CHAMPIONS ONCOLOGY INC

Note 1. Organization, Use of Estimates and Basis of Presentation

Champions Oncology, Inc. (the "Company", "us", "we", and "our") is a technology-enabled research organization engaged in creating technology solutions to be utilized in drug discovery and development. The Company's research center operates in both regulatory and non-regulatory environments and consists of a comprehensive set of computational and experimental research platforms. Its pharmacology, biomarker, and data platforms are designed to facilitate drug discovery and development at lower costs and increased speeds.

The Company hasfour operating subsidiaries: Champions Oncology (Israel), Limited, Champions Biotechnology U.K., Limited, Champions Oncology, S.R.L. (Italy), and Corellia A.I.. For the three and six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno revenues earned by these subsidiaries.

The Company’s functional currency for its foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in earnings. The Company is subject to foreign exchange rate fluctuations in connection with the Company’s international operations.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The Company operates inone reportable business segment.

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Certain information related to the Company’s organization, significant accounting policies and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP has been condensed or omitted. The April 30, 2024 condensed consolidated balance sheet in the accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements was derived from audited consolidated financial statements. The accounting policies followed in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are consistent with those followed in the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024, as filed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K with the SEC on July 19, 2024 (the "Annual Report"). In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all material adjustments necessary to fairly state our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented and the presentations and disclosures herein are adequate when read in conjunction with the Annual Report. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for a full fiscal year.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in our 2024 Annual Report and there have been no changes to the Company's significant accounting policies during the six months ended October 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Going Concern

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (“ASC 205-40”), the Company has the responsibility to evaluate whether conditions and/or events raise substantial doubt about its ability to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. As required under ASC 205-40, management’s evaluation should initially not take into consideration the potential mitigating effects of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern.

The Company has experienced negative operating cash flows and has incurred substantial operating losses from its activities, until recently. The Company also has a working capital deficit and an accumulated deficit of $4.8 million and $82.6 million, respectively, as of October 31, 2024. While the Company believes it has strategies to continue to increase revenues and reduce costs which can be implemented without disrupting the business or completely restructuring the Company, there can be no assurances that these efforts will be successful.

The Company's liquidity needs have typically arisen from the funding of our research and development programs and the launch of new products, working capital requirements, and other strategic initiatives. Most recently, the Company has met these cash requirements through cash on hand, working capital management, and sales of products and services. In the past, the Company has also received proceeds from certain private placements and public offerings of our securities. Should the Company be required to raise additional capital or seek to obtain financing, there can be no assurance that management would be successful in raising such capital or obtaining such financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Such conditions raise substantial doubts about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. These condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Earnings Per Share

Basic net income or loss per share is computed by dividing the net income or loss for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock plus dilutive potential common stock considered outstanding during the period. Such dilutive shares consist of incremental shares that would be issued upon exercise of the Company’s common stock options.

The following table reflects these calculations. As of October 31, 2023, all of the Company's potential common stock was considered anti-dilutive due to the Company's net losses in the related period.

The following table reflects the total potential common stock instruments outstanding at October 31, 2024 and 2023 including those that could have an effect on the future computation of dilution per common share, had their effect not been anti-dilutive.

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes have been provided to show the effect of temporary differences between the recognition of expenses for financial and income tax reporting purposes and between the tax basis of assets and liabilities, and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company assesses the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered through tax planning strategies or from future taxable income, and to the extent that recovery is not likely or there is insufficient earnings history, a valuation allowance is established. The Company's ability to utilize net operating losses (“NOL”) carryforwards to offset future taxable income would be limited if the Company had undergone or were to undergo an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”). The Company adjusts the valuation allowance in the period management determines it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will or will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowances from period to period are included in the tax provision in the period of change. As of October 31, 2024 and April 30, 2024, the Company provided a valuation allowance for all net deferred tax assets as it is more likely than not that the assets will not be recovered based on an insufficient history of earnings.

The Company reflects tax benefits only if it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to sustain the tax position, based on its technical merits. If a tax benefit meets this criterion, it is measured and recognized based on the largest amount of benefit that is cumulatively greater than 50% likely to be realized. The Company recorded $181,000 of liabilities related to uncertain tax positions relative to one of its foreign operations as of October 31, 2024 and April 30, 2024.

The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company didnot recognize interest or penalties on its consolidated statements of operations during the three or six month periods ended October 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company doesnot anticipate unrecognized tax benefits will be recorded during the next 12 months.

The provision for income taxes for both the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was $11,000. The provision for income taxes for the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was $31,000 and $39,000, respectively. The provision is mainly attributable to taxable income earned in Israel and/or Italy relating to transfer pricing, and U.S. state income taxes for which net operating losses are limited.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606 ("ASC 606"), Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under this standard, companies recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

All revenue is generated from contracts with customers. The Company's arrangements are service type contracts that mainly have a duration of less than a year. The Company recognizes revenue when control of these services is transferred to the customer in an amount, referred to as the transaction price, that reflects the consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition utilizing the following five steps: (1) identification of the contract with a customer, (2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract (promised goods or services that are distinct), (3) determination of the transaction price, (4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations, and (5) recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company transfers control of the product or service for each performance obligation. The Company records revenues net of any tax assessments by governmental authorities, such as value added taxes, that are imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue generating transactions.

The majority of the Company's revenue arrangements are service contracts that are completed within a year or less. There are a few contracts that range in duration between 1 and 3 years. Substantially all of the Company's performance obligations, and associated revenue, are transferred to the customer over time. Most of the Company's contracts can be terminated by the customer without cause. In the event of termination, the Company's contracts provide that the customer pay the Company for services rendered through the termination date. The Company generally receives compensation based on a predetermined invoicing schedule relating to specific milestones for that contract.

Amendments to contracts are common. The Company evaluates each amendment which meets the criteria of a contract modification under ASC 606. Each modification is further evaluated to determine whether the contract modification should be accounted for as a separate contract or as a continuation of the original agreement.

The Company accounts for amendments as a separate contract as they meet the criteria under ASC 606-10-25-12.

Pharmacology Study and Other Services

The Company generally enters into contracts with customers to provide oncology services with payments based on fixed-fee arrangements. At contract inception, the Company assesses the services promised in the contracts with customers to identify the performance obligations in the arrangement. The Company's fixed-fee arrangements for oncology services are considered a single performance obligation because the Company provides a highly-integrated service.

The Company recognizes revenue over time using a progress-based input method since there is no single output measure that would fairly depict the transfer of control over the life of the performance obligation. Revenue is recognized for the single performance obligation over time due to the Company's right to payment for work performed to date and the performance does not create an asset with an alternative use. The Company recognizes revenue as portions of the overall performance obligation are completed as this best depicts the progress of the performance obligation.

Incremental Costs of Obtaining a Contract (Sales Commissions)

Under ASC 606, the costs of obtaining a contract can be expensed immediately, rather than capitalized and amortized, if the amortization period is one year or shorter. Sales commissions for the Company represent contract costs with a term of one year or less. Therefore, under ASC 606, the Company elected the practical expedient to expense these costs as incurred.

Variable Consideration

In some cases, contracts provide for variable consideration that is contingent upon the occurrence of uncertain future events, such as the success of the initial performance obligation. Variable consideration is estimated at the expected value or at the most likely amount depending on the type of consideration. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The estimate of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of its anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to the Company.

Trade Receivables, Unbilled Services and Deferred Revenue

In general, billings and payments are established by contractual provisions including predetermined payment schedules, which may or may not correspond to the timing of the transfer of control of the Company's services under the contract. In general, the Company's intention in its invoicing (payment terms) is to maintain cash neutrality over the life of the contract. Upfront payments, when they occur, are intended to cover certain expenses the Company incurs at the beginning of the contract. Neither the Company nor its customers view such upfront payments and contracted payment schedules as a means of financing. Unbilled services primarily arise when the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Such situations occur due to divergences between revenue recognition and the invoicing milestones which are based on predetermined payment terms. Unbilled services are classified as a component of accounts receivable on the balance sheet.

Deferred revenue consists of unearned payments received in excess of revenue recognized. As the contracted services are subsequently performed and the associated revenue is recognized, the deferred revenue balance is reduced by the amount of the revenue recognized during the period. Deferred revenue is classified as a current liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as the Company expects to recognize the associated revenue in less than one year.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, “Segment Reporting” (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The new guidance is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The ASU is effective retrospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its financial statements and related disclosures, which is not expected to be material.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Improvements to Tax Disclosures” (Topic 740). The new guidance is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures through changes to the rate reconciliation and the income taxes paid information disclosed. The ASU is effective retrospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its financial statements and related disclosures, which is not expected to be material.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures" (Subtopic 220-40) "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses". The new guidance is intended to enhance transparency and disclosures by requiring public business entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods after December 15, 2026, and for interim reporting periods beginning December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its financial statements and related disclosures, which is not expected to be material.

Note 3. Accounts Receivable, Unbilled Services and Deferred Revenue

Accounts receivable and unbilled services were as follows (in thousands)

Allowances for credit losses and bad debt were as follows:

Deferred revenue was as follows (in thousands):

Note 4. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Oncology Services Revenue

The following table represents disaggregated revenue for the three and six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023:

Other Translational Oncology Solutions ("TOS") revenue represents additional services provided to the Company's pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers, specifically flow cytometry services and software-as-a-service ("SaaS") provided via our Lumin Bioinformatics software ("Lumin").

Note 5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is recorded at cost and primarily consists of laboratory equipment, computer equipment and software, capitalized software development costs, and furniture and fixtures. Depreciation and amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the various assets ranging from three tonine years. Property and equipment consisted of the following (table in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense was $399,000 and $484,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding expense recorded under finance leases, was $362,000 and $448,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expense was $848,000 and $929,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding expense recorded under finance leases, was $774,000 and $857,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of October 31, 2024 and April 30, 2024, property, plant and equipment included gross assets held under finance leases of $1.0 million. Related depreciation expense was approximately $37,000 and $36,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Related depreciation expense was approximately $74,000 and $72,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Capitalized Software Development Costs Under a Hosting Arrangement

The Company accounts for the cost of computer software obtained or developed for internal use as well as the software development and implementation costs associated with a hosting arrangement ("internal-use software") that is a service contract in accordance and with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other ("ASC-350"). The Company capitalizes certain costs in the development of our internal-use software when the preliminary project stage is completed and it is probable that the project itself will be completed and the software will perform as intended. These capitalized costs include personnel and related expenses for employees and costs of third-party consultants who are directly associated with and who devote time to these internal-use software projects. Capitalization of these costs ceases once the project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended purpose. Costs incurred for significant upgrades, increased functionality, and enhancements to the Company's internal-use software solutions are also capitalized. Costs incurred for training, maintenance, and minor modifications are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software development costs are amortized using the straight-line method over an estimated useful economic life ofthree years.

Finance Lease

During fiscal year 2023, the Company recognized a finance lease for laboratory equipment. This equipment was obtained as the result of a laboratory supplies purchase commitment with costs of approximately $368,000 at inception through June 2027. Cash payments for this lease are in the form of consideration for purchasing lab supplies under a purchase commitment agreement. The present value of the minimum future obligations of $368,000 was calculated based on an interest rate of 3.5%. Depreciation and amortization expense related to this finance lease was $18,000 and $17,600 for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $36,000 and $35,000 for the six months ended 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During fiscal year 2022, the Company recognized a finance lease for laboratory equipment. This equipment was obtained as the result of a laboratory supplies purchase commitment with costs of approximately $370,000 at inception through December 2025. Cash payments for this lease are in the form of consideration for purchasing lab supplies under a purchase commitment agreement. At the commencement of the commitment, the present value of the minimum future obligations of $370,000 was calculated based on an interest rate of 3.25%. Depreciation and amortization expense related to this finance lease was $19,000 and $18,500 for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $38,000 and $36,900 for the six months ended 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The liabilities related to these finance leases are classified under other current liability and other non-current liabilities on the Company's balance sheet. The weighted average remaining lease term of these leases is 2.14 years.

Financing lease assets (lab equipment) and lease liabilities related to our current financing leases are as follows (in thousands):

Future minimum lease payments due each fiscal year as follows (in thousands):

Refer to Note 7, Leases, for information on operating leases.

Note 6. Share-Based Payments

Stock-based compensation expense was recognized as follows (table in thousands):

The Company has in place a 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively, the "Plans"). In general, these Plans provide for stock-based compensation to the Company’s employees, directors and non-employees. The Plans also provide for limits on the aggregate number of shares that may be granted, the term of grants and the strike price of option awards.

2021 Equity Incentive Plan

As part of the 2021 Annual Shareholders Meeting, shareholders approved the adoption of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (“2021 Equity Plan”). The purpose of the 2021 Equity Plan is to grant (i) Non-statutory Stock Options; (ii) Incentive Stock Options; (iii) Restricted Stock Awards; and/or (iv) Stock Appreciation Rights (collectively, stock-based compensation) to its employees, directors and non-employees. Total stock awards under the 2021 Equity Plan shall not exceed 2 million shares of common stock. Options and Stock Appreciation Rights expire no later thanten years from the date of grant and the awards vest as determined by the Company's Board of Directors. Options and Stock Appreciation Rights have a strike price not less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock subject to the option or right at the date of grant. As of October 31, 2024, approximately 1.3 million shares were available for issue under this plan.

Stock Option Grants

Black-Scholes assumptions used to calculate the fair value of options granted during the three and six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The weighted average fair value of stock options granted during the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.48 and $4.02, respectively. The weighted average fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.49 and $3.95, respectively.

The Company’s stock options activity for the six months ended October 31, 2024 was as follows:

Share Repurchase Program

On March 29, 2023, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to purchase up to an aggregate of $5.0 million of the Company’s common stock. The share repurchase program is designed in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The shares may be purchased from time to time in the open market, as permitted under applicable rules and regulations, at prevailing market prices. The timing and amount of repurchases will depend on market conditions, share price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire a minimum number of shares. As of October 31, 2024, the Company had purchased 120,333 shares of its common stock, at an average price of $5.73 per share, totaling approximately $708,000 and leaving an available balance of approximately $4.3 million authorized by the Board for use in the program as of that date.

Note 7. Leases

The Company accounts for its leases under FASB ASC Topic 842, Leases. Under this guidance, arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or financing leases and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as both a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability, calculated by discounting fixed lease payments over the lease term at the rate implicit in the lease, if applicable, or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Lease liabilities are increased by interest and reduced by payments each period, and the right-of-use asset is amortized over the lease term. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset result in straight-line rent expense over the lease term.

Operating Leases

The Company currently leases certain office equipment and its office and laboratory facilities under non-cancelable operating leases. Rent expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term from the lease commencement date through the scheduled expiration date. Rent expense totaled $454,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023. Rent expense totaled $907,000 for the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company considers its facilities adequate for its current operational needs.

The Company leases the following facilities:

•One University Plaza, Suite 307, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, which, since November 2011, serves as the Company’s corporate headquarters. The lease expires in November 2026. The Company recognized $19,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for both the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company recognized $38,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for both the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.

•1330 Piccard Drive Suite 025, Rockville, MD 20850, which consists of laboratory and office space where the Company conducts operations related to its primary service offerings. The Company executed the original lease in January 2017. The lease was amended to expand the premises and extend the expiration date in March 2020 and again in December 2020. The operating commencement date was August 11, 2017. This lease expires in February 2029. The Company recognized $422,000 and $423,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $843,000 and $846,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

•VIA LEONE XIII, 14, Milan, Italy, which consists of laboratory and office space where the Company conducts operations related to its flow cytometry service offerings. The Company executed separate leases for its laboratory space and office space during fiscal 2022. During fiscal 2023, the Company executed a new lease to consolidate its office and laboratory space at a new nearby location in Italy. The lease expires October 31, 2028 and it replaces the previous two leases, which were terminated during fiscal year 2023. The Company recognized $13,000 of rent expense relative to its current lease for both the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company recognized $25,000 and $26,000 of rent expense relative to this lease for the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

ROU assets and lease liabilities related to our current operating leases are as follows (in thousands):

As of October 31, 2024, the weighted average remaining operating lease term and the weighted average discount rate were 4.24 years and 5.88%, respectively. As of October 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining operating lease term and the weighted average discount rate were 5.22 years and 5.87%, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments due each fiscal year as follows (in thousands):

The composition of total lease cost for three and six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Refer to Note 5, Property and Equipment, for information on financing leases.

Note 8. Related Party Transactions

Related party transactions include transactions between the Company and its shareholders, management, or affiliates. The following transactions were in the normal course of operations and were measured and recorded at the exchange amount, which is the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the parties.

Consulting Services

During the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $6,000 and $9,000, respectively, for consulting services provided by an affiliate of a Board member, unrelated to his duty as a Board member. During the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $15,000 and $18,000, respectively, for consulting services provided by an affiliate of a Board member, unrelated to his duty as a Board member.

Such amounts are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of October 31, 2024, $3,000 was due to this related party.

Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

The Company is not currently party to any legal matters to its knowledge. The Company is not aware of any other matters that would have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Registration Payment Arrangements

The Company has entered into an Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement in connection with the March 2015 private placement. This Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement contains provisions that may call for the Company to pay penalties in certain circumstances. This registration payment arrangement primarily relates to the Company’s ability to file a registration statement within a particular time period, have a registration statement declared effective within a particular time period and to maintain the effectiveness of the registration statement for a particular time period. The Company has not accrued any liquidated damages associated with the Amended and Restated Registration Right Agreement as the Company has filed the required registration statement and anticipates continued compliance with the agreement.

Royalties

The Company contracts with third-party vendors to license tumor samples for development into Patient Derived Xenograft (PDX) models and use in our pharmacology TOS business. These types of arrangements have an upfront fee ranging fromnil to $30,000 per tumor sample depending on the successful growth of the tumor model and ability to develop them into a sellable product. The upfront costs are expensed as incurred. In addition, under certain agreements, for a limited period of time, the Company is subject to royalty payments if the licensed tumor models are used for sale in our TOS business, ranging from 2% to 20% of the contract price after recouping certain initiation costs. Some of these arrangements also set forth an annual minimum royalty due regardless of tumor models used for sale. For the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, we have recognized approximately $104,000 and $53,200, respectively, in expense related to these royalty arrangements. For the six months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, we have recognized approximately $185,000 and $126,200, respectively, in expense related to these royalty arrangements.

Note 10. Subsequent Events

In December 2024, the Company executed a licensing agreement under which the Company will license and provide access to certain of its PDX data in exchange for approximately $5.0 million. Within the agreement, the customer has the option to license additional data and models for an another $3.0 million.