ACV Auctions Inc

1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business – ACV Auctions Inc. (the "Company" or "ACV") operates inone industry segment, providing a wholesale auction marketplace (the “Marketplace” or “Marketplace Platform”) to facilitate business-to-business used vehicle sales between a selling dealership (“Seller”) and a buying dealership (“Buyer”). The Marketplace encompasses the digital marketplaces, remarketing centers, data services, and data and technology.

Customers using the Marketplace are licensed automotive dealerships or other commercial automotive enterprises. At the election of the customer purchasing a vehicle, the Company can arrange third-party transportation services for the delivery of the purchased vehicle through its wholly owned subsidiary, ACV Transportation LLC. The Company can also provide the customer financing for the purchased vehicle through its wholly owned subsidiary, ACV Capital LLC (“ACV Capital”). ACV also provides data services that offer insights into the condition and value of used vehicles for transactions both on and off the Company's Marketplace, which help dealerships, their end customers, and commercial partners make more informed decisions to transact with confidence and efficiency. Customers using data services are licensed automotive dealerships or other commercial automotive enterprises. Services are primarily provided in the United States and certain data services are also provided internationally. Services are supported by the Company’s operations which are primarily in North America and India.

Basis of Consolidation – The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ACV Auctions Inc. and all of its controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Preparation – The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The Company has condensed or omitted certain information and notes normally included in complete annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. These financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the Company's annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for the fair statement of the Company's financial information. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should therefore be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes contained in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025 (the "Annual Report"). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Seasonality – The volume of vehicles sold through auctions held on ACV's Marketplace Platform generally fluctuates from quarter to quarter. This seasonality is caused by several factors, including holidays, weather, the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles and the timing of federal tax returns, which affects the demand side of the vehicle auction industry. As a result, revenue and operating expenses related to volume will fluctuate accordingly on a quarterly basis. In the fourth quarter, we typically experience lower used vehicle auction volume as well as additional costs associated with the holidays. Seasonally depressed used vehicle auction volume typically continues during the winter months through the beginning of the first quarter. Typical seasonality trends may not be observed in periods where other external factors more significantly impact the industry.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements –The following table provides a description of accounting standards that are not yet adopted that could have an impact to the consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

2. Financial Instruments

The following is a summary of available-for-sale marketable securities, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2025, the fair values of available-for-sale marketable securities, by remaining contractual maturity, were as follows (in thousands):

The Company typically invests in highly rated securities, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. The Company’s investment policy generally requires securities to be investment grade and limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. Fair values were determined for each individual security in the investment portfolio.

The Company does not believe that any unrealized losses are attributable to credit-related factors based on its evaluation of available evidence. To determine whether a decline in value is related to credit loss, the Company evaluates, among other factors: the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency and any adverse conditions specifically related to an issuer of a security or its industry. The

Company does not intend to sell the instruments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities are presented net of tax.

3. Fair Value Measurement

Fair value accounting is applied for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the condensed consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated financial statements are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels, which are directly related to the amount of subjectivity, associated with the inputs to the valuation of these assets or liabilities are as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data which require the Company to develop its own assumptions.

The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, debt securities, trade and finance accounts receivable and accounts payable. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, trade and finance accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments. The carrying value of the revolver and warehouse facility were determined to approximate fair value due to their duration and variable interest rates that approximate prevailing interest rates as of each reporting period.

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands):

The Company classifies its highly liquid money market funds within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. The Company classifies its commercial paper, corporate bonds, and U.S. agency securities within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily available pricing sources for the identical underlying security which may not be actively traded.

4. Accounts Receivable & Allowance for Doubtful Receivables

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful receivables that, in management’s judgment, reflects losses inherent in the portfolio. A provision for doubtful receivables is recorded to adjust the level of the allowance as deemed necessary by management.

Changes in the allowance for doubtful trade receivables for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Changes in the allowance for doubtful finance receivables for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

5. Guarantees, Commitments and Contingencies

The Company provides certain guarantees to Sellers in the Marketplace in the ordinary course of business, which are accounted for under ASC 460 - Guarantees as a general guarantee.

Vehicle Condition Guarantees – Sellers must attach a vehicle condition report in the Marketplace for every auction; this vehicle condition report is used by Buyers to inform bid decisions. The Company offers guarantees to Sellers in qualifying situations where the Company performed a vehicle inspection and prepared the vehicle condition report. Sellers must pay an additional fee in exchange for this guarantee. Such guarantees provide Sellers protection from paying remedies to Buyers related to a Buyer’s claim that the vehicle condition report did not accurately portray the condition of the vehicle purchased on the Marketplace. These guarantee agreements provide the Company with the right to retain proceeds from the subsequent liquidation of vehicles covered under the guarantees. The guarantees are typically provided for 10 days after the successful sale of the vehicle on the Marketplace. The fair value of vehicle condition guarantees issued is estimated based on historical results and other qualitative factors. The vehicle condition guarantee revenue is recognized on the earlier of the guarantee expiration date or the guarantee settlement date. The maximum potential payment is the sale price of the vehicle. The total sale price of vehicles for which there was an outstanding guarantee was approximately $253.7 million and approximately $161.7 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The carrying amount of the liability presented in Accrued other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet was $1.9 million and $1.4 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Other Price Guarantees – The Company provides Sellers with a price guarantee for vehicles to be sold on the Marketplace from time to time. If a vehicle sells below the guaranteed price, the Company is responsible for paying the Seller the difference between the guaranteed price and the final sale price. The term of the guarantee is typically less than one week. No material unsettled price guarantees existed at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Litigation – The Company and its subsidiaries are subject in the normal course of business to various pending and threatened legal proceedings and matters in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. On an on-going basis management, after consultation with legal counsel, assesses the Company's liabilities and contingencies in connection with such proceedings. For those matters where it is probable that the Company will incur losses and the amounts of the losses can be reasonably estimated, the Company records an expense and corresponding liability in its condensed consolidated financial statements. To the extent pending or threatened litigation could result in exposure in excess of the recorded liability, the amount of such excess is not currently estimable.

6. Borrowings

2021 Revolver

On August 24, 2021, ACV entered into a revolving credit facility (the “2021 Revolver”). The 2021 Revolver was established to provide general financing to the Company. The 2021 Revolver is secured by substantially all of the Company's assets except for ACV Capital receivables. The maximum borrowing principal amount of the 2021 Revolver is $160.0 million and includes a sub facility that provides for the issuance of letters of credit up to $20.0 million outstanding at any time. The 2021 Revolver matures on August 24, 2026 and is subject to a commitment fee of 0.25% per annum of the average daily undrawn portion of the revolving credit facility.

On June 1, 2023, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 (the "First Amendment"), which modified the rate to which interest payments are indexed to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR. The interest rate applicable to the 2021 Revolver is, at the Company's option, either (a) SOFR (or a replacement rate established in accordance with the terms of the credit agreement for the 2021 Revolver) (subject to a 0.00% SOFR floor), plus a margin of 2.75% per annum plus an additional credit spread adjustment of 0.11% for daily andone-month terms,0.26% forthree-month terms and 0.43% forsix-month terms or (b) the Alternate Base Rate plus a margin of 1.75% per annum. The Alternate Base Rate is the highest of (a) the Wall Street Journal prime rate, (b) the NYFRB rate plus 0.5% and (c)(i)1.00% plus (ii) the adjusted SOFR rate for a one-month interest period. The First Amendment maintains a maximum borrowing principal amount of $160.0 million.

On June 20, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 (the "Second Amendment") to permit the Company, ACV Capital and ACV Capital Funding II LLC ("ACV Funding"), a wholly owned, bankruptcy-remote, special-purpose subsidiary of ACV Capital, to enter into the transactions contemplated by the Warehouse Facility.

On October 7, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 on the 2021 Revolver which allows the Company to make investments and other acquisitions (i) if Total Liquidity (as defined therein) immediately prior to the consummation of such investment or acquisition and after giving pro forma effect to such investment or acquisition is equal to or greater than $200.0 million, in an unlimited amount or (ii) if Total Liquidity immediately prior to the consummation of such investment or acquisition and after giving pro forma effect to such investment or acquisition is less than $200.0 million, in an amount not to exceed $25.0 million in the aggregate for any fiscal year of the Company.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, outstanding borrowings under the 2021 Revolver were $100.0 million and $56.5 million, respectively, and there were outstanding letters of credit issued under the 2021 Revolver in the amount of $3.3 million and $3.3 million, respectively, decreasing the availability under the 2021 Revolver by a corresponding amount. As of March 31, 2025, the interest rate on the outstanding borrowing was 9.25%.

Warehouse Facility

On June 20, 2024, ACV Funding entered into a revolving credit and security agreement, providing for a revolving warehouse facility (the "Warehouse Facility") with a maximum principal amount of $125.0 million. The Warehouse Facility was established to provide liquidity to fund new originations of auto floorplan loans by ACV Capital. The facility is secured by all assets of ACV Funding, including the auto floorplan loans owned by it. The revolving feature on the facility ends on June 20, 2026. The facility matures twelve months later, unless sooner terminated or extended in accordance with its terms.

Advances under the Warehouse Facility funded by asset-backed commercial paper conduit through the issuance of commercial paper notes will bear interest generally at a rate equivalent to the weighted average annual rate of all commercial paper notes issued by the commercial paper conduit to fund its advances, plus a margin of 3.00%. Advances funded by lenders that are not commercial paper conduits, or by commercial paper conduits funded through means other than the issuance of commercial paper notes, will bear interest generally at a rate equal to (i) Term SOFR for a period ofone-month (subject to a 0.00% floor), plus 0.11448% or, in certain circumstances, the Alternate Base Rate, plus (ii) a margin of 3.00%. The Alternate Base Rate is the highest of (a) the prime rate quoted in the Wall Street Journal, (b) the NYFRB rate plus 0.50% and (c)(i)1.00% plus (ii) the Term SOFR rate for a one-month interest period. The interest rate may be increased under certain circumstances, including upon the occurrence of an early amortization event or event of default under the warehouse documentation. ACV Funding must also pay upfront any unused fees in connection with the facility.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, borrowings under the Warehouse Facility were $66.5 million. As of March 31, 2025, the interest rate on the outstanding borrowing was 7.49%.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all of its financial covenants and non-financial covenants.

7. Revenue

The following table summarizes the primary components of Marketplace and service revenue. The level of disaggregation takes into consideration how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors (in thousands):

Contract liabilities represent consideration collected prior to satisfying performance obligations. The Company had $5.7 million and $4.5 million of contract liabilities included in Accrued other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Revenue recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from amounts included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2024 was $4.5 million. All the remaining performance obligations for contracts are expected to be recognized within one year.

8. Stock-Based Compensation

Refer to Note 13 contained inthe Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for further details regarding the Company's equity plans.

The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands, except year and per share amounts):

The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit and performance share unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

As of March 31, 2025, there was approximately $96.9 million of compensation expense related to the unvested portion of common stock options, restricted stock units, and performance share units that will be recorded as compensation expense over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company entered intotwo contingently returnable share agreements (the "2024 Agreements") for certain compensatory share-based service awards. The 2024 Agreements authorized 773,099 shares of common stock to be issued. Shares will be released and distributed to the employee award recipients with the final vesting date during the first quarter of 2028. At March 31, 2025, there was approximately $8.5 million of compensation expense related to the unvested portion of the contingently returnable shares that will be recorded over 2.84 years.

9. Income Taxes

The Company had an effective tax rate of approximately (3)% and (2)% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The principal differences between the federal statutory rate and the effective tax rate are related to state taxes, foreign taxes and credits, and the non-recognition of tax benefits for certain entities in a loss position for which a full valuation allowance has been recorded.

10. Net Loss Per Share

The numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted net loss per share computations for the Company's common stock are calculated as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except per share data):

(1)During the fourth quarter of 2024, the number of outstanding shares of the Company's Class B common stock declined such that the total number of outstanding shares of Class B common stock represented less than 5% of the aggregate number of outstanding shares of the Company's Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Under the terms of the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company's Class B common stock automatically converted to Class A common stock effective as of December

31, 2024. This resulted in 3,550,142 shares of Class A common stock being issued on December 31, 2024 with the related shares of Class B common stock being cancelled.

The following table presents the total weighted-average number of potentially dilutive shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the period presented:

11. Acquisitions

The Company completed four business acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2024. These acquisitions were accounted for using the acquisition method and, accordingly, the results of the acquired businesses have been included in the Company's results of operations from the respective acquisition dates. Goodwill acquired in connection with these acquisitions represents expected synergies from the combined operations, is deductible for tax purposes in the United States, and is amortized on a straight-line basis over 15 years.

Indiana Auto Auction

On June 17, 2024, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the ownership interest of Indiana Auto Auction for total cash consideration of $51.5 million, which included $5.0 million of acquired cash and $14.1 million of acquired real estate. The aggregate purchase price was allocated to $16.2 million of goodwill, $13.9 million of intangibles, and $21.4 million of net tangible assets assumed. The Company completed a sale of the real estate to a third party on August 6, 2024. Indiana Auto Auction offers wholesale and commercial car auction and reconditioning services and enabled the Company to expand its range of offerings to dealers and commercial partners.

March 13, 2024 Acquisition

On March 13, 2024, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the ownership interests of a business for total cash consideration of $19.0 million. The aggregate purchase price was allocated to $14.1 million of goodwill, $5.7 million of intangible assets, and $0.8 million of net tangible liabilities assumed. The business acquired offers wholesale car auction services and enabled the Company to expand its range of offerings to dealers and commercial partners.

166 Auto Auction

On March 8, 2024, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the ownership interests of 166 Auto Auction for a total cash consideration of $27.4 million. The aggregate purchase price was allocated to $7.4 million of goodwill, $16.3 million of intangible assets, and $3.6 million of net tangible assets assumed. 166 Auto Auction offers wholesale car auction services and enabled the Company to expand its range of offerings to dealers and commercial partners.

Alliance Auto Auctions

On January 30, 2024, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the ownership interests of Alliance Auto Auctions for total cash consideration of $66.9 million and 639,976 common shares of the Company's Class A common stock. The fair value of the consideration shares of $8.6 million was determined based upon the closing market price of the Company's Class A common shares on January 30, 2024.

The aggregate purchase price for the Alliance Auto Auctions acquisition was allocated to the assets and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):

Alliance Auto Auctions offers wholesale car auction services and enabled the Company to expand its range of offerings to dealers and commercial partners.

12. Segment Information

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and is responsible for reviewing financial information presented on a segment basis for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. The CEO reviews the financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating the Company’s financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in a single reporting segment (the “ACV segment”).

The ACV segment provides the Marketplace to facilitate business-to-business used vehicle sales between a selling dealership (“Seller”) and a buying dealership (“Buyer”). Customers using the Marketplace are licensed automotive dealerships or other commercial automotive enterprises. At the election of the customer purchasing a vehicle, the Company can arrange third-party transportation services for the delivery of the purchased vehicle through its wholly owned subsidiary, ACV Transportation LLC. The Company can also provide the customer with financing for the purchased vehicle through its wholly owned subsidiary, ACV Capital LLC. ACV also provides data services that offer insights into the condition and value of used vehicles for transactions both on and off the Company's Marketplace. The ACV segment provides a wholesale auction marketplace to dealers and derives its revenues primarily from North America. The CODM assesses performance for the ACV segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net income (loss) that also is reported on the income statement as consolidated net income (loss). The CODM uses net income (loss) in budget versus actual analysis to measure performance and as a key input to make resource investment and management compensation decisions.

The following is the information used by the CODM in assessing segment performance:

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, revenue outside of the United States, based on the billing address of the customer, was not material. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, long-lived assets located outside of the United States were not material.