Microvast Holdings, Inc.

NOTE 1. DESCRIPTION OF ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS

Microvast, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Texas in the United States of America on October 12, 2006 and re-domiciled to the State of Delaware on December 31, 2015. On July 23, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), Microvast, Inc. and Tuscan Holdings Corp. (“Tuscan”) consummated the merger (the “Merger” or the “Business Combination”, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) dated February 1, 2021, between Tuscan, Microvast, Inc. and TSCN Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”).

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Merger Sub merged with and into Microvast, Inc., with Microvast, Inc. surviving the Merger. As a result of the Merger, Tuscan was renamed “Microvast Holdings, Inc.” (the “Company”). The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization as Microvast, Inc. was determined to be the accounting acquirer under Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”).

The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) are primarily engaged in developing, manufacturing, and selling lithium-ion battery technologies for use in commercial electric vehicles and battery energy storage systems across the globe.

NOTE 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation and use of estimates

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Microvast Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) applicable to interim financial reporting. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures normally included in the notes to the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted.

These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, which contains a more complete discussion of the Company’s accounting policies and other relevant information.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the interim financial statements have been included. The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future interim period or the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.

The December 31, 2024 condensed consolidated balance sheet data included herein was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements.

There have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as disclosed in Note 2 to the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Significant accounting estimates include, but are not limited to, allowances for credit losses, write-down of obsolete inventories, impairment of long-lived assets, product warranties, fair value measurement of convertible loan and share based compensation. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Going concern

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Group will continue to realize its assets and settle its liabilities in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements.

As of June 30, 2025, the Group had stockholders' equity of $356,130 (including an accumulated deficit of $1,137,226), cash and cash equivalents of $99,721, restricted cash of $39,099 and other current assets of $295,771. As of June 30, 2025, the Group held outstanding borrowings of $117,347, with $83,166 due within the next 12 months, convertible loan with repayment amount of $25,960 (including the paid in kind interest amount) and other current liabilities of $260,022, which include accounts payable, notes payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities. Additionally, as of June 30, 2025, the Group had $49,839 in purchase commitments primarily related to inventory, and $10,153 in capital commitments with $7,876 due within the next 12 months.

These conditions and events raise substantial doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Management’s primary plans to alleviate the substantial doubt are as described below.

•Forecasted cash inflow from operations - As of June 30, 2025, the Group has performed a review of its cash flow forecast for the next twelve months from the date of issuance of its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Group generated $35,146 of profit from operations and generated $44,323 of net cash from operating activities. The Group believes that its operating cash flow in the forecasted period will continue to grow. Management believes the forecast is based on reasonable assumptions including: i) there is no significant uncertainty on the execution of the existing contract backlog in the forecasted period, and ii) despite the potential fluctuation of the raw material prices, the gross margin in the forecasted period is not expected to significantly decline considering the selling price secured by contract backlogs and the current market conditions of major raw materials.

•Refinancing of short-term bank borrowings - While there can be no assurance that the Group will be able to refinance its short-term bank borrowings as they become due, historically, the Group has rolled over or obtained replacement borrowings from existing creditors for its short-term bank loans upon the maturity date of the loans, as needed. Of the $83,166 in short-term bank borrowings as of June 30, 2025, the Company has successfully refinanced $31,688 and assumes that it will continue to be able to further refinance for the next twelve months.

The below factors are considered by the management in assessing whether the plan is probable of being effectively implemented.

• The refinancing of these loans have regularly occurred historically, even during the Group’s financially distressed periods.

• These loans were primarily borrowed by Microvast Power Systems Co., Ltd.(“MPS”), the Group’s main operating subsidiary. MPS generated profit and positive cash flow during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and the six months ended June 30, 2025, and has shown improvement in operations compared to earlier periods.

• The Group has established long-term relationships with those banks and has not defaulted on repayments historically.

Based on the above, the Group concluded that it is probable that management’s plans will alleviate the substantial doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern and that adequate sources of liquidity will exist to fund the Company’s working capital and capital expenditures requirements and to meet its short term debt obligations, and other liabilities and commitments as they become due. Therefore, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or to the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Group not continue as a going concern.

Revenue recognition

Nature of Goods and Services

The Group’s revenue consists primarily of sales of lithium-ion batteries. The obligation of the Group is to provide the battery products. Revenue is recognized at the point of time when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Group expects to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services.

Disaggregation of revenue

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Group derived revenues from geographic regions as follows:

Contract balances

Contract balances include accounts receivable and advances from customers. Accounts receivable represent cash not received from customers and are recorded when the rights to consideration are unconditional. The allowance for credit losses reflects the best estimate of probable losses inherent to the accounts receivable balance. Contract liabilities, recorded in advance from customers in the consolidated balance sheets, represent payment received in advance or payment received related to a material right provided to a customer to acquire additional goods or services at a discount in a future period. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Group recognized $2,862 and $1,425 of revenue previously included in advance from customers as of April 1, 2025 and April 1, 2024, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Group recognized $5,186 and $4,206 of revenue previously included in advance from customers as of January 1, 2025 and January 1, 2024, respectively.

Operating leases

The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Operating leases are recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities, initially measured at the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date. The rate is estimated using a portfolio approach that approximates the interest rate on a collateralized basis over similar terms and in a similar economic environment. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company has elected the package of practical expedients permitted under ASC 842, which allows entities not to reassess:

•Whether existing or expired contracts contain a lease;

•Lease classification; and

•Initial direct costs for any leases existing at the adoption date.

Operating leases - continued

Additionally, the Company elected the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components, and for leases other than real estate (e.g., printing machines and electronic appliances) with terms of 12 months or less, elected the short-term lease exemption.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company recorded ROU assets of $18,967 and operating lease liabilities of $18,934, including current portion in the amount of $3,278, which was recorded under accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the balance sheet.

Lessor accounting

The Company also acts as a lessor, primarily through leasing arrangements with customers related to the sale of vehicles. These arrangements are classified as sales-type leases. Revenue from the sale of leased products is recognized at lease inception, and interest income is recognized over the lease term using the effective interest method. For the three months period ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized sales-type lease revenue $264 and $195 separately, and for the six months period ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized sales-type lease revenue $4,395 and $1,266 separately,which are included in products sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2025, the Company recorded net investment in sales-type leases of $7,142 including current portion in the amount of $3,747, which was recorded under accounts receivables on the balance sheet.

Assets held for sale

Assets to be disposed of by sale are reported at the lower of the carrying value or fair value less cost to sell when the Company has committed to a sale agreement and such assets would be reported separately as assets held for sale in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company reclassified its Lake Mary, Florida facility from assets held for sale to property, plant and equipment, reflecting the Company's shift to retain the facility for long-term operational use rather than pursue its disposal. The Company plans to have the Lake Mary facility, originally acquired in 2021, serve as a core hub for next generation strategic technology research & development.

The Company continues to pursue the sale of its Timnath, Colorado property and has recognized an impairment loss of $1,316 for this property based on the latest market-quoted price received.

Debt restructuring

A debt restructuring is the modification of debt in which a creditor grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a debtor that is experiencing financial difficulties. These modifications may include an extension of the maturity date, a reduction of the face amount or maturity amount of the debt or a reduction of accrued interest. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded a gain of $403 and $448, respectively, and during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded a gain of $792 and $448, respectively, on payable concessions in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Convertible Loan measured at fair value

The Company has elected the fair value option to account for the Convertible Loan (as defined below) described in Note 14 – Convertible Loan measured at fair value herein, and records changes in fair value in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations, with the exception of changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk which, if present, will be recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. Interest expense related to the Convertible Loan is included in the changes in fair value. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the Convertible Loan were expensed as incurred. The Company recorded unrealized losses of $121,151 and $78,217 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, in other income and expenses. The fair value of the Convertible Loan was determined by using a discounted cash flow model for the bond component and the Black-Scholes-Merton model for the conversion option, which is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement.

Warrant

The Company accounts for warrants in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40 under which the warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. As the Private Warrants (as defined below in Note 10) meet the definition of a derivative as contemplated in ASC 815, the Company classifies the Private Warrants as liabilities. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the statements of operations. The Private Warrants are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the basis of the quoted market price of the Company’s publicly-traded warrants.

Foreign currencies

The functional currency of the Company and all subsidiaries located in the U.S. is the United States dollar (“U.S. Dollar”). For the Company’s subsidiaries located in the PRC, the functional currency is the Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”); the Company’s UK subsidiary, Microvast Power System UK Ltd., the functional currency is the Great British Pound; and the Company’s Germany subsidiary, Microvast GmbH, the functional currency is the Euro.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements of each individual group subsidiary, transactions in currencies other than the subsidiary’s functional currency (foreign currencies) are converted into the functional currency at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing at that date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated.

Exchange differences on the monetary items are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they arise. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded exchange gain of $7,187 and $482 in general and administrative expenses, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded exchange gain/(loss) of $10,855 and $(554) in general and administrative expenses, respectively.

For the purposes of presenting the consolidated financial statements, the assets and liabilities of the Group’s foreign operations are translated into the reporting currency of the Group (i.e. U.S. Dollars) at the prevailing exchange rate at the end of the reporting period, and their income and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a component of other comprehensive loss.

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 intends to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and is to be adopted on a prospective basis with the option to apply retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance, however, the Company do not expect a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The amended guidance requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified natural expense categories in the disclosures within the notes to the financial statements. In addition, the guidance requires disclosure of selling expenses and its definition. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The guidance can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance, however, the Company does not expect a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 3. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable consisted of the following:

Movement of allowance for credit losses was as follows:

NOTE 4. INVENTORIES, NET

Inventories consisted of the following:

Provision for obsolete inventories ofnil was recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and $1,737 was recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

NOTE 5. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

NOTE 6. PRODUCT WARRANTY

Movement of product warranty was as follows:

NOTE 7. BANK BORROWINGS

On September 27, 2022, the Group entered into a $111,483 (RMB 800 million) loan facilities agreement with a group of lenders led by a bank in China (the “2022 Facility Agreement”). The interest rate is prime plus 115 basis points where prime is based on the Loan Prime Rate published by the National Inter-bank Funding Center of China and is payable on a quarterly basis. The loan facilities can only be used for the manufacturing capacity expansion at the Group’s facility located in Huzhou, China. The 2022 Facility Agreement contains certain customary restrictive covenants, including but not limited to disposal of assets and dividend distribution without the consent of the lender, and certain customary events of default.

NOTE 7. BANK BORROWINGS - continued

As of June 30, 2025, the Group had outstanding borrowings of $55,786 under the 2022 Facility Agreement.

The amount of capitalized interest expenses, which was recorded in construction in progress and property, plant and equipment, was $246 andnil for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $524 andnil for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Group has also entered into short-term loan agreements and bank facilities with certain banks in China. The original terms of these loans are with a maximum maturity of 12 months and the interest rates range from 2.90% to 4.85% per annum. The amount of interest expenses, which was recorded in profit and loss was$471 and $266 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $861 and $506 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Changes in bank borrowings are as follows:

Certain assets of the Group have been pledged to secure the above bank facilities granted to the Group. The aggregate carrying amount of the assets pledged by the Group as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

NOTE 8. OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES

NOTE 9. BONDS PAYABLE

Huzhou Saiyuan Loan

On December 29, 2018, Microvast Power Systems Co., Ltd.(“MPS”), one of the Company’s subsidiaries, signed an agreement with Huzhou Saiyuan, an entity established by the local government, to issue convertible bonds to Huzhou Saiyuan for a total consideration of $87,776 (RMB 600 million). The Company pledged its 12.39% equity holding over MPS to Huzhou Saiyuan to facilitate the issuance of these convertible bonds.

If the subscribed bonds are not repaid by the maturity date, Huzhou Saiyuan has the right to dispose of the equity interests pledged by the Company in proportion to the amount of matured bonds, or convert the bonds into equity interests of MPS within 60 days after the maturity date. If Huzhou Saiyuan decides to convert the bonds into equity interests of MPS, the equity interests pledged would be released and the convertible bonds would be converted into equity interest of MPS based on an entity value of MPS of $950,000.

In September 2020 and 2022, MPS entered intotwo supplemental agreements with Huzhou Saiyuan, respectively, to change the repayment schedule as follows: (i) $14,629 (RMB 100 million) was repaid, together with interest accrued, on or before November 10, 2022, (ii) $14,630 (RMB 100 million) was repaid, together with interest accrued, on or before December 31, 2022 and (iii) the remaining $43,888 (RMB 300 million) will be repaid, together with interest accrued, on or before January 31, 2027. The applicable interest rate will be increased to 12% if the Group is in default on the repayment of the bonds at the due date. The remaining terms and conditions of the convertible bonds were unchanged. The Company has fully complied with the amended repayment schedule.With $692 (RMB 5 million) repaid in 2023 and $1,375 (RMB 10 million) repaid in six months ended June 30, 2025, the subscription and outstanding balance of the convertible bonds was $41,693 (RMB 285 million) as of June 30, 2025.

NOTE 10. WARRANTS

The Company assumed 27,600,000 publicly-traded warrants (“Public Warrants”) and 837,000 private placement warrants issued to Tuscan Holdings Acquisition LLC (the “Sponsor”) and EarlyBirdCapital, Inc. (“EarlyBirdCapital”) (“Private Warrants” and together with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”) upon the Business Combination, all of which were issued in connection with Tuscan’s initial public offering (other than 150,000 Private Warrants that were issued in connection with the closing of the Business Combination) and entitle the holder to purchaseone share of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, none of the Public Warrants or the Private Warrants were exercised.

NOTE 10. WARRANTS - continued

The Public Warrants became exercisable 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. The Public Warrants are only exercisable for cash, however, if the Company were to not maintain the effectiveness of the registration statement covering the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants, the Public Warrants would be exercisable on a net-share settlement basis. The Public Warrants will expire five years after the completion of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Once the Public Warrants became exercisable, the Company may redeem the Public Warrants:

•in whole and not in part;

•at a price of $0.01 per warrant;

•upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption;

•if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the Company’s Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20-trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third business day prior to the notice of redemption to the warrant holders; and

•if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the shares of Common Stock underlying the warrants.

If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a net-share settlement basis.

The Public Warrants were determined to be equity classified in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging.

The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that the Private Warrants will be exercisable for cash or on a net-share settlement basis, at the holder’s option, and be non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants. In addition, so long as the Private Warrants are held by EarlyBirdCapital and its designee, the Private Warrants will expire five years from the effective date of the Business Combination.

The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the Warrants will not be adjusted for the issuance of Common Stock at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the Warrants.

The Private Warrant liability was remeasured at fair value as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, resulting in a loss of $370 and a gain of $22 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively, and a loss of $144 and a gain of $64 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively. This was recorded within changes in fair value of warrant liability in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Private Warrants were valued using the following assumptions under the Monte Carlo Model that assumes optimal exercise of the Company’s redemption option at the earliest possible date:

NOTE 10. WARRANTS - continued

The market price of public stock is the quoted market price of the Company’s Common Stock as of the valuation date. The exercise price is extracted from the warrant agreement. The expected term is derived from the exercisable years based on the warrant agreement. The expected volatility is a blend of implied volatility from the Company’s own public warrant pricing, the average volatility of peer companies and the Company's historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the market yield of a U.S. Government Bond with a maturity close to the expected term of the warrants. The dividend yield was estimated by the Company based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the warrants.

On May 28, 2024, the Company also issued a warrant exercisable for 5,500,000 shares of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $2.00 per share. The Warrant expires on May 28, 2029 in connection with the Convertible Loan. The warrants were recorded in equity at fair value. See Note 14 – Convertible Loan measured at fair value.

NOTE 11. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

Measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis

The Group measured its financial assets and liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, warrant liability and Convertible Loan at fair value on a recurring basis. Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on the quoted market price in an active market. The fair value of the warrant liability and Convertible Loan are based on significant unobservable inputs, which represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. In determining the fair value of the warrant liability, the Company used the Monte Carlo Model that assumes optimal exercise of the Company’s redemption option at the earliest possible date. See Note 14 – Convertible Loan measured at fair value for disclosure of valuation model utilized in measuring the fair value of Convertible Loan.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, information about inputs for the fair value measurements of the Group’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is as follows:

NOTE 11. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT - continued

Measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis - continued

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for Level 3 warrant liability during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for Level 3 Convertible Loan during the six months ended June 30, 2025:

Measured or disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

The Company’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include long-lived assets. The Company reviews the carrying amounts of such assets when events indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Any resulting asset impairment would require that the asset be recorded at its fair value. The fair value of the asset or asset group is determined using cost approach, sales comparison approach and income capitalization approach with unobservable inputs (Level 3), depending on the underlying nature of the asset or the asset group.

NOTE 12. LEASES

The Group has operating leases for office spaces and warehouses. Certain leases include renewal options and/or termination options, which are factored into the Group's determination of lease payments when appropriate.

Operating lease cost for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $844 and $859, and for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $1,701 and $1,719 respectively, which excluded cost of short-term contracts. Short-term lease cost for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $45 and $145, and for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $91 and $304, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term was 8.9 years and weighted average discount rate was 5.1% for the Group's operating leases.

Supplemental cash flow information of the leases were as follows:

The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows for lease liabilities as of June 30, 2025:

NOTE 13. SHARE-BASED PAYMENT

On July 21, 2021, the Company adopted the Microvast Holdings, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), effective upon the Closing Date. The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units, restricted share awards, stock appreciation awards, and cash-based awards to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company. Options awarded under the 2021 Plan expire no more than 10 years from the date of grant. Concurrently with the closing of the Business Combination, the share awards granted under 2012 Share Incentive Plan of Microvast, Inc. (the “2012 Plan”) were rolled over by removing original performance conditions and converting into options and capped non-vested share units with modified vesting schedules, using the Common Exchange Ratio of 160.3. The 2021 Plan reserved 5% of the fully-diluted shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately following the Closing Date plus the shares underlying the awards rolled over from the 2012 Plan for issuance in accordance with the 2021 Plan’s terms.

Stock options

The grant date fair value of the stock options was determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton model with the following assumptions:

The exercise prices for each award were extracted from the option agreements. The expected terms for each award were derived using the simplified method, and is estimated to occur at the midpoint of the vesting date and the expiration date. The volatility of the underlying common stock during the lives of the options was a blend of implied volatility from the average volatility of peer companies, implied volatility and the Company's historical volatility. Risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the market yield of U.S. Government Bonds with maturity close to the expected term of the options. The dividend yield was estimated by the Company based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the options.

Stock options activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

Stock options - continued

During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded share-based compensation expense of $218 and $10,285 related to the option awards, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded share-based compensation expense of $410 and $22,313 related to the option awards, respectively.

The total unrecognized equity-based compensation costs as of June 30, 2025 related to the stock options was $2,488, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the stock options as of June 30, 2025 was $5,396.

Restricted stock units

Following the Business Combination, the Company granted 5,756,657 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and 3,290,953 performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) subject to service, performance and/or market conditions. The service condition requires the participant’s continued services or employment with the Company through the applicable vesting date, and the performance condition requires the achievement of the performance criteria defined in the award agreement. The market condition is based on the Company’s total stockholder return (“TSR”) relative to a comparator group during a specified performance period.

The fair value of RSUs is determined by the market closing price of Common Stock at the grant date and is amortized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. The fair value of PSUs that include vesting based on market conditions are estimated using the Monte Carlo valuation method. For PSUs with performance conditions, share-based compensation expense is only recognized if the performance conditions become probable to be satisfied. Compensation cost for these awards is amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period based on the grant date fair value, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. Accordingly, the Company recorded share-based compensation expense of $457 and $868 related to RSUs and $171 and $271 related to PSUs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded share-based compensation expense of $271 and $700 related to these RSUs and $324 and $(1,492) related to PSUs.

The non-vested RSUs activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

The total unrecognized equity-based compensation costs as of June 30, 2025 related to the non-vested shares was $5,312.

The following summarizes the classification of share-based compensation:

NOTE 14. CONVERTIBLE LOAN MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

On May 28, 2024, Microvast Holdings, Inc. entered into a $25,000 convertible loan agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Mr. Yang Wu, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman.

The loan includes an Initial Term Loan of $12,000 and a Delayed Draw Term Loan of $13,000 at an initial interest rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), plus an initial Applicable Margin of 9.75% per annum,3.75% of which shall be paid in kind rather than in cash (collectively, the “Convertible Loan”). The maturity date is May 28, 2026, which may be accelerated upon the occurrence and continuance of an event of default in accordance with the terms of the Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement also provides Mr. Wu with the right to convert the outstanding principal balance of the Loan, into shares of common stock at an initial conversion rate equal totwo shares of Common Stock per $1.00 of principal amount to be converted.

The Initial Term Loans of $12,000 was received in May 2024 and the Delayed Draw Term loan of $13,000 was received in July 2024.

On March 17, 2025, the Company entered into the First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement (the “First Amendment”) to its Loan and Security Agreement with Mr. Yang Wu. The First Amendment amends the Loan Agreement to extend the Maturity Date from November 28, 2025 to May 28, 2026. All other terms and conditions of the Loan Agreement remain the same. The modification of term is treated as a continuation of the original debt instrument.

The loan is secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of its assets by Microvast Holdings, Inc. and all other entities within the Group as guarantors.

The Group has elected the fair value option to account for the Convertible Loan. Direct costs and fees related to the Convertible Loan were expensed as incurred. The fair value was determined by using a discounted cash flow model for the bond component and a Black-Scholes-Merton model for the conversion option, which is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement. Subsequent changes in the fair value are recorded as gains (losses) in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operation. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, losses of $121,151 and $1,590 on fair value change of Convertible Loan were recorded respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, losses of $78,217 and $1,590 on fair value change of Convertible Loan were recorded, respectively. The fair value of the Convertible Loan liability was $181,475 as of June 30, 2025.

NOTE 14. CONVERTIBLE LOAN MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE - continued

The significant input of the discounted cash flow model for the bond component is the discount rate. Below are the key inputs used in the Black-Scholes-Merton model for the conversion option:

The market price of public stock is the quoted market price of the Company’s Common Stock as of the valuation date. The exercise price is extracted from the warrant agreement. The expected term is assumed to be until the end of expiration based on the loan agreement. The expected volatility is estimated using a blend of the average volatility of peer companies and the Company's historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the market yield of U.S. Government Bond with maturity close to the expected term of the warrants. The dividend yield was estimated by the Company based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the loan.

In connection with the Convertible Loan on May 28, 2024, the Company issued to Mr. Wu a warrant exercisable for 5,500,000 shares of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $2.00 per share. The warrant expires on May 28, 2029. No warrants were exercised during the period ended June 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025,5,500,000 warrants were outstanding. The warrants were classified as equity and recorded at fair value upon issuance, No subsequent changes in fair value were recognized after the issuance date. Upon issuance, the Company recorded $779 in additional paid in capital at fair value.

NOTE 15. NET LOSS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated:

NOTE 15. NET LOSS PER SHARE - continued

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the following shares of Common Stock outstanding were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive for the periods prescribed.

NOTE 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

Corporate Governance Actions

Stephen Vogel, Ruth Epstein, Stefan Selig, Richard Rieger, Amy Butte, Yang Wu and Yanzhuan Zheng have been named as defendants in a litigation filed in the Court of Chancery captioned Matt Jacob v. Stephen A. Vogel, et al., C.A. No. 2022-0600-PAF (Del. Ch.) (filed July 07, 2022). The plaintiff is seeking to certify the litigation as a stockholder class action. The complaint alleges that Stephen Vogel, Ruth Epstein, Stefan Selig, Richard Rieger and Amy Butte breached their fiduciary duties in connection with Tuscan's acquisition of Microvast, Inc., including by making inadequate disclosures concerning the projected earnings of Microvast, Inc. The complaint further alleges that once the earnings of the combined company became public, the Company's stock dropped, causing losses to investors. The complaint also alleges that Yang Wu and Yanzhuan Zheng aided and abetted these purported breaches. Certain defendants have answered the complaint, and certain defendants have filed motions to dismiss, which they argued on April 07, 2025. On July 08, 2025, the Court requested supplemental briefing from the parties regarding the impact of a newly issued Delaware Supreme Court opinion on the plaintiff's aiding-and-abetting claim against Messrs. Wu and Zheng, and that briefing is in process. The Court has not yet decided those motions. On December 13, 2023, in response to a stockholder litigation demand, the Company filed a petition in the Court of Chancery pursuant to Section 205 of the Delaware General Corporation Law seeking validation of an amendment to the Company’s Amended Certificate of Incorporation, the Business Combination and the issuance of the shares issued pursuant thereto, and the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation adopted in connection with the Business Combination (collectively, the “Acts”) to resolve any uncertainty with respect to those matters, which action was captioned In re Microvast Holdings Inc., C.A. No. 2023-1245-PAF. On March 18, 2024, the Court of Chancery granted the petition, validating and declaring effective each Act as of the time and date such Act was originally taken.

Corporate Governance Actions - continued

The Company, the directors of the Company predecessor, Tuscan, and certain former and current Company officers and directors have also been named as defendants in a litigation filed in the Court of Chancery captioned Denish Bhavsar v. Stephen Vogel, et al., Case No. 2024-0137-PAF (Del. Ch.) (filed Feb. 14, 2024). The plaintiff purports to assert derivative claims on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties in connection with Tuscan’s acquisition of Microvast, Inc., including by making inadequate disclosures concerning Microvast, Inc.’s earnings and alleged conflicts of interest that existed between certain directors and Company stockholders. Certain defendants filed motions to dismiss, and those motions are in the process of being briefed. The Court has not yet decided those motions.

The Company, and certain former and current Company officers and directors have also been named as defendants in a litigation filed in the Court of Chancery captioned Henry Park v. Yang Wu, et al., C.A. No. 2024-0868-PAF (Del. Ch.) (filed August 19, 2024). The plaintiff purports to assert derivative claims on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleges that certain individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties in connection with Tuscan’s acquisition of Microvast, Inc., including by making inadequate disclosures concerning Microvast, Inc.’s earnings and by refusing to investigate a litigation demand. On October 14, 2024, the Company and other defendants filed a motion to dismiss. That motion has been fully briefed but the judge has not yet ruled on the motion.

The Company has received additional demands from purported Company stockholders, requesting that the Company’s Board of Directors investigate whether current and former directors and officers of the Company and its predecessors, Tuscan and Microvast Inc., breached their fiduciary duties by allegedly making material misrepresentations about inter alia (1) Microvast Inc.’s performance and financial health in connection with the merger between Tuscan and Microvast, Inc., and (2) the Company’s loss of a conditional grant from the United States Department of Energy. The Company has responded to the demands. The Company has also received and responded to stockholder demands for books and records made pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law that purportedly seek to investigate the (i) loss of the DOE grant, and (ii) Company's bases for denying one of the referenced stockholder demands.

Securities Litigation

The Company and certain of its officers have also been named as defendants in a putative class action complaint by a stockholder of the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas under the caption Schelling v. Microvast Holdings, Inc., Case No. 4:23-cv-04565 (S.D. Tex.) (filed Dec. 5, 2023) (the “Schelling Action”). The complaint alleges that defendants violated certain federal securities laws by making misleading statements regarding the receipt of a conditional grant from the United States Department of Energy, the Company’s profitability, and the nature of Company-associated operations in China. On March 1, 2024, the court appointed Co-Lead Plaintiffs and Co-Lead Counsel for the proposed class of Company investors. Plaintiffs amended their complaint on May 13, 2024, and Defendants filed a

motion to dismiss on June 20, 2024. Briefing on the motion to dismiss was completed on September 10, 2024. A hearing was held on Monday, May 19, 2025 on the motion to dismiss. The court has not yet decided on the motion.

The Company and certain of its officers and directors have also been named as defendants inthree derivative actions filed in the Southern District of Texas under the captions Bhavsar v. Wu et al., No. 4:24-cv-00372 (S.D. Tex.) (filed Jan. 31, 2024), Marti et al v. Wu et al, Case No. 4:24-cv-00633 (S.D. Tex.) (filed Feb. 23, 2024), Gidaro v. Wu et al, Case No. 4:24-cv-00828 (S.D. Tex.) (filed Mar. 6, 2024). The complaints allege that the officer and director defendants violated the federal securities laws by making inadequate disclosures substantially similar to those alleged in the Schelling Action. The complaints further allege that these inadequate disclosures resulted from, and constituted, breaches of the officer and director defendants’ fiduciary duties. On February 24, 2024, the court entered in an order in the first-filed case, Bhavsar v. Wu et al., No. 4:24-cv-00372, consolidating the Bhavsar case and Marti et al v. Wu et al, Case No. 4:24-cv-00633. The consolidated derivative litigation (the “Consolidated Derivative Action”) is captioned In re Microvast Holdings, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Lead Case No. 4:24-cv-00372 (S.D. Tex.). The parties in the Gidardo action filed a stipulation to consolidate the Gidaro case into the Consolidated Derivative Action. The Consolidated Derivative Action is stayed pending disposition of an anticipated motion to dismiss in the Schelling Action.

Securities Litigation - continued

Pursuant to the Company's governing documents and indemnification agreements entered into by the Company with certain of the named defendants, in the above-described actions, the Company has indemnified those defendants for all expenses and losses related to the litigation subject to the terms of those indemnification agreements. While the lawsuits are being vigorously defended, other reported lawsuits of this type have resulted in a broad range of outcomes, with each case being dependent on its own unique set of facts and circumstances. Litigation of this kind can lead to settlement negotiations, including negotiations prompted by pre-trial civil court procedures. The outcome of any litigation is inherently uncertain, and there is always the possibility that a court rules in a manner that is adverse to the interests of the Company and the individual defendants. However, the amount of any such loss in that scenario, which could be material, cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

Other Matters

The Company and Microvast Energy, Inc. (“Microvast Energy”), a subsidiary of the Company, have been named as defendants in a litigation filed in the Chancery Court for the State of Tennessee under the caption Stoncor Group, Inc. v. Microvast, Inc., et al, Case No. CD-24-12 (Tenn. Ch.) (filed Mar. 18, 2024). The plaintiff alleges that the Company failed to pay it for construction work that it performed on a Microvast facility in Tennessee, and seeks damages of $1,251, plus certain fees and expenses, and foreclosure on the facility to satisfy the payment allegedly owed. The Parties entered into a settlement agreement and the matter was stayed by order of the court. On May 13, 2025, the court dismissed the case with prejudice.

Deidra Milan is an ex-employee of Microvast, and is the putative representative of a class of individual employees who were let go from their jobs at a plant in Clarksville, Tennessee. She has filed Civil Action No. 3:24-cv-00627, Deidre Milan, Plaintiff v. Microvast, Inc. and Microvast Holdings, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. The Company filed an answer to the suit on July 19, 2024. The Class Action Complaint is brought under the Worker Adjustment and Notification Act, 29 U.S.C. §§2101-2109 (the “WARN Act”), which requires advance notice before certain types of plant closings and mass layoffs. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to give proper advance notice of a mass layoff in violation of the WARN Act. Plaintiffs seek backpay, medical expenses, attorney’s fees and statutory penalties in an unspecified amount.

Microvast, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, has been named as a defendant in a contract dispute litigation filed in Montgomery County Chancery Court for the State of Tennessee under the caption DPR Construction, GP vs. Microvast, Inc., et al, Case No. CD-24-31 (Tenn. Ch.) (filed June 20, 2024). The Plaintiff alleges that the Company failed to pay it for construction work that is performed on a Microvast facility in Tennessee, and seeks damages of $19,950 in progress billings, the additional sum of $1,566 being held as retainage on Plaintiff's progress billings under the contract, lost profits on the work yet to be performed under the contract plus certain fees and expenses, and foreclosure on the facility to satisfy the payment allegedly owed. The Parties entered into a settlement agreement and on November 11, 2024, this matter was stayed by the order of the court.

Microvast, Inc. has been named as a defendant in a contract dispute litigation filed in Montgomery County Chancery Court for the State of Tennessee under the caption Faith Technologies, Inc. Microvast, Inc. et al., Case No. CD-24-36 (Tenn. Ch.) (filed on July 15, 2024). Plaintiff asserts claims for damages related to its subcontract with DPR Construction, GP under which Plaintiff provided fire protection system services on a Microvast facility in Tennessee, and seeks damages of $1,699 plus cost of court and attorneys and prejudgment interest. The Parties entered into a settlement agreement and on November 11, 2024, this matter was stayed by order of the court.

Microvast, Inc. was named as a defendant in an action filed in Montgomery County Chancery Court for the State of Tennessee under the caption Bernhard MCC, LLC. vs. U.S. Engineering Innovations, LLC, DPR Construction, Microvast, Inc. and the Industrial Development Board of the County of Montgomery, Case No. CD-24-27 (Tenn. Ch.) (filed on May 28, 2024 ) brought by a subcontractor on the Microvast Facility in Tennessee for lien enforcement of $5,681. The Parties entered into a settlement agreement and this matter has been stayed by order of the court.

Other Matters - continued

Microvast, Inc. was named as a defendant in an action filed in Montgomery County Chancery Court for the State of Tennessee under the caption Virginia Transformer Corp. v. Microvast, Inc.and the Industrial Development Board of the County of Montgomery, Tennessee, Case No. RE-24-32 (Tenn. Ch.) (filed on July 01, 2024) brought by a prime contractor on the Microvast Facility in Tennessee for lien enforcement of $1,769. The Parties entered into a settlement agreement and this matter has been stayed by order of the court. Plaintiff has filed a motion to lift the stay and to amend its complaint to add a claim for breach of the settlement agreement. The court lifted the stay, plaintiff amended its complaint to add a claim for breach of the settlement agreement, and defendant moved to amend its answer to asset a counterclaim for for plaintiff's breach of the settlement agreement. Defendant's proposed counterclaim seeks to recover compensatory and punitive damages. Plaintiff has opposed defendant's motion to add a counterclaim for punitive damages. Defendant has also filed a motion to compel arbitration based on the arbitration provision in the parties' underlying complaint. Plaintiff has opposed that motion. Defendant's motions are set to be heard on August 21, 2025.

Microvast, Inc. has initiated a lawsuit as a plaintiff in an action filed in the 11th Judicial District Court, Harris County, Texas under the caption Microvast, Inc. v. Grupo Basan Barba Santana, S.A. De C.V., Cause No. 2025-11326 (filed on February 19, 2025). Microvast ordered and paid for energy storage systems from Grupo Basan. Microvast ended the supply contract and under the supply contract, Microvast was entitled to the return of a large portion of the $3.5 million deposit Microvast had paid Grupo Basan as well as compensation for a significant number of products that it never received. Microvast is seeking at least $2.6 million plus fees and interest.

On November 14, 2024, Microvast Energy, Inc. was named as a defendant in breach of contract action filed before the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) under the caption Clenera Battery Holdco LLC v. Microvast, Inc.., Case No. 01-24-0008-7288. Clenera's breach of contract claim centers on a supply agreement between Microvast and Clenera for custom-made battery containers. Clenera alleges that Microvast must refund approximately$36 million due to Microvast's failure to deliver the containers by the contractual deadline, per the terms of the supply agreement. Clenera also seeks interest and attorneys’ fees. The parties have appointed their arbitrators and a chair has been selected. On November 15, 2024, Clenera had filed an action for the same claim against Microvast Holdings, Inc. in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, under the caption Clenera Battery Holdco LLC v. Microvast Holdings, Inc., Index No. 659103/2024. The guaranty action has been consolidated into the arbitration.

The Group is also involved in other litigation, claims, and proceedings. The Group evaluates the status of each legal matter and assesses the potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any legal proceedings or litigation is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Group accrues a liability for the estimated loss. Significant judgment is required to determine the probability of a loss and whether the amount of the loss is reasonably estimated. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, based on the information currently available, the Group believes that any loss contingencies that may arise as a result of currently pending legal proceedings cannot be accurately quantified at this time and thus cannot determine whether they will have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Capital commitments

Capital commitments for construction of property and purchase of property, plant and equipment were $10,153 as of June 30, 2025.

Purchase commitments

Purchase commitments for non-cancelable contractual obligations primarily related to purchases of inventory were $49,839 as of June 30, 2025.

Pledged assets

Other than those disclosed in Note 7 - Bank Borrowings, the Group may pledge certain assets to banks to secure the issuance of bank acceptance notes for the Group. As of June 30, 2025, notes receivable from customers in the amount of $3,363, together with certain of the Group's machinery and equipment with a carrying value of $22,370 has been pledged to secure the issuance of such notes.

Liens

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had received $24,444 of liens.

NOTE 17. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise engaging in businesses activities for which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the Group’s chief operating decision makers (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Group’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), who uses consolidated net profit or loss to measure segment profit or loss, allocate resources, and assess performance. The CODM is regularly provided with the consolidated statements of operations and uses consolidated net profit or loss to monitor budget versus actual results when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources. As such, the Group concluded that it hasone operating segment andone reporting segment. Significant segment expenses were the same as those presented under the cost of revenues and operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Other segment items included in consolidated net income were subsidiary income, interest income, interest expense, change in fair value of warrant liability and convertible loan, gain on debt restructuring, other income/(expense) in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.