Vulcan Materials CO

NOTE 1: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations

Vulcan Materials Company (the “Company,” “Vulcan,” “we,” “our”), a New Jersey corporation, is the nation’s largest supplier of construction aggregates (primarily crushed stone, sand and gravel) and a major producer of aggregates-intensive downstream products such as asphalt mix and ready-mixed concrete.

We operate primarily in the United States, and our principal product—aggregates—is used in most types of public and private construction projects and in the production of asphalt mix and ready-mixed concrete. Our primary focus is serving metropolitan markets in the United States that are expected to experience the most significant growth in population, households and employment. These three demographic factors are significant drivers of demand for aggregates. While aggregates is our focus and primary business, we produce and sell aggregates-intensive asphalt mix and/or ready-mixed concrete products in certain markets.

Basis of Presentation

Our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in compliance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and thus do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for complete financial statements. We prepared the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements on the same basis as our annual financial statements, except for the adoption of new accounting standards, if any, as described in Note 17. Our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2025 was derived from the audited financial statement, but it does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. In the opinion of our management, the statements reflect all adjustments, including those of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the results of the reported interim periods. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Operating results for the three month period ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2026.

Our condensed consolidated financial statements reflect estimates and assumptions made by management that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. The most significant estimates and assumptions included in the preparation of these financial statements are related to goodwill and long-lived asset impairments, business combinations and purchase price allocation, pension and other postretirement benefits, environmental compliance, claims and litigation including self-insurance, and income taxes (refer to the Critical Accounting Policies included in Item 7 of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K). Events that relate to conditions arising after March 31, 2026 will be reflected in management’s estimates for future periods.

Noncontrolling Interest

We own an 88% controlling interest in the Orca Sand and Gravel Limited Partnership (Orca) which was formed to develop the Orca quarry in British Columbia, Canada. The remaining 12% noncontrolling interest is held by the Namgis First Nation (Namgis). This noncontrolling interest consists of the Namgis’ share of the fair value equity in the partnership. Our condensed consolidated financial statements recognize the full fair value of all of the subsidiary’s assets and liabilities offset by the noncontrolling interest in total equity.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of cash proceeds from the sale of property held in escrow for the acquisition of replacement property under like-kind exchange agreements. The escrow accounts are administered by an intermediary. Cash restricted pursuant to like-kind exchange agreements remains restricted for a maximum of 180 days from the date of the property sale pending the acquisition of replacement property. Restricted cash may also include cash reserved by other contractual agreements (such as asset purchase agreements) for a specified purpose and therefore is not available for use for other purposes. Restricted cash is included with cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Accounts and Notes Receivable

Allowance for credit losses is based on our assessment of the collectability of customer accounts. We regularly review the allowance by considering factors such as historic experience, credit quality, the age of the accounts receivable balances, and current economic conditions that may affect a customer's ability to pay. Allowances for credit losses were $10.1 million, $10.5 million and $13.0 million at March 31, 2026, December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2025, respectively.

Inventories

Inventories and supplies are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are as follows:

Discontinued Operations

In 2005, we sold substantially all the assets of our Chemicals business to a subsidiary of Occidental Chemical Corporation. The financial results of the Chemicals business are classified as discontinued operations in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for all periods presented. Results from discontinued operations are as follows:

Our discontinued operations include charges related to general and product liability costs, including legal defense costs, and environmental remediation costs associated with our former Chemicals business (including certain matters as discussed in Note 8). There wereno revenues from discontinued operations for the periods presented.

Earnings Per Share (EPS)

Earnings per share are computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average common shares outstanding (basic EPS) or weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution (diluted EPS), as set forth below:

All dilutive common stock equivalents are reflected in our earnings per share calculations. In periods of loss, shares that otherwise would have been included in our diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding computation would be excluded.

Antidilutive common stock equivalents are not included in our earnings per share calculations. The number of antidilutive common stock equivalents for which the exercise price exceeds the weighted-average market price is as follows:

Property, Plant & Equipment

Property, plant & equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization. Allowances for depreciation, depletion and amortization were $6,483.4 million, $6,356.1 million and $6,152.9 million at March 31, 2026, December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2025, respectively.

NOTE 2: LEASES

Our portfolio of nonmineral leases is composed of leases for real estate (including office buildings, aggregates sales yards and terminals, and concrete and asphalt sites) and equipment (including railcars and rail track, barges, and office, plant and mobile equipment).

Lease right-of-use (ROU) assets and liabilities and the weighted-average lease terms and discount rates are as follows:

1. Balances at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 exclude lease assets and liabilities classified as held for sale as detailed in Note 16.

Our lease agreements do not contain material residual value guarantees, restrictive covenants or early termination options. In addition to the lease assets and liabilities presented in the table above, we entered into an agreement to lease a terminal in California and expect to have all permits in place associated with all lease commencement options by the second half of 2026.

The components of lease expense are as follows:

1. Includes the cost of leases with an initial term of one year or less (including those with terms of one month or less).

Cash paid for operating leases was $20.6 million and $20.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Cash paid for finance leases (principal and interest) was $3.4 million and $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

NOTE 3: INCOME TAXES

Our estimated annual effective tax rate (EAETR) is based on full-year expectations of pretax earnings, statutory tax rates and permanent differences between book and tax accounting such as percentage depletion. For interim financial reporting, we calculate our quarterly income tax provision in accordance with the EAETR. Each quarter, we update our EAETR based on our revised full-year expectation of pretax earnings and calculate the income tax provision so that the year-to-date income tax provision reflects the EAETR. Significant judgment is required in determining our EAETR. Certain taxes may be computed outside of the EAETR and recognized when the event occurs, such as payments of share-based awards and significant, unusual, or infrequently occurring events.

In the first quarter of 2026, we recorded income tax expense from continuing operations of $45.9 million compared to $33.8 million in the first quarter of 2025. The increase in tax expense was primarily due to the increase in pretax earnings in 2026.

As discussed in Note 8, in May 2022, Mexican government officials unexpectedly and arbitrarily shut down our Calica operations in Mexico. In 2025, Calica had deferred tax assets (including net operating losses) of $37.3 million against which we have a full valuation allowance recorded. In 2026, we project a $6.3 million increase in deferred tax assets against which we have recorded a valuation allowance as a component of the EAETR. A majority of the deferred tax assets relate to a net operating loss (NOL) carryforward which would expire between 2032 and 2036 if not utilized. Should the Mexican government lift the shutdown and/or if we are successful in our North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) claim, we will reevaluate the need for a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets.

Additionally, Calica is under examination by the Mexican Servicio de Administración Tributaria (SAT) for tax years 2018 and 2019. In the fourth quarter of 2025, SAT issued Calica an audit findings letter for 2018. Among other claims, SAT asserts that Calica had no right to mine and has denied its cost of goods sold deduction. We have recognized the full tax benefit associated with Calica’s cost of goods sold deduction in Mexico, as we believe it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained based upon the technical merits of the position. This position is strictly binary as our tax liability hinges entirely on the legal basis that Calica had the necessary rights to conduct its mining operations during the period in question. Should we be unsuccessful in defending this tax position related to the 2018 audit, we may incur a one-time cash outflow and tax expense of approximately $35 million, which includes $23 million of interest and penalties.

We project Alabama NOL carryforward deferred tax assets at December 31, 2026 of $44.5 million against which we have a valuation allowance of $32.4 million. We expect $9.5 million of the Alabama NOL carryforward to expire in 2026 resulting in a tax benefit of $0.8 million (recorded as a component of the EAETR) compared to the previous amount of valuation allowance recorded. Almost all of the Alabama NOL carryforward would expire between 2026 and 2029 if not utilized.

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) was signed into law, effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The IRA introduced a corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) of 15% applicable to corporations with adjusted financial statement income (AFSI) in excess of $1 billion determined on a prior three-year average. In 2026, we anticipate our average AFSI will exceed the applicable threshold which subjects us to CAMT for the current year and all future years. However, we do not expect to pay any CAMT in 2026.

In July 2025, President Trump signed into law H.R.1 - One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Certain provisions relevant to us became effective beginning January 1, 2026, but none are material to our effective tax rate.

A summary of our deferred tax assets and liabilities is included in Note 9 “Income Taxes” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

NOTE 4: REVENUES

Revenues are measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales taxes and other taxes we collect are recorded as liabilities until remitted and thus are excluded from revenues. Costs to obtain and fulfill contracts (primarily asphalt construction paving contracts) are immaterial and are expensed as incurred when the expected amortization period isone year or less.

Our segment total revenues by geographic market for the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 are disaggregated as follows:

1. The geographic markets are defined by states/countries as follows:

East market — Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and Washington D.C.

Gulf Coast market — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Freeport (Bahamas), Puerto Cortés (Honduras) and Quintana Roo (Mexico)

West market — Arizona, California, Hawaii, New Mexico and British Columbia (Canada)

Total revenues are primarily derived from our product sales of aggregates (crushed stone, sand and gravel, sand and other aggregates), asphalt mix and ready-mixed concrete, and include freight & delivery costs that we pass along to our customers to deliver these products. We also generate service revenues from our asphalt construction paving business and service revenues related to our aggregates business, such as landfill tipping fees. Our total service revenues were $43.7 million (2.5% of total revenues) and $44.8 million (2.7% of total revenues) for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Our products typically are sold to private industry and not directly to governmental entities. Although approximately 40% to 55% of our aggregates shipments have historically been used in publicly funded construction (such as highways, airports and government buildings), a relatively small portion of our sales are made directly to federal, state, county or municipal governments/agencies. Therefore, although reductions in state and federal funding can curtail publicly funded construction, the vast majority of our business is not directly subject to renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts with local, state or federal governments.

Product Revenues

Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs at a point in time when our aggregates, asphalt mix and ready-mixed concrete are shipped/delivered and control passes to the customer. Revenue for our products is recorded at the fixed invoice amount, and payment is due by the 15 th day of the following month. We do not offer discounts for early payment.

Freight & delivery generally represents pass-through transportation costs we incur (including our administrative costs) and pay to third-party carriers to deliver our products to customers and are accounted for as a fulfillment activity. Likewise, the costs related to freight & delivery are included in cost of revenues.

Freight & delivery revenues are as follows:

1. Includes freight & delivery to remote distribution sites.

Construction Paving Service Revenues

Revenue from our asphalt construction paving business is recognized over time using the percentage-of-completion method under the cost approach. The percentage of completion is determined by costs incurred to date as a percentage of total costs estimated for the project. Under this approach, recognized contract revenue equals the total estimated contract revenue multiplied by the percentage of completion. Future revenues from unsatisfied performance obligations (including contracts with an expected duration of 1 year or less) at March 31, 2026 and 2025 were $204.2 million and $229.9 million, respectively. The remaining period to complete the obligations at March 31, 2026 ranged from 1 month to 28 months.

Our construction contracts are unit priced, and an account receivable is recorded for amounts invoiced based on actual units produced. Contract assets for estimated earnings in excess of billings, contract assets related to retainage provisions and contract liabilities for billings in excess of costs are immaterial. Variable consideration in our construction paving contracts is immaterial and consists of incentives and penalties based on the quality of work performed. Our construction paving contracts may contain warranty provisions covering defects in equipment, materials, design or workmanship that generally run from nine months toone year after project completion. Due to the nature of our construction paving projects, including contract owner inspections of the work during construction and prior to acceptance, we have not experienced material warranty costs for these short-term warranties.

Volumetric Production Payment Deferred Revenues

In 2013 and 2012, we sold a percentage interest in certain future aggregates production for net cash proceeds of $226.9 million. These transactions, structured as volumetric production payments (VPPs):

•relate toeight quarries in Georgia and South Carolina

•provide the purchaser solely with a nonoperating percentage interest in the subject quarries’ future aggregates production

•contain no minimum annual or cumulative guarantees by us for production or sales volume, nor minimum sales price

•are both volume and time limited

We are the exclusive sales agent for, and transmit quarterly to the purchaser the proceeds from the sale of, the purchaser’s share of aggregates production. Our consolidated total revenues exclude the revenue from the sale of the purchaser’s share of aggregates.

The proceeds we received from the sale of the percentage interest were recorded as deferred revenue on the balance sheet. We recognize revenue on a unit-of-sales basis (as we sell the purchaser’s share of production) relative to the volume limitations of the transactions. Given the nature of the risks and potential rewards assumed by the buyer, the transactions do not reflect financing activities.

Changes in our deferred revenue balances (current and noncurrent) are as follows:

Based on expected sales from the specified quarries, we expect to recognize$7.5 million of VPP deferred revenue as income during the twelve-month period ending March 31, 2027 (reflected in other current liabilities in our March 31, 2026 Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet).

NOTE 5: FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as described below:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2: Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data

Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement

Our assets subject to fair value measurement on a recurring basis are summarized below:

We havetwo Rabbi Trusts for the purpose of providing a level of security for the employee nonqualified retirement and deferred compensation plans and for the directors' nonqualified deferred compensation plans. The fair values of these investments are estimated using a market approach. The Level 1 investments include mutual funds for which quoted prices in active markets are available. Level 2 investments are stated at estimated fair value based on the underlying investments in the fund (high-quality, short-term money market instruments).

Net gains of the Rabbi Trusts’ investments were $1.4 million and $0.3 million for thethree months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Unrealized gains on investments held by the Rabbi Trusts at March 31, 2026 and 2025 were $1.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

The carrying values of our cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts and notes receivable, short-term debt, trade payables and accruals, and all other current liabilities approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. Additional disclosures for derivative instruments and interest-bearing debt are presented in Note 6 and Note 7, respectively.