HeartBeam Inc

Overview

We are a medical technology company focused on transforming cardiac care through the power of personalized insights. Our aim is to deliver innovative, higher resolution ambulatory cardiac monitoring solutions that can be used by patients anywhere to enable the detection and monitoring of cardiac disease outside of a healthcare facility. Our ability to develop higher resolution Electrocardiogram (“ECG”) solutions is achieved through the development of our proprietary and patented technology platform that allows us to collect heart’s electrical activity from three distinct directions and synthesize a 12-Lead (12L) ECG from these signals. Our approach has demonstrated comparable diagnostic capability to a traditional hospital-based 12L ECG system in recent studies. The data from these studies was also submitted to FDA as part of our recent FDA submission.

Our Products (“Product” or “Products”) require U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) clearance. The HeartBeam System (defined below) was granted FDA clearance on December 13, 2024. We believe the HeartBeam System is the first FDA cleared cable-free, ambulatory ECG that captures the heart’s electrical signals from three distinct directions for high-fidelity data collection and advanced diagnostics.

We believe our Products and services will benefit many stakeholders, including patients, healthcare providers, and healthcare payors. We are developing our Product, (the “HeartBeam System”, previously referred to as “AIMIGo™”), to address the rapidly growing field of ambulatory cardiac health monitoring. The HeartBeam System is comprised of a credit card sized electrocardiogram device, a patient application, a physician portal, and powerful cloud-based algorithms. We believe that we are uniquely positioned to play a central role in ambulatory cardiac monitoring including high-risk Coronary Artery Disease (“CAD”) patients, because the initial studies have shown that our ischemia detection tool may be more accurate than existing ambulatory monitoring solutions. CAD patients are at increased risk for a heart attack or Myocardial Infarction (“MI”).

HeartBeam device in ready position (left) and the front view(right)

In January 2025, the Company filed a 510(k) notification for the software algorithms that synthesize a 12L ECG from the HeartBeam System. This latest submission builds on HeartBeam’s recent FDA clearance for its patented technology, which captures the heart’s electrical signals from three distinct directions. The software synthesizes these signals into a familiar 12-lead ECG using a personalized transformation matrix.

The cumulative result of these two 510(k) submissions, once cleared by the FDA, will be an ambulatory device, carried by patients, which can synthesize a 12L ECG for physician review for arrhythmia assessment.

In support of this recent submission, the Company held two pre-submission meetings with the FDA on this 12L synthesis submission. These meetings focused primarily on the performance goals of our clinical study designed to demonstrate the similarity between our synthesized 12L signal and the output of a standard 12L ECG for the intended use. Based on feedback from FDA and our clinical experts, the Company designed a prospective multicenter pivotal study, the VALID-ECG pivotal study, for clinical validation of the HeartBeam 12 Lead ECG Synthesis Software for Arrhythmia Detection.

This latest FDA submission is backed by robust data from the VALID-ECG study, which enrolled 198 patients across five clinical sites. The Company believes the study's findings support the clinical equivalence of HeartBeam's synthesized 12-lead ECG where the leads are similar to standard 12-lead ECGs for rhythm and arrhythmia assessment. Efforts were made to enroll patients with a diverse demographic profile reflective of the intended use population in the United States. The primary objective was to demonstrate the equivalence of ECG waveforms between the HeartBeam System’s synthesized 12L ECG and a standard 12L ECG, recorded simultaneously in each subject, by assessing relevant ECG characteristics, i.e. intervals and amplitudes.

The Company is in the process of initiating an Early Access Program for the HeartBeam System. This program will provide the company with valuable feedback on the user experience, overall workflow and functionality of the system in a real-world setting. The Early Access Program will also help prepare the Company to commercialize the technology once we receive FDA clearance for our 12L synthesis algorithm. We do not anticipate that the HeartBeam System clearance will generate significant revenue before the clearance of the synthesized 12L algorithm.

We also have an active AI program underway. We have acquired approximately one million 12L ECGs from various sources, a key element in our fast-paced AI development efforts.

We have developed initial deep learning algorithms, focused on the ability to detect various cardiac arrhythmias. HeartBeam has had data on its deep learning algorithm presented at two prestigious Electrophysiology conferences. Data were presented at the European Heart Rhythm Association in Berlin, Germany in April 2024 and at the Heart Rhythm Society, in Boston, MA in May 2024. We believe that, when combined with our Products, HeartBeam’s AI will provide additional value to patients and physicians in several ways, including:

•Providing automated classification of cardiac conditions, including common arrhythmias,

•Potentially enhancing user experience and simplify the onboarding process, and

•In the longer run, we believe that applying deep learning algorithms on top of the rich data, especially with the longitudinal dataset from patients taking repeated readings, may result in unsurpassed predictive and diagnostic capabilities.

The custom software and hardware of our Products are classified as Class II medical devices by the FDA. Premarket review and clearance by the FDA for Class II devices is generally accomplished through the 510(k) premarket notification process or De Novo process. Given the proposed intended use of our device, the 510(k) submission or De Novo process is expected to require clinical data to support FDA clearance.

HeartBeam has 14 issued U.S. patents (U.S. 10,433,744, U.S. 10,117,592, U.S. 11,071,490, U.S. 11,419,538, U.S. 11,445,963, U.S. 11,701,049, U.S. 11,529,085, U.S. 10,980,433, U.S. 11,412,972, U.S. 11,234,658, U.S. 11,793,444, U.S. 11,877,853, U.S. 11,969,251 and U.S. US 12,207,908), and nine pending U.S applications. Outside of the U.S., HeartBeam has four issued patents in Germany, France, Netherlands and the United Kingdom and twenty-four pending applications in Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, South Korea and Australia. The issued patents are predicted to expire between April 11, 2036 and April 21, 2042.

Market Overview

Chronic diseases are the number one burden on the healthcare system, driving up costs each year, and cardiovascular illnesses are one of the top contributors. Regulators, payors, and providers are focused on earlier diagnosis and improved management of these conditions to drive better outcomes at lower cost. One way to accomplish this is through the use of Connected Medical Devices - solutions that use technology to provide healthcare services remotely and aim to reduce healthcare expenditures while allowing patients to engage with clinicians and better self-manage their care. The Connected Medical Device Market size is estimated at $66 billion in 2024, and is expected to reach $133 billion by 2029, growing at a compounded annual growth (“CAGR”) of 15% during the forecast period (2024-2029).

Cardiovascular disease is the most expensive disease to manage and is estimated to be responsible for one in every eight healthcare dollars spent in the US, projected to cost the US healthcare system $1 trillion by 2035. As cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, early detection, diagnosis, and management of chronic cardiac conditions are necessary to relieve the increasing burden on the healthcare system. Diagnostic tests such as ECGs are used to detect, diagnose, and track numerous cardiovascular conditions. The market for cardiac monitoring technologies, such as Holter monitors, patch-based cardiac monitoring technologies, and any other ECG-based technology used for clinical diagnosis is projected to reach approximately $18 billion by 2030, a CAGR of approximately 8%.

With advances in mobile communications, diagnostic monitoring of cardiac conditions is increasingly occurring outside the hospital. Global sales of patient monitoring devices in 2021 were $42 billion. With a CAGR of approximately 11% from 2022 to 2032, the market is projected to reach a valuation of $125 billion by 2032. The adoption of such technology was greatly accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our Product, the HeartBeam System, with its patented design, is the first-of-its-kind to receive FDA clearance for its ability to collect heart’s electrical activity from three distinct directions allowing us to get a complete view of the heart’s electrical activity. As a high-fidelity electrocardiogram (ECG) system with a credit card-sized form factor and cable-free design, it captures heart signals from three distinct directions for actionable heart health information and allows physicians to diagnose a wide range of non-urgent complex arrhythmias.

In the future, we believe we will be able to show that our easy-to-use device (without cables) provides signals that can provide a representation similar to a 12L ECG (the gold-standard) and therefore will have several applications for ambulatory use, including potential ischemic events.

In the US, someone has a heart attack every 40 seconds. We believe there are no products on the market that are portable, easy to use, and always with the patient to provide physicians with timely and highly accurate information about heart conditions that could be detected with a standard 12L ECG. A tool that is always with the patient and decreases time to intervention would have a significant effect on saving lives and healthcare dollars. We believe our technology will address this problem by providing a convenient, cost-effective cardiac monitoring solution, including software and hardware for physicians and their patients

Products and Technology

This novel technology has resulted in our initial Product, the HeartBeam System. Our HeartBeam System device is similar to the size of a credit card and records cardiac signals with integrated electrodes rather than cables. The thickness of our credit card-sized ECG signal collection device is about 1/8 inch (4 mm), and it weighs about 1 ounce (28 grams). The core technology consists of a series of patented inventions and associated algorithms that allow us to capture the heart’s electrical activity from three distinct directions.

In the future, our patented technology, along with a proprietary algorithm, will allow us to generate signals similar to a 12L ECG without the need for cables, unlike a standard 12L ECG machine. In addition, we will also use the concept of a baseline, through which we will also be able to measure the change in cardiac parameters between an asymptomatic (baseline) recording and the symptomatic recording. It will be personalized for every patient as every patient has a unique baseline, offering an increase in diagnostic performance as published previously in JACC: Advances (https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100454). Long-term, there will be obvious ease-of-use advantages when comparing our credit card-sized device to the current 12L ECG machine. The small form factor of our device makes it portable and can be used by a patient at home or elsewhere. The device can be self-applied versus requiring a trained professional to apply. Additionally, the ease of usage will allow for prompt data collection, immediately upon symptom onset which can be sent a physician to assess the patient’s ECG in the context of the patient’s baseline ECG, symptoms, and cardiac health history.

The HeartBeam System consists of a number of capabilities that the Company plans to introduce over time. These are:

1. An FDA-cleared credit card-sized ECG collection device. The device captures cardiac signals in three distinct directions and transmits them via Bluetooth connection to a smartphone. It is always with the patient given its small form factor. It is easy to use as all that is required of the patient is that the device be pressed against the chest.

2. In the future, a cloud-based software system that serves four basic functions: (1) performing a final check of the ECG signal quality, (2) synthesizing a 12L ECG from the three measured leads, (3) creating a diagnostic suggestion based on risk factors and symptoms and (4) preparing a summary report for the physician. These software functions will be introduced to the HeartBeam System product in a sequential manner. To facilitate a more accurate physician interpretation of the data, the software will also overlay the patient’s synthesized baseline 12L ECG waveform on the synthesized 12L ECG waveform from the current reading. To ensure high signal quality, the system checks for noise levels in the recorded signals. Those signals that can be effectively filtered are accepted and those that have a noise level above an empirically established threshold are rejected. If a recorded signal is rejected, the user is asked to repeat the recording.

3. A web-based physician portal capable of displaying the following relevant information for the physician to analyze: diagnostic suggestion, patient history, symptoms, synthesized 12L ECG, and recorded 3 leads. Our physician portal assists physicians with their diagnostic interpretation by providing both the baseline 12L synthesized ECG and the 12L synthesized ECG that is under evaluation.

4. A dedicated ECG monitoring and reading team of medical professionals to offer 24/7/365 services in order to provide a recommended course of action to patients based on the ECG signals, symptoms, and patient history. The patient will have the option of having a consult with a medical professional. This capability will be developed in-house or outsourced through a contracted third-party organization.

The market release of our Product will be in multiple versions.

The initial Product, which was cleared by the FDA on December 13, 2024, includes a credit card-sized device that records the cardiac activity from three distinct directions and displays the signals for clinician review. The system also includes a patient application, a physician portal, and wireless communications among the elements. We believe this is the first patient-friendly, portable device to be cleared by the FDA and is a major milestone for the Company. In addition, this clearance provides the regulatory foundation for subsequent products in our product portfolio.

Following the clearance of the initial Product, we are working to obtain a second 510(k) clearance. This clearance will be focused on the ability to offer to the physician a pair of baseline and symptomatic 12L ECGs, both synthesized from signals collected from our currently cleared HeartBeam System. This approach leverages recently issued patents for a personalized system for synthesizing 12L ECG waveforms. This second 510(k) application was submitted to FDA in January 2025. A key part of this submission is a pivotal study demonstrating the similarity between the synthesized 12L output from the HeartBeam System and a simultaneously recorded standard 12L ECG. We held two pre-submission meetings with FDA on the 12L synthesis submission. These meetings focused primarily on the performance goals of our clinical study. Based on feedback from the FDA and our clinical experts, we designed and successfully completed our clinical study, “Clinical Validation of AIMIGo 12 Lead ECG Synthesis Software for Arrhythmia Detection: A Prospective Multicenter Pivotal Study,” (the “VALID-ECG Study”).

On March 13, 2024, we enrolled the first patient in the VALID-ECG study. The VALID-ECG study is a prospective single-arm multicenter trial designed with the goal to validate the HeartBeam 12L ECG Synthesis Software by comparing its results with those of a standard FDA-cleared 12L ECG using both quantitative and qualitative assessment methodologies. We enrolled a total of 198 patients presenting to an outpatient cardiology clinic or arrhythmia center for symptoms suggestive of cardiac arrhythmia or for routine checkup of previously diagnosed arrhythmia. The study was conducted across 5 sites, and completed enrollment and data collection earlier in 2024. The primary objective is to demonstrate the clinical equivalence of ECG waveforms between HeartBeam Synthesized 12L ECG and Standard 12L ECG, recorded simultaneously in each subject, by assessing intervals and amplitudes. In addition, we have completed a 70-patient pilot study, which mirrors the pivotal study.

Future versions of the Product may include AI algorithms that automatically classify the 3-lead signals and identify common arrhythmias as well as normal sinus rhythm. Other potential enhancements include our proprietary ECG interpretation MI algorithms and our overall MI diagnostic suggestion.

Market Opportunity

ECGs are key diagnostic tests utilized in the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular disease, the number one cause of death worldwide. According to the American Heart Association, there were approximately 130 million adults living with cardiovascular disease and approximately 20 million adults with diagnosed CAD in the US. The prevalence of these cardiac conditions and thus the market size is increasing, due to an aging population and lifestyle choices.

Every 40 seconds someone in the US has a heart attack, or MI. Unfortunately, there is no way for patients at home to distinguish if the symptoms they are experiencing are due to an MI, or some other more benign condition such as indigestion. As a result, patients often ignore symptoms and delay seeking care, which leads to worse outcomes and increased mortality. Shortening that time from symptoms to the door of a medical facility would reduce complications and save lives. On the other hand, many patients who go to the Emergency Department (ED) with chest pain are not experiencing an MI. Chest pain is the second most common reason for an ED visit in patients over 45, yet fewer than 20% of chest pain ED visits result in a diagnosis of a life-threatening condition. These unnecessary ED visits lead to well over $10 billion in unnecessary healthcare expenditures.

Most ECGs are conducted in a healthcare facility setting using a 12L ECG machine, the gold standard. ECGs taken outside of healthcare facilities are expected to grow more quickly than in-hospital ECGs. Monitoring cardiac patients outside of a hospital is a fast-growing trend, as it is less expensive and provides a better patient experience. However, while ambulatory cardiac monitoring devices are often much easier for patients to use, they have fewer leads than the gold standard and therefore cannot offer as comprehensive a picture of cardiac health.

While a standard 12L ECG readout is of great medical value, it is simply impractical to have a standard 12L machine next to patients when they experience symptoms outside the clinical setting, since recording the event requires attaching multiple electrodes to the patient’s body with professional assistance. While existing technologies use predominantly single lead ECG devices to monitor arrhythmias, these technologies do not provide information to the physician on the presence of life-threatening conditions such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) including MIs, also known as heart attacks.

We believe our technology will address these market needs and has several key attributes that make it a good fit for these patients. Our Product can be used anywhere when symptoms occur and offers the potential for lifelong patient usage. The device is practically always near the patient and ready to be used for recording a cardiac event. It enables real-time transmission of the ECG signals and in the future, a synthesized 12L ECG. We believe physicians will typically prescribe our solution to chronic cardiovascular patients for long term monitoring, thereby enabling prolonged data collection and delivering a more complete picture for diagnosis. This will also enable the use of artificial intelligence (AI) on our future database that will have a unique set of longitudinal ECG signals and synthesized 12L ECGs.

As we believe our ECG platform will demonstrate 12L equivalence and clinical and cost-effectiveness advantages, coupled with a patent protected technology, we believe this might open multiple licensing and/or partnering opportunities with players in the ECG, cardiac monitoring patch and smart watch verticals.

Market Strategy

Our goal is to establish our Products as key solutions for concierge practices consisting of internal medicine and cardiology specialty, as well as cardiology practices. Our efforts to enter the market involve establishing clinical evidence and demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of adopting our Products. The initial geographic market for HeartBeam System is the US.

The primary customers are concierge physicians, cardiology practices and the cardiology departments of hospitals. Healthcare insurers are another important customer, as they will potentially benefit from the reduced costs to the healthcare system. We are working to develop new clinical studies and publish results of completed clinical studies and plan to demonstrate real world cost-effectiveness of the use of the solution.

Our initial targets for the HeartBeam System are market segments that see value in an easy-to-use medical-grade ECG device. These will be segments in which payment for the device will be outside of the established reimbursement system. These target segments may include concierge practices, the hospital-at-home segment and use in clinical trials.

Our long-term strategy is to generate sufficient evidence of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness and partner with health insurance companies (payers) to seek coverage for the HeartBeam System solution. We expect to be able to demonstrate significant clinical benefits for patients and savings to Payers.

Our primary marketing strategy will focus on the medical community with continued validation of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness and the establishment of reference sites. We will also create educational materials and provide other support to help educate our customers’ patients.

We are currently speaking with concierge practices and hospitals in large healthcare systems to educate them about our Product. These are sophisticated customers, and we plan to use technical presentations, peer-reviewed clinical data, and demonstration projects to achieve penetration of this market. We plan to continue to utilize the expertise of our medical advisory board, conduct clinical trials with leading cardiologists to increase the body of evidence, and establish reference sites among these customers.

We expect our value proposition will be progressively increased as we gradually add additional functionality to our monitoring solutions and drive down the cost by increasing scale and automation. We expect our HeartBeam System to eventually incorporate algorithms with the capabilities of detecting heart conditions that can be detected via a standard 12L ECG device. Additionally, as we collect rich longitudinal data sets from our patients, we expect to train AI algorithms that could potentially have predictive capabilities regarding different heart conditions. Over time and with scale, we expect that our costs per user will decrease and that we will provide more and better services to our patients.

For our initial markets, we plan to establish a direct sales network with relationships and experience selling to our target markets.

Clinical Data

A landmark clinical study on the HeartBeam technology was published in the August 2023 issue of the journal JACC: Advances. The publication, “Coronary Artery Occlusion Detection Using 3-Lead ECG System Suitable for Credit Card-Size Personal Device Integration” demonstrated that HeartBeam technology detects the presence of a coronary occlusion, the cause of heart attacks, with the same accuracy as a standard 12L ECG. The study showed that the automated analysis of the 3L ECG and 12L ECG signals had similar performance in determining whether a coronary artery was occluded. Also in the study, the human interpretation of the 12L ECGs had significant intra- and inter-observer variability, which does not occur with automated readings. The study also showed that the presence of the “normal baseline” recording, a novel feature that is integral to HeartBeam’s 3L ECG technology, dramatically improved the accuracy of interpretation, increasing the Area Under the Curve, a standard measure of diagnostic performance, from 0.72 to 0.95. This is particularly important since physicians who are analyzing 12L ECGs often do not have access to a normal baseline, implying that the HeartBeam System could outperform this approach. The study was a collaboration of Harvard Medical School Faculty at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA, and Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade.

Data on the HeartBeam deep learning algorithm was presented at two prestigious Electrophysiology conferences: the European Heart Rhythm Society, held in Berlin, Germany in April 2024 and the Heart Rhythm Society, held in Boston, MA in May 2024.

Further, key data from two pilot studies were presented at American Heart Association meeting in November 2024. The studies demonstrated early evidence of (1) clinical equivalence of the HeartBeam Synthesized 12L ECG to a standard 12L ECG for diagnosis of arrhythmia and (2) the use of the technology for heart attack detection.

Competition

The cardiac monitoring and detection market is characterized by rapid technological change and strong competition. There are numerous companies developing technologies that are competitive, in a broad sense, to our products, and many of these companies have significantly greater resources than HeartBeam.

In the category of ambulatory cardiac monitors - devices that are intended to be used outside of a health facility setting - there are two major segments: consumer devices and devices prescribed for ACS.

Consumer Devices

The consumer device segment consists of devices that are FDA cleared but are sold directly to patients, without a prescription. Generally, these devices are single lead ECG devices intended to recognize heart rhythm abnormalities, such as atrial fibrillation, but are not intended for ischemia detection or for life threatening conditions such as heart attack.

•Apple Inc, a public company located in Cupertino, CA, produces the Apple Watch, which includes an ECG functionality. The Apple Watch is a single lead ECG with two electrodes that contact the wrist and the finger and is intended to detect some common cardiac arrhythmias, such as Atrial Fibrillation.

•AliveCor Inc, a private company located in Mountain View, CA, produces the KardiaMobile, KardiaMobile Card and KardiaMobile 6L devices. These devices are intended to detect some common cardiac arrhythmias, such as Atrial Fibrillation.

•Google Inc, a public company located in Mountain View, CA, produces the Pixel 2 smartwatch and ECG app. The Pixel 2 watch is a single lead ECG with two electrodes that contact the fingers and is intended to detect some common cardiac arrhythmias, such as Atrial Fibrillation.

•Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, based in Seoul, South Korea, is publicly traded in Korea. It produces the Galaxy Watch3 and Galaxy Watch Active2 smartwatches with an ECG functionality, intended to detect some common cardiac arrhythmias, such as Atrial Fibrillation.

Devices prescribed for ischemia detection

There are a small number of devices that have been cleared by FDA to be used outside of healthcare facilities that provide information for patients with potential ischemic events such as MIs.

•Avertix Medical Inc. (formerly Angel Medical Systems, Inc.) is a private company based in Eatontown, NJ. The AngelMed Guardian is an implantable cardiac monitor for patients who are deemed to be extremely high risk for an MI. Physicians implant the AngelMed Guardian in patients. We believe that the HeartBeam System device will be a viable alternative to the AngelMed Guardian, as it does not require an implant and does not have a high up-front cost.

•SHL Telemedicine Ltd., is based in Tel Aviv, Israel and is publicly traded. It produces Smartheart, a 12L ECG indicated for patient use at home. Smartheart Pro is larger and more complex than our solution, requiring the placement of an electrode belt, two underarm electrodes and a waist electrode, and moistening the areas before use. Most patients would find this technology impractical to be carried with them at all times because of the large size and complex lead attachment procedure.

Intellectual Property

We believe our intellectual property (“IP”) protects our innovations, and our goal is to become a leader in the ambulatory ECG sector. For some aspects of our proprietary technology, we rely on trade secret protection. It is our view that the combination of these two methods of IP protection maximizes our chances for success.

In 2024, we were granted two new U.S. patents:

•One patent covers apparatuses and methods that facilitate the comparison of cardiac signals over time for the automated or assisted detection of heart attacks.

•The other covers methods and apparatuses around HeartBeam’s wrist-based ECG system.

Thus far in 2025, we have been granted one new U.S. patent, related to HeartBeam’s compact, mobile three-lead cardiac monitoring devices

We now have fourteen (14) issued U.S. patents and nine (9) pending U.S applications. Outside of the U.S., we have four (4) issued patents in Germany, France, Netherlands and United Kingdom and twenty-four (24) pending applications in Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, South Korea and Australia. The issued patents are predicted to expire between April 11, 2036 and April 21, 2042.

Our issued and pending U.S. patent applications cover compact ECG systems for remote detection and/or diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (“AMI”). Outside of the U.S., the pending EU, Australian (“AU”), Japanese (“JP”) and Chinese (“CN”) patent applications correspond to the pending and issued US cases. The pending PCT applications cover methods and apparatuses for automatic cardiac diagnosis as well as compact systems including retractable electrodes.

The following table sets forth a brief description of issued and pending patents, including their respective titles:

We have entered, and generally plan to continue to enter into, non-disclosure, confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with all new employees as a condition of employment. In addition, we intend to generally enter into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with consultants, manufacturers’ representatives, distributors, suppliers, and others to attempt to limit access to, use and disclosure of our proprietary information. There can be no assurance, however, that these agreements will provide meaningful protection or adequate remedies for our trade secrets in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information.

The ownership of all filed patents is assigned to HeartBeam, Inc.

Research and Development

In our quest to redefine the landscape of digital health through our innovative, user-friendly ambulatory solutions, our primary objective remains steadfast: to deliver high medical value through products that are always with the patient, assisting physicians in monitoring and diagnosing cardiac disease in patients. We believe that our success in developing initial products, underscored by our emphasis on user-friendly solutions, will set a solid foundation for our future endeavors.

We believe that our R&D team, primarily based in the US and Belgrade, Serbia, is a testament to our commitment to excellence and innovation and is comprised of seven employees, plus consultants, with expertise in the following:

•Healthcare IT platform development, biomedical engineering, electrical engineering with expertise in machine learning (ML), signal processing and ECG analysis from the medical device industry, as well as specialties in wireless communication,

•Of note, we have seven Physicists and Electrical Engineers (all Ph.D. E.E. or Ph.D. Physics) credited with our key inventions and patents.

Looking ahead, we anticipate further enhancing our efforts in harnessing signal processing and artificial intelligence (AI) to broaden our diagnostic solutions across a spectrum of cardiac conditions.

Our core technology, a cable-free ECG that can measure heart’s electrical activity in three distinct directions, is a platform technology that we believe is poised to revolutionize diagnostic solutions for cardiovascular patients. Potential applications include a synthesized 12L capable patch ECG monitor, offering significant diagnostic advantages through its 12L capability over existing single-lead ECG patch products. This innovation aims to provide standard of care 12L ECG capabilities in a form factor like current single-lead ECG patches, which we believe addresses a critical gap in the market.

A further potential application is a synthesized 12L ECG smartwatch-based monitor, offering significant diagnostic advantages through its 12L capability over existing single-lead ECG smartwatch solutions. The plan for this monitor is to eliminate the need for dedicated ECG devices, offering synthesized 12L ECG capabilities directly from a smartwatch. Combining our unique and data rich set of signals with a smartwatch, we believe, will enable the detection of heart attacks and complex arrhythmias with unprecedented convenience and efficiency.

Both the patch and smartwatch-based monitor technologies are covered by patents that we believe provide us with a strong position to expand beyond the current platform.

Our newly formed AI team, comprising industry leading experts, developed a roadmap for AI-based tool development. These tools will combine state of the art AI models and techniques applied to our unique and data rich set of signals. Initial AI development results indicate potential to significantly enhance ambulatory diagnostic capabilities over what is currently available. It is expected that AI development efforts will quickly become one of our major R&D efforts.

As we continue to advance our synthesized 12L technology, evidenced by our recently issued and allowed patents with potentially disruptive market impacts, our initial product will leverage rule-based algorithms, including signal processing and ECG synthesis. Concurrently, we are developing a number of AI-based cardiac disease detection algorithms to become the cornerstone of our commercialized systems.

Future Products

Our core technology — the approach to capturing heart’s electrical activity in three distinct directions, adopted and invented by our research team — is a platform technology that can provide diagnostic solutions to a variety of cardiovascular patients. Our plans call for expanding solutions that diagnose all major cardiac conditions that are diagnosed by ECGs.

Our future plans include the development of a synthesized 12-lead capable patch ECG monitor that will provide advantages over existing single-lead ECG patch products such as the Zio Monitor from iRhythm Technologies, Inc. Our approach will offer a synthesized 12-lead ECG with a patch that is very similar, in dimensions and look and feel, to the currently available single lead ECG patches. We believe providing standard of care 12-lead ECG capabilities will have significant diagnostic advantages over a single lead patch.

We also plan to integrate a synthesized 12-lead ECG smartwatch-based monitor intended for detection of heart attacks and complex cardiac arrhythmias. This invention is intended to eliminate the need for a dedicated ECG device while offering a synthesized 12-lead ECG capability enabling heart attack and complex arrhythmia detection.

While our initial Product is powered by a software expert system that serves as a diagnostic aid to a physician, our plan is to develop an AI based diagnostic system that will supplement our diagnostic expert system.

Government Regulation

General

Our proposed products are subject to regulation by the FDA and various other federal and state agencies, as well as by foreign governmental agencies. These agencies enforce laws and regulations that govern the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, marketing and distribution, and market surveillance of our products.

In addition to those indicated below, the only other regulations we encounter are regulations that are common to all businesses, such as employment legislation, implied warranty laws, and environmental, health and safety standards, to the extent applicable. In the future we will be subject to industry-specific government regulations that govern our products when developed for commercial use. It is possible that other regulatory approvals will be required for the design and manufacture of our products and proposed products.

U.S. Regulation

The FDA governs the following activities that HeartBeam performs, and will perform, upon the clearance or approval of its Product, or that are performed on its behalf, to ensure that medical products distributed domestically or exported internationally are safe and effective for their intended uses:

•product design, and development

•product safety, testing, labeling and storage

•record keeping procedures; and

•product marketing.

There are numerous FDA regulatory requirements governing the approval or clearance and subsequent commercial marketing of our products. These include:

•the timely submission of product listing and establishment registration information, along with associated establishment user fees;

•continued compliance with the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which require specification developers and manufacturers, including third-party manufacturers, to follow stringent design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures during all aspects of the manufacturing process;

•labeling regulations and FDA prohibitions against the promotion of products for uncleared, unapproved or off-label use or indication;

•clearance or approval of product modifications that could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the device or that would constitute a major change in intended use;

•Medical Device Reporting regulations (“MDR”), which require that manufacturers keep detailed records of investigations or complaints against their devices and to report to the FDA if their device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if it were to recur;

•adequate use of the Corrective and Preventive Actions process to identify and correct or prevent significant systemic failures of products or processes or in trends which suggest same;

•post-approval restrictions or conditions, including post-approval study commitments;

•post-market surveillance regulations, which apply when necessary, to protect the public health or to provide additional safety and effectiveness data for the device; and

•notices of correction or removal and recall regulations.

Depending on the classification of the device, before HeartBeam can commercially distribute medical devices in the United States, it must obtain, either prior 510(k) Notification clearance, De-Novo granting or premarket approval (“PMA”), from the FDA unless a respective exemption applies to the device under review by the FDA

The FDA classifies medical devices into one of three classes based on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of regulatory controls needed to ensure the device’s safety and effectiveness:

•Class I medical devices, which are low risk and subject to only general controls (e.g., registration and listing, medical device labeling compliance, MDRs, Quality System Regulations, and prohibitions against adulteration and misbranding) and, in some cases, to the 510(k) premarket clearance requirements;

•Class II medical devices, which are moderate risk and generally require 510(k) Notification premarket clearance or De Novo granting before they may be commercially marketed in the United States as well as general controls and potentially special controls like performance standards or specific labeling requirements; and

•Class III medical devices, which are devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a predicate device. Class III medical devices generally require the submission and approval of a PMA supported by clinical trial data.

The custom software and hardware of our products, we believe, are classified as Class II. Class II medical devices are those for which general controls alone are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness and there is sufficient information to establish special controls. Special controls can include performance standards, post-market surveillance, patient histories and FDA guidance documents. Premarket review and clearance by the FDA for these devices is generally accomplished through the 510(k) Notification submission pathway. As part of the 510(k) submission, the FDA may have required the following

•Development of comprehensive product description and indications for use;

•Completion of extensive preclinical tests and preclinical animal studies, performed in accordance with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice (“GLP”) regulations;

•Comprehensive review of predicate devices and development of data supporting the new product’s substantial equivalence to one or more predicate devices; and

•If appropriate and required, certain types of clinical trials (IDE submission and approval may be required for conducting a clinical trial in the US).

Clinical trials involve use of the medical device on human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with current Good Clinical Practices (“GCPs”), including the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent for their participation in the clinical study. A written protocol with predefined end points, an appropriate sample size and pre-determined patient inclusion and exclusion criteria, is required before initiating and conducting a clinical trial. All clinical investigations of devices to determine safety and effectiveness must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s Investigational Device Exemption, or IDE, regulations that among other things, govern investigational device labeling, prohibit promotion of the investigational device, and specify recordkeeping, reporting and monitoring responsibilities of study sponsors and study investigators. If the device presents a “significant risk,” as defined by the FDA, the agency requires the device sponsor to submit an IDE application, which must become effective prior to commencing human clinical trials. The IDE will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA denies the application or notifies the Company that the investigation is on hold and may not begin. If the FDA determines that there are deficiencies or other concerns with an IDE that requires modification, the FDA may permit a clinical trial to proceed under a conditional approval. In addition, the study must be approved by, and conducted under the oversight of, an Institutional Review Board (“IRB”) for each clinical site. If the device presents a non-significant risk to the patient, a sponsor may begin the clinical trial after obtaining approval for the trial by one or more IRBs without separate approval from the FDA, but it must still follow abbreviated IDE requirements, such as monitoring the investigation, ensuring that the investigators obtain informed consent, and labeling and record-keeping requirements.

When all required FDA information is completed, a detailed 510(k) premarket notification or De Novo request will be submitted to the FDA requesting clearance, or granted, to market the product. This notification will include all relevant data from pertinent preclinical and clinical trials, together with detailed information relating to the product’s manufacturing controls and proposed labeling, and other relevant documentation.

A 510(k) clearance letter from the FDA authorizes commercial marketing of the device for one or more specific indications of use.

After 510(k) clearance, HeartBeam is required to comply with several post-clearance requirements, including, but not limited to, Medical Device Reporting and complaint handling, and, if applicable, reporting of corrective actions. Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to Quality System Regulations (“QSR”). The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with FDA’s QSR, which impose extensive procedural, substantive, and record keeping requirements on medical device manufacturers. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and, depending on the change, validation activities may need to be performed. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with QSR and other types of regulatory controls.

After a device receives 510(k) clearance from the FDA, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use or technological characteristics, requires a new 510(k) clearance or could require a PMA. The FDA requires each manufacturer to make the determination of whether a modification requires a new 510(k) notification or PMA in the first instance, but the FDA can review any such decision. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s decision not to seek a new 510(k) clearance or PMA for a particular change, the FDA may retroactively require the manufacturer to seek 510(k) clearance or PMA. The FDA can also require the manufacturer to cease U.S. marketing and/or recall the modified device until additional 510(k) clearance or PMA approval is obtained.

The FDA and the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) will also regulate the advertising claims of HeartBeam’s products to ensure that the claims it makes are consistent with its regulatory clearances, that there is scientific data to substantiate the claims and that product advertising is neither false nor misleading.

We have applied for and received 510(k) clearance for the HeartBeam System. HeartBeam is now applying for 510(k) clearance for our 12-L Synthesis Software. To obtain 510(k) clearance, a company must submit a notification to the FDA demonstrating that its proposed device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device (i.e., a device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, a device that has been reclassified from Class III to Class I or Class II, or a 510(k)-cleared device). The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process generally takes from three to 12 months from the date the application is submitted but also can take significantly longer. If the FDA determines that the device or its intended use is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, the device is automatically placed into Class III, requiring the submission of a PMA. Once the information is submitted, there is no guarantee that the FDA will grant a company 510(k) clearance for its pipeline products, and failure to obtain the necessary clearances for its products would adversely affect its ability to grow its business. Delays in receipt or failure to receive the necessary clearances, or the failure to comply with existing or future regulatory requirements, could reduce its business prospects.

Devices that cannot be cleared through the 510(k)-process due to lack of a predicate device but would be considered low or moderate risk may be eligible for the De Novo process. In 1997, the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (“FDAMA”) added the de novo classification pathway now codified in section 513(f)(2) of the FD&C Act. This law established an alternate pathway to classify new devices into Class I or II that had automatically been placed in Class III after receiving a Not Substantially Equivalent (“NSE”), determination in response to a 510(k) submission. Through this regulatory process, a sponsor who receives an NSE determination may, within 30 days of receipt, request FDA to make a risk-based classification of the device through what is called a “de novo request.” In 2012, section 513(f)(2) of the FD&C Act was amended by section 607 of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (“FDASIA”), to provide a second option for de novo classification. Under this second pathway, a sponsor who determines that there is no legally marketed device upon which to base a determination of substantial equivalence can submit a de novo request to FDA without first submitting a 510(k).

If a company receives a Not Substantially Equivalent determination in response to a 510(k) submission, the device may still be eligible for the 510(k) de novo classification process.

Devices that cannot be cleared through the 510(k) or De Novo classification process require the submission of a PMA. . A PMA must be supported by extensive data, including but not limited to data obtained from preclinical and/or clinical studies and data relating to manufacturing and labeling, to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the device. After a PMA application is submitted, the FDA’s in-depth review of the information generally takes between one and three years and may take significantly longer.

We also need to establish a suitable and effective quality management system, which establishes controlled processes for our product design, manufacturing, and distribution. We plan to do this in compliance with the internationally recognized standard ISO 13485:2013 Medical Devices — Quality Management Systems — Requirements for Regulatory Purposes. Following the introduction of a product, the FDA and foreign agencies engage in periodic reviews of our quality systems, as well as product performance and advertising and promotional materials. These regulatory controls, as well as any changes in FDA policies, can affect the time and cost associated with the development, introduction, and continued availability of new products. Where possible, we anticipate these factors in our product development processes. These agencies possess the authority to take various administrative and legal actions against us, such as product recalls, product seizures and other civil and criminal sanctions.

Based on all available data and opinions from our well qualified external consultants who specialize in FDA submissions, we believe that both our initial products and the follow-on products qualify for the 510(k)-clearance path or De Novo granting paths.

Foreign Regulation

As we plan to market our products in the EU and other foreign markets, in addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our products in foreign countries. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.

Preparations for Design for Manufacturing

To date, our efforts have been primarily concentrated on the research and development of our initial HeartBeam device. We have successfully developed fully functional versions of the product which have passed design control processes, including all necessary verification and validation testing, to ensure compliance with safety standards such as IEC 60601. Documentation for these pre-production units were part of our 510(k) regulatory filing with the FDA, which recently received market clearance. In preparation for commercial production, we have proactively designed and procured the production tooling required to facilitate the future commercialization of our product and are actively working to finalize our contract manufacturing partnership.

Our manufacturing strategy is designed to scale with our commercial phases. Currently, for our immediate needs, we have leveraged our relationship with Triple Ring Technologies, Inc (TRT), a US-based medical device design engineering firm, to build our devices. Further, we have partnered with TRT to design and procure automated production tooling and component molds that will ultimately be installed at our contract manufacturing (CM) partner ahead of commercial launch. We are in the process of selecting our CM, focusing on organizations who have proven competencies in medical device manufacturing, offer domestic and international sourcing and assembly capabilities, and possess ability to scale with us. Once a CM partner agreement is finalized, we will begin the formal design transfer process. Production manufacturing will commence thereafter, in anticipation of our commercial launch post FDA clearance of the HeartBeam synthesized 12-L ECG software.

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we had 21 full-time employees. We have budgeted to hire additional full-time employees (including additional consultants or independent contractors) in the near future to execute our growth plans. We consider our employee relations to be good.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 2118 Walsh Avenue, Suite 210, Santa Clara, CA 95050. Our telephone number is (408) 899-4443 and our web address is www.heartbeam.com. Financial and other information can be accessed on the “Investors” section of our website. We make available through our website, free of charge, copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Also posted on our website are certain corporate governance documents, including our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The reference to our website is textual in reference only, and the information included or referred to on, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this report or any other filing.

We also file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports may be obtained by visiting the Public Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at (800) SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information.