Orion S.A.

Note J. Income Taxes

The Company records its tax provision or benefit on an interim basis using an estimated annual effective tax rate. This rate is applied to the current period ordinary income to determine the income tax provision or benefit allocated to the interim period. Losses from jurisdictions for which no benefit can be recognized and the income tax effects of unusual and infrequent items are excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate and are recognized in the impacted interim period as discrete items. Valuation allowances are provided against any future tax benefits that arise from losses in jurisdictions for which no benefit can be recognized. The estimated annual effective tax rate may be significantly impacted by nondeductible expenses and by the Company’s projected earnings mix by tax jurisdiction. Adjustments to the estimated annual effective income tax rate are recognized in the period when such estimates are revised.

Income tax benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0.5 million and $10.8 million, respectively.

Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $13.0 million and $11.8 million, respectively.

Our effective income tax rates were as follows:

The change in our effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily driven by valuation allowances for tax losses and a non-tax deductible loss in connection with the goodwill impairment.