded, its term, manner of exercise, vesting and restrictions on shares. Generally, awards are nonqualified under the IRC, unless the awards are deemed to be incentive awards to employees at the Compensation Committee’s discretion.

At June 30, 2026,440,000 shares of the Company's common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2025 Plan, of which 178,697 shares were available to be issued.

The following table presents a summary of nonvested restricted shares activity for the six months ended June 30, 2026:

The following table presents restricted share compensation expense, with tax benefit information, and fair value of shares vested, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

The unrecognized compensation expense related to the share awards totaled $7.4 million at June 30, 2026 and $4.0 million at December 31, 2025. The unrecognized compensation expense at June 30, 2026 is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.

The following table presents the summary of stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2026. The weighted average of remaining contractual term of shares exercisable is 1.5 years.

The following table presents information about stock options exercised for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

The Company maintains an employee stock purchase plan to provide employees of the Company with an opportunity to purchase Company common stock. Eligible employees may purchase shares in an amount that does not exceed the lesser of the IRS limit of $25,000 or 10% of their annual salary at the lower of 95% of the fair market value of the shares on the semi-annual offering date, or related purchase date. The purchases occur in March and September of each year. The Company reserved 350,000 shares of its common stock to be issued under the employee stock purchase plan, of which 120,702 shares were available to be issued at June 30, 2026.

The following table presents information for the employee stock purchase plan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

The Company issues new shares or treasury shares, depending on market conditions, in its share-based compensation plans.

NOTE 8. DEPOSITS

The following table summarizes deposits by type at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Brokered money market deposit balances were $45.1 million and $45.2 million at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Brokered time deposits totaled $50.6 million at both June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

NOTE 9. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and also through the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company may enter into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company's derivative financial instruments are used as risk management tools by the Company to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s investment securities and borrowings and are not used for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps and interest rate caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy.

Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows through the receipt of fixed or variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable-rate or fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company, however, discontinues cash flow hedge accounting if it is probable the forecasted hedged transactions will not occur in the initially identified time period due to circumstances, such as the forecasted transaction being no longer probable or the hedge ceases to be highly effective. Upon discontinuance, the associated gains and losses deferred in AOCI are reclassified immediately into earnings and subsequent changes in the fair value of the cash flow hedge are recognized in earnings.

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Company terminated itstwo interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges with notional values totaling $160.0 million, which were for the purpose of hedging variable cash flows associated with the Company's borrowings and brokered money market deposits. In addition, the Company entered intoone new interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge with a notional value of $250.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2026. For the termination of the cash flow hedges, the hedged forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, resulting in the cash proceeds of $1.6 million from the terminations being recorded to AOCI, and reclassified into earnings over the remaining terms until October 2028. The new receive-fixed and pay-floating interest rate cash flow hedge has a maturity date of June 22, 2028 and is for the purpose of hedging fixed cash flows associated with the Company's commercial loans. There wereno new interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. The gain or loss on the fair value hedge, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current earnings as the fair value changes. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company terminated itsthree pay-fixed interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $100.0 million, which were on closed portfolio loans with the Bank's commercial clients. The interest rate swaps were designated as fair value hedges and allowed the Company to offer long-term fixed rate loans to commercial clients while mitigating the interest rate risk of a long-term asset by converting fixed rate interest payments to floating rate interest payments indexed to a synthetic U.S. SOFR rate. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company did not enter into new interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges.

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements that allow its commercial loan customers to effectively convert a variable-rate commercial loan agreement to a fixed-rate commercial loan agreement. Under these agreements, the Company enters into a variable-rate loan agreement with a customer in addition to an interest rate swap agreement, which serves to effectively swap the customer’s variable-rate loan into a fixed-rate loan. In addition, the Company may enter into interest rate caps that allow its commercial loan customers to gain protection against significant interest rate increases and provide an upper limit, or cap, on the variable interest rate. The Company then enters into a corresponding swap or cap agreement with a third party in order to economically hedge its exposure through the customer agreement. The interest rate swaps and interest rate caps with both the customers and third parties are not designated as hedges and are marked through earnings. At June 30, 2026, the Company had 111 customer and 111 corresponding third-party broker interest rate derivatives not designated as a hedging instrument with an aggregate notional amount of $1.2 billion. At December 31, 2025, the Company had 96 customer and 96 third-party broker interest rate derivatives not designated as a hedging instrument with an aggregate notional value of $1.1 billion. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company entered into four and 20 new interest rate swaps with commercial loan customers, and recorded swap fee income of $651 thousand and $2.0 million, respectively. There were three swap terminations andtwo matured swap agreements during the six months ended June 30, 2026. The Company entered into seven and 16 new interest rate swaps and recorded $669 thousand and $1.1 million in swap fee income, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. There wasone swap termination andone matured swap agreement during the six months ended June 30, 2025. There wereno swap terminations or maturities during the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. Swap fee income is included in other noninterest income in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had cash collateral of $10.0 million and $8.0 million, respectively, with third parties for certain of these derivatives, respectively. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company held cash collateral of $2.8 million andzero from a counterparty for these derivatives, respectively.

The Company also may enter into risk participation agreements with a financial institution counterparty for an interest rate derivative contract related to a loan in which the Company may be a participant or the agent bank. The risk participation agreement provides credit protection to the agent bank should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contracts with the agent bank. The Company manages its credit risk on the risk participation agreement by monitoring the creditworthiness of the borrower, which is based on the same credit review process as though the Company had entered into the derivative instruments directly with the borrower. The notional amount of such risk participation agreement reflects the Company’s pro-rata share of the derivative instrument, consistent with its share of the related loan participation. At June 30, 2026, the Company hadfive risk participation agreements with sold protection with a notional value of $26.0 million compared to six risk participation agreements with sold protection with a notional value of $44.6 million at December 31, 2025. The Company hadsix risk participations with purchased protection with a notional value of $31.5 million at June 30, 2026 compared to six risk participations with purchased protection with a notional value of $31.7 million at December 31, 2025. The Company didnot enter into any risk participation agreements during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. The Company didnot terminate any risk participations during the three months ended June 30, 2026. One risk participation with sold protection matured during the six months ended June 30, 2026. One risk participation with sold protection was terminated during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

As a part of its normal residential mortgage operations, the Company will enter into an interest rate lock commitment with a potential borrower. The Company may enter into a corresponding commitment with an investor to sell that loan at a specific price shortly after origination. Adjustments are recorded through earnings to account for the net change in fair value of these transactions for the held for sale loan pipeline. The fair value of held for sale loans can vary based on the interest rate locked with the customer and the current market interest rate at the balance sheet date.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company's derivative instruments at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The following table presents the carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustment related to the application of fair value hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of hedged assets as of June 30, 2026 and 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company terminated itsthree pay-fixed interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $100.0 million.

The following tables summarize the effect of the Company's derivative financial instruments on OCI and net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

The following table is a summary of components for interest rate swaps designated as hedging instruments at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

NOTE 10. SUBORDINATED NOTES

At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, subordinated notes payable totaled zero and $31.0 million, respectively, which qualified for Tier 2 capital subject to the regulatory capital phase out limitations.

On June 30, 2026, the Company redeemed the $31.0 million outstanding 4.50% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due December 9, 2030, which were assumed from the Merger. The subordinated notes had a fixed rate of interest equal to 4.50% until December 30, 2025. After that term, the variable rate of interest equal to the three-month CME term SOFR rate plus 4.04%. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the interest rates on the subordinated notes were 7.72% and 8.06%, respectively. These subordinated notes were marked to fair value at $28.6 million, with a discount of $2.4 million being amortized and netted against interest expense over the stated maturity. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the unearned discount totaled zero and $1.8 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, amortization expense of the unearned discount totaled $1.7 million and $1.8 million compared to $90 thousand and $182 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, $1.6 million of unearned discounts was accelerated as a result of the redemption.

The Company also assumed junior subordinated trust preferred debt of $10.3 million with a fair value of $7.6 million, with a discount of $2.7 million being amortized and netted against interest expense over the stated maturity. In June 2006, Codorus Valley formed CVB Statutory Trust No. II, a wholly-owned special purpose entity whose sole purpose was to facilitate a pooled trust preferred debt issuance of $7.2 million with a stated maturity of July 7, 2036 and a variable rate of three-month CME term SOFR rate, plus a spread adjustment of 0.26161% and a margin of 1.54% through maturity. In November 2004, Codorus Valley formed CVB Statutory Trust No. I to facilitate a pooled trust preferred debt issuance of $3.1 million with a stated maturity of December 15, 2034 and a variable rate of three-month CME term SOFR rate, plus a spread adjustment of 0.26161% and a margin of 2.02% through maturity. The Company owns all of the common stock of these nonbank entities, and the debentures are the sole assets of the trusts. The accounts of both trusts are not consolidated for financial reporting purposes in accordance with FASB ASC 810, Consolidation. For regulatory capital purposes, the trust preferred securities qualified as Tier 1 capital, but are subject to capital limitations under the risk-based capital guidelines.

The remaining maturities of subordinated notes and trust preferred debt as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are as follows:

NOTE 11. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND REGULATORY CAPITAL

Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. Under the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's capital guidelines for U.S. Banks, an entity must hold a capital conservation buffer above the adequately capitalized risk-based capital ratios. The Company and the Bank have elected not to include net unrealized gains or losses included in AOCI in computing regulatory capital.

The Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. At June 30, 2026, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank's classification.

The following table presents capital amounts and ratios at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The Company maintains a stockholder dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan. Under the plan, shareholders may purchase additional shares of the Company’s common stock at the prevailing market prices with reinvested dividends and voluntary cash payments. The Company reserved 1,045,000 shares of its common stock to be issued under the dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan. At June 30, 2026, approximately 665,000 shares were available to be issued under the plan.

On June 20, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which the Company could repurchase up to 500,000 shares of its outstanding common stock in accordance with all applicable securities laws and regulations, including Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, as amended. When and if appropriate, repurchases may be made in the open market or privately negotiated transactions, depending on market conditions, regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations, as determined by management. Share repurchases may not occur and may be discontinued at any time. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company repurchased zero and 12,600 shares of its common stock, respectively. Common stock available for future repurchase totals 479,070 shares, or 2.4% of the Company's outstanding common stock at June 30, 2026.

On July 21, 2026, the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.30 per common share, which will be paid on August 11, 2026 to shareholders of record at August 4, 2026.

NOTE 12. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table presents earnings per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the total average shares of the outstanding antidilutive restricted stock grants were 869 and 56,071 shares, respectively, compared to 5,412 and 3,741 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the total average shares of the exercisable antidilutive stock options outstanding were zero. Antidilutive shares are excluded from the computation of earnings per share as the grant price exceeded the average market price. The dilutive effect of share-based compensation in each period above relates to restricted stock awards and vested and unexercised stock options.

NOTE 13. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its clients. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The contract amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The following table presents these contractual, or notional, amounts at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a client as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each client’s credit-worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the client. Collateral varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, residential real estate, and income-producing commercial properties.

Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a client to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support clients' borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to clients. The Company holds collateral supporting those commitments when deemed necessary by management. The liability at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 for guarantees under standby letters of credit issued was not considered to be material.

The Company maintains a reserve on its off-balance sheet credit exposures, which totaled $2.0 million at June 30, 2026 and $2.4 million at December 31, 2025, respectively, and is recorded in other liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded a recovery of credit losses on off-balance sheet exposure ofzero and $376 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, compared to a recovery of $100 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. The reserve is based on management's estimate of expected losses in its off-balance sheet credit exposures. The reserve specific to unfunded loan commitments is determined by applying utilization assumptions based on historical experience and applying the expected loss rates by loan class. The change in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded as a provision or reduction to expense through the provision for credit losses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

NOTE 14. FAIR VALUE

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments are excluded from disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company.

The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

Level 1 – quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 – significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – at least one significant unobservable input that reflects a company's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

In instances in which multiple levels of inputs are used to measure fair value, hierarchy classification is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value for instruments measured on a recurring basis:

Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investment securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 investment securities include highly liquid government bonds, mortgage products and exchange traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, investment securities are classified within Level 2 and fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or DCF. Level 2 investment securities include U.S. agency securities, MBS, obligations of states and political subdivisions and certain corporate, asset-backed and other securities. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, investment securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company’s investment securities are classified as AFS.

The fair values of interest rate swaps, interest rate caps and risk participation derivatives are determined using models that incorporate readily observable market data into a market standard methodology. This methodology nets the discounted future cash receipts and the discounted expected cash payments. The discounted variable cash receipts and payments are based on expectations of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves. In addition, fair value is adjusted for the effect of nonperformance risk by incorporating credit valuation adjustments for the Company and its counterparties. These assets and liabilities are classified as Level 2 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements.

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The Company hadone CMO andtwo asset-backed securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at June 30, 2026 compared toone municipal bond andtwo CMOs at December 31, 2025. The Level 3 valuation is based on a non-executable broker quote, which is considered a significant unobservable input. Such quotes are updated as available and may remain constant for a period of time for certain broker-quoted securities that do not move with the market or that are not interest rate sensitive as a result of their structure or overall attributes.

The Company’s residential mortgage LHFS are recorded at fair value utilizing Level 2 measurements. This fair value measurement is determined based upon third party quotes obtained on similar loans. For LHFS, for which the fair value option has been elected, the aggregate fair value was greater than the aggregate principal balance by $56 thousand and $129 thousand as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The determination of the fair value of interest rate lock commitments on residential mortgages is based on agreed upon pricing with the respective investor on each loan and includes a pull through percentage. The pull through percentage represents an estimate of loans in the pipeline to be delivered to an investor versus the total loans committed for delivery. Significant changes in this input could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement. As the pull through percentage is a significant unobservable input, this is deemed a Level 3 valuation input. The average pull through percentage, which is based upon historical experience, was 92% as of June 30, 2026. An increase or decrease of 5% in the pull through assumption would result in a positive or negative change of $4 thousand in the fair value of interest rate lock commitments at June 30, 2026.

The following provides details of the Level 3 fair value measurement activity for the periods ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:

Investment securities:

Interest rate lock commitments on residential mortgages:

Certain financial assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value for these financial assets.

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, there wereno investment securities transferred into Level 3 andtwo investment securities transferred out of Level 3. There were four transfers into Level 3 andfour transfers out of Level 3 during the six months ended June 30, 2026. There wereno transfers into or out of Level 3 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

Individually Evaluated Loans

Loans individually evaluated for credit expected losses include nonaccrual loans and other loans that do not share similar risk characteristics to loans in the CECL loan pools, which have been classified as Level 3. Individually evaluated loans with an allocation to the ACL are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.

The measurement of loss associated with loans evaluated individually for all loan classes was based on either the observable market price of the loan, the fair value of the collateral, or DCF. For collateral-dependent loans, fair value was measured based on the value of the collateral securing the loan, less estimated costs to sell. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The value of the real estate collateral is determined utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Company using observable market data (Level 2). However, if the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction, or if management adjusts the appraisal value, then the fair value is considered Level 3. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal, if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivable collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3).

Changes in the fair value of individually evaluated loans still held and considered in the determination of the provision for credit losses were increases of $11 thousand and $246 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, compared to an increase of $24 thousand for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and a decline of $571 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Foreclosed Real Estate

OREO property acquired through foreclosure is initially recorded at the fair value of the property at the transfer date less estimated selling cost. Subsequently, OREO is carried at the lower of its carrying value or the fair value less estimated selling cost. Fair value is usually determined based upon an independent third-party appraisal of the property or occasionally upon a recent sales offer. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company transferredtwo loans into OREO with a total fair value of $1.1 million, to which there have been no subsequent write-downs. There were no loans transferred into OREO during the three months ended June 30, 2026. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company sold its OREO with a fair value of $138 thousand. The Company didnot sell OREO during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the OREO balance was $1.1 million andzero, respectively.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

MSRs are evaluated for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the fair value, which is determined through a DCF valuation that utilizes inputs that focus on loan-level characteristics, prepayment speeds, servicing costs, the discount rate and delinquency rates. To the extent the amortized cost of the MSRs exceeds their estimated fair values, a valuation allowance is established for such impairment. Fair value adjustments on the MSRs only occurs if there is an impairment charge. At June 30, 2026, the fair value of the MSR was $5.7 million, which exceeded the carrying value of $3.2 million. At December 31, 2025, the fair value of the MSR was $5.5 million, which exceeded the carrying value of $3.3 million. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the MSR impairment reserve wasnominal and $41 thousand, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, there was an impairment valuation allowance reversal ofzero and $41 thousand, respectively, in mortgage banking activities on the unaudited consolidated statements of income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, there wasno impairment valuation allowance adjustment in mortgage banking activities on the unaudited consolidated statements of income.

The following table summarizes assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

The following table presents additional qualitative information about assets measured on a nonrecurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:

Fair values of financial instruments

GAAP requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, including those that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. The following table presents carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the financial assets and liabilities at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

In accordance with the Company's adoption of ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, the methods utilized to measure the fair value of financial instruments at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 represent an approximation of exit price; however, an actual exit price may differ.

NOTE 15. SEGMENT REPORTING

Operating segments are components of a business, which are evaluated regularly by the Company's Chief Financial Officer, who is the designated CODM and is responsible for deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The segment is distinguished by the level of the information provided to the CODM, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products and services and customers are similar. While the Company monitors the available information about products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a company-wide basis. Management has determined that the Company hasone reportable segment consisting of community banking and is engaged in lending activities and deposit services in addition to providing fiduciary, investment advisory, insurance and brokerage services. Management continues to evaluate the Company's business units for separate reporting if facts and circumstances change.

The community banking segment includes revenues from interest income primarily from loans and investment securities and non-interest income, which includes revenue from trust and investment management and retail brokerage services. The performance of the segment is evaluated using net income that is also reported on the consolidated statements of income. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets. Significant expenses, other than interest expense and the provision for credit losses, of the Company include salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, furniture and equipment, data processing and professional service fees. The CODM evaluates the financial performance of the segment using net income to monitor budget versus actual results. Other relevant company-wide financial performance and credit quality metrics used by the CODM to evaluate the segment performance and benchmark to the Company's peers include return on average assets, return on average shareholders' equity, basic and diluted earnings per common share, net interest margin and the efficiency ratio, among others.

NOTE 16. CONTINGENCIES

The nature of the Company’s business generates a certain amount of litigation involving matters arising out of the ordinary course of business. Except as described below, in the opinion of management, there areno legal proceedings that might have a material effect on the results of operations, liquidity, or the financial position of the Company at this time.

On May 29, 2026, the Company reported that it had received notice from a third-party vendor, Mercadien, P.C., Certified Public Accountants, that Mercadien had experienced a cybersecurity incident whereby a third-party gained unauthorized access to sensitive personal information of certain of the Company’s customers. The Company’s information systems and networks were not accessed, compromised or affected by the incident. Mercadien informed the Company that there is currently no indication that the Company’s customer information has been misused. The Company subsequently notified impacted customers of the incident and offered credit monitoring services.

Between June 22, 2026 and July 6, 2026, impacted customers of the Bank filed putative class action complaints against the Company, the Bank and Mercadein in federal courts in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in cases captioned Lowe v. Mercadien, P.C., CPAS, Orrstown Fin. Servs., Inc., and Orrstown Bank; Monninger v. Mercadien P.C., CPAS, and Orrstown Bank; and Berry v. Mercadien, P.C., CPAS and Orrstown Bank. The complaints are similar in nature and allege, among other things, negligence, breach of implied contract, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and seek monetary damages and injunctive/equitable relief. The Lowe and Monninger cases have been consolidated in the U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey into the case captioned In re Mercadien, P.C., CPAs. The Company believes that the allegations and claims against the Company and the Bank set forth in the complaints are without merit. Based on information available at present, it is not possible at this time to reasonably estimate possible losses, or even a range of reasonably possible losses, in connection with the litigation.