ALPHA & OMEGA SEMICONDUCTOR Ltd

1. The Company and Significant Accounting Policies

The Company

Alpha and Omega Semiconductor Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”, “AOS”, “we” or “us”) design, develop and supply a broad range of power semiconductors. The Company's portfolio of products targets high-volume applications, including personal computers, graphic cards, game consoles, home appliances, power tools, smart phones, battery packs, consumer and industrial motor controls and power supplies for computers, servers and telecommunications equipment. The Company conducts its operations primarily in the United States, Hong Kong, China, and South Korea.

Basis of Preparation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Joint Venture

On March 29, 2016, the Company entered into a joint venture contract (the “JV Agreement”) with two investment funds owned by the Municipality of Chongqing (the “Chongqing Funds”), pursuant to which the Company and the Chongqing Funds formed a joint venture (the “JV Company”), for the purpose of constructing and operating a power semiconductor packaging, testing and 12-inch wafer fabrication facility in the Liangjiang New Area of Chongqing, China (the “JV Transaction”). As of December 1, 2021, the Company owned 50.9%, and the Chongqing Funds owned 49.1%, of the equity interest in the JV Company. The joint venture was accounted under the provisions of the consolidation guidance since the Company had controlling financial interest until December 1, 2021. As of December 2, 2021, the Company ceased having control over the JV Company. Therefore, the Company deconsolidated the JV Company as of that date. Subsequently, the Company has accounted for its investment in the JV Company using the equity method of accounting.

Equity Method Investment Loss

The Company uses the equity method of accounting when it has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, as determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. Effective December 1, 2021, the Company reduced its equity interest in the JV Company and no longer controlled the JV Company. As a result, beginning December 2, 2021, the Company recorded its investment under the equity method of accounting. Since the Company is unable to obtain accurate financial information from the JV Company in a timely manner, the Company’s share of earnings or losses of the JV Company is recorded on a one quarter lag. The Company discloses and recognizes intervening events at the JV Company in the lag period that could materially affect its consolidated financial statements, if applicable.

The Company records its interest in the net earnings or loss of the equity method investee, along with adjustments for unrealized profits or losses on intra-entity transactions and amortization of basis differences, within earnings or loss from equity interests in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Profits or losses related to intra-entity sales with the equity method investee are eliminated until realized by the investor and investee. Basis differences represent differences between the cost of the investment and the underlying equity in net assets of the investment and are generally amortized over the lives of the related assets that gave rise to them. Equity method goodwill is not amortized; instead the equity method investment is tested for impairment. The Company reviews for impairment whenever factors indicate that the carrying amount of the investment is determined to be other than temporary. In such a case, the decrease in value is recognized in the period the impairment occurs in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

From December 2021 to June 2024, the Company completed several transactions to sell additional equity interests of the JV Company to third-party investors, while the JV Company also issued additional equity interests to new investors that diluted the Company's ownership interest. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2024, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was further reduced to 42.8%. On December 30, 2024, the JV Company signed an investment agreement with an investor, pursuant to which the investor agreed to invest RMB 500 million (or $68.5 million based on the currency exchange rate between RMB and U.S. Dollar on December 31, 2024) in the JV Company in exchange for a 7.09% interest. This transaction closed on January 15, 2025, at which time, the percentage of outstanding JV Company’s equity interest owned by the Company was reduced to approximately 39.2%. The Company recorded a gain of $0.5 million on the change of equity interest in the JV Company, which was included in the equity method investment loss line in the consolidated statements of operations. The funding of the investment was agreed to be made in three installments. The JV Company received the first installment of RMB 40 million (or $5.5 million) on December 31, 2024. However, the JV

Company has not received the remaining two installments as of the filing date. As of June 30, 2025, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was 39.2%.

In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025, the Company began negotiations with a third-party strategic investor to sell a portion of its outstanding equity interest in the JV Company. On July 14, 2025, the Company entered into an equity transfer agreement (“Agreement”) with the investor to sell approximately 20.3% of outstanding equity interest in the JV Company for an aggregate cash consideration of $150 million. The Company identified the negotiations of the equity transfer agreement throughout the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025 as an impairment indicator and performed a quantitative impairment test as of June 30, 2025. Based on the implied valuation of the JV Company per the transaction price in the equity transfer agreement, the fair value of the equity method investment was determined to be lower than its carrying value, and a $76.8 million other-than-temporary impairment of the equity method investment was recognized as of June 30, 2025. The impairment loss is recorded within Equity method investment loss in the consolidated statement of operations for the year-ended June 30, 2025.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company's consolidated financial statements will be affected. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates the estimates, judgments and assumptions including those related to reserve of stock rotation returns, allowance for price adjustments, allowance for expected credit loss, inventory reserves, warranty accrual, income taxes, leases, share-based compensation, recoverability of and useful lives for property, plant and equipment.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translation

Most of the Company's principal subsidiaries use U.S. dollars as their functional currency because their transactions are primarily conducted and settled in U.S. dollars. All of their revenues and a significant portion of their operating expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars. The functional currencies for the Company’s in-house packaging and testing facilities in China are U.S. dollars, and a majority of their capital expenditures are denominated in U.S. dollars. Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currencies using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses, resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the re-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies using exchange rates at balance sheet date and non-monetary assets and liabilities using historical exchange rates, are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

For the Company’s subsidiaries which use the local currency as their functional currency, their results and financial position are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates at balance sheet dates for assets and liabilities and using average exchange rates for income and expenses items. The resulting translation differences are presented as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of equity.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on hand and short-term bank deposits with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with stated maturities of three months or less as of the dates of purchase. The carrying amounts reported for cash and cash equivalents are considered to approximate fair values based upon their short maturities.

Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with reputable major financial institutions. If, due to current economic conditions or other factors, one or more of the financial institutions with which the Company maintains deposits fails, the Company's cash and cash equivalents may be at risk. Deposits with these banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits; however, these deposits typically may be redeemed upon demand and, therefore, bear minimal risk.

The Company maintains restricted cash in connection with cash balances temporarily restricted by the local custom authority for regular business operations. These balances have been excluded from the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance and are classified as restricted cash in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the amount of restricted cash was $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Accounts Receivable, net

The allowance for expected credit loss is based on assessment of the expected collectability of accounts receivable from customers. The Company reviews the allowance by considering factors such as historical collection experience, credit quality, age of the accounts receivable balances and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay. The

Company writes off a receivable and charges against its recorded allowance when it has exhausted its collection efforts without success.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value, which are the following:

•Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of cash equivalents is based on observable market prices and have been categorized in Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Cash equivalents consist primarily of short-term bank deposits. The carrying values of financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturities. Level 2 inputs were used to estimate the fair value of the equity method investment for the purpose of recognizing the other than temporary impairment recorded in 2025. The carrying value of the Company’s debt is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value which is estimated by considering the current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities, structure and terms of the debts.

Inventories

The Company carries inventories at the lower of cost (determined on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. Cost includes semiconductor wafer and raw materials, labor, depreciation expenses and other manufacturing expenses and overhead, and packaging and testing fees paid to third parties if subcontractors are used. The Company evaluated its inventory for salability, obsolescence and other available applicable information. When evaluating the adequacy of its provision for excess and obsolete inventory, the Company identifies excess and obsolete products and also analyzes historical usage, forecasted demand, and current economic trends. If actual economic trends are less favorable than those forecasted, additional future inventory write-downs may be required, which could adversely affect our operating results. Inventory adjustments, once established, are not reversed until the related inventory has been sold or scrapped.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Historical cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the items and the costs incurred to make the assets ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is provided for on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follows:

Equipment and construction in progress represent equipment received but the necessary installation has not been fully performed or building construction and leasehold improvements have been started but not yet completed. Equipment and construction in progress are stated at cost and transferred to the respective asset class when fully completed and ready for their intended use.

Internal-use software development costs are capitalized to the extent that the costs are directly associated with the development of identifiable and unique software products controlled by the Company that are expected to generate economic benefits beyond one year. Costs incurred during the application development stage are required to be capitalized. The application development stage is characterized by software design and configuration activities, coding, testing and installation. Training costs and maintenance are expensed as incurred, while upgrades and enhancements are capitalized if such expenditures will result in additional functionality. Costs include employee costs incurred and fees paid to outside consultants for the software development and implementation. Internally developed software is amortized over its estimated useful life ofthree tofive years starting from the date when it is ready for its intended use.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized as selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Costs of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed as incurred.

Government Grants

The Company occasionally receives government grants that provide financial assistance for certain eligible expenditures in China. These grants include reimbursements on interest expense on bank borrowings, payroll tax credits, credit for property, plant and equipment in a particular geographical location, employment credits as well as business expansion credits. Government grants are not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to it, and that the grant will be received. The Company records such grants either as a reduction of the related expense, a reduction of the cost of the related asset, or as other income depending upon the nature of the grant. As a result of such grants, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company reduced property, plant and equipment by $0.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, the Company reduced property, plant and equipment by $0.6 million and operating expenses by $0.1 million.

Long-lived Assets

The Company reviews all long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that these assets may not be recoverable. When evaluating long-lived assets, if the Company concludes that the estimated undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets are less than their carrying value, the Company recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over their respective fair values, which could adversely affect its results of operations.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, the Company identified certain purchased manufacturing equipment that was unable to meet its production process requirements. Because the equipment had no alternative uses, the Company recorded an impairment of $1.0 million related to such equipment. There wasno impairment of long-lived assets for fiscal years 2024 and 2023.

Revenue Recognition

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: (1) identification of the contract with a customer; (2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determination of the transaction price; (4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognition of revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when its performance obligation has been satisfied and control of the product is transferred to the customer, as determined by the agreed upon shipping terms, net of estimated stock rotation returns and price adjustments that it expects to provide to certain distributors. The Company presents revenue net of sales taxes and any similar assessments. Our standard payment terms range from 30 to 60 days.

The Company sells its products primarily to distributors, who in turn sell the products globally to various end customers. Sales to most distributors are made under terms allowing certain price adjustments of the Company’s products held in their inventory or upon sale to their end customers. Revenue from sales to distributors is recognized upon the transfer of control to the distributor. In the ordinary course of business, our distributors may need to sell our products to end customers at prices below the standard distribution price in order to remain competitive and secure sales. After the distributors sell the Company’s products to their end customers, the distributors submit a “ship-and-debit” price adjustment claim to the Company to adjust the distributor’s cost from the standard price to the pre-approved lower price. After the Company verifies that the claim was pre-approved, a credit memo is issued to the distributors for the ship-and-debit claim. In determining the transaction price, the Company considers ship-and-debit price adjustments to be variable consideration. The Company estimates the variable consideration of the allowance for price adjustments at the time revenue is recognized. The Company also allows stock rotation returns from certain distributors. Stock rotation returns are governed by contract and are limited to a specified percentage of the monetary value of products purchased by distributors during a specified period. The Company records an allowance for stock rotation returns based on historical returns, expected sales volumes and individual distributor agreements. Allowance for price adjustments is recorded against accounts receivable and the provision for stock rotation rights is included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s performance obligations relate to contracts with a duration of less than one year. The Company elected to apply the practical expedient provided in ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. Therefore, the Company is not required to disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period.

The Company recognizes the incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract, which consist of sales commissions, when control over the products they relate to transfers to the customer. Applying the practical expedient, the Company recognizes commissions as expense when incurred, as the amortization period of the commission asset the Company would have otherwise recognized is less than one year.

Packaging and testing services revenue is recognized at a point in time upon shipment of serviced products to the customer.

License and Development Services Revenue Recognition

In February 2023, the Company entered into a license agreement with a customer to license the Company’s proprietary SiC technology and to provide 24-months of engineering and development services for a total fee of $45.0 million. The license and development fee required significant integration to create a combined output to the customer and was determined to be one performance obligation and was recognized over the 24 months when the Company performed the engineering and development services. The Company used the input method to measure progress and recognize revenue, based on the effort expended relative to the estimated total effort to satisfy the performance obligation. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded $13.8 million and $21.2 million of license and development revenue, respectively. The amount of contract liability is recorded as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets. In addition, the Company also entered an accompanying supply agreement to provide limited wafer supply to the customer. As of June 30, 2025, all revenue has been recognized and all consideration has been received associated with the license agreement.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current operating lease liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, finance lease liabilities and long-term finance leases liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. Operating lease expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and are not included within the operating lease ROU asset and lease liability calculation. The Company does not record leases on the consolidated balance sheet with a term of one year or less. The Company elected to combine its lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all asset classes.

Product Warranty

The Company provides a standardone-year warranty for products from the date of purchase by the end customers. The Company accrues for estimated warranty costs at the time revenue is recognized. The Company's warranty obligation is determined by product failure rates, labor and material costs for replacing defective parts, related freight costs for failed parts and other costs to fulfill warranty obligation. The Company monitors its warranty claims and maintains warranty reserves based on historical experiences and anticipated warranty claims known at the time of estimation.

Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of goods sold.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Provision for Income Taxes

Income tax expense or benefit is based on income or loss before taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized principally for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts.

The Company is subject to income taxes in a number of jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. The Company establishes accruals for certain tax contingencies based on estimates of whether additional taxes may be due. While the final tax outcome of these matters may differ from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

Significant management judgment is also required in determining whether deferred tax assets will be realized in full or in part. When it is more likely than not that all or some portion of specific deferred tax assets such as net operating losses or research and experimentation tax credit carryforwards will not be realized, a valuation allowance must be established for the amount of the deferred tax assets that cannot be realized. The Company considers all available positive and negative evidence on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis when assessing whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable. The Company considers evidence such as our past operating results, the existence of cumulative losses in recent years and our forecast of future taxable income. The Company has concluded that it should report a full valuation allowance on its state research and development tax credit carryforwards as the Company annually generates more state R&D tax credits than it could use based on its forecasts.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance which clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing a minimum probability threshold that a tax position must meet before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. Although the guidance on the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes prescribes the use of a recognition and measurement model, the determination of whether an uncertain tax position has met those thresholds will continue to require significant judgment by management. If the ultimate resolution of tax uncertainties is different from what is currently estimated, a material impact on income tax expense could result.

The Company's provision for income taxes is subject to volatility and could be adversely impacted by changes in earnings or tax laws and regulations in various jurisdictions. The Company is subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of changes to reserves, as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Share-based Compensation Expense

The Company maintains an equity-settled, share-based compensation plan to grant restricted share units. The Company recognizes expense related to share-based compensation awards that are ultimately expected to vest based on estimated fair values on the date of grant. The fair value of restricted share units is based on the fair value of the Company's common share on the date of grant. For restricted stock awards subject to market conditions, the fair value of each restricted stock award is estimated at the date of grant using the Monte-Carlo pricing model. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on the accelerated attribution basis over the requisite service period of the award, which generally equals the vesting period. In addition, judgment is also required in estimating the number of stock-based awards that are expected to be forfeited. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience.

The Employee Share Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) is accounted for at fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model.

Advertising

Advertising expenditures are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $0.5 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company's accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”, which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU also expands disclosure requirements to enable users of financial statements to better understand the entity’s measurement and assessment of segment performance and resource allocation. The Company adopted the guidance during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards not yet adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which enhances the transparency, effectiveness and comparability of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information related to income tax rate reconciliations and the jurisdictions in which income taxes are paid. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. The Company did not early adopt ASU 2023-09 and will apply these additional income tax disclosures in its June 2026 fiscal year.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures”, which improves disclosure requirements and provides more detailed information about an entity’s expenses, specifically amounts related to purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and selling expenses, along with qualitative descriptions of certain other types of expenses. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

2. Equity Method Investment in Equity Investee

On December 1, 2021 (the “Effective Date”), Alpha & Omega Semiconductor (Shanghai) Ltd. (“AOS SH”) and Agape Package Manufacturing (Shanghai) Limited (“APM SH”), each a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a share transfer agreement (“STA”) with a third-party investor to sell a portion of the Company's equity interest in the JV Company which consists of a power semiconductor packaging, testing and 12-inch wafer fabrication facility in Chongqing, China (the “Transaction”). The Transaction closed on December 2, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), which reduced the Company’s equity interest in the JV Company from 50.9% to 48.8%.

On December 24, 2021, the Company entered into a share transfer agreement with another third-party investor, pursuant to which the Company sold to this investor 1.1% of outstanding equity interest held by the Company in the JV Company. In addition, the JV Company adopted an employee equity incentive plan and issued an equity interest equivalent to 3.99% of the JV Company in exchange to cash. As a result of these two transactions, the Company owned 45.8% of the equity interest in the JV Company as of December 31, 2021.

On January 26, 2022, the JV Company completed a financing transaction pursuant to a corporate investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) between the JV Company and certain third-party investors (the “New Investors”). Under the Investment Agreement, the New Investors purchased newly issued equity interest of the JV Company, representing approximately 7.82% of post-transaction outstanding equity interests of the JV Company, for a total purchase price of RMB 509 million (or approximately $80 million based on the currency exchange rate as of January 26, 2022) (the “Investment”). Following the closing of the Investment, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was reduced to 42.2%.

In February 2024, the JV Company repurchased certain shares that were previously issued to employees under the employee equity incentive plan, which increased the Company’s percentage of equity ownership in the JV Company by 0.54%.

On December 30, 2024, the JV Company signed an investment agreement with an investor, pursuant to which the third-party investor agreed to invest RMB 500 million (or $68.5 million based on the currency exchange rate between RMB and U.S. Dollar on December 31, 2024) in the JV Company in exchange for a 7.09% interest. This transaction closed on January 15, 2025, at which time, the percentage of outstanding JV Company’s equity interest owned by the Company was reduced to approximately 39.2%. We recorded a gain of $0.5 million on the change of equity interest in the JV Company, which was included in the equity method investment loss line in the consolidated statements of operations. The funding of the investment was agreed to be made in three installments. The JV Company received the first installment of RMB 40 million (or $5.5 million) on December 31, 2024. However, the JV Company has not received the remaining two installments as of the filing date.

In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025, the Company began negotiations with a third-party strategic investor to sell a portion of its outstanding equity interest in the JV Company. On July 14, 2025, the Company entered into an equity transfer agreement with the investor to sell approximately 20.3% of outstanding equity interest in the JV Company for an aggregate cash consideration of approximately $150 million to be paid infour installments, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.

The Company identified the negotiations of the equity transfer agreement throughout the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025 as an impairment indicator and performed a quantitative impairment test as of June 30, 2025. Based on the implied valuation of the JV Company per the transaction price in the equity transfer agreement, the fair value of the equity method investment was determined to be lower than its carrying value, and a $76.8 million other-than-temporary impairment of the equity method investment was recognized as of June 30, 2025. The impairment loss is recorded within Equity method investment loss in the consolidated statement of operations for the year-ended June 30, 2025.

The Company accounts for its investment in the JV Company as an equity method investment and reports its equity in earnings or loss of the JV Company on a three-month lag due to an inability to timely obtain financial information of the JV Company. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $77.8 million including the impairment loss, $4.8 million and $1.4 million of equity method investment loss, respectively, using lag reporting. As of June 30, 2025, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was 39.2%. The difference between the investment’s carrying value on June 30, 2025 of $279.1 million and the underlying equity in net assets of approximately $107.1 million as of March 31, 2025 relates primarily to equity method goodwill.

Summarized Financial Information

The following table presents summarized financial information for the JV Company (in thousands):

3. Related Party Transactions

As of June 30, 2025, the Company owned 39.2% equity interest in the JV Company, which, by definition, is a related party to the Company. The JV Company supplies 12-inch wafers and provides assembly and testing services to AOS. The JV Company reimbursed AOS for purchases made on its behalf of $11.3 million, $9.8 million and $35.6 million during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Due to the right of offset of receivables and payables with the JV Company, as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, AOS recorded the net amount of $15.8 million and $13.7 million, respectively, as a payable related to equity investee, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The purchases by AOS for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $109.1 million, $96.6 million and $127.8 million, respectively.

4. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, plus potential shares of common stock during the period. Potential shares of common stock include dilutive shares attributable to the assumed exercise of share options, employee share purchase plan shares and vesting of restricted stock units using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, potential common shares outstanding are not included in the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share if their effect is anti-dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:

The following potential dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

5. Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

The Company manages its credit risk associated with exposure to distributors and direct customers on outstanding accounts receivable through the application and review of credit approvals, credit ratings and other monitoring procedures. In some instances, the Company also obtains letters of credit from certain customers.

Credit sales, which are mainly on credit terms of 30 to 60 days, are only made to customers who meet the Company’s credit requirements, while sales to new customers or customers with low credit ratings are usually made on an advance payment basis. The Company considers its trade accounts receivable to be of good credit quality because its key distributors and direct customers have long-standing business relationships with the Company and the Company has not experienced any significant bad debt write-offs of accounts receivable in the past. The Company closely monitors the aging of accounts receivable from its distributors and direct customers, and regularly reviews their financial positions, where available.

Summarized below are individual customers whose revenue or accounts receivable balances were 10% or higher than the respective total consolidated amounts:

• Less than 10%

6. Balance Sheet Components

Accounts receivable, net

Inventories

Other current assets

Property, plant and equipment, net

Total depreciation expense was $54.2 million, $50.5 million and $40.4 million for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company capitalized $0.2 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million of software development costs during the fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization of capitalized software development costs was $0.5 million in fiscal year 2025, $0.6 million in fiscal year 2024 and $0.4 million in fiscal year 2023. Unamortized capitalized software development costs in each of the periods presented at June 30, 2025 and 2024 were $0.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

Other long-term assets

Intangible assets, net

The Company is amortizing intangible assets of patents and technology rights related to a license agreement with STMicroelectronics International N.V. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $3.2 million, $3.2 million and $3.3 million for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The estimated useful lives for patents and technology rights and trade name were five years andten years, respectively. All intangible assets were fully amortized in as of June 30, 2025.

Accrued liabilities

Short-term customer deposits are payments received from customers for securing future product shipments. As of June 30, 2025, $7.0 million were from Customer A, $2.0 million were from Customer B, and $8.0 million were from other customers. As of June 30, 2024, $9.0 million were from Customer A, $8.9 million were from Customer B, and $14.3 million were from other customers.

The activity in the warranty accrual, included in accrued liabilities is as follows:

The activity in the stock rotation accrual, included in accrued liabilities is as follows:

Other long-term liabilities

Customer deposits are payments received from customers for securing future product shipments. As of June 30, 2025, $5.0 million were from Customer A and $2.0 million were from other customers. As of June 30, 2024, $12.0 million were from Customer A, $2.0 million were from Customer B and $5.7 million were from other customers.

7. Bank Borrowing

Accounts receivable factoring agreement

On August 9, 2019, one of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries (the "Borrower") entered into a factoring agreement with the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (“HSBC”), whereby the Borrower assigns certain of its accounts receivable with recourse. This factoring agreement allows the Borrower to borrow up to 70% of the net amount of its eligible accounts receivable of the Borrower with a maximum amount of $30.0 million. The interest rate is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR)", plus 2.01% per annum. The Company is the guarantor for this agreement. The Company is accounting for this transaction as a secured borrowing under the Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets guidance. In addition, any cash held in the restricted bank account controlled by HSBC has a legal right of offset against the borrowing. This agreement, with certain financial covenants required, has no expiration date. On August 11, 2021, the Borrower signed an agreement with HSBC to decrease the borrowing maximum amount to $8.0 million with certain financial covenants required. Other terms remain the same. As of June 30, 2025, there was no outstanding balance for this loan.

Debt financing

In September 2021, Jireh Semiconductor Incorporated (“Jireh”), one of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into a financing arrangement agreement with a company (“Lender”) for the lease and purchase of a machinery equipment manufactured by a supplier. This agreement has a 5 years term, after which Jireh has the option to purchase the equipment for $1. The implied interest rate was 4.75% per annum which was adjustable based on every five basis point increase in 60-month U.S. Treasury Notes, until the final installation and acceptance of the equipment. The total purchase price of this equipment was Euro 12.0 million. In April 2021, Jireh made a down payment of Euro 6.0 million, representing 50% of the total purchase price of the equipment, to the supplier. In June 2022, the equipment was delivered to Jireh after Lender paid 40% of the total purchase price, for Euro 4.8 million, to the supplier on behalf of Jireh. In September 2022, Lender paid the remaining 10% payment for the total purchase price and reimbursed Jireh for the 50% down payment, after the installation and configuration of the equipment. The title of the equipment was transferred to Lender following such payment. The agreement was amended with fixed implied interest rate of 7.51% and monthly payment of principal and interest effective in October 2022. Other terms remain the same. In addition, Jireh purchased hardware for the machine under this financing arrangement. The purchase price of this hardware was $0.2 million. The financing arrangement is secured by this equipment and other equipment which had a carrying amount of $12.1 million as of June 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the outstanding balance of this debt financing was $6.5 million.

Long-term bank borrowings

On August 18, 2021, Jireh entered into a term loan agreement with a financial institution (the "Bank") in an amount up to $45.0 million for the purpose of expanding and upgrading the Company’s fabrication facility located in Oregon. The obligation under the loan agreement is secured by substantially all assets of Jireh and guaranteed by the Company. The agreement has a term of 5.5 years and matures on February 16, 2027. Jireh is required to make consecutive quarterly payments of principal and interest. The loan accrues interest based on the SOFR plus the applicable margin based on the outstanding balance of the loan. This agreement contains customary restrictive covenants and includes certain financial covenants that the Company is required to maintain. Jireh drew down $45.0 million on February 16, 2022 with the first payment of principal beginning in October 2022. As of June 30, 2025, Jireh was in compliance with these covenants and the outstanding balance of this loan was $20.3 million. In August 2025, the Company paid the outstanding balance in full.

At June 30, 2025, maturities of short-term debt and long-term debt were as follows (in thousands):

8. Leases

The Company evaluates contracts for lease accounting at contract inception and assesses lease classification at the lease commencement date. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, operating lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities - long-term on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, finance lease liabilities and finance lease liabilities-long-term on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes a ROU asset and corresponding lease obligation liability at the lease commencement date where the lease obligation liability is measured at the present value of the minimum lease payments. As most of the leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement. The Company uses an interest rate commensurate with the interest rate to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term with an amount equal to the lease payments. Operating leases are primarily related to offices, research and development facilities, sales and marketing facilities, and manufacturing facilities. In addition, long-term supply agreements to lease gas tank equipment and purchase industrial gases are accounted for as operating leases. Lease agreements frequently include renewal provisions and require the Company to pay real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs. For operating leases, the amortization of the ROU asset and the accretion of its lease obligation liability result in a single straight-line expense recognized over the lease term. The finance lease is related to the $5.1 million of a machinery lease financing with a vendor. In September 2022, the lease was amended to make a monthly payment of principal and interest as a fixed amount effective in October 2022. Other terms remain the same. The amendment was accounted for as a lease modification and no gain or loss was recognized. The Company does not record leases on the consolidated balance sheet with a term of one year or less.

The components of the Company’s operating and finance lease expenses are as follows for the years presented (in thousands):

Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company’s operating and finance leases is as follows (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company’s operating and finance leases is as follows (in thousands):

Future minimum lease payments are as follows as of June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

9. Shareholders’ Equity

Common Shares

The Company’s Bye-laws, as amended, authorized the Company to issue 100,000,000 common shares with par value of $0.002. Each common share is entitled toone vote. The holders of common shares are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when and if declared by the board of directors. No dividends had been declared as of June 30, 2025.

In September 2017, the board of directors approved a repurchase program (the “Repurchase Program”) that allowed the Company to repurchase its common shares from the open market pursuant to a pre-established Rule 10b5-1 trading plan or through privately negotiated transactions up to an aggregate of $30.0 million. The amount and timing of any repurchases under the Repurchase Program depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to, the trading price, volume and availability of the Company's common shares. Shares repurchased under this program are accounted for as treasury shares and the total cost of shares repurchased is recorded as a reduction of shareholders' equity. From time to time, treasury shares may be reissued as part of the Company's stock-based compensation programs. Gains on re-issuance of treasury stock are credited to additional paid-in capital; losses are charged to additional paid-in capital to offset the net gains, if any, from previous sales or re-issuance of treasury stock. Any remaining balance of the losses is charged to retained earnings. As of June 30, 2023, there was no availability under this repurchase program, which was terminated. Prior to September 2017, the board of directors authorized two share purchase programs, which were terminated.

During fiscal years 2025 and 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares pursuant to the repurchase program. During fiscal year 2023, the Company repurchased an aggregate of 548,132 shares, from the open market for a total cost of approximately $13.4 million, excluding fees and related expenses, at an average price of $24.51 per share.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had repurchased an aggregate of 7,332,780 shares for a total cost of $81.1 million, at an average price of $11.01 per share, excluding fees and related expenses, since inception of the program. No repurchased shares have been retired. Of the 7,332,780 repurchased shares,214,809 shares with a weighted average repurchase price of $9.58 per share, were reissued at an average price of $3.89 per share for option exercises and vested restricted stock units.

10. Share-based Compensation

2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan

The 2009 Share Option/Share Issuance Plan (the “2009 Plan”) was approved in September 2009 at the annual general meeting of shareholders in connection with the Company's IPO. At the annual general meeting of shareholders in November 2018, the 2009 Plan was approved to be terminated and the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) was effective. No further awards will be made under the 2009 Plan. The 2018 Plan authorized the board of directors to grant incentive share options, non-statutory share options and restricted shares to employees, directors, non-employee directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries for up to 2,065,000 common shares. The 2018 Plan does not include an evergreen authorization. Therefore, the Company is not permitted to increase the number of shares reserved in the share pool without obtaining further shareholder approval. Outstanding shares under the 2018 Plan and awards granted under the 2009 Plan that expire, are forfeited or cancelled or terminate prior to the issuance of the shares subject to those awards or are settled in cash will be available for subsequent issuance under the 2018 Plan. At the annual general meeting of shareholders from 2021 to 2024, the shares reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan was approved to increase by a total of 2,544,000 shares, to 4,609,000 shares. As of June 30, 2025,541,000 shares were available for grant under the 2018 Plan.

Beginning with the 2014 Annual Shareholders Meeting, on the date of each annual shareholders meeting, each individual who commences service as a non-employee Board member by reason of his or her election to the Board at such annual meeting and each individual who is to continue to serve as a non-employee Board member, whether or not that individual is standing for re-election to the Board at that particular annual meeting, will automatically be granted an award in the form of restricted share units covering that number of common shares determined by dividing one hundred sixty thousand dollars ($160,000) by the average fair market value per share for the ninety (90)-day period preceding the grant date, up to a maximum of 10,000 shares.

Under the 2018 Plan, incentive share options and RSU are to be granted at a price that is not less than 100% and nonstatutory share options are to be granted at not less than 85% of the fair value of the common shares, at the date of grant for employees and consultants. Options and RSUs generally vest over afour-year tofive-year period, and are exercisable for a maximum period often years after the date of grant.

The fair value of RSU, including time-based restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units is based on the market price of the Company's common shares on the date of grant.

Time-based Restricted Stock Units (“TRSU”)

The total fair value of TRSUs vested during the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $17.9 million, $15.6 million and $13.0 million, respectively. The following table summarizes the Company’s TRSU activities:

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units (“PRSU”)

In March each year since fiscal year 2017, the Company granted PRSU to certain personnel. The number of shares to be ultimately earned under the PRSU is determined based on the level of attainment of predetermined financial goals. The PRSU vests in four equal annual installments from the first anniversary date after the grant date if certain predetermined financial goals were met. The Company recorded $4.0 million, $2.8 million and $5.2 million of expenses for these PRSUs during the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The total fair value of PRSUs vested during the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $4.5 million, $3.8 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s PRSU activities:

Market-based Restricted Stock Units (“MSUs”)

In December 2021, the Company granted 1.0 million market-based restricted stock units to certain personnel. The number of shares to be earned at the end of the performance period was determined based on the Company’s achievement of specified stock prices and revenue thresholds during the performance period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024 as well as the recipients remaining in continuous service with the Company through such period. The MSU vests in four equal annual installments after the end of performance period. The Company estimated the grant date fair values of its MSUs using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. In September 2023, the Company determined it was no longer probable that it would achieve the minimum revenue threshold specified in the awards. Therefore, the Company reversed all of the previously recognized expenses of $6.4 million for these MSUs. In addition, on September 19, 2023, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved a modification of the terms of MSUs to extend the performance period through December 31, 2025, changed the commencement date for the four-year time-based service period to January 1, 2026, and reduced the achievement of specified stock prices and revenue thresholds. The fair value of these MSUs was revalued to reflect the change using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. In June 2024, the Company determined it was no longer probable that the revenue thresholds for the modified MSU would be achieved. Therefore, the Company reversed $2.4 million in the June 2024 quarter that was recorded during the fiscal year 2024 related to the modification on September 19, 2023. On August 8, 2024, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved modifications of the terms of MSUs to extend the performance period through December 31, 2026, change the commencement date for the four-year time-based service period to January 1, 2027, and reduce the revenue thresholds. The fair value of these MSUs was revalued to reflect the change using a Monte-Carlo simulation model with the following assumptions: risk-free interest rate of 3.93%, expected term of 2.40 years, expected volatility of 57.81% and dividend yield of 0%. The Company recorded approximately $5.0 million, $(6.4) million and $1.9 million of expenses for these MSUs during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 1.3 million MSUs to certain personnel. The number of shares to be earned at the end of the performance period is determined based on the Company’s achievement of specified stock prices and revenue thresholds during the performance period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 as well as the recipients remaining in continuous service with the Company through such period. The MSUs vest in four equal annual installments after the end of performance period. On August 31, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved a modification of the terms of MSU to (i) extend the performance period through December 31, 2022 and (ii) change the commencement date for the four-year time-based service period to January 1, 2023. The modified MSUs were valued immediately before and after the modification, using Monte-Carlo simulation pricing model. The Monte-Carlo simulation pricing model applied the following assumptions for pre-modification conditions: risk-free interest rate of 0.13%, expected term of 1.3 years, expected volatility of 66.7% and dividend yield of 0%; and for post-modification conditions: risk-free interest rate of 0.14%, expected term of 2.3 years, expected volatility of 59.1% and dividend yield of 0%. The fair value of these MSUs was recalculated to reflect the change as of August 31, 2020 and the unrecognized compensation amount was adjusted to reflect the increase in fair value. The Company recorded approximately $0.6 million, $1.0 million and $3.9 million of expense for these MSUs during the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The total fair value of MSUs vested during the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $1.4 million, $1.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Stock Option

The following table summarizes the Company's stock option activities:

The aggregate intrinsic value for options outstanding at June 30, 2025 in the table above is based on the Company’s common stock closing price on June 30, 2025.

The 2018 Employee Share Purchase Plan

At the annual general meeting of shareholders in November 2018, the 2018 Employee Share Purchase Plan (“Purchase Plan” or “ESPP”) was approved, under which 1,430,000 common shares are available for issuance. The Purchase Plan does not include an evergreen authorization, therefore the Company is not permitted to increase the number of shares reserved in the share pool without obtaining further shareholder approval. At the annual general meetings of shareholders in 2021 and 2023, the shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP was approved to increase by 1,070,000 and 1,200,000 shares, respectively to a total of 3,700,000 shares. The Purchase Plan provided for a series of overlapping offering periods with a duration of 24 months, generally beginning on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The Purchase Plan allows employees to purchase common shares through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation. Such deductions will accumulate over asix-month accumulation period without interest. After such accumulation period, common shares will be purchased at a price equal to 85% of the fair market value per share on either the first day of the offering period or the last date of the accumulation period, whichever is less. The maximum number of shares that may be purchased by a participant on any purchase date may not exceed 875 shares for a total of 3,500 shares per a 24-month offering period. In addition, no participant may purchase more than $25,000 worth of common stock in any one calendar year period. No more than 300,000 common shares may be purchased by all participants on any purchase date.

The ESPP is compensatory and results in compensation expense. The fair values of common shares to be issued under the ESPP were determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:

The weighted-average estimated fair value of employee stock purchase rights granted pursuant to the ESPP during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $12.07, $10.16 and $11.46 per share, respectively.

Share-based Compensation Expenses

The total share-based compensation expense related to TRSU, PRSUs, MSUs, and ESPP described above, recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the years presented was as follows:

Total unrecognized share-based compensation expense as of June 30, 2025 was $51.1 million including estimated forfeitures, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years.

11. Employee Benefit Plans

The Company maintains a 401(k) retirement plan for the benefit of qualified employees in the U.S. Employees who participate may elect to make salary deferral contributions to the plan up to 100% of the employees' eligible salary subject to annual Internal Revenue Code maximum limitations. The employer’s contribution is discretionary. Effective from April 1, 2022, the Company began to match 50% of employee contribution up to 4% of eligible compensation for a 2% maximum match. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company made employer match contributions of $1.8 million, $1.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

The Company makes mandatory contributions for its employees to the respective local governments in terms of retirement, medical insurance and unemployment insurance, where applicable, according to labor and social security laws and regulations of the countries and areas in which the Company operates. The retirement contribution rate is 7.7% in the U.S.,16.0% to 17.0% in China,6.0% in Taiwan,12.0% in India, and 9.3% in Germany. The Company has no obligations for the payment of such social benefits beyond the required contributions as set out above.

12. Income Taxes

The domestic and foreign components of income before taxes are:

The provision for income taxes is comprised of:

The reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate is as follows (in percentage):

As shown in the above effective tax rate analysis, the Company’s effective tax rate was 31.0%, (138.1)%, and 30.1% for fiscal year 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The primary reason for the large percentage differences in the overall effective tax rate reconciliation between the fiscal 2024 year and fiscal 2025 year as well as between the fiscal 2024 year and fiscal 2023 year is mainly due to the smaller amount of pretax book loss of $2.6 million as the denominator in the calculation of effective tax rate reconciliation in fiscal 2024, as compared to the larger amount of pretax book loss of $27.8 million in fiscal 2025 as the denominator as well as the pretax book income of $19.7 million in fiscal 2023 as the denominator in calculating the effective tax rates for these two years.

When comparing the effective tax rate impact on the differences in pretax book loss between fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024, the net value of the fiscal 2025 loss is approximately 10.5 times higher than the pretax book loss in fiscal 2024. Therefore, the percentage impact on the effective tax rate in fiscal 2025 is approximately 10.5 times higher than in fiscal 2024, simply due to the large variance in pretax book loss between the two years. The impact of the pretax book loss denominator effect also fully explains the differences in the effective tax rate differences between the fiscal 2025 and 2024 years for tax credits and non-deductible executive compensation expense. The differences between “Foreign Taxes, net” is a result of changes in the mix of earnings in various geographic jurisdictions between fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024. The differences concerning “Outside Basis Differences on Equity Method Investment” between the two years is a result of the larger amount of equity method loss in fiscal 2025 in comparison with that of fiscal 2024.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

The breakdown between deferred tax assets and liabilities is as follows:

The Company’s valuation allowance related to deferred income taxes as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets was $8.8 million and $7.3 million as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change in valuation allowance for June 30, 2025 and 2024 was an increase of $1.5 million and an increase of $0.6 million, respectively.

At June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company provided a valuation allowance for its state research and development credit carryforward deferred tax assets of $8.8 million and $7.3 million, respectively, as it generated more state tax credits each year than it can utilize. The Company intends to maintain a valuation allowance equal to the state research and development credit carryforwards in excess of the state net deferred tax liabilities on all other state book and tax differences and net operating loss carryforward.

At June 30, 2025, the Company had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $8.1 million. The federal tax credits begin to expire in 2042, if not utilized. At June 30, 2025, the Company had state tax credit carryforwards of approximately $11.1 million, of which $9.9 million carryforward indefinitely, $0.9 million have a 10 to 15 year life (beginning to expire in 2033) and $0.3 million with a 20 year life, (beginning to expire in 2038).

The Company intends to reinvest the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries indefinitely, except for Alpha and Omega Semiconductor (Cayman) Ltd. and AOS International LP. As of June 30, 2025, Alpha and Omega Semiconductor (Cayman) and AOS International LP have a cumulative loss. As of June 30, 2025, the cumulative amount of undistributed earnings of its foreign entities considered permanently reinvested is $433.5 million. Should the Company decide to remit this income to its Bermuda parent company in a future period, its provision for income taxes may increase materially in that period. The determination of the unrecognized deferred tax liability on these earnings is not practicable due to the complexity and variety of assumptions necessary to estimate the tax. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has recorded a deferred tax liability of $13.8 million for the basis difference related to our investment in the JV Company.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits from July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2025 is as follows:

At June 30, 2025, the total unrecognized tax benefits of $10.7 million included $7.3 million of unrecognized tax benefits that have been netted against the related deferred tax assets. The remaining $3.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits was recorded within long-term income tax payable on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2025. The Company cannot reasonably estimate the timing and amount of potential cash settlements on the unrecognized tax benefits.

The total unrecognized tax benefits of $10.7 million at June 30, 2025 included $7.4 million that, if recognized, would reduce the effective income tax rate in future periods. It is reasonably possible that the Company will recognize approximately $0.2 million reduction to its uncertain tax positions during the next twelve months due to a lapse in the applicable statute of limitations.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. To the extent accrued interest and penalties do not ultimately become payable, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as a reduction of the overall income tax provision in the period that such determination is made. The amount of interest and penalties accrued at June 30, 2025 was $0.8 million, of which $0.2 million was recognized in the year ended June 30, 2025. The amount of interest and penalties accrued at June 30, 2024 was $0.5 million, of which $0.2 million was recognized in the year ended June 30, 2024.

The Company files its income tax returns in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2004 to 2025 remain open to examination by U.S. federal and state tax authorities due to tax attribute carryovers. The tax years 2019 to 2025 remain open to examination by foreign tax authorities.

The Company's income tax returns are subject to examinations by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities in various jurisdictions. In accordance with the guidance on the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable estimates and judgments. If the Company's estimate of income tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, then a further charge to expense would be required. If events occur and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary.

One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Enacted July 4, 2025

On July 4, 2025, H.R. 1, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBB”), was signed into law. This includes significant changes to the federal corporate tax provisions and extends certain otherwise expiring provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The key provisions include allowing immediate expensing of domestic research and experimental expenditures, new limitations on interest expense deductibility, reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation for qualified assets placed in service in the United States after January 19, 2025 as well as changes to the calculation of taxable income resulting from the foreign derived intangible income deduction. ASC 740 Income Taxes requires the effects of changes in tax rates and laws to be recognized in the period in which the relevant legislation is enacted. The OBBB was enacted after the June 30, 2025 year end. As of June 30, 2025, we are continuing to assess the potential impact of the OBBB.

13. Segment and Geographic Information

The Company is organized as, and operates in, one operating segment: the design, development and supply of power semiconductor products for computing, consumer electronics, communication and industrial applications. The chief operating decision-maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The financial information presented to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer is on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about revenue by customer and geographic region, for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources. The Chief Executive Officer assesses performance of the Company, monitors budget versus actual results and determines how to allocated resources based on the consolidated net income or loss as reported on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations. There are no other expense categories regularly provided to the Chief Executive Officer that are not already included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company has one business segment, and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for products or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, the Company reports as a single operating segment.

The Company sells its products primarily to distributors in the Asia Pacific region, who in turn sell these products to end customers. Because the Company’s distributors sell their products to end customers which may have a global presence, revenue by geographical location is not necessarily representative of the geographical distribution of sales to end user markets.

The revenue by geographical location in the following tables is based on the country or region in which the products were shipped to:

The following is a summary of revenue by product type:

Long-lived assets, net consisting of property, plant and equipment and land use rights, net, as well as operating lease right-of-use assets, net by geographical area are as follows:

14. Restricted Net Assets

Laws and regulations in China permit payments of dividends by the Company's subsidiaries in China only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with China accounting standards and regulations. Each China subsidiary is also required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit, if any, based on China accounting standards each year to its statutory reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. As a result of these China laws and regulations, the Company's subsidiaries in China are restricted in their abilities to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company. As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, such restricted portion amounted to approximately $93.9 million and $93.5 million, or 11.4% and 10.5%, of our total consolidated net assets attributable to the Company, respectively. As the Company's subsidiaries in China are not revenue generating operating units, the Company does not expect to repatriate funds in the form of dividends, loans or advances from its subsidiaries in China for working capital and other funding purposes.

15. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase commitments

As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had approximately $85.9 million and $100.8 million, respectively, of outstanding purchase commitments primarily for purchases of semiconductor raw materials, wafers, spare parts, packaging and testing services and others.

As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had approximately $14.1 million, and $6.9 million, respectively, of commitments for the purchase of property and equipment.

Other commitments

See Notes 1, 7 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this annual Report on Form 10-K for descriptions of commitments including Joint Venture, bank borrowings and leases.

Contingencies and indemnities

The Company has in the past, and may from time to time in the future, become involved in legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business activities. The semiconductor industry is characterized by frequent claims and litigation, including claims regarding patent and other intellectual property rights as well as improper hiring practices. Irrespective of the validity of such claims, the Company could incur significant costs in the defense of such claims and suffer adverse effects on its operations.

As previously disclosed, the Company cooperated with the Department of Commerce (“DOC”) in connection with its administrative investigation regarding certain transactions by the Company. On July 2, 2025, the Company announced that it reached a settlement agreement with DOC to close its investigation, pursuant to which the Company agreed to make a one-time payment of $4.25 million, which was recorded in the accrued liability in the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2025. The resolution does not impact the Company’s ongoing business operations.

The Company is a party to a variety of agreements that it has contracted with various third parties. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company may be obligated to indemnify another party to such an agreement with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts entered into by the Company, under which the Company customarily agrees to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations and covenants related to such matters as title to assets sold, certain intellectual property rights, specified environmental matters and certain income taxes. In these circumstances, payment by the Company is customarily conditioned on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract, which procedures typically allow the Company to challenge the other party's claim. Further, the Company's obligations under these agreements may be limited in time and/or amount, and in some instances, the Company may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by it under these agreements. The Company has not historically paid or recorded any material indemnifications, andno accrual was made at June 30, 2025 and 2024.

The Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and certain employees as permitted by law and pursuant to its Bye-laws, and has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and executive officers. The Company has not recorded a liability associated with these indemnification arrangements, as it historically has not incurred any material costs associated with such indemnification obligations. Costs associated with such indemnification obligations may be mitigated by insurance coverage that the Company maintains. However, such insurance may not cover any, or may cover only a portion of, the amounts the Company may be required to pay. In addition, the Company may not be able to maintain such insurance coverage at reasonable cost, if at all, in the future.

Environmental matters

The Company is subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations governing environmental

matters, including the use, handling, discharge, and disposal of hazardous materials. The Company believes that it has been in material compliance with applicable environmental regulations and standards. Complying with current laws and regulations has not had a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. However, it is possible that additional environmental issues may arise in the future, which the Company cannot currently predict.

16. Subsequent Event

In July 2025, the Company entered into an equity transfer agreement with a third-party strategic investor to sell approximately 20.3% of outstanding equity interest in the JV Company. Pursuant to the equity transfer agreement, the investor agreed to pay the Company an aggregate cash consideration of $150 million for such equity interest, which will be paid in four installments, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.