Archer Aviation Inc.

Note 1 -Organization and Nature of Business

Organization and Nature of Business

Archer Aviation Inc. (the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, with its headquarters located in San Jose, California, is an aerospace company. The Company is developing technologies and aircraft that will power the future of advanced aviation. The Company’s primary product is an electric vertical take-off and landing (“eVTOL”) aircraft.

The Company’s Planned Lines of Business

The Company intends to operate the following lines of business:

Commercial

This is planned to consist of the sale of the Company’s commercial aircraft (“Archer Direct”), such as Midnight, as well as technologies and services related thereto, and direct-to-consumer aerial ride share services in select metropolitan areas around the world (“Archer UAM”).

Defense

This is planned to consist of the sale of next-generation aircraft, related technologies and support services for defense applications.

Note 2 -Liquidity and Going Concern

Since the Company’s formation, the Company has devoted substantial effort and capital resources to the design and development of its planned aircraft, UAM network and business lines. Funding of these activities has primarily been through the net proceeds received from the issuance of related and third-party debt (Note 6 - Notes Payable), and the sale of preferred and common stock to related and third parties (Note 8 - Preferred and Common Stock). Through June 30, 2025, the Company has incurred cumulative losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities, and has an accumulated deficit of $1,985.0 million. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $1,724.0 million, which management believes will be sufficient to fund the Company’s current operating plan for at least the next 12 months from the date these consolidated condensed financial statements were issued.

There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving its business plans, that the Company’s current capital will be sufficient to support its ongoing business plans, or that any additional financing will be available in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, if at all. If the Company’s business plans require it to raise additional capital, but the Company is unable to do so, it may be required to alter, or scale back its aircraft design, development and certification programs, as well as its manufacturing capabilities, or be unable to fund capital expenditures. Any such events would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve the Company’s intended business plans.

Note 3 -Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the interim periods presented have been reflected herein. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025. The December 31, 2024 consolidated condensed balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

The Company has provided a discussion of significant accounting policies, estimates, and judgments in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements. There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies since December 31, 2024 which are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash consists of cash on deposit with financial institutions. Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid financial instruments that are readily convertible to cash and have maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents included money market funds of $1,608.5 million and $729.9 million, respectively.

Restricted cash consists primarily of cash held as security for the Company’s standby letters of credit. Refer to Note 7 - Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the consolidated condensed balance sheets that sum to amounts reported on the consolidated condensed statements of cash flows (in millions):

Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurement, which defines a single authoritative definition of fair value, sets out a framework for measuring fair value and expands on required disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of ASC 820 relate to financial assets and liabilities as well as other assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis. The standard clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the standard establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2 Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued compensation, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value (in millions):

Cash Equivalents

The Company classifies its money market funds as Level 1, because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets.

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s cash equivalents as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in millions):

Public Warrants

The measurement of the public warrants as of June 30, 2025 is classified as Level 1 due to the use of an observable market quote in an active market under the ticker “ACHR WS”. The quoted price of the public warrants was $3.23 and $3.22 per warrant as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Private Placement Warrants

The Company utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation model for the private placement warrants at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. The estimated fair value of the private placement warrant liability is determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a Monte Carlo simulation model are assumptions related to expected share-price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield.

The key inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation model for the private placement warrants are as follows:

The following table presents the change in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 private placement warrants during the six months ended June 30, 2025 (in millions):

In connection with the change in fair value of the Company’s private placement warrants, the Company recognized a loss of $15.0 million and a gain of $2.0 million within other income (expense), net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized a gain of $3.5 million and $11.4 million within other income (expense), net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Refer to Note 11 - Warrants for additional information about the private placement warrants.

Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Certain financial instruments, including debt, are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated condensed balance sheets. The fair value of debt as of June 30, 2025 approximates its carrying value (Level 2). Refer to Note 6 - Notes Payable for additional information.

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

Certain assets and liabilities are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis if there are indicators of impairment or if they are deemed to be impaired as a result of an impairment review.

Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets consist of domain names and acquired patents, and are recorded at cost, net of accumulated amortization, and if applicable, impairment charges. The intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives ranging from 10 to 15 years on a straight-line basis or based on the pattern in which economic benefits are consumed, if reliably determinable. The Company reviews intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company has analyzed a variety of factors to determine if any circumstance could trigger an impairment loss, and, at this time and based on the information presently known, no event has occurred and indicated that it is more likely than not that an impairment loss has been incurred. Therefore, the Company did not record any impairment charges for its intangible assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the net carrying amounts for intangible assets were $5.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and were recorded in the Company’s consolidated condensed balance sheets.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

The Company capitalizes certain implementation costs incurred in the application development stage of projects related to its cloud computing arrangements that are service contracts. Capitalized implementation costs are recognized in other long-term assets in the consolidated condensed balance sheets and amortized on a straight-line basis over the fixed, noncancellable term of the associated hosting arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the net carrying amounts of the Company’s capitalized cloud computing implementation costs were $6.3 million and $5.9 million, respectively.

Contract Liabilities

The Company records contract liabilities related to differences between the timing of cash receipts from a customer and the recognition of revenue under the applicable contracts. Contract liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

Current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and contract liabilities, net of current portion is recorded in other long-term liabilities in the Company’s consolidated condensed balance sheets. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s contract liabilities consisted of a $10.0 million pre-delivery payment received from United Airlines, Inc. (“United”) under the terms of the Amended United Purchase Agreement (defined below) (refer to Note 9 - Stock-Based Compensation), and installment payments received under a contract order with the United States Air Force for the design, development, and ground test of the Company’s production aircraft, Midnight, of $3.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively. No revenues were recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. For all periods presented, the calculation of basic net loss per share excludes shares issued upon the early exercise of stock options where the vesting conditions have not been satisfied. Common stock purchased pursuant to an early exercise of stock options is not deemed to be outstanding for accounting purposes until those shares vest. The Company also excludes unvested shares subject to repurchase in the number of shares outstanding in the consolidated condensed balance sheets and statements of stockholders’ equity.

Contingently issuable shares, including equity awards with performance conditions, are considered outstanding common shares and included in the computation of basic net loss per share as of the date that all necessary conditions to earn the awards have been satisfied.

Because the Company reported net losses for all periods presented, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share.

The following table presents the number of antidilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share:

Segments

The following table presents significant expenses provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (in millions):

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity during the period from non-owner sources. The Company’s comprehensive loss consists of its net loss and foreign currency translation adjustment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental income tax information related to the income tax rate reconciliation and expanded disclosures of income taxes paid, among other disclosure requirements. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis, and retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 on its disclosures within its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosure of additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The update can be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or (2) retrospectively to any of all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its disclosures within its consolidated financial statements.

Note 4 -Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in millions):

The following table presents depreciation expense included in each respective expense category in the consolidated condensed statements of operations (in millions):

Note 5 -Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

Note 6 -Notes Payable

Notes payable consisted of the following (in millions):

On October 5, 2023, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Synovus Bank, as administrative agent and lender, and the additional lenders (the “Lenders”) from time to time, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $65.0 million for the construction and development of the Company’s manufacturing facility in Covington, Georgia (the “Loan”).

The Company is required to make 120 monthly interest payments from November 14, 2023 until maturity, and 84 equal monthly principal installments from November 14, 2026 until maturity. The Credit Agreement matures on the earlier of October 5, 2033 or the date on which the outstanding Loan has been declared or automatically becomes due and payable pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement.

The interest rate on the Loan is a floating rate per annum equal to secured overnight financing rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus the applicable margin of 2.0%, which increases by 5.0% per annum upon the occurrence of an event of default.

The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by funds in a collateral account and the Credit Agreement is guaranteed by the Company’s domestic subsidiaries. The Company may prepay with certain premium that links to the passage of time, and in certain circumstances would be required to prepay the Loan under the Credit Agreement without payment of a premium. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, customary affirmative and negative covenants, and customary events of default. As of June 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all the covenants of the Credit Agreement.

The Company has drawn down the full $65.0 million of the Loan as of June 30, 2025. The effective interest rate for the draw downs ranged from 6.6% to 7.1% and 6.7% to 7.2% as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized interest expense of $1.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, including an immaterial amount related to the amortization of issuance costs within interest income, net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized interest of $0.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, within interest income, net in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. The carrying value of the Loan, net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.9 million, was $64.1 million as of June 30, 2025.

The future scheduled principal maturities of the Loan as of June 30, 2025 are as follows (in millions):

Note 7 -Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company leases office, lab, hangar, and storage facilities under various operating lease agreements with lease periods expiring between 2025 and 2030 and generally containing periodic rent increases and various renewal and termination options.

The Company’s lease costs were as follows (in millions):

The Company’s weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

The minimum aggregate future obligations under the Company’s non-cancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2025 were as follows (in millions):

Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activities related to right-of-use assets and lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):

Finance Lease

In February 2023, the Company entered into a lease arrangement with the Newton County Industrial Development Authority (the “Authority”) for the Company’s manufacturing facilities to be constructed in Covington, Georgia. In connection with the lease arrangement, the Authority issued a taxable revenue bond (the “Bond”), which was acquired by the Company. The arrangement is structured so that the Company’s lease payments to the Authority equal and offset the Authority’s bond payments to the Company. Accordingly, the Company offsets the finance lease obligation and the Bond on its consolidated condensed balance sheets.

Letters of Credit

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had standby letters of credit in the aggregate outstanding amount of $5.5 million, secured with restricted cash.

Litigation

During the ordinary course of the business, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings, various claims, and litigation. Such proceedings can be costly, time consuming, and unpredictable, and therefore, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of such proceedings will not materially impact the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Delaware Class Action Litigation

On May 17, 2024, two putative stockholders of the Company (and formerly, Atlas Crest Investment Corp. (“Atlas”)) filed class action lawsuits, on behalf of themselves and other similarly-situated stockholders, in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Court”) against the directors and officers of Atlas, the Company, the Company’s co-founders, Legacy Archer, Moelis & Company Group LP and Moelis & Company LLC.

The complaint asserted claims for breaches of fiduciary duties, aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties, and unjust enrichment, in connection with the merger between Atlas and the Company. The plaintiffs requested damages in an amount to be determined at trial, as well as attorneys’ and experts’ fees. Relatedly, on June 19, 2024, another putative stockholder of the Company filed a class action lawsuit, on behalf of himself and other similarly-situated stockholders, in the Court asserting similar claims as the aforementioned May 17, 2024 complaint against the same defendants named in that May complaint. The Court subsequently consolidated the related class actions and appointed a lead plaintiff.

All defendants filed motions to dismiss the complaint. In response to such motions to dismiss, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims against two Atlas directors. Oral argument on the remaining defendants’ motions to dismiss was held on April 17, 2025 and the Court issued a bench ruling on July 21, 2025, granting in part and denying in part the motions to dismiss. The Court dismissed all claims asserted against certain defendants, including among others, the Company’s co-founders, an Atlas director, Legacy Archer, Moelis & Company Group LP and Moelis & Company LLC. The Court also addressed the sufficiency of the plaintiffs’ allegations concerning the pre-merger disclosures that underlie the plaintiffs’ fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims, ruling that certain allegations were not adequately pleaded, thereby narrowing the scope of the fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims against the remaining defendants, which the Company believes that it has substantial defenses against.

A schedule governing further proceedings has not yet been agreed upon by the parties or ordered by the Court.

Note 8 -Preferred and Common Stock

Preferred Stock

As of June 30, 2025, no shares of preferred stock were outstanding, and the Company has no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.

Voting

Holders of the Company’s Class A common stock are entitled toone vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders.

Dividends

Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to receive such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the Company’s Board of Directors in its discretion out of funds legally available therefor. No dividends on common stock have been declared by the Company’s Board of Directors through June 30, 2025, and the Company does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

Preemptive Rights

Stockholders have no preemptive or other subscription rights and there are no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to Class A common stock.

Liquidation

In the event of the Company’s voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or winding-up, subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of the Company’s common stock will be entitled to receive an equal amount per share of all of the Company’s assets of whatever kind available for distribution to stockholders, after the rights of the holders of any preferred stock have been satisfied.

PIPE Financings

On August 8, 2024, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain investors providing for the private placement of the Company’s Class A common stock at a purchase price of $3.35 per share (the “First 2024 PIPE Financing”), pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). A portion of the First 2024 PIPE Financing closed on August 12, 2024 for 49,283,582 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $158.0 million, after deducting offering costs. The remaining portion of the First 2024 PIPE Financing covering an aggregate of 2,982,089 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock issued and sold to Stellantis N.V. (“Stellantis”) closed on January 6, 2025 for net proceeds of approximately $9.6 million, after deducting offering costs.

On December 11, 2024, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain investors providing for the private placement of the Company’s Class A common stock at a purchase price of $6.65 per share (the “Second 2024 PIPE Financing”), pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. A portion of the Second 2024 PIPE Financing closed on December 13, 2024 for 63,909,776 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $407.7 million, after deducting offering costs. The remaining portion of the Second 2024 PIPE Financing covering an aggregate of 751,879 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock to be issued and sold to Stellantis for anticipated gross proceeds of approximately $5.0 million is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions.

At-The-Market Program

In November 2024, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the SEC and a related prospectus for the sale under a Controlled Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement (the “ATM Sales Agreement”) of shares of its Class A common stock, having an aggregate value of up to $70.0 million (the “ATM Program”). The Company pays the placement agent a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from any shares of Class A common stock sold through the ATM Sales Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company didnot sell any shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $47.5 million remaining eligible for sales under the ATM Program. In July 2025, the Company sold 3,921,875 shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $46.3 million.

Registered Direct Offerings

On February 12, 2025, the Company closed a registered direct offering in which pursuant to the securities purchase agreement dated February 11, 2025, by and between the Company and certain institutional investors, the Company issued and sold 35,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $289.5 million, after deducting offering costs.

On June 16, 2025, the Company closed a registered direct offering in which pursuant to the securities purchase agreement dated June 12, 2025, by and between the Company and certain institutional investors, the Company issued and sold 85,000,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock for net proceeds of approximately $816.8 million, after deducting offering costs.

Note 9 -Stock-Based Compensation

Amended and Restated 2021 Plan

In August 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), which was approved by the stockholders of the Company in September 2021 and became effective immediately upon the closing of the Business Combination. In April 2022, the Company amended and restated the 2021 Plan (the “Amended and Restated 2021 Plan”), which was approved by the stockholders of the Company in June 2022. The aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock that may be issued under the plan increased to 34,175,708. In addition, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan will automatically increase on January 1st of each year following this amendment, starting on January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2031, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i)5.0% of the total number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding year, or (ii) a lesser number of shares of Class A common stock determined by the Board of Directors prior to the date of the increase (the “EIP Evergreen Provision”). The EIP Evergreen Provision is calculated using the number of legally outstanding shares of common stock and includes shares, such as unvested shares pursuant to early exercised stock options, that are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes. In accordance therewith, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan increased by 25,191,478 shares on January 1, 2025. The Amended and Restated 2021 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance awards, and other awards to employees, directors, and non-employees.

In connection with the adoption of the 2021 Plan, the Company ceased issuing awards under its 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). Following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the outstanding stock options under the 2019 Plan and converted such stock options into options to purchase the Company’s common stock. Such stock options will continue to be governed by the terms of the 2019 Plan and the stock option agreements thereunder, until such outstanding options are exercised or until they terminate or expire.

Annual Equity Awards

Subject to the achievement of certain performance goals established by the Company from time to time, the Company’s employees are eligible to receive an annual incentive bonus that will entitle them to an annual grant of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) that are fully vested on the date of grant. Furthermore, all annual equity awards are contingent and issued only upon approval by the Company’s Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $5.2 million and $9.0 million, respectively, related to these annual equity awards. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $4.0 million and $7.8 million, respectively, related to these annual equity awards.

Stock Options

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is as follows:

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.5 million and $1.1 million for stock options for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.6 million and $1.4 million for stock options for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025, the total remaining stock-based compensation expense for unvested stock options was $1.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.2 years.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of the Company’s RSU activity is as follows:

(1) Represents units adjusted for the vesting of the first tranche of PSUs (defined below) granted in 2024.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company granted 1,897,941 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, representing the annual equity awards for 2024. The RSUs were fully vested on the date of grant and settled in Class A common stock on aone-for-one basis. In addition, the Company granted 14,673,850 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, which generally vest over athree-year period on a quarterly basis and remain subject to forfeiture if vesting conditions are not met. Upon vesting, RSUs are settled in Class A common stock on aone-for-one basis. The shares of Class A common stock underlying RSU grants are not issued and outstanding until the applicable vesting date.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company granted 521,925 RSUs under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan to certain executives, which vest over athree-year period with a payout based on the Company’s relative performance of total shareholder return (“TSR”) compared with the annualized TSR of certain peer companies for the service period (the “PSUs”). The award payout can range from 0.0% to 200.0% of the initial grant, and is measured on each anniversary of the grant date. Upon vesting, the PSUs are settled in Class A common stock on aone-for-one basis. If an executive’s employment ends due to disability, death, termination without cause or resignation for good reason, the executive (or beneficiary) remains eligible under the award and, if the award is earned, will receive a proration of PSUs based on active employment during the annual service periods. In all other cases, the award will not vest and all rights to the PSUs will terminate.

The Company determined the fair value of the PSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the grant date. The Company will recognize compensation expense for the PSUs on a straight-line basis over thethree-year performance period.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value, using the Monte Carlo simulation, of the PSUs:

Immediately prior to closing of the Business Combination, each of the Company’s founders was granted 20,009,224 RSUs under the 2019 Plan (each, a “Founder Grant” and, together, the “Founder Grants”) pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Business Combination Agreement. One-quarter of each of the Founder Grants was intended to vest upon the achievement of the earlier to occur of (i) a price-based milestone or (ii) a performance-based milestone, with a different set of such price and performance-based milestones applying to each quarter of each of the Founder Grants and so long as the achievement occurs within seven years following the closing of the Business Combination.

The Company accounts for the Founder Grants asfour separate tranches, with each tranche consisting of two award conditions, a performance award condition and market award condition. Each tranche vests when either the market condition or performance condition is satisfied (only one condition is satisfied). The Company determined the fair value of the performance award by utilizing the trading price on the Closing Date. When the applicable performance milestone is deemed probable of being achieved, the Company will recognize compensation expense for the portion earned to date over the requisite period. For the market award, the Company determined both the fair value and derived service period using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the Closing Date. The Company will recognize compensation expense for the market award on a straight-line basis over the derived service period. If the applicable performance condition is not probable of being achieved, compensation cost for the value of the award incorporating the market condition is recognized, so long as the requisite service is provided. If the performance milestone becomes probable of being achieved, the full fair value of the award will be recognized, and any remaining expense for the market award will be canceled.

One-quarter of each of the Founder Grants, totaling 10,004,612 shares of Class B common stock, vested immediately prior to the Closing Date pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Business Combination Agreement. On April 14, 2022, the vested 5,002,306 shares of Class B common stock of the Company’s former co-CEO were cancelled. On July 13, 2023, following the expiration of 15 months from the separation of the former co-CEO from the Company on April 13, 2022, the former officer’s unvested 15,006,918 shares of Class B common stock for the remaining three tranches were forfeited. The Company then reversed the previously recognized stock-compensation expense of $59.1 million associated with those shares. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the performance milestone for the second tranche of the outstanding Founder Grant, covering 5,002,306 shares of Class B common stock, was achieved. As of June 30, 2025, there were 10,004,612 RSUs outstanding, representing the remainingtwo tranches of the outstanding Founder Grant.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded $0.7 million and $2.6 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, for the remaining tranches of the outstanding Founder Grant in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated condensed statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $4.7 million and $27.1 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, for the remaining tranches of the outstanding Founder Grant in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated condensed statements of operations.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded $28.4 million and $44.8 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, related to RSUs (excluding the Founder Grant). For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $11.3 million and $24.3 million of stock-based compensation expense, respectively, related to RSUs (excluding the Founder Grant).

As of June 30, 2025, the total remaining stock-based compensation expense for unvested RSUs (including the remaining Founder Grant) was $201.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In August 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective immediately upon the closing of the Business Combination. The ESPP permits eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 85.0% of the lower of the fair market value of Class A common stock on the first day of an offering or on the date of purchase. Additionally, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP will automatically increase on January 1st of each year, beginning on January 1, 2022 and continuing through and including January 1, 2031, by the lesser of (i)1.0% of the total number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding year; (ii)9,938,118 shares of Class A common stock; or (iii) a lesser number of shares of Class A common stock determined by the Board of Directors prior to the date of the increase (the “ESPP Evergreen Provision”). The ESPP Evergreen Provision is calculated using the number of legally outstanding shares of common stock and includes shares, such as unvested shares pursuant to early exercised stock options, that are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes. In accordance therewith, the number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP increased by 4,677,185 on January 1, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the maximum number of shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP was 15,762,995, of which 12,192,194 shares remained available under the ESPP.

The Company currently offerssix-month offering periods, and at the end of each offering period, which occurs everysix months on May 31 and November 30, employees can elect to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with contributions of up to 15.0% of their base pay, accumulated via payroll deductions, subject to certain limitations.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the grant date fair value of each award granted under the ESPP. The following table sets forth the key assumptions and fair value results for each award granted in the Company’ssix-month offering period that started on June 1, 2025:

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1.1 million and $2.0 million for the ESPP, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.6 million and $1.3 million for the ESPP, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025, the total remaining stock-based compensation expense was $2.2 million for the ESPP, which is expected to be recognized over the currentsix-month offering period until November 30, 2025.

The Company records stock-based compensation expense for stock-based compensation awards based on the fair value on the date of grant. The stock-based compensation expense is recognized ratably over the course of the requisite service period.

The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur and will record stock-based compensation expense assuming all stockholders will complete the requisite service period. If an employee forfeits an award because they fail to complete the requisite service period, the Company will reverse stock-based compensation expense previously recognized in the period the award is forfeited.

Vendor Share Issuances

From time to time, the Company issues shares of Class A common stock to certain vendors in exchange for services rendered and/or goods purchased (collectively, the “Vendor Share Issuances”). The Vendor Share Issuances are being consummated by the Company pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statements filed with the SEC and accompanying prospectus.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company issued 4,331,384 shares of Class A common stock to certain vendors to satisfy $41.4 million of the Company’s current and/or future obligations to those vendors.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $15.9 million and $22.4 million for the Vendor Share Issuances, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million and $1.6 million for the Vendor Share Issuances, respectively.

The following table presents stock-based compensation expense included in each respective expense category in the consolidated condensed statements of operations (in millions):

Note 10 -Income Taxes

The Company recognized foreign current income tax provision of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized foreign current income tax provision of $0.1 million and $0.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The Company didnot record any deferred income tax provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the provision for income taxes differed from the United States federal statutory rate primarily due to foreign taxes currently payable. The Company realized no benefit for the current year losses due to a full valuation allowance against the United States and foreign net deferred tax assets.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the period in which those temporary differences become deductible. Based upon the analysis of federal and state deferred tax balances, future tax projections, and the Company’s lack of taxable income in the carryback period, the Company did not believe it is more-likely-than-not that the net deferred tax assets will be realizable. Accordingly, the Company had provided a full valuation allowance against the entire domestic and the majority of the foreign net deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company intends to maintain the full valuation allowance against the United States net deferred tax assets until sufficient positive evidence exists to support a reversal of, or decrease in, the valuation allowance.

Note 11 -Warrants

Equity Classified Warrants

A summary of the Company’s warrant activity is as follows:

United Airlines

On January 29, 2021, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement (the “United Purchase Agreement”), Collaboration Agreement (the “United Collaboration Agreement”), and Warrant to Purchase Shares Agreement (the “United Warrant Agreement”) with United. Under the terms of the United Purchase Agreement, United has a conditional purchase order for up to 200 of the Company’s aircraft, with an option to purchase an additional 100 aircraft. Those purchases are conditioned upon the Company meeting certain conditions that include, but are not limited to, the certification of the Company’s aircraft by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) and further negotiation and reaching of mutual agreement on certain material terms related to the purchases. The Company issued 14,741,764 warrants to United to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock. Each warrant provides United with the right to purchaseone share of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The warrants were initially expected to vest infour installments in accordance with the following milestones: the execution of the United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement, the completion of the Business Combination, the certification of the aircraft by the FAA, and the sale of aircraft to United.

On August 9, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the United Purchase Agreement (the “Amended United Purchase Agreement”) and Amendment No. 1 to the United Warrant Agreement (the “Amended United Warrant Agreement”). In association with the Amended United Purchase Agreement, the Company received a $10.0 million pre-delivery payment from United for 100 of the Company’s aircraft (the “Pre-Delivery Payment”), which was recognized as a contract liability in other long-term liabilities in the Company’s consolidated condensed balance sheets. Pursuant to the Amended United Warrant Agreement, the vesting condition of the fourth milestone of the United Warrant Agreement was modified, and the warrants now vest infour installments in accordance with the following sub-milestones: (i)737,088 warrants vested upon receipt by the Company of the Pre-Delivery Payment on August 9, 2022; (ii)2,211,264 warrants vested on February 9, 2023 upon thesix-month anniversary of the amendment date; (iii)3,685.45 warrants shall vest upon the acceptance and delivery of each of the Company’s 160 aircraft; and (iv)22,112.65 warrants shall vest upon the acceptance and delivery of each of the Company’s 40 aircraft.

The Company accounts for the Amended United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company identified the sale of each aircraft ordered by United as a separate performance obligation in the contract. As the performance obligations have not been satisfied, the Company has not recognized any revenue as of June 30, 2025.

With respect to the warrant vesting milestones outlined above, the Company accounts for them as consideration payable to a customer under ASC 606 related to the future purchase of aircraft by United. The Company determined that the warrants are classified as equity awards based on the criteria of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation. Pursuant to ASC 718, the Company measured the grant date fair value of the warrants to be recognized upon the achievement of each of the original four milestones and the vesting of the related warrants, which was determined to be $13.35, based on a valuation of the Company’s Class A common stock on January 29, 2021.

For the first milestone, issuance of the warrants in conjunction with the execution of the United Purchase Agreement and the United Collaboration Agreement, the Company recorded the grant date fair value of the respective warrant tranche at the vesting date upon satisfaction of the milestone, and the related costs were recorded in other warrant expense due to the absence of historical or probable future revenue. For the second milestone, the completion of the Business Combination transaction, the related costs were also recorded in other warrant expense due to the absence of historical or probable future revenue. A total of 8,845,058 warrants vested from achievement of the first two milestones and were exercised. For the third milestone, the certification of the aircraft by the FAA, the Company will assess whether it is probable that the award will vest at the end of every reporting period. If and when the award is deemed probable of vesting, the Company will begin capitalizing the grant date fair value of the associated warrants as an asset through the vesting date and subsequently amortize the asset as a reduction to revenue as it sells the new aircraft to United.

For the original fourth milestone, the sale of aircraft to United, the Company was initially expected to record the cost associated with the vesting of each portion of warrants within this milestone as a reduction of the transaction price as revenue is recognized for each sale of the aircraft. In connection with the Amended United Warrant Agreement, the Company evaluated the accounting implications associated with the amendment to the fourth milestone in accordance with ASC 606 and ASC 718. For the first sub-milestone, the receipt of the Pre-Delivery Payment, the Company accounted for it as a modification under ASC 718 and recorded the modification date fair value of the associated warrants in other warrant expense upon satisfaction of the sub-milestone on August 9, 2022. For the second sub-milestone, the vesting of warrants on February 9, 2023, the Company accounted for it as a modification under ASC 718 and recorded the modification date fair value of the associated warrants in other warrant expense on a straight-line basis over six months following the amendment date. The modification date fair value of each warrant associated with the first and second sub-milestones was determined to be $4.37, which was the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the modification date. A total of 2,948,352 warrants vested from achievement of the first two sub-milestones under the fourth milestone and were exercised. For the third and fourth sub-milestones, the sale of 160 aircraft and 40 aircraft, respectively, the Company determined that the amendment does not represent a modification under ASC 718. The Company will record the cost associated with the vesting of each portion of the associated warrants as a reduction of the transaction price based on the original grant date fair value as revenue is recognized for each sale of the aircraft.

There wasno other warrant expense recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Stellantis N.V.

On January 3, 2023, the Company entered into a manufacturing and collaboration agreement with Stellantis, pursuant to which the Company and Stellantis will collaborate on the development and implementation of the Company’s manufacturing operations for the production of its eVTOL aircraft products (the “Stellantis Collaboration Agreement”). In connection with the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, the Company entered into a forward purchase agreement (as amended, the “Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement”) and a warrant agreement (the “Stellantis Warrant Agreement”) with Stellantis on January 3, 2023.

Under the terms of the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to issue and sell to Stellantis up to $150.0 million of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock pursuant to terms and conditions of the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement. The shares pursuant to the Stellantis Forward Purchase Agreement were fully issued in July 2024.

Under the terms of the Stellantis Warrant Agreement, Stellantis is entitled to purchase up to 15.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, at an exercise price of $0.01 per share (the “Stellantis Warrant”). The Stellantis Warrant will vest and become exercisable in three equal tranches upon 12,24 and 36 months of the grant date, provided that (i) Stellantis has performed certain undertakings set forth in the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement and/or (ii) the VWAP (as defined in the Stellantis Warrant Agreement) for the Class A common stock exceeding certain specified amounts. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, Stellantis is deemed to have performed the undertakings if the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement has not been terminated by the Company as of the specified vesting date for each tranche.

As the Company is currently in pre-revenue stage and is not generating any revenue from the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement, all costs incurred with third parties are recorded based on the nature of the costs incurred. The Company accounts for the warrant in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718. The grant date fair value of each warrant was determined to be $1.93, which was the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on January 3, 2023. For each tranche of the warrant, the Company will recognize compensation costs as the related services are received from Stellantis on a straight-line basis over the associated service period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded $0.8 million and $1.6 million of research and development expense, respectively, in the consolidated condensed statements of operations in connection with the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $2.0 million and $4.1 million of research and development expense, respectively, in the consolidated condensed statements of operations in connection with the Stellantis Collaboration Agreement.

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, FCA US LLC (“FCA”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Stellantis, transferred its fully vested warrant to purchase 1,671,202 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share to Stellantis.

Liability Classified Warrants

As of June 30, 2025, there were 17,395,947 public warrants outstanding. Public warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares are issued upon exercise of the public warrants. The public warrants became exercisable on October 30, 2021,12 months after the closing of the initial public offering of Atlas, the predecessor of Archer. The public warrants will expire five years from the consummation of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Once the public warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the public warrants for redemption:

•in whole and not in part;

•at a price of $0.01 per public warrant;

•upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; and

•if, and only if, the closing price of the Class A common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period commencing after the warrants become exercisable and ending three business days before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

If and when the warrants become redeemable by the Company, the Company may exercise its redemption right even if the Company is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws.

Each public warrant entitles the registered holder to purchaseone share of Class A common stock at a price of $11.50 per share. The exercise price and number of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the public warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, extraordinary dividend or recapitalization, reorganization, merger, or consolidation. The public warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of Class A common stock at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the public warrants.

As of June 30, 2025, there were 8,000,000 private placement warrants outstanding. The private placement warrants are identical to the public warrants underlying the shares sold in the initial public offering of Atlas, except that the private placement warrants and the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of the private placement warrants became transferable, assignable, and salable on October 16, 2021,30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, subject to certain limited exceptions. Additionally, the private placement warrants will be exercisable on a cashless basis and will be non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the private placement warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the private placement warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the public warrants.

Note 12 -Subsequent Events

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law. This legislation includes changes to U.S. federal tax law, which may be subject to further clarification and the issuance of interpretive guidance. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of OBBBA on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the Company sold 3,921,875 shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $46.3 million.