AMERICAS CARMART INC

A – Organization and Business

America’s Car-Mart, Inc., a Texas corporation (the “Company”), is one of the largest publicly held automotive retailers in the United States focused exclusively on the “Integrated Auto Sales and Finance” segment of the used car market. References to the Company typically include the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries. The Company’s operations are principally conducted through itstwo operating subsidiaries, America’s Car Mart, Inc., an Arkansas corporation (“Car-Mart of Arkansas”), and Colonial Auto Finance, Inc., an Arkansas corporation (“Colonial”). The Company primarily sells older model used vehicles and provides financing for substantially all of its customers. Many of the Company’s customers have limited financial resources and would not qualify for conventional financing as a result of limited credit histories or past credit difficulties. As of January 31, 2025, the Company operated 154 dealerships located primarily in small cities throughout the South-Central United States.

B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

General

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2024, which has been derived from audited financial statements, and the unaudited interim condensed financial statements as of January 31, 2025 and 2024, have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending April 30, 2025. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2024.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of America’s Car-Mart, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Segment Information

Each dealership is an operating segment with its results regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker in an effort to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and to assess its performance. Individual dealerships meet the aggregation criteria for reporting purposes under the current accounting guidance. The Company operates in the Integrated Auto Sales and Finance segment of the used car market, also referred to as the Integrated Auto Sales and Finance industry. In this industry, the nature of the sale and the financing of the transaction, financing processes, the type of customer and the methods used to distribute the Company’s products and services, including the actual servicing of the contracts as well as the regulatory environment in which the Company operates, all have similar characteristics. Each individual dealership is similar in nature and only engages in the selling and financing of used vehicles. All individual dealerships have similar operating characteristics. As such, individual dealerships have been aggregated intoone reportable segment.

Reclassifications

Accident protection plan (“APP”) reserves in the amount of approximately $11.7 million for the three months ended July 31, 2023 and wholesales sales of $3.0 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2024 in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. APP reserves of $5.8 million were reclassed out of accrued liabilities to reserve against finance receivables and $5.9 million of estimated APP insurance receivables were reclassed out of finance receivables to prepaid expenses and other assets for the three months ended July 31, 2023. $3.0 million of wholesales sales were reclassed out of wholesales – third party sales to cost of goods sold for the nine months ended January 31, 2024. The reclassification had no effect on the prior year net income or shareholder’s equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include the Company’s allowance for credit losses.

Change in Accounting Estimate

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2025, the Company refined its accounting estimate with respect to its service contracts. The Company previously recognized deferred service contract revenue over the term associated with the service contract. The service contract is completed once a customer has (a) incurred the designated mileage or (b) the contract has surpassed the designated years. Management performed an analysis to determine when its performance obligations were being met and determined that its customers are reaching the mileage limit prior to reaching the maximum time duration of the service contracts. As such, management determined that service contract revenue should be recognized over a nine-month term for each 12,000 miles, which effectively resulted in a 25% acceleration of the timing of revenue recognition prospectively. The impact to revenue recognized for service contracts was $13.2 million, $7.1 million net of tax in the second quarter of fiscal year 2025, or $0.91 increase to diluted earnings per share ($0.93 increase to basic earnings per share) for the nine months ended January 31, 2025.

Concentration of Risk

The Company provides financing in connection with the sale of substantially all of its vehicles. These sales are made primarily to customers residing in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas, with approximately 28% of current period revenues resulting from sales to Arkansas customers.

As of January 31, 2025, and periodically throughout the period, the Company maintained cash in financial institutions in excess of the amounts insured by the federal government. The cash is held in several highly rated banking institutions. The Company regularly monitors its counterparty credit risk and mitigates exposure by limiting the amount it invests in one institution.

Restrictions on Distributions / Dividends

The Company’s revolving credit facilities generally restrict distributions by the Company to its shareholders. On September 16, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to its revolving credit facilities that, among other things, restricts the Company from future repurchases of the Company’s stock. See Note F for additional information on this amendment to the revolving credit facilities. As of January 31, 2025, the Company may not repurchase shares of the Company’s stock (other than receiving shares surrendered to pay the exercise price or tax withholding in connection with equity-based awards issued under the Company’s equity incentive plans), pay dividends or make other distributions to its shareholders without the consent of the Company’s lenders.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash is related to the financing and securitization transactions discussed below and is held by the securitization trusts.

Restricted cash from collections on auto finance receivables for non-recourse notes includes collections of principal, interest, and late fee payments on auto finance receivables that are restricted for payment to holders of non-recourse notes payable pursuant to the applicable agreements.

The restricted cash on deposit in reserve accounts is for the benefit of holders of non-recourse notes payable and these funds are not expected to be available to the Company or its creditors. If the cash generated by the related receivables in a given period was insufficient to pay the interest, principal, and other required payments, the balances on deposit in the reserve accounts would be used to pay those amounts.

Restricted cash consisted of the following at January 31, 2025 and April 30, 2024:

Financing, Securitization, and Warehouse Transactions

The Company utilizes term securitizations to provide long-term funding for a portion of the auto finance receivables initially funded through the debt facilities. In these transactions, a pool of auto finance receivables is sold to a special purpose entity that, in turn, transfers the receivables to a special purpose trust. The trust issues asset-backed securities, secured by the transferred receivables, and the proceeds from the sale of the asset-backed securities are used to purchase the receivables.

The Company recognizes transfers of auto finance receivables into the term securitization trust as secured borrowings, recording the auto finance receivables and the related non-recourse notes payable on our consolidated balance sheet. These auto finance receivables can only be used as collateral to settle obligations of the related non-recourse notes payable until the issued notes are repaid in full. The term securitization investors have no recourse to the Company’s assets beyond the related auto finance receivables, the amounts on deposit in the reserve account, and the cash from collections on auto finance receivables.

The Company’s principal operating subsidiary and a newly formed affiliate also entered into a loan and security agreement in the first quarter of fiscal 2025 under which the Company’s affiliate borrowed $150 million through an amortizing warehouse loan facility collateralized by certain additional auto finance receivables originated by the Company’s operating subsidiaries. Under the loan and security agreement, the warehouse lender had recourse against the Company for up to 10% of the aggregate amount borrowed under the facility. The Company paid off the warehouse facility in October 2024. No debt was outstanding under the warehouse loan facility as of January 31, 2025. See Notes C and F for additional information on auto finance receivables, non-recourse notes payable and warehouse loan facility.

The Company carries the debt from the term securitization trusts on its balance sheet in recognition of the Company’s residual economic interest in the receivable pools for each transaction. The Company or one of its subsidiaries serves as the servicer for each securitization, managing collection activities in the same manner as it does with its overall portfolio of receivables. The overcollateralization in each financing serves to absorb credit losses (subject to limitations) and the Company receives remaining assets of the trust upon repayment in full of the related indebtedness.

Finance Receivables, Repossessions and Charge-offs and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company originates installment sale contracts from the sale of used vehicles at its dealerships. These installment sale contracts carry a weighted average interest rate of approximately 17.5% using the simple effective interest method including any deferred fees. The Company originates contracts at interest rates ranging from 12.99% up to 23.0% based on the credit score of the customer. Contract origination costs are not significant. The installment sale contracts are structured to have variable payments whereby borrowers are obligated to pay back principal plus the full amount of interest that will accrue over the entire term of the contract. Finance receivables are collateralized by vehicles sold and consist of contractually scheduled payments from installment contracts net of unearned finance charges and an allowance for credit losses. Unearned finance charges to be collected represent the balance of interest receivable to be earned over the remaining term of the related installment contract, and as such, have been reflected as a reduction to the gross contract amount in arriving at the principal balance in finance receivables. Total earned finance charges were $7.1 million and $6.9 million at January 31, 2025 and April 30, 2024, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

An account is considered delinquent when the customer is one day or more behind on their contractual payments. While the Company does not formally place contracts on nonaccrual status, the immaterial amount of interest that may accrue after an account becomes delinquent up until the point of resolution via repossession or write-off is reserved for against the accrued interest on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Delinquent contracts are addressed and either made current by the customer, which is the case in most situations, or the vehicle is repossessed or written off if the collateral cannot be recovered quickly. Customer payments are set to match their payday, with approximately 78% of payments due on either a weekly or bi-weekly basis. The frequency of the payment due dates combined with the declining value of collateral lead to prompt resolutions on problem accounts. On January 31, 2025,3.7% of the Company’s finance receivable balances were 30 days or more past due, compared to 3.1% at April 30, 2024.

Substantially all of the Company’s installment sale contracts involve contracts made to individuals with impaired or limited credit histories, or higher debt-to-income ratios than permitted by traditional lenders. Contracts made with buyers who are restricted in their ability to obtain financing from traditional lenders generally entail a higher risk of delinquency, default and repossession, and higher losses than contracts made with buyers with better credit. At the time of originating an installment sale contract, the Company requires customers to meet certain criteria that demonstrate their intent and ability to pay for the financed principal and interest on the vehicle they are purchasing. However, the Company recognizes that their customer base is at a higher risk of default given their impaired or limited credit histories.

The Company strives to keep its delinquency percentages low, and not to repossess vehicles. Accounts one to three days late are contacted by telephone or text messaging notifications. Notes from each contact are electronically maintained in the Company’s computer system. The Company also utilizes text messaging notifications that allow customers the option to receive due date reminders and late notifications, if applicable. The Company attempts to resolve payment delinquencies amicably prior to repossessing a vehicle. If a customer becomes severely delinquent in his or her payments, and management determines that timely collection of future payments is not probable, the Company will take steps to repossess the vehicle.

Periodically, the Company enters into contract modifications with its customers to extend or modify the payment terms. The Company only enters into a contract modification or extension if it believes such action will increase the amount of money the Company will ultimately realize on the customer’s account and will increase the likelihood of the customer being able to pay off the installment sale contract. At the time of modification, the Company expects to collect amounts due including accrued interest at the contractual interest rate for the period of delay. No other concessions are granted to customers, beyond the extension of additional time, at the time of modifications. Modifications are minor and are made for payday changes, minor vehicle repairs and other reasons. For those vehicles that are repossessed, the majority are returned or surrendered by the customer on a voluntary basis. Other repossessions are performed by Company personnel or third-party repossession agents. Depending on the condition of a repossessed vehicle, it is either resold on a retail basis through a Company dealership or sold for cash on a wholesale basis, primarily through physical or online auctions.

The Company takes steps to repossess a vehicle when the customer becomes delinquent in his or her payments and management determines that timely collection of future payments is not probable. Accounts are charged-off after the expiration of a statutory notice period for repossessed accounts, or when management determines that the timely collection of future payments is not probable for accounts where the Company has been unable to repossess the vehicle. For accounts with respect to which the vehicle was repossessed, the fair value of the repossessed vehicle is charged as a reduction of the gross finance receivables balance charged-off. On average, accounts are approximately 73 days past due at the time of charge-off. For previously charged-off accounts that are subsequently recovered, the amount of such recovery is credited to the allowance for credit losses. The amount of the net repossession and charge-off loss is also reduced by any deferred service contract and accident protection plan revenue at the time of charge-off.

The quantitative portion of the Company’s allowance for credit losses is measured using an undiscounted cash flow (“CF”) model whereby the undiscounted cash flows are adjusted by a prepayment rate and then the loss rate is applied and compared to the amortized cost basis of finance receivables to reflect management’s estimate of expected credit losses. The CF model is based on installment sale contract level characteristics of the Company’s finance receivables, such as the contractual payment structure, maturity date, payment frequency for recurring payments, and interest rates, as well as the following assumptions:

•a historical loss period, which represents a full economic credit cycle utilizing loss experience, to calculate the historical loss rate; and

•static annualized historical rate based on average time of charge-off; and

•expected prepayment rates based on our historical experience, which also incorporates non-standard contractual payments such as down payments made during the first ninety-days or annual seasonal payments.

The Company’s allowance for credit losses also considers qualitative factors not captured within the CF modeled results such as changes in underwriting and collection practices, economic trends, changes in volume and terms of installment sales contracts, credit quality trends, installment sale contract review results, collateral trends, and concentrations of credit. The Company’s qualitative factors incorporate a macroeconomic variable forecast of inflation over a reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year that affects its customers’ non-discretionary income and ability to repay. The reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year is based on management’s current review of the reliability of extended forecasts and is applied as an adjustment to the historical loss rate.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on an aggregate basis at an amount it considers sufficient to cover net credit losses expected over the remaining life of the installment sales contracts in the portfolio at the measurement date. At January 31, 2025, the weighted average total contract term was 48.3 months, with 35.7 months remaining. The allowance for credit losses at January 31, 2025, $333.3 million, was 24.31% of the principal balance in finance receivables of $1.5 billion, less deferred APP revenue of $50.4 million and deferred service contract revenue of $57.1 million, less pending APP claims of $7.3 million. The allowance for credit losses is periodically reviewed by management with any changes reflected in current operations.

In most states, the Company offers retail customers who finance their vehicle the option of purchasing an accident protection plan product as an add-on to the installment sale contract. This product contractually obligates the Company to cancel the remaining principal outstanding for any contract where the retail customer’s vehicle is totaled, as defined by the product, or the vehicle has been stolen. The Company periodically evaluates anticipated losses to ensure that if anticipated losses exceed deferred accident protection plan revenues, an additional liability is recorded for such difference. At January 31, 2025, anticipated losses did not exceed deferred accident protection plan revenues.

Inventory

Inventory consists of used vehicles and is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value on a specific identification basis. Vehicle reconditioning costs are capitalized as a component of inventory. Repossessed vehicles and trade-in vehicles are recorded at fair value, which approximates wholesale value. The cost of used vehicles sold is determined using the specific identification method.

Goodwill

Goodwill reflects the excess of purchase price over the fair value of specifically identified net assets purchased. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to qualitative annual impairment tests at the Company’s year-end. The impairment tests are based on the comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value of such unit. The implied goodwill is compared to the carrying value of the goodwill to determine the impairment, if any. During the nine months ended January 31, 2025, the Company evaluated goodwill and recorded an immaterial impairment of $120,000 due to the closure of an acquired dealership location in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. The Company also recorded an $8.5 million increase to goodwill due to the acquisition of Texas Auto Center in the first quarter of fiscal year 2025.

Goodwill totaled $22.8 million at January 31, 2025 and $14.4 million at April 30, 2024.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for additions, remodels and improvements are capitalized. Costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated life of the improvement or the lease period. The lease period includes the primary lease term plus any extensions that are reasonably assured. Depreciation is computed principally using the straight-line method generally over the following estimated useful lives:

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, capitalized internal-use software and operating lease right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, such assets are considered to be impaired, and the impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. There were no impairment charges recognized during any of the periods presented.

Cloud Computing Implementation Costs

The Company enters into cloud computing service contracts to support its sales, inventory management, and administrative activities. The Company capitalizes certain implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements that meet the definition of a service contract. The Company includes these capitalized implementation costs within prepaid expenses and other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Once placed in service, the Company amortizes these costs over the remaining subscription term to the same caption on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as the related cloud subscription. Capitalized implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements accounted for as service contracts were $19.4 million and $16.7 million as of January 31, 2025 and April 30, 2024, respectively. Accumulated amortization of capitalized implementation costs for these arrangements was $1.1 million for the three months ended January 31, 2025 and $48,000 for the same period in the prior year.

Cash Overdraft

As checks are presented for payment from the Company’s primary disbursement bank account, monies are automatically drawn against cash collections for the day and, if necessary, are drawn against one of the revolving credit facilities. Any cash overdraft balance principally represents outstanding checks, net of any deposits in transit that as of the balance sheet date had not yet been presented for payment, net of any deposits in transit. Any cash overdraft balance is reflected in accrued liabilities on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Deferred Sales Tax

Deferred sales tax represents a sales tax liability of the Company for vehicles sold on an installment basis in the states of Alabama and Texas. Under Alabama and Texas law for vehicles sold on an installment basis, the related sales tax is due as the payments are collected from the customer, rather than at the time of sale. Deferred sales tax liabilities are reflected in accrued liabilities on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which these differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The quarterly provision for income taxes is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is based on expected annual taxable income, statutory tax rates and the Company’s best estimate of nontaxable and nondeductible items of income and expense. The effective income tax rates were 29.3% and 21.9% for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and January 31, 2024, respectively. Total income tax expense for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 differed from amounts computed by applying the United States federal statutory tax rates to pre-tax income primarily due to state income taxes and the impact of permanent differences between book and taxable income. The Company didnot record a discrete income tax benefit for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 related to excess tax benefits on share-based compensation. The Company recorded a discrete income tax benefit of approximately $213,000 for the nine months ended January 31, 2024.

Occasionally, the Company is audited by taxing authorities. These audits could result in proposed assessments of additional taxes. The Company believes that its tax positions comply in all material respects with applicable tax law. However, tax law is subject to interpretation, and interpretations by taxing authorities could be different from those of the Company, which could result in the imposition of additional taxes.

The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company applies this methodology to all tax positions for which the statute of limitations remains open.

The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. Tax regulations within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require significant judgment to apply. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for the years before fiscal 2021.

The Company’s policy is to recognize accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. The Company hadno accrued penalties or interest as of January 31, 2025 or April 30, 2024.

Revenue Recognition

Revenues are generated principally from the sale of used vehicles, which in most cases includes a service contract and an accident protection plan product, as well as interest income and late fees earned on finance receivables. Revenues are net of taxes collected from customers and remitted to government agencies. Cost of vehicle sales include costs incurred by the Company to prepare the vehicle for sale including license and title costs, gasoline, transport services, and repairs.

Revenues from the sale of used vehicles are recognized when the sales contract is signed, the customer has taken possession of the vehicle and, if applicable, financing has been approved. Revenues from the sale of vehicles sold at wholesale are recognized at the time the proceeds are received. As discussed in Change in Accounting Estimate, beginning in the quarter ended October 31, 2024, revenues from the sale of service contracts are recognized ratably over anine-month term for each 12,000 miles. Service contract revenues are included in sales and the related expenses are included in cost of sales. Accident protection plan revenues are initially deferred and then recognized to income using the “Rule of 78’s” interest method over the life of the contract so that revenues are recognized in proportion to the amount of cancellation protection provided. Accident protection plan revenues are included in sales and related losses are included in cost of sales as incurred. Any unearned revenue from ancillary products is charged-off at the time of repossession. Interest income is recognized on all active finance receivables accounts using the simple effective interest method. Active accounts include all accounts except those that have been paid-off or charged-off.

Sales for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following:

At January 31, 2025 and 2024, finance receivables more than 90 days past due were approximately $7.0 million and $6.1 million, respectively. Late fee revenues totaled approximately $1.4 million and $3.9 million for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2025, respectively. Late fee revenues totaled approximately $1.2 million and $3.6 million for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2024, respectively. Late fees are recognized when collected and are reflected in interest and other income on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amount of revenue recognized for the nine months ended January 31, 2024 that was included in the April 30, 2024 deferred service contract revenue was $29.7 million.

Earnings (Loss) per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus dilutive common stock equivalents. The calculation of diluted earnings per share takes into consideration the potentially dilutive effect of common stock equivalents, such as outstanding stock options and non-vested restricted stock, which if exercised or converted into common stock would then share in the earnings of the Company. In computing diluted earnings per share, the Company utilizes the treasury stock method and anti-dilutive securities are excluded.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of equity instruments, such as stock options and restricted stock, based on the fair value of those awards at the date of grant over the requisite service period. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock option awards. The Company may issue either new shares or treasury shares upon exercise of these awards. Stock-based compensation plans, related expenses, and assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model are more fully described in Note I. If an award contains a performance condition, expense is recognized only for those shares for which it is considered reasonably probable as of the current period end that the performance condition will be met. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur and records any excess tax benefits or deficiencies from its equity awards in its Consolidated Statements of Operations in the reporting period in which the exercise occurs. The Company didnot record a discrete income tax benefit for the nine months ended January 31, 2025. The Company recorded a discrete income tax benefit of approximately $213,000 for the nine months ended January 31, 2024. As a result, the Company’s income tax expenses and associated effective tax rate will be impacted by fluctuations in stock price between the grant dates and exercise dates of equity awards.

Treasury Stock

Treasury stock may be used for issuances under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans or for other general corporate purposes. The Company has a reserve account of 10,000 shares of treasury stock to secure outstanding service contracts issued in Iowa in accordance with the regulatory requirements of that state and another reserve account of 14,000 shares of treasury stock for its subsidiary, ACM Insurance Company, in accordance with the requirements of the Arkansas Department of Insurance.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Occasionally, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standard setting bodies which the Company will adopt as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes the implementation of recently issued standards which are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In March 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. This guidance changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. This guidance will affect the Company’s vintage disclosures related to current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this standard on May 1, 2023 under a prospective basis. In regard to installment sale contract modifications, management notes that the Company primarily modifies a customer’s installment sale contract to allow for insignificant payment delays. This type of modification is generally done to account for payday changes for the customer and minor vehicle repairs.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which sets forth improvements to the current segment disclosure requirements in accordance with Topic 280 “Segment Reporting,” including clarifying that entities with a single reportable segment are subject to both new and existing segment reporting requirements. ASU 2023-07 will be effective retrospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this ASU will result in additional disclosure but will not impact the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2023, the FASB issued an accounting pronouncement (ASU 2023-09) related to income tax disclosures. The amendments in this update are intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, though early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this pronouncement for our fiscal year beginning May 1, 2025, and we do not expect it to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

C – Finance Receivables, Net

The Company originates installment sale contracts from the sale of used vehicles at its dealerships. These installment sale contracts, which originate at interest rates ranging from 12.99% to 23.0%, are collateralized by the vehicle sold and typically provide for payments over periods ranging from 18 to 79 months. The Company’s finance receivables are defined as one segment andone class of contracts, which is sub-prime consumer automobile contracts. The level of risks in the Company’s finance receivables is managed asone homogeneous pool.

The components of finance receivables are as follows:

Changes in the finance receivables, net are as follows:

Changes in the finance receivables allowance for credit losses are as follows:

Amounts recovered from previously written-off accounts were approximately $2.5 million and $2.0 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These amounts are netted against recovered collateral in the table above.

The Company reduced the allowance for credit loss in the third quarter of fiscal year 2025 to 24.31% from 24.72% at October 31, 2024, resulting in a decrease of $5.6 million to the provision. The primary driver of this change was favorable performance in contracts originated under tighter underwriting standards.

The following table presents the finance receivables that are current and past due as follows:

Accounts one and two days past due are considered current for this analysis, due to the varying payment dates and variation in the day of the week at each period end. Delinquencies may vary from period to period based on the average age of the portfolio, seasonality within the calendar year, the day of the week and overall economic factors. The above categories are consistent with internal operational measures used by the Company to monitor credit results.

Substantially all of the Company’s installment sale contracts involve contracts made to individuals with impaired or limited credit histories, or higher debt-to-income ratios than permitted by traditional lenders. Contracts made with buyers who are restricted in their ability to obtain financing from traditional lenders generally entail a higher risk of delinquency, default and repossession, and higher losses than contracts made with buyers with better credit. The Company monitors customer scores, contract term length, payment to income, down payment percentages, and collections for credit quality indicators.

Total dollars collected per active customer for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 increased 5.1% year over year and principal collections as a percentage of average finance receivables increased slightly by 40 basis points compared to the prior year. The average originating contract term increased slightly as the average retail sales price was up $469 and term is optimized to the distribution by customer score, shortening term for highest credit risk customers and allowing additional term for better credit scoring customers.

When customers apply for financing, the Company’s proprietary scoring model relies on the customers’ credit histories and certain application information to evaluate and rank their risk. The Company obtains credit histories and other credit data that includes information such as number of different addresses, age of oldest record, high risk credit activity, job time, time at residence and other factors. The application information that is used includes income, collateral value, and down payment. The scoring models yield credit grades that represent the relative likelihood of repayment. Customers with the highest probability of repayment are 7 rated customers. Customers assigned a lower grade are determined to have a lower probability of repayment. For installment sales contracts that are approved, the credit grade influences the terms of the agreement, such as the maximum amount financed, term length and minimum down payment. After origination, credit grades are generally not updated.

The following table presents a summary of finance receivables by credit quality indicator, as of January 31, 2025, segregated by customer score and year of origination.

The following table presents a summary of finance receivables by credit quality indicator, as of January 31, 2024, segregated by customer score.

D – Property and Equipment, Net

A summary of property and equipment is as follows:

E – Accrued Liabilities

A summary of accrued liabilities is as follows:

F – Debt Facilities

A summary of debt facilities is as follows:

Revolving Line of Credit

On September 16, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 8 to its revolving credit facility agreement, which, among other things, reduced the total permitted borrowings from $340 million to $320 million and required the Company to maintain a minimum amount available to be drawn under the credit facilities of $20 million. If the outstanding principal balance under the line of credit equals or exceeds $300 million, the Company would be required to maintain a minimum availability of $50 million. The amendment also made certain modifications to the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant and restricts the Company from making future repurchases of its common stock, along with the agreement’s existing restrictions on other distributions to the Company’s shareholders. In addition, Amendment No. 8 added Colonial Underwriting, Inc., an Arkansas corporation, as a new guarantor.

At January 31, 2025, the Company and its subsidiaries have $320 million of permitted borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The revolving credit facilities are collateralized by finance receivables and inventory, are cross collateralized and contain a guarantee by the Company. Interest is payable monthly under the revolving credit facilities with a scheduled maturity date of September 30, 2025. The current applicable interest rate under the credit facilities is SOFR plus 3.50% or for non-SOFR amounts the base rate of 7.50% plus 1% at January 31, 2025 and April 30, 2024. The credit facilities contain various reporting and performance covenants including (i) maintenance of certain financial ratios and tests, (ii) limitations on borrowings from other sources, (iii) restrictions on certain operating activities and (iv) restrictions on the payment of dividends or distributions (see Note B).

The Company was in compliance with the covenants at January 31, 2025. The amount available to be drawn under the credit facilities is a function of eligible finance receivables and inventory. Based upon eligible finance receivables and inventory at January 31, 2025, the Company had additional availability of approximately $45.0 million under the revolving credit facilities.

Under the existing terms of the loan and security agreement, as amended, for the revolving credit facility, the facility is scheduled to mature in March 2027.

Non-Recourse and Recourse Notes Payable

The Company has issuedsix separate series of asset-backed non-recourse notes (known as the “2022 Issuance”, “2023-1 Issuance”, “2023-2 Issuance”, “2024-1 Issuance”, “2024-2 Issuance” and "2025-1 Issuance"). Allsix issuances are collateralized by installment sale contracts directly originated by the Company. Credit enhancement for the non-recourse notes payable consists of overcollateralization, a reserve account funded with an initial amount of not less than 2.0% of the pool balance, excess interest on the auto finance receivables, and in some cases, the subordination of certain payments to noteholders of less senior classes of notes. The timing of principal payments on the non-recourse notes payable is based on the timing of principal collections and defaults on the related auto finance receivables. In December 2023, the Company fully paid off the 2022 Issuance. The debt related to the remaining term securitization transactions accrues interest at fixed rates and has scheduled maturities through January 22, 2030, June 20, 2030, January 21, 2031, August 20, 2031, and November 20, 2031, respectively, but may be repaid earlier, depending upon collections from the underlying auto finance receivables. The original principal balance and weighted average fixed coupon rate for thefive securitizations are as follows:

On July 12, 2024, the Company’s principal operating subsidiary, America’s Car Mart, Inc., and a newly formed affiliate entered into a loan and security agreement under which the Company’s affiliate borrowed $150 million in funding through an amortizing warehouse loan facility collateralized by installment sale contracts directly originated by the Company’s operating subsidiaries. The Company used the funding from the warehouse loan facility to pay down outstanding amounts borrowed under the Company’s revolving line of credit to fund its finance receivables. The loan and security agreement provided for additional borrowing availability, subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement, and recourse against the Company with respect to up to 10% of the aggregate amount borrowed under the warehouse facility payable. Interest on any outstanding balances accrues at a rate of SOFR plus 350 basis points, with a scheduled maturity date of July 12, 2026. In October 2024, the Company used the proceeds from its 2024-2 Issuance to pay down the outstanding balance under the warehouse loan facility. No debt was outstanding under the warehouse loan facility as of January 31, 2025.

G – Fair Value Measurements

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Topic 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

•Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 Inputs – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3 Inputs – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Because no market exists for certain of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments and estimates regarding yield expectations of investors, credit risk and other risk characteristics, including interest rate and prepayment risk. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect these estimates.

The methodology and assumptions utilized to estimate the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments and other assets are as follows:

The estimated fair values, and related carrying amounts, of the financial instruments and other assets included in the Company’s financial statements at January 31, 2025 and April 30, 2024 are as follows:

H – Weighted Average Shares Outstanding

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:

I – Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has stock-based compensation plans under which awards of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options and restricted stock have been or may be granted to employees, directors, and certain advisors of the Company. The stock-based compensation plan being utilized at January 31, 2025 is the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. The 2024 Equity Incentive Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders and became effective on August 27, 2024. This plan governs all new equity-based awards granted on or after its effective date. The 2024 Equity Incentive Plan includes a reserve of 500,000 shares authorized for issuance of awards under the plan. At January 31, 2025, a total of 419,205 shares remained available for future awards under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company recorded total stock-based compensation expense for all plans of approximately $3.8 million ($2.7 million after tax effects) and $2.4 million ($1.9 million after tax effects) for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Tax benefits were recognized for these costs at the Company’s overall effective tax rate, excluding discrete income tax benefits related to excess benefits on share-based compensation.

Stock Option Awards

The Company has options outstanding under the Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan. The shareholders of the Company approved the Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan (the “Restated Option Plan”) on August 5, 2015, which extended the term of the Stock Option Plan to June 10, 2025 and increased the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the plan by an additional 300,000 shares to 1,800,000 shares. On August 29, 2018, August 26, 2020, and August 30, 2022, the shareholders of the Company approved amendments to the Restated Option Plan increasing the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the plan by an additional 200,000,200,000, and 185,000 shares, respectively. At January 31, 2025, a total of 433,734 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance of outstanding stock options under the Restated Option plan. Options outstanding under the Restated Option Plan expire in the calendar years 2025 through 2034. As of January 31, 2025, there were 255,433 unvested options under the Restated Option Plan. No further awards may be granted under the Restated Option Plan.

The 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, which replaced the Restated Option Plan, provides for the grant of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock to employees, directors and certain advisors of the Company at a price not less than the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant and for periods not to exceedten years. As of January 31, 2025, there were 7,500 unvested options under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan.

The fair value of options granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the assumptions in the table below.

The expected term of the options is based on evaluations of historical and expected future employee exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates at the date of grant with maturity dates approximately equal to the expected life at the grant date. Volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The Company has not historically issued any dividends and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.

There were 22,281 and 197,486 options granted during the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024 under the Restated Option Plan, respectively. There were 7,500 options granted during the nine months ended January 31, 2025 under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan. The grant-date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024 was $542,000 and $5.7 million, respectively. The options were granted at fair market value on the date of grant.

Stock option compensation expense was $863,000 ($610,000 after tax effects) and $1.5 million ($1.2 million after tax effects) for the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of January 31, 2025, the Company had approximately $1.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options that are expected to vest. These unvested outstanding options have a weighted-average remaining vesting period of 1.7 years.

The Company had the following options exercised for the periods indicated. The impact of these cash receipts is included in financing activities in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

There wereno options exercised through net settlements during the nine months ended January 31, 2025. During the nine months ended January 31, 2024, there were 30,000 options exercised through net settlements in accordance with plan provisions, wherein the shares issued were reduced by 23,507 shares to satisfy the exercise price and applicable withholding taxes to acquire 6,493 shares.

The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options at January 31, 2025 and 2024 was $603,000 and $2.4 million, respectively. As of January 31, 2025, there were 433,734 vested and exercisable stock options outstanding with an aggregate intrinsic value of $574,000, a weighted average remaining contractual life of 4.6 years, and a weighted average exercise price of $80.22.

Restricted Stock Awards

On August 5, 2015, the shareholders of the Company approved the Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (the “Restated Incentive Plan”), which extended the term of the Company’s Stock Incentive Plan to June 10, 2025. On August 29, 2018, the shareholders of the Company approved an amendment to the Restated Stock Incentive Plan that increased the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the Restated Incentive Plan by 100,000 shares to 450,000 shares. The 2024 Equity Incentive Plan replaced the Restated Incentive Plan. As of August 27, 2024, no further awards may be granted under the Restated Incentive Plan. For shares issued under the Restated Incentive Plan and the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, the associated compensation expense is generally recognized equally over the vesting periods established at the award date and is subject to the employee’s continued employment by the Company.

There were 89,733 restricted shares granted during the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 74,647 restricted shares granted during the nine months ended January 31, 2024. An aggregate of 264,978 unvested restricted shares were outstanding under these incentive plans as of January 31, 2025, with a weighted average grant date fair value of $59.96.

As of January 31, 2025, the Company had approximately $5.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested awards granted under the Restated Incentive Plan and 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.3 years. The Company recorded compensation cost of approximately $2.9 million ($2.1 million after tax effects) and $871,000 ($681,000 after tax effects) related to the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan and Restated Incentive Plan during the nine months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

There were no modifications to any of the Company’s outstanding share-based payment awards during fiscal 2024 or during the first nine months of fiscal 2025.

J – Common Stock

On September 20, 2024, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 1,700,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a public offering price of $43.00. Net proceeds from the offering were $68.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses. Under the terms of the Underwriting Agreement entered into in connection with the offering, the Company granted the underwriter an option (the “Over-allotment Option”), exercisable for 30 days, to purchase up to 255,000 additional shares (the “Option Shares”) at the public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions. On October 22, 2024, the Company completed the sale of 138,272 common stock in connection with the partial exercise by the underwriter of the Over-allotment Option at a public offering price of $43.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds from the offering of the Option Shares of approximately $5.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.

As of January 31, 2025, the Company has a total of 8,256,765 shares of its common stock outstanding, compared to 6,394,675 outstanding as of April 30, 2024.

K – Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has entered into operating leases for approximately 87% of its dealership and office facilities. Generally, these leases are for periods ofthree tofive years and usually contain multiple renewal options. The Company uses leasing arrangements to maintain flexibility in its dealership locations and to preserve capital. The Company expects to continue to lease the majority of its dealership and office facilities under arrangements substantially consistent with the past. Rent expense for all operating leases amounted to approximately $7.8 million and $6.6 million for the nine-month periods ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Scheduled amounts and timing of cash flows arising from operating lease payments as of January 31, 2025, discounted at the weighted average interest rate in effect as of January 31, 2025 of approximately 4.9%, are as follows:

The Company hastwo standby letters of credit relating to insurance policies totaling $4.4 million and $3.9 million at January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Car-Mart of Arkansas and Colonial do not meet the affiliation standard for filing consolidated income tax returns, and as such they file separate federal and state income tax returns. Car-Mart of Arkansas routinely sells its finance receivables to Colonial at what the Company believes to be fair market value and is able to take a tax deduction at the time of sale for the difference between the tax basis of the receivables sold and the sales price. These types of transactions, based upon facts and circumstances, have been permissible under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code as described in the Treasury Regulations. For financial accounting purposes, these transactions are eliminated in consolidation, and a deferred income tax liability has been recorded for this timing difference. The sale of finance receivables from Car-Mart of Arkansas to Colonial provides certain legal protection for the Company’s finance receivables and, principally because of certain state apportionment characteristics of Colonial, also has the effect of reducing the Company’s overall effective state income tax rate. The actual interpretation of the regulations is in part a facts and circumstances matter. The Company believes it satisfies the material provisions of the regulations. Failure to satisfy those provisions could result in the loss of a tax deduction at the time the receivables are sold and have the effect of increasing the Company’s overall effective income tax rate as well as the timing of required tax payments.

L – Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental cash flow disclosures are as follows:

M – Acquisitions

On June 3, 2024, the Company completed its business combination of Texas Auto Center (“TAC”), which includestwo dealership locations in Austin and San Marcos, Texas.

The total purchase price of the TAC acquisition was $13.5 million, which included $3.5 million of contingent consideration. The structure of the transaction is consistent with prior transactions whereby the Company did not acquire existing finance receivables and the seller may receive a performance-based earn-out in the future ranging from zero to a maximum of $15 million based on cumulative pre-tax income.

The excess of the purchase price over the preliminary fair values of the net assets acquired was allocated to goodwill, all of which is deductible for tax purposes and represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from anticipated synergies and intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. The Company recorded the preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the TAC acquisition, which resulted in the recognition of: (1) net working capital assumed of $100,000, (2) inventory of $5 million, (3) gross right use of asset and lease liability of $7.4 million and (4) goodwill of $8.5 million.

N -Subsequent Events

On February 28, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 9 to its revolving credit agreement that, among other things, extends the maturity date of the credit facility to March 31, 2027 and increases the total permitted borrowings by $30 million to $350 million. Under the amendment, the Company will be required to maintain a minimum amount available to be drawn under the credit facilities, based on eligible finance receivables and inventory, of $20 million when the outstanding principal balance under the line of credit is less than or equal to $325 million. If the outstanding principal balance under the line of credit is greater than $325 million, the Company will be required to maintain a minimum availability of $50 million. The amendment makes further adjustments to the required fixed charge coverage ratio, including incremental increases in the required ratio through July 31, 2026. The amendment also decreases the Company’s permissible capital expenditure limit from $35.0 million to $25.0 million in the aggregate during any fiscal year.