Absci Corp

1. Organization and nature of operations

Absci Corporation (the “Company”) is a data-first generative AI drug creation company that combines AI with scalable wet lab technologies to design differentiated antibody therapeutics. Absci leverages its integrated drug creation platform (the “Integrated Drug Creation platform”) to improve upon traditional biologic drug discovery by using AI to simultaneously optimize multiple drug characteristics important to development and therapeutic benefit. The Company was organized in the State of Oregon in August 2011 as a limited liability company and converted to a limited liability company (“LLC”) in Delaware in April 2016. In October 2020, the Company converted from a Delaware LLC to a Delaware corporation. The Company’s headquarters are located in Vancouver, Washington.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with US GAAP as defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries and entities under its control. The Company has eliminated all intercompany transactions and accounts. Certain amounts in prior years' financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition including estimated timing of the satisfaction of performance obligations, the fair value of stock-based compensation awards, quantitative impairment evaluations of goodwill and recoverability of long-lived assets, and the fair value of contingent consideration. The Company bases its estimates on historical experiences, and other relevant factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Segment information

The Company operates as a single operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis for the purposes of allocating resources, making operating decisions and evaluating performance (see Note 17: Segment Reporting).

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits with commercial banks in checking and interest-bearing accounts, highly liquid money market funds, and U.S. Treasury securities.

Restricted cash represents amounts pledged as collateral for future property lease payments via standby letters of credit (see Note 10: Commitments and contingencies) and amounts held in escrow related to acquisitions by the Company (see Note 13: Fair value measurements).

Investments

The Company’s short-term investments may include funds invested in highly liquid money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and corporate debt securities with original maturities at the date of purchase greater than three months but less than one year. These investments are classified as available-for-sale debt securities, which are recorded at fair value based on quoted prices in active markets.

If the estimated fair value of a debt security is below its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery in market value and whether credit losses exist for the related securities. A credit loss exists if the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis of the security. Credit-related losses are recognized as an allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Unrealized gains and losses that are unrelated to credit deterioration are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized as interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Realized gains and losses, and declines in fair value deemed to be other than temporary, are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company uses the specific identification method to compute realized gains and losses on investments. Investments in non-marketable equity securities are classified as other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Accounts receivable, net and allowances for credit losses

Accounts receivable, net consists of amounts contractually due and outstanding from its partners, net of estimates for credit allowance. The Company reviews accounts receivable for credit impairment and regularly analyzes the status of significant past due receivables to determine if any will potentially be uncollectible to estimate the amount of allowance necessary to reduce accounts receivable to its estimated net realizable value. Credit losses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Fair value of financial instruments

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under US GAAP. The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their related fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company measures certain financial assets at fair value on a recurring basis, including available-for-sale debt securities, which are recorded at fair value based on quoted prices in active markets. None of the Company’s non-financial assets or liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

There are significant judgments and estimates inherent in the determination of the fair value of certain liabilities. If the Company had made different assumptions including, among others, those related to the timing and probability of various corporate scenarios, net loss and net loss per common share could have been significantly different.

Concentration risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in bank accounts, which at times may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on these accounts. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, two partners represented approximately 99% and 89% of partner program revenue, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, substantially all partner program revenue was attributable to foreign customers.

As of December 31, 2024, there were no accounts receivable outstanding. As of December 31, 2023, one partner represented approximately 91% of total accounts receivable.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Additions and improvements to property and equipment are capitalized. The costs of maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the underlying assets, which vary from 3 to 7 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful lives of the assets. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from their respective accounts, and the resulting gain or loss is reported as operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Assets held for sale

The Company classifies its long-lived assets to be sold as held for sale in the period the following conditions are met: (i) management has approved and committed to a plan to sell; (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition; (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to sell the asset have been initiated; (iv) it is probable that a sale will occur within one year; (v) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a reasonable price in relation to its current fair value; and (vi) there is a low likelihood of significant changes to the plan or that the plan will be withdrawn. If all of the criteria are met as of the balance sheet date, the assets are presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets as held for sale. The Company initially measures a long-lived asset that is classified as held for sale at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met as an asset impairment charge on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Any gains are not recognized until date of sale. The assets are no longer depreciated nor amortized while classified as held for sale. The Company assesses the fair value of a long-lived asset, less any costs to sell, at each reporting period and until the asset is no longer classified as held for sale.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Management reviews long-lived assets for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amount to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If these estimated cash flows were less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss would be recognized in order to write down the asset to its estimated fair value and reported as operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Goodwill

Goodwill is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present. As part of the impairment evaluation, the Company may elect to perform an assessment of qualitative factors. If this qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit that includes the goodwill is less than its carrying value, then a quantitative impairment test would be prepared to compare this fair value to the carrying value and record an impairment charge if the carrying value exceeds the fair value. The Company performed a quantitative impairment evaluation of goodwill as of June 30, 2023 and recorded a full impairment charge in the amount of $21.3 million on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue as control of its products and services are transferred to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those products and services. This process involves identifying the contract with a customer, determining the performance obligations in the contract, determining the contract price, allocating the contract price to the distinct performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when or as the performance obligations are satisfied. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and is separately identified in the contract. The Company considers a performance obligation satisfied once control of a good or service has been transferred to the customer, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the good or service. Partner program revenue includes revenue associated to the drug creation phases of drug creation agreements. The Company refers to its customers as “partners” when describing their relationship in an agreement.

Partner program revenue

The Company’s drug creation agreements generally include multiple stages of drug creation that combined represent a single performance obligation. These agreements may include options for additional goods and services such as readying the technology to transfer to the partner and licensing terms. The transaction prices for these arrangements include fixed and variable consideration for the single performance obligation as well as variable consideration for success-based achievements. Any variable consideration is constrained to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur. Primarily all of the Company’s contracts with its partners include an enforceable right to payment. While there is no alternative use to the Company for the asset created, the agreements’ terms vary as to whether an enforceable right to payment exists for performance completed as of that date.

The Company measures progress toward the completion of the performance obligations satisfied over time using an input method based on actual cost incurred to date and estimated cost to complete at each reporting date to satisfy a performance obligation. This method provides an appropriate depiction of completed progress toward fulfilling its performance obligations for each respective arrangement. In certain drug creation agreements that require a portion of the contract consideration to be received in advance at the commencement of the contract, such advance payment is initially recorded as a contract liability. Contract assets are included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Collaboration agreements

The Company analyzes its drug creation agreements to assess whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and that are exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. Payments to and from the Company’s collaborators are presented within research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company did not have payments related to such agreements during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax asset and liability accounts are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are currently in effect. Valuation allowances are established where necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.

The Company files income tax returns in federal, state and various foreign tax jurisdictions.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of tax expense. The Company did not record any interest or penalties related to income tax during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

We recognize uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. Tax positions are initially recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions are initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more likely than not of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority assuming full knowledge of the position and relevant facts.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses include the personnel-related costs (comprised of salaries, benefits and share-based compensation), contract research services, contract manufacturing, consulting fees, laboratory supplies and facilities, and certain technology costs. These expenses are exclusive of depreciation and amortization. Research and development activities consist of continued development of the Company’s Integrated Drug Creation platform, internal pipelines, and drug creation for partners. The Company derives improvements to its platform from each type of activity. Research and development efforts apply to the Company’s platform broadly and across programs.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation includes compensation expense for stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units granted to employees and non-employees and is measured on the grant date based on the fair value of the award and recognized over the requisite service period. The fair value of options to purchase common stock are measured using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of performance restricted stock units are measured using a Monte-Carlo simulation model and the expense is recorded using the accelerated expense attribution method. When determining the grant date fair value of stock-based awards, management considers whether an adjustment is required to the observable market price or volatility of the Company’s common stock that is used in the valuation as a result of material non-public information. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. The Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, therefore basic net loss per share and diluted net loss per share are the same for all periods as the inclusion of all potential common securities outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU requires that an entity disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation as well as provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Further, the ASU requires certain disclosures of state versus federal income tax expense and taxes paid. The amendments in this ASU are required to be adopted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. The Company has not yet adopted ASU 2023-09 and is evaluating the impact of adoption on its income tax disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) which requires disclosure of disaggregated income statement expense information about specific categories (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization) in the notes to the financial statements. Additionally, in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, to clarify the effective date. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are required to be adopted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied either prospectively to the financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively for any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting the new disclosure requirements.

3. Revenue recognition

Contract balances

Contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, contract liabilities were $1.1 million and $4.1 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $3.3 million as revenue that had been included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $0.4 million as revenue that had been included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period.

4. Collaborative Arrangements

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has collaborative arrangements with PrecisionLife, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Twist Bioscience, and Owkin that involve joint research and development activities and for which the parties are exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. The Company performs drug creation activities to co-develop product candidates. These arrangements include rights for the parties to share in the potential value created by the programs, as well as cost sharing which may result in payments between the parties. The Company’s accounting policy is to present cost sharing payments to and from the Company’s collaborators within research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company did not have cost sharing payments related to such agreements during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

5. Investments

Cash equivalents, marketable securities and deposits are classified as available-for-sale and are, therefore, recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, with any unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, until realized. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

The amortized cost and fair value of investments are as follows (in thousands):

Investments held as of December 31, 2024 have a remaining maturity of less than one year. Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities were $177.1 million and $241.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There wereno realized gains or losses on securities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Unrealized gains and losses on securities were primarily due to changes in interest rates.

In 2024, the Company recognized an impairment of $0.9 million on a non-marketable equity investment, which is included in other income, net on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

6. Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense was $10.0 million and $10.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company determined certain laboratory equipment met all of the prescribed criteria required to classify it as held-for-sale. The Company determined the carrying value exceeded the fair value less costs to sell each asset, which resulted in a write down of $1.4 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, presented within research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $0.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of lab equipment is classified as current assets held-for-sale within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet as the disposal is expected to be consummated within one year of the balance sheet date.

For details regarding the interim impairment assessment performed in 2023 for long-lived assets see Note 7: Goodwill and intangibles, net.

7. Goodwill and intangibles, net

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no goodwill balance recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company performed an interim qualitative impairment assessment of goodwill and concluded that the duration and extent of the sustained decline in the Company’s stock price and resulting market capitalization below cash and short-term investments for a period of time within the three months ended June 30, 2023 were indicators of impairment that triggered a quantitative assessment.

The Company performed a quantitative impairment evaluation of goodwill as of June 30, 2023 utilizing both income and market approaches. The income approach utilized the estimated discounted cash flows for the single reporting unit while the market approach utilized comparable company information. The fair value of equity was derived using a discount rate commensurate with the related risk and an estimate of a control premium applied to the Company’s implied enterprise value. The discounted cash flow method requires significant judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internally developed forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for the business, and determination of weighted average cost of capital. The models used to estimate the fair value of the single reporting unit are reflective of significant assumptions, including the following:

•Forecasted revenues from current and future programs;

•Probability of the Company’s partners electing licensing options for clinical development, clinical success, and obtaining regulatory approval;

•Forecasted research and development and general and administrative expenses to sustain forecasted program growth which are reflective of efficiencies gained as the business and platform evolve;

•A discount rate reflecting the Company’s weighted average cost of capital and specific entity risk; and

•A control premium based upon recently observed transactions in technology platform-based companies in the life science industry.

The estimates and assumptions used to determine fair value include determinations that are categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy due to use of internal projections and unobservable measurement inputs. The assumptions used in the Company’s impairment analysis are inherently subject to uncertainty and the Company notes that small changes in these assumptions could have a significant impact on the concluded value. In order to further validate the reasonableness of the fair value concluded for the reporting unit, a reconciliation to market capitalization was performed by estimating a reasonable implied control premium and other market factors. The control premium was estimated based upon control premiums observed in recent comparable market transactions. The Company reconciled the estimated fair value of the reporting unit utilizing the market capitalization based on the stock price as of June 30, 2023.

The Company concluded the fair value of the single reporting unit was less than its carrying value and that the Company’s recorded goodwill was fully impaired as of June 30, 2023. The Company recognized a non-cash, pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $21.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023 reported as goodwill impairment on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Intangible assets are as follows (in thousands):

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and is reflected within depreciation and amortization expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Future amortization expense for the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 is estimated as follows (in thousands):

8. Long-term debt and other borrowings

Equipment financing

In 2022, the Company received a total of $12.0 million of proceeds from equipment financing arrangements. Terms of the agreements require monthly payments over 42-48 month maturities with imputed interest rates ranging from 8%-10%. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest are due and payable at maturity. These loans are secured by certain tangible assets of the Company, include certain financial covenants, and contain subjective acceleration clauses that allow for outstanding amounts under the agreement to become immediately due in the event of a material adverse change in the Company's business condition or change in control.

The carrying amount of the long-term debt approximates fair value.

Future undiscounted payments for the Company’s financing liabilities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

9. Leases

Facility leases

The Company leases its corporate headquarters and primary research and development facility located in Vancouver, Washington in a 77,974 square foot facility that includes general administrative office and laboratory space. The corporate headquarters lease commenced in December 2020 and ends in April 2028, with an option to renew the lease for an additional five-year term, at then-current market rates. As part of the lease agreement, the lessor provided tenant incentives in the amount of $3.1 million. The Company has a one-time option to terminate the lease after five years. For the Company’s facility lease agreement, the Company is responsible for taxes, insurance and maintenance costs.

The components of lease expense are as follows (in thousands):

Future undiscounted lease payments for the Company’s lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

Additional information related to the Company’s leases is as follows:

10. Commitments and contingencies

As of December 31, 2024, future lease payments are secured by an irrevocable standby letter of credit totaling $1.1 million. The irrevocable standby letter of credit is expected to be pledged for the full lease term which extends through April 2028 for each of the Company’s facility leases.

Other Commitments

In November 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) for access to compute capacity and other services through early 2028. The financial commitment for the years 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028 are $1.6 million, $4.0 million, $7.8 million, and $2.2 million, respectively.

The Company is not currently party to any material claims or legal proceedings. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss or a potential range of loss is both probable and reasonably estimable.

11. Common Stock

Shelf registration statement on Form S-3

On August 24, 2022, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the Shelf Registration Statement) with the SEC relating to the registration of up to an aggregate of $250.0 million in shares of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units or any combination thereof. The Shelf Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on September 2, 2022.

Public Offering of Common Stock

In March 2024, the Company closed the sale of an aggregate of 19,205,000 shares of its common stock, pursuant to an underwriting agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Cowen and Company, LLC at a public offering price of $4.50 per share, before underwriting discounts and commissions. The Company received total net proceeds from the offering of $80.8 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable.

At-The-Market Offering

On June 16, 2023, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC, as Sales Agent, with respect to an “at the market offering” program under which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million through the Sales Agent. The Company will pay the Sales Agent a commission up to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any shares sold under the Sales Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has issued 377,996 shares and received $1.6 million net proceeds from the sale of securities registered pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

12. Stock-based compensation

The Company grants stock options, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) under the 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”) and the 2023 Inducement Plan (the “2023 Inducement Plan”). On January 1, 2024, the number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2021 Plan was increased by 4,654,384 shares pursuant to an automatic annual increase. As of December 31, 2024,4,271,248 shares were available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. As of December 31, 2024,1,887,000 shares were available for issuance under the 2023 Inducement Plan.

Total stock-based compensation expense related to the Company’s stock-based awards was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows (in thousands):

Stock Options

Stock options generally vest 25% after one year from the date of the grant with the remainder vesting monthly over the following three-year period or ratably over three years in three equal installments. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur and uses the straight-line expense recognition method. Activity for stock options is shown below:

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3.00 and $1.38, respectively. The aggregate grant date fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $9.4 million and $10.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized stock-based compensation related to stock options was $21.6 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a remaining weighted average period of 2.2 years.

Determination of Fair Value

The estimated grant-date fair value of the Company’s stock options was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, based on the following assumptions:

The fair value of each stock option was determined by the Company using the methods and assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires judgment and estimation by management.

Expected Term—The Company’s historical option exercise data is limited and did not provide a sufficient basis upon which to estimate an expected term. The expected term for options was derived by using the simplified method which uses the midpoint between the average vesting term and the contractual expiration period of the stock-based award.

Expected Volatility—As we do not have sufficient trading history for our common stock, the expected volatility was derived from the historical stock volatilities of comparable peer public companies within the Company’s industry. These companies are considered to be comparable to the Company’s business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock-based awards.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the stock options’ expected term.

Expected Dividend Rate—The expected dividend is zero as the Company has not paid nor does it anticipate paying any dividends on its common stock underlying its stock options in the foreseeable future.

Restricted Stock

In connection with certain business combinations and as compensation for other service relationships, the Company has issued shares of restricted stock that vest over time subject to continued service by the stockholder. Shares of restricted stock that have not yet vested are subject to the Company’s right of repurchase or forfeiture by the stockholder.

Activity for the shares of restricted stock is shown below:

As of December 31, 2024, there was $0.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the outstanding shares of restricted stock expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 0.2 years.

Restricted stock units

Restricted stock units subject to time-based vesting generally vest ratably over a term of 1-4 years. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur and uses the straight-line expense recognition method. Activity for restricted stock units is shown below:

The weighted-average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3.93 and $1.38 per share, respectively. The aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.0 million and 0.1 million, respectively

As of December 31, 2024, there was $5.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the outstanding restricted stock units expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 1.5 years.

Restricted stock unit award with market conditions

In March 2024, the Company granted 1,500,000 performance restricted stock units to its Founder and Chief Executive Officer that contained market conditions (the “2024 Market Award”). Subject to the holder’s continued service, the 2024 Market Award provided for vesting in tranches once the Company’s closing stock price meets or exceeds certain thresholds established by the Company’s Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The original grant-date fair value of the 2024 Market Award of $5.5 million was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model using an expected volatility of 97% and risk-free rate of 4.5%. The stock-based compensation expense is being recognized over the derived service period for each tranche over periods up to 1.3 years. As of December 31, 2024, none of the stock price thresholds for the 2024 Market Award had been met resulting in no shares vesting. Any unvested tranches of the 2024 Market Award will expire in March 2027 if the vesting conditions are not met.

Stock Appreciation Rights

In January 2021, the Company issued SARs that are contingent upon a liquidity event that is not probable of occurrence; accordingly, no compensation expense has been recognized for these awards. The aggregate intrinsic value of the 394,736 SARs outstanding as of December 31, 2024 is $1.0 million based on the Company’s closing stock price of $2.62 per share as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on such date.

Under the 2020 Plan and 2021 Plan, the Company has also granted a limited quantity of cash-settled SARs to certain employees and consultants based outside the United States. As of December 31, 2024,195,000 of these SARs were outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $4.64 per share. The fair value is remeasured at the end of each reporting period based on the Company’s stock price, with remeasurements reflected as an adjustment to compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for such period. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had recognized a less than $0.1 million liability for SARs classified within other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In July 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2021 ESPP”). The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their regular compensation at a discount of 85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first day or last day, whichever is less, of the applicable offering period, subject to any plan limitations. On January 1, 2024, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 ESPP was increased by 930,877 shares pursuant to an automatic annual increase. As of December 31, 2024,2,312,255 shares were available for issuance under the 2021 ESPP.

13. Fair value measurements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has defined fair value to establish a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the accounting guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets.

Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

When quoted market prices are available in active markets, the fair value of assets and liabilities is estimated within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

If quoted prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of assets and liabilities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows, within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, the fair values are estimated by using inputs within Level 3 of the hierarchy.

The following tables summarize the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

The Company reviews trading activity and pricing for its available-for-sale securities as of the measurement date.

There was no change to the value of liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2024. The contingent consideration liability is related to the acquisition of Totient, Inc. and is included in contingent consideration on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The fair value estimate is based on a probability-weighted approach. The contingent consideration of $15.0 million held in escrow shall be paid upon the achievement of the milestone of either entering into agreements meeting certain financial criteria with third parties using, or relating to, Totient technology or the first commercial sale of a Totient product. The contingent consideration held in escrow is included in restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The carrying amount of long-term debt approximates fair value.

There are significant judgments, assumptions and estimates inherent in the determination of the fair value of each of the instruments described above. In the future, depending on the valuation approaches used and the expected timing and weighting of each, the inputs described above, or other inputs, may have a greater or lesser impact on the Company’s estimates of fair value.

14. Employee benefit plan

The Company sponsors a 401(k) tax-deferred savings plan for all U.S. employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. Participants may contribute, on a pre-tax or post-tax basis, a percentage of their annual compensation, not to exceed a maximum contribution amount pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company match is 100% of the employees’ first contribution of 3%, plus 50% of the next 2% of eligible compensation contributed by the employee, up to a maximum Company match of 4% of compensation for each employee. The Company also sponsors a retirement plan for employees of Absci GmbH, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary based in Switzerland. The Swiss plan is a government-mandated retirement fund that provides employees with a minimum investment return. The Company contributed $1.2 million to both plans in the aggregate for the each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

15. Net loss per share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period.

The common stock issuable upon the conversion or exercise of the following dilutive securities has been excluded from the diluted net loss per share calculation because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Diluted net loss per share, therefore, does not differ from basic net loss per share for the periods presented.

The following, potentially dilutive securities, presented based on amounts outstanding at period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because including them would be anti-dilutive:

16. Income taxes

Provision for income taxes:

The Company incurred net losses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The significant components of income tax expense (benefit) are as follows (in thousands):

The components of income (loss) before income taxes by tax jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

The income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 primarily relate to state taxes and taxes in foreign jurisdictions, offset by the change in valuation allowance.

The provision for income taxes results in effective tax rates which are different than the federal income tax statutory rate. The following include the nature of the differences for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has remaining federal net operating losses of $205.4 million and has state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $102.9 million to offset against future taxable income for state tax purposes. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”), federal net operating losses incurred in 2018 and future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal NOLs is subject to an annual limitation. NOLs generated prior to 2018 are eligible to be carried forward up to 20 years. State net operating losses can be carried forward for 5 to 20 years depending on the jurisdiction and will begin to expire in years 2036-2044. The company also has Federal research credit carryforwards of approximately $9.9 million that will begin to expire in 2039.

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Evaluating the need for a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets often requires judgment and analysis of all the positive and negative evidence available, including cumulative losses in recent years and projected future taxable income, to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance to offset the net deferred tax assets as the Company believes it is not more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be fully realizable. The valuation allowance increased $16.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 and $22.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, certain substantial changes in the company's ownership may result in a limitation on the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards which could be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and taxes payable. We completed a study of our changes in ownership through December 31, 2024 and determined that no material limitations exist on the utilization of the Company’s tax attributes.

The Company maintained undistributed earnings overseas as of December 31, 2024, and the Company believed the funds held by all non-U.S. subsidiaries will be permanently reinvested outside of the U.S. However, if these funds were repatriated to the U.S. or used for U.S. operations, the Company may be subject to withholding taxes in the foreign countries. The Company’s unrepatriated earnings are not subject to federal income tax in the U.S. when distributed.

The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $2.6 million and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company recognizes penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. All unrecognized tax benefits would currently not have an impact on the effective rate if recognized.

The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

The Company does not anticipate any significant increases or decreases in its uncertain tax positions within the next twelve months.

As of December 31, 2024 the Company’s statutes of limitations are open for all federal and state years filed after the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Net operating loss and credit carryforwards from all years are subject to examination and adjustments for the three years following the year in which the carryforwards are utilized. The Company is not currently under Internal Revenue Service or state examination.

17. Segment Reporting

The Company hasone reportable segment.

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”), its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis for the purposes of allocating resources, making operating decisions and evaluating performance. When evaluating the Company’s financial performance, the CODM regularly reviews total expenses by expense category and the CODM makes decisions using this information on a consolidated basis. There are no other measures of profitability used by the CODM, other than those disclosed in these consolidated financial statements.

The table below is a summary of the significant segment expenses (in thousands) provided to our CODM on a regular basis:

(1) “Drug creation programs and platform” consists of research and development costs incurred related to the Company’s internally developed programs and drug creation partnership programs for activities prior to the nomination of a development candidate and the continued development of the Company’s Integrated Drug Creation platform.

(2) “External preclinical and clinical development” expense consists of external costs incurred following the Company’s nomination of a development candidate, including all subsequent contract research services, contract manufacturing, consulting fees, and other external costs related to preclinical and clinical development.

(3) “Personnel” expense consists of all employee wages, taxes, benefits, other employee related costs.

See the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for revenues and net losses associated with the reportable segment.

18. Subsequent events

In January 2025, the Company closed the sale of an aggregate of 5,714,285 shares of the Company’s common stock to Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) for net proceeds of$20.0 million through a private investment in public equity (PIPE).

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company issued and sold 5,269,192 shares of common stock for net proceeds of$21.7 million pursuant to an “at the market offering” program under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock.