Duolingo, Inc.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except par value amounts)

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Duolingo, Inc. (the “Company” or “Duolingo”) was formed on August 18, 2011, and the Duolingo App was launched to the general public on June 19, 2012. The Company’s headquarters are located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Duolingo is a US-based mobile learning platform, as well as a digital English language proficiency assessment exam. The Company has a freemium business model: the app and the website are accessible free of charge, although Duolingo also offers premium services for a subscription fee. As of the date of this filing, Duolingo offers courses in over 40 different languages, including Spanish, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Japanese and Chinese. We have locations in the U.S., China, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

Principles of Consolidation—The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and subsidiaries over which the Company has control. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Basis of Presentation—The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”) from the Company’s accounting records and reflect the consolidated financial position and results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Unless otherwise specified, all dollar amounts (other than per share amounts) are referred to in thousands.

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such SEC rules. We believe that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. In our opinion, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements have been included, and all adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. We applied the accounting policies consistently with those used in the preparation of the Annual Report on Form 10-K in preparing these Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K and filed with the SEC.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Accounting Principles—The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Use of Estimates—The preparation of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include, but are not limited to, useful lives of property and equipment, valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, stock-based compensation, operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, capitalization of internally developed software and associated useful lives, contingent liabilities, and valuation of goodwill and intangible assets from acquisitions. Actual results may differ materially from such estimates. Management believes that the estimates, and judgments upon which they rely, are reasonable based upon information available to them at the time that these estimates and judgments are made. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements will be affected.

Advertising Costs—Advertising costs were approximately $25,482 and $62,666 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $18,149 and $45,617 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and are included within Sales and marketing in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Income Taxes—The Company’s provision for income taxes is computed by using an estimate of the annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items taken into account in the relevant period, if any. Each quarter, the annual effective income tax rate is recomputed and if there are material changes in the estimate, a cumulative adjustment is made.

Concentration of Credit Risk—The Company’s concentration of credit risk relates to financial institutions holding the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and platforms with significant accounts receivable balances and revenue transactions.

The Company maintains deposits and certificates of deposit with banks which exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limit and money market accounts which are not FDIC insured. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company’s deposits are financially credit worthy and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to those balances.

The majority of revenue comes through the subscriptions and advertising streams, and payments are made to Duolingo through service providers. Three service providers, Apple, Google, and Stripe accounted for 68.4%,15.3%, and 10.8%, respectively, of total Accounts receivable as of September 30, 2025. Two service providers, Apple and Google, accounted for 64.7% and 21.2%, respectively, of total Accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024.

Segment—The Company operates as a single operating segment and derives revenues from customers through time-based subscriptions, in-app advertising placement by third parties, the Duolingo English Test, and In-App Purchases. The Chief Executive Officer, as the chief operating decision maker, evaluates the Company’s performance and allocates resources based on consolidated net income, as presented in the income statement, supplemented by disaggregated revenue details. Significant segment expenses are those that are presented on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it has a single reportable segment and operating segment structure, and operates asone reporting unit.

Impairment of long-lived assets—The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of an asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment loss is based on the fair value of the asset. No assets were impaired during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses—The Company evaluates its cash equivalents, accounts receivable and held-to-maturity marketable securities financial assets for expected credit losses. Expected credit losses represent the portion of the amortized cost basis of a financial asset that an entity does not expect to collect. An allowance for expected credit losses is meant to reflect a risk of loss even if remote, irrespective of the expectation of collection from a particular issuer or debt security. The Company has not historically experienced any credit losses on any of its financial assets.

With respect to cash equivalents and accounts receivable, given consideration of their short maturity, lack of historical losses and the current environment, the Company concluded there is generally no expected credit losses for these financial assets. With respect to held-to-maturity marketable securities which are comprised of debt securities, the Company evaluates expected credit losses on a pooled basis based on issuer-type which have similar credit risk characteristics. There is no allowance for credit losses for all periods presented.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), which includes improvements to income tax disclosures. The standard is effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. The Company is evaluating the disclosure requirements related to the new standard.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures(Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The amendment requires new financial statement disclosures to provide disaggregated information for certain types of expenses, including employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization in commonly presented expense captions such as cost of revenue, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the disclosure requirements related to the new standard.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. The amendments in this update remove all references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages (referred to as “project stages”) throughout Subtopic 350-40.The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is in the process of evaluating the effect that the adoption of this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

There are no recently adopted accounting pronouncements.

3. FAIR VALUE

The Company accounts for certain assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to fair value measurements and disclosures. The carrying values of cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are deemed to be reasonable estimates of their fair values because of their short-term nature.

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring and non-recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, which are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions, and credit risk.

The Company applies the following fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1—Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical investments that the Company has the ability to access.

Level 2—Inputs include:

•Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

•Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

•Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, which are observable either directly or indirectly;

•Inputs that are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability, which require the reporting entity to develop its own estimates and assumptions relating to the pricing of the asset or liability including assumptions regarding risk.

The following table presents amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value by major security type and balance sheet classification as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all of the Company’s short-term investments have contractual maturities of one year or less and all of the Company’s long-term investments have contractual maturities betweenone andfour years. The Company has elected to present accrued interest within Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accrued interest was $1,956 and $1,487 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Changes in market interest rates, credit risk of borrowers and overall market liquidity, among other factors, may cause the short-term and long-term debt investments to fall below their amortized cost basis, resulting in unrealized losses. For those debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2025, the Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, such securities before recovering the amortized cost basis. No allowance for credit losses were recognized in the financial statements for held-to-maturity debt securities for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Cash equivalents consist primarily of money market accounts with maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition and are classified within Level 1.

The Company’s investments in corporate debt securities, U.S. Treasury securities, certificates of deposit, and asset-backed securities, which collectively are investments in held-to-maturity debt securities, are classified within Level 2, as their valuation requires quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and/or model- based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data.

4. ACQUISITIONS

During July 2025, the Company completed an acquisition which strengthened its in-house capabilities by bringing onboard additional design and engineering talent. The total aggregate consideration was $34,500, of which $33,100 represents the purchase price allocated to the fair value of the intangible assets and goodwill, as detailed below. The purchase price was paid in cash upon closing, and $1,400 has been held back until certain post-acquisition conditions are satisfied. This $1,400, is contingent onone year of continued service of certain employees, and will be expensed over the period within General and administrative in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. During 2025, the Company incurred $1,285 of acquisition costs related to due diligence and valuation, which are included in General and administrative expense within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

The accounting for the acquisitions has not yet been completed because the Company has not finalized the valuations of the identifiable intangible assets, including goodwill. The following table summarizes the Company’s preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration based on the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

Goodwill is attributable to the assembled workforce, expected future technologies, and anticipated synergies arising from the acquisitions. $11,697 of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

5. REVENUE

Disaggregation of Revenue

In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into revenue streams, which most closely depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

(1) Other revenue is comprised of the below.

Two service providers, Apple and Google, processed 62.2% and 23.3% and three service providers, Apple, Google, and Stripe processed 61.6%,23.5%, and 10.1% of total revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Three services providers, Apple, Google, and Stripe processed 61.4%,23.1%, and 11.4%, and 60.5%,23.5% and 11.8% of total revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Deferred revenue mostly consists of payments received in advance of revenue recognition, and is mostly related to time-based subscriptions, which will be recognized into revenue over the course of the upcoming year (recognized over 12 months or less). Additionally, the Duolingo English Test has deferred revenue related to tests that have been purchased, but will not be recognized until the tests have been proctored. Changes in deferred revenues were as follows:

6. PROPERTY and EQUIPMENT, net

Property and equipment, net, consists of the following:

Depreciation expense is included within the following financial statement line items within the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

7. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

Intangible assets, net, consist of the following:

The Company capitalized $6,348 and $8,545 of software development costs, with the majority of the costs being employee wages, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Amortization expense is included within the following financial statement line items within the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

The estimated future amortization expense of capitalized software and acquired technology with definite lives as of September 30, 2025 was as follows:

The following table represents the changes to goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $18,042 and $6,923 of goodwill is deductible for tax purposes, respectively.

8. LEASES

The Company has entered into various operating leases for its office space expiring between fiscal 2025 and 2036. Certain lease agreements contain an option for the Company to renew a lease for a term of up tofive years. The Company considers these options, which may be elected at the Company’s sole discretion, in determining the lease term on a lease-by-lease basis.

In May 2025, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Office Lease Agreement with 5704 Penn Office, LLC (the "Landlord") for office space located at Liberty East (the “Premise") at 141 South Saint Clair Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Third Amendment grants the Company access to and control of the expansion space to begin tenant improvement work as of the effective date in May 2025.

As a result of obtaining control of the Premise, the lease was recognized on the Company’s balance sheet in the second quarter of 2025 in accordance with ASC 842. $35,592 was recognized as a right-of-use-asset and $38,964 was recognized as a lease liability as part of the amendment on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated. Under the terms of the Third Amendment, the Landlord provided the Company with a tenant improvement allowance for costs related to the design, permitting, and construction of improvements to the Premise. As of September 30, 2025, $6,809 related to this allowance was recognized within Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet within Other Assets. The full lease term extends through April 30, 2036, and includes approximately 148,266 square feet of leased space.

The following represents the components of lease cost for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 along with supplemental disclosures of cash flow information, lease term and discount rate:

The following table reconciles future minimum undiscounted rental commitments for operating leases to operating lease liabilities recorded on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2025:

Current lease liabilities of $4,066 and $2,581 are presented within Accrued expenses and other liabilities while non-current lease liabilities of $93,257 and $54,656 are presented within Long-term obligation under operating leases on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and Audited Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024, respectively.

9. INCOME TAXES

Year-to-date income tax expense or benefit is the product of the most current projected annual effective tax rate (“PAETR”) and the actual year-to-date pretax income, adjusted for any discrete items. The income tax expense or benefit for a particular quarter is the difference between the year-to-date calculation of income tax expense or benefit and the year-to-date calculation for the prior year period. Items unrelated to current period ordinary income or loss are recognized entirely in the period identified as a discrete item of tax.

The Company’s PAETR differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0% during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 primarily due to the impact of the Federal and State research and development credit generated. In the three months ended September 30, 2025, we also recorded a discrete tax benefit primarily related to the release of our federal and state valuation allowance of net deferred tax assets and the excess tax benefits of stock-based compensation.

The Company regularly assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. In determining whether a valuation allowance is required, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, giving greater weight to evidence that is objectively verifiable.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company released the valuation allowance previously recorded against its federal and state DTAs, resulting in a one-time income-tax benefit, net of a return-to-provision adjustment, in the period of $222,688. In reaching this conclusion, management considered several key factors, including (1) ten consecutive quarters of pre-tax income, (2) achievement of a three-year cumulative income position, and (3) sustained operational profitability. Management will continue to monitor all relevant positive and negative evidence in future periods and may provide a valuation allowance if actual results or new information differ from current expectations.

The income-tax benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2025 reflects the combined impact of the valuation-allowance release and other discrete tax items recognized during the period, which are not indicative of ongoing operating performance. The decision to release the valuation allowance was based primarily on sustained and verifiable positive evidence.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act was signed into law. Included in this legislation are provisions that allow for the immediate expensing of domestic research and development expenses, which the Company implemented during the three months ended September 30, 2025. These changes did not have a material impact to the overall financial statements.

The Company’s income before taxes, income tax provision or benefit and effective tax rates were as follows. The large variance in the effective tax rate between periods primarily reflects the recognition of the valuation-allowance release and other discrete tax benefits in three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $245,746 and $244,202, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $2,029 and $5,287, respectively. The income tax benefit in 2025 was primarily due to the release of the valuation allowance discussed above during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Prior to the IPO, the Company granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and restricted stock units (“RSU”) in respect of shares of the Company’s common stock to employees, directors and consultants under the Company’s 2011 Equity Incentive Plan. In connection with the IPO, the Company adopted the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (“2021 Plan”) and the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), both of which became effective on July 26, 2021. The 2021 Plan and ESPP include an annual share increase provision through January 1, 2031, subject to limits and Board discretion. On January 1, 2025, the number of Class A shares available under the 2021 Plan was increased by 2,247 shares of common stock. No grants have been made under the ESPP, and in February 2025, the Board waived all future automatic share increases under the ESPP.

The Company’s stock options generally vest over four years based on continued service to the Company and its subsidiaries. Each option has a term often years. Any stock options granted under the 2021 Plan must generally have an exercise price of not less than the estimated fair market value of the underlying Class A common stock at the date of the grant, but as of September 30, 2025 no options had been granted under the 2021 Plan.

A summary of stock option activity as of September 30, 2025 is as follows:

(1) There wereno stock options granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(2) There was a nominal amount of forfeitures and expirations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was approximately $189,412 and $151,558 for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company began to grant RSUs in November 2020. The fair value of RSUs is estimated based on the fair value of our Class A common stock on the date of grant. Each RSU vests based upon the satisfaction of length of service. The Company measures and recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award.

A summary of RSU activity as of September 30, 2025 is as follows:

As of September 30, 2025, there wasno unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted under the plans. The amount of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for RSUs as of September 30, 2025 was $338,598 with a weighted-average period of approximately three years.

There were 10,818 shares available for grant at September 30, 2025.

Performance-based RSUs

In June 2021, the Company granted an aggregate of 1,800 performance-based RSUs (the “Founder Awards”) to its founders. Vesting is subject to both service- and performance-based conditions, with settlement occurringone year after vesting. The awards vest in 10 tranches based on stock-price hurdles measured over aten year period from the grant date. The service condition vests 25% annually beginning on the IPO anniversary, July 30, 2021, subject to continued service.

The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the fair value of the Founder Awards. The weighted-average grant date fair value was $61.56 per share, and total estimated expense to be recognized over the derived service periods (ranging from 3.58 to 5.92 years) is $110,817. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the derived service period, regardless of whether the stock-price hurdles are achieved, and is accelerated if hurdles are met earlier.

The Company recognized $1,741 and $9,818 of stock-based compensation expense related to the Founder Awards for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $4,410 and $15,507 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, $7,118 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense remains.

Total stock-based compensation expense was $35,565 and $101,175 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $28,959 and $80,690 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Stock-based compensation expense is included in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as shown in the following table:

Nominal amounts of stock-based compensation expense is capitalized into intangible assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Proceedings— From time to time, the Company may become involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of its business and may be subject to third-party infringement claims. The outcome of any such claims or proceedings, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain. The Company is not currently party to any material legal proceedings.

Related Parties— The Company has determined that there were no transactions with related parties as of or during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Letters of Credit— The Company has a standby letter of credit obtained in connection with an operating lease. This letter of credit acts as security for the faithful performance by us of all terms, covenants and conditions of the lease agreement. The amount of the letter of credit is equal tosix months rent of $442, totaling $2,656. The cash collateral for the letter of credit has been recognized as restricted cash in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and is equivalent to 103% of the letter of credit and totaled $2,735.

12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN

The Company sponsors a profit sharing plan with a 401(k) feature, the Duolingo Retirement Plan (the “Plan”), for eligible employees. The current Plan, effective January 1, 2021, provides for Company safe harbor matching contributions of 100% of the first 4% of the employees’ elective deferrals and 50% of the next 2%, with vesting starting upon the first day of employment. The Company also has the option to make discretionary matching or profit sharing contributions. The Company made safe harbor matching contributions of approximately $2,183 and $1,807 during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $6,212 and $5,095 during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company didnot make any discretionary matching or profit sharing contributions during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

13. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic and diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities.

Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, less shares subject to repurchase. The diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled toone vote per share and each share of Class B common stock is entitled to 20 votes per share. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into a share of Class A common stock voluntarily at any time by the holder, and automatically upon certain events. The Class A common stock has no conversion rights. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical for Class A and Class B common stock, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportional basis and the resulting net income per share attributable to common stockholders will, therefore, be the same for both Class A and Class B common stock on an individual or combined basis.

(1) The Company had 1.0 million options outstanding as of September 30, 2025. The estimated dilutive effect is calculated as the number of shares expected to be issued upon vesting or exercise, adjusted for the strike price proceeds that are received by the Company and assumed to be used to repurchase shares of Duolingo common stock.

14. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

None.