Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings Inc

14. Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table sets forth the percentage of Cell Engineering revenues by industry based on total Cell Engineering revenue:

Cell Engineering revenue includes both cash and non-cash consideration. The non-cash consideration primarily consists of equity received from customers as partial or full payment in certain contracts, which is recognized as revenue as services are provided or upon contract termination. The Company did not receive equity as consideration for any customer contracts entered into during the year ended December 31, 2024, but continues to recognize revenue from prior contracts. Cell Engineering revenue recognized relating to non-cash consideration was $61.4 million, $48.5 million, and $75.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The Company’s total revenue is derived from customers located primarily in the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company’s revenue from customers within the United States comprised 81%,82% and 88%, respectively, of total revenue.

Contract Balances

The Company recognizes a contract asset when the Company transfers goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, excluding any amounts presented as accounts receivable. The Company hadno contract asset balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s accounts receivable consists of both billed and unbilled amounts. Unbilled receivables arise when revenue is recognized in excess of invoiced amounts and represent the Company’s unconditional right to consideration for goods or services already transferred to the customer. The balance of unbilled accounts receivable, included in accounts receivable, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, was $11.3 million and $10.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, primarily consist of payments received in advance of performance under the contract or when the Company has an unconditional right to consideration under the terms of the contract before it transfers goods or services to the customer. The Company’s collaborative arrangements with its investees and related parties typically include upfront payments consisting of cash or non-cash consideration for future research and development services and non-cash consideration in the form of convertible financial instruments and equity securities for licenses that will be transferred in the future. The Company records the upfront cash payments and fair value of the convertible financial instruments and equity securities as deferred revenue.

The Company also invoices customers based on contractual billing schedules, which results in the recording of deferred revenue to the extent payment is received prior to the Company’s performance of the related services. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as (or when) the Company performs under the contract.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $88.1 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance of $202.5 million as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $65.9 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance of $222.6 million as of December 31, 2022.

Performance Obligations

The aggregate amount of the transaction price that was allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied or are partially satisfied as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $85.8 million and $110.0 million, respectively. The Company has elected the practical expedient not to provide the remaining performance obligation disclosures related to contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue on a cost-plus basis in the amount to which it has the right to invoice. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $45.9 million of the unsatisfied or partially satisfied performance obligations is expected to be recognized as revenue in 2025, based on the projected customer program end date; $14.2 million between 2025 and 2026; and $25.7 million between 2025 and 2027.

When a milestone subject to the variable consideration constraint is achieved, the Company updates its estimate of the transaction price to include the milestone payment and records a cumulative catch-up in revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $7.2 million, $2.3 million and $10.0 million, respectively, as cumulative catch-up in revenue, primarily due to the recognition of previously constrained variable consideration related to milestones or a contract modification.