JPMORGAN CHASE & CO

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Firm will be unable to meet its cash and collateral needs as they arise or that it does not have the appropriate amount, composition and tenor of funding and liquidity to support its assets and liabilities. For a further discussion of the Firm's liquidity risk management, refer to pages 108–115 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and to the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports, which are available on the Firm’s website.

LCR and HQLA

The LCR rule requires that the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. maintain an amount of eligible HQLA that is sufficient to meet their respective estimated total net cash outflows over a prospective 30 calendar-day period of significant stress.

Under the LCR rule, the amount of eligible HQLA held by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that is in excess of its stand-alone 100% minimum LCR requirement, and that is not transferable to non-bank affiliates, must be excluded from the Firm’s reported eligible HQLA. The LCR for both the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is required to be a minimum of 100%.

The following table summarizes the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR for the three months ended September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 based on the Firm’s interpretation of the LCR framework.

(a)Represents cash on deposit at central banks, including the Federal Reserve Banks.

(b)Eligible HQLA securities may be reported in securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, trading assets, or investment securities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets. For purposes of calculating the LCR, HQLA securities are included at fair value, which may differ from the accounting treatment under U.S. GAAP.

(c)Predominantly U.S. Treasuries, U.S. GSE and government agency MBS, and sovereign bonds net of regulatory haircuts under the LCR rule.

(d)Excludes average excess eligible HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates.

The Firm’s average LCR decreased during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2025, predominantly due to the use of liquidity resources in support of Markets activities in CIB.

The Firm’s average LCR decreased during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2024, driven by repurchases of and dividends on common stock and the use of liquidity resources in support of Markets activities in CIB, largely offset by dividend payments from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. to the Parent Company.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR for the three months ended September 30, 2025 decreased compared with the three months ended June 30, 2025, due to loan growth, partially offset by higher deposits and higher market values of HQLA-eligible investment securities.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR for the three months ended September 30, 2025 decreased compared with the three months ended September 30, 2024, driven by loan growth, predominantly offset by higher deposits.

Each of the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.'s average LCR may fluctuate from period to period due to changes in their respective eligible HQLA and estimated net cash outflows as a result of ongoing business activity and from the impacts of Federal Reserve actions as well as other factors.

Refer to pages 109-110 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports for additional information on HQLA and net cash outflows.

Internal stress testing

The Firm conducts internal liquidity stress testing to monitor liquidity positions at the Firm and its material legal entities under a variety of adverse scenarios, including scenarios analyzed as part of the Firm’s resolution and recovery planning. Internal stress tests are produced on a daily basis, and other stress tests are performed in response to specific market events or concerns. Results of stress tests are considered in the formulation of the Firm’s funding plan and assessment of its liquidity position.

The Firm manages liquidity at the Parent Company, the Intermediate Holding Company (“IHC”), and operating subsidiaries at levels sufficient to comply with liquidity risk tolerances and minimum liquidity requirements, and to manage through periods of stress when access to normal funding sources may be disrupted.

Liquidity sources

In addition to the assets reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA discussed above, the Firm had unencumbered marketable securities, such as equity and debt securities, that the Firm believes would be available to raise liquidity. This includes excess eligible HQLA securities at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates. The fair value of these securities was approximately $554 billion and $594 billion as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, although the amount of liquidity that could be raised at any particular time would be dependent on prevailing market conditions. The decrease compared to December 31, 2024, was driven by a decrease in excess eligible HQLA securities at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., largely offset by an increase in unencumbered CIB trading assets.

The Firm had approximately $1.5 trillion and $1.4 trillion of available cash and securities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. For each respective period, the amount was comprised of eligible end-of-period HQLA, excluding the impact of regulatory haircuts, of approximately $956 billion and $834 billion, and unencumbered marketable securities with a fair value of approximately $554 billion and $594 billion.

The Firm also had available borrowing capacity at the FHLBs and the discount window at the Federal Reserve Banks as a result of collateral pledged by the Firm to such banks of approximately $444 billion and $413 billion as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. This borrowing capacity excludes the benefit of cash and securities reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA or other unencumbered securities that are currently pledged at the Federal Reserve Banks discount window and other central banks. Available borrowing capacity increased compared to December 31, 2024 predominantly due to a higher amount of commercial loans and mortgages pledged at Federal Reserve Banks and the FHLBs. Although available, the Firm does not view this borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Banks discount window and the other central banks as a primary source of liquidity.

NSFR

The net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”) is a liquidity requirement for large banking organizations that is intended to measure the adequacy of “available” stable funding that is sufficient to meet their “required” amounts of stable funding over a one-year horizon.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, both the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were compliant with the 100% minimum NSFR requirement, based on the Firm's interpretation of the final NSFR rule. Refer to the Firm's U.S. NSFR Disclosure report for the quarters ended June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025 on the Firm’s website for additional information.

Funding

Sources of funds

Management believes that the Firm’s unsecured and secured funding capacity is sufficient to meet its on- and off-balance sheet obligations, which includes both short- and long-term cash requirements.

The Firm funds its global balance sheet through diverse sources of funding including deposits, secured and unsecured funding in the capital markets and stockholders’ equity. Deposits are the primary funding source for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Additionally, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. may access funding through short- or long-term secured borrowings, the issuance of unsecured long-term debt, or from

borrowings from the IHC. The Firm’s non-bank subsidiaries are primarily funded from long-term unsecured borrowings and short-term secured borrowings which are primarily securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements. Excess funding is invested by Treasury and CIO in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio or deployed in cash or other short-term liquid investments based on their interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics.

Refer to Note 22 for additional information on off-balance sheet obligations.

Deposits

The table below summarizes, by LOB and Corporate, the period-end deposit balances as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the average deposit balances for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Firm believes that deposits provide a stable source of funding and reduce the Firm’s reliance on the wholesale funding markets. A significant portion of the Firm’s deposits are consumer deposits and wholesale operating deposits, which are both considered to be stable sources of liquidity. Wholesale operating deposits are generally considered to be stable sources of liquidity because they are generated from clients that maintain operating service relationships with the Firm.

The Firm believes that average deposit balances are generally more representative of deposit trends than period-end deposit balances. However, during periods of market disruption, average deposit trends may be impacted.

Average deposits increased for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the impact of:

•an increase in CIB due to net inflows related to client-driven activities in Payments and Securities Services, partially offset by net maturities of structured notes in Markets,

•an increase in AWM as a result of growth in both new accounts and balances in existing accounts, including the impact of higher-yielding product offerings, and

•an increase in CCB primarily driven by new accounts, offset by increased customer spending.

Average deposits increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting the net impact of:

•an increase in CIB due to net inflows related to client-driven activities in Payments and Securities Services, partially offset by net maturities of structured notes in Markets,

•an increase in AWM as a result of growth in both new accounts and balances in existing accounts, including the impact of higher-yielding product offerings, and

•a decrease in CCB primarily driven by increased customer spending, predominantly offset by new accounts.

Period-end deposits increased from December 31, 2024, reflecting the net impact of:

•an increase in CIB predominantly due to net inflows related to client-driven activities in Payments and Securities Services, and

•a decrease in AWM primarily driven by migration into other investment products as a result of the maturity of higher-yielding product offerings, partially offset by growth in both new accounts and balances in existing accounts.

Deposits in CCB were relatively flat, reflecting new accounts, offset by increased customer spending.

Refer to the Firm’s Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis and the Business Segment & Corporate Results on pages 15-16 and pages 20-42, respectively, for further information on deposit and liability balance trends. Refer to Note 3 for further information on structured notes.

Certain deposits are covered by insurance protection that provides additional funding stability and results in a benefit to the LCR. Deposit insurance protection may be available to depositors in the countries in which the deposits are placed. For example, the FDIC provides deposit insurance protection for deposits placed in a U.S. depository institution. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Firmwide estimated uninsured deposits were $1,548.1 billion and $1,414.0 billion, respectively, primarily reflecting wholesale operating deposits.

The table below presents an estimate of uninsured U.S. and non-U.S. time deposits, and their remaining maturities. The Firm’s estimates of its uninsured U.S. time deposits are based on data that the Firm calculates periodically under applicable FDIC regulations. For purposes of this presentation, all non-U.S. time deposits are deemed to be uninsured.

The table below shows the deposit and loan balances, deposits as a percentage of total liabilities, and the loans-to-deposits ratios, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following table provides a summary of the average balances and average interest rates of JPMorganChase’s deposits for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(a)Includes Negotiable Order of Withdrawal accounts, and certain trust accounts.

(b)Includes Money Market Deposit Accounts.

Refer to Note 15 for additional information on deposits.

The following table summarizes short-term and long-term funding, excluding deposits, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and average balances for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 15-16 and Note 10 for additional information.

Sources of funds (excluding deposits)

(a)Primarily consists of short-term securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase.

(b)Included in beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.

(c)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.

(d)Reflects the Purchase Money Note associated with the First Republic acquisition. Refer to Note 34 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.

(e)Includes long-term structured notes that are secured.

(f)Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 44-50 and Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity on page 95 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 21 and Note 22 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on preferred stock and common stockholders’ equity.

Short-term funding

The Firm’s primary source of short-term secured funding is securities sold under agreements to repurchase. These instruments are secured predominantly by high-quality securities collateral, including government-issued debt and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase increased at September 30, 2025, compared with December 31, 2024, driven by Markets, reflecting higher secured financing of trading assets, higher client-driven market-making activities, and the impact of lower levels of netting, as well as when compared with seasonally lower levels at year-end.

The increase in secured other borrowed funds at September 30, 2025 from December 31, 2024, and for the average three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the prior year

periods, was primarily due to higher financing requirements in Markets.

The balances associated with securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase fluctuate over time due to investment and financing activities of clients, the Firm’s demand for financing, the ongoing management of the mix of the Firm’s liabilities, including its secured and unsecured financing (for both the investment securities and market-making portfolios), and other market and portfolio factors.

The Firm’s primary sources of short-term unsecured funding consist of issuances of wholesale commercial paper and other borrowed funds.

Long-term funding

Long-term funding provides an additional source of stable funding and liquidity for the Firm. The Firm’s long-term funding plan is driven primarily by expected client activity, liquidity considerations and regulatory requirements, including TLAC. Long-term funding objectives include maintaining diversification, maximizing market access and optimizing funding costs. The Firm evaluates various funding markets, tenors and currencies in creating its optimal long-term funding plan.

Unsecured funding and issuance

The significant majority of the Firm’s total outstanding long-term debt has been issued by the Parent Company to provide flexibility in support of the funding needs of both bank and non-bank subsidiaries. The Parent Company advances substantially all net funding proceeds to its subsidiary, the IHC. The IHC does not issue debt to external counterparties. The increase in structured notes at September 30, 2025 from December 31, 2024, and for the average three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the prior year periods, was primarily driven by net issuances of structured notes in Markets due to client demand and an increase in the fair value of such instruments.

The following table summarizes long-term unsecured issuance and maturities or redemptions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 108–115 and Note 20 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the IHC and long-term debt.

(a)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.

Secured funding and issuance

The Firm can also raise secured long-term funding through securitization of consumer credit card loans and FHLB advances. The following table summarizes the securitization issuance, the FHLB advances, as well as other long-term secured funding sources with their respective maturities or redemptions, as applicable, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(a)Includes long-term structured notes that are secured.

The Firm’s wholesale businesses also securitize loans for client-driven transactions; those client-driven loan securitizations are not considered to be a source of funding for the Firm and are not included in the table above. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further description of client-driven loan securitizations.

Credit ratings

The cost and availability of financing are influenced by credit ratings. Reductions in these ratings could have an adverse effect on the Firm’s access to liquidity sources, increase the cost of funds, trigger additional collateral or funding requirements and decrease the number of investors and counterparties willing to lend to the Firm. The nature and magnitude of the impact of ratings downgrades depends on numerous contractual and behavioral factors, which the Firm

believes are incorporated in its liquidity risk and stress testing metrics. The Firm believes that it maintains sufficient liquidity to withstand a potential decrease in funding capacity due to ratings downgrades.

Additionally, the Firm’s funding requirements for VIEs and other third-party commitments may be adversely affected by a decline in credit ratings. Refer to Notes 4 and 13 for additional information.

The credit ratings of the Parent Company and certain of its principal subsidiaries as of September 30, 2025 were as follows:

(a)On November 3, 2025, Moody’s revised the outlook for the Parent Company, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities plc and J.P. Morgan SE to stable from positive, and revised J.P. Morgan SE’s long-term issuer rating to Aa2 from Aa3.

(b)On May 19, 2025, Moody’s revised JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s outlook to stable from developing, and this change was related to Moody’s one-notch downgrade of the long-term issuer rating of the U.S. Government announced on May 16, 2025. Moody’s also affirmed JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s long-term issuer rating.

Refer to page 115 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the factors that could affect the credit ratings of the Parent Company and the above subsidiaries.

CREDIT AND INVESTMENT RISK MANAGEMENT

Credit and investment risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer; or loss of principal or a reduction in expected returns on investments, including consumer credit risk, wholesale credit risk, and investment portfolio risk. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio, Wholesale Credit Portfolio and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 61-77 for a further discussion of Credit Risk.

Refer to page 78 for a further discussion of Investment Portfolio Risk. Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 117–140 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s Credit and Investment Risk Management framework.

CREDIT PORTFOLIO

Credit risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer.

In the following tables, total loans include loans retained (i.e., held-for-investment); loans held-for-sale; and certain loans accounted for at fair value. The following tables do not include loans which the Firm accounts for at fair value and classifies as trading assets; refer to Notes 2 and 3 for further information regarding these loans. Refer to Notes 11, 22 and 4 for additional information on the Firm’s loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables.

Refer to Note 9 for information regarding the credit risk inherent in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio; and refer to Note 10 for information regarding credit risk inherent in the securities financing portfolio. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 61-65 and Note 11 for further discussions of the consumer credit environment, consumer loans and nonperforming exposure. Refer to Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 66-74 and Note 11 for further discussions of the wholesale credit environment, wholesale loans and nonperforming exposure.

(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.

(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage credit exposures.

(c)Excludes mortgage loans past due and insured by U.S. government agencies, which are primarily 90 or more days past due. These loans have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies were $158 million and $121 million, respectively. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.

The following table provides information about the Firm’s net charge-offs and recoveries.