Eastern Bankshares Inc

1. Corporate Structure and Nature of Operations; Basis of Presentation

Corporate Structure and Nature of Operations

Eastern Bankshares, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation (the “Company”), is a bank holding company. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Eastern Bank (the “Bank”), the Company provides a variety of banking services and trust and investment services, through its full-service bank branches, located primarily in eastern Massachusetts, and southern and coastal New Hampshire.

Eastern Insurance Group was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank. On September 19, 2023, the Company and the Bank entered into an asset purchase agreement in which Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. (“Gallagher”) agreed to purchase substantially all of Eastern Insurance Group’s assets for cash consideration and to assume certain liabilities. On October 31, 2023, the Company completed its sale of its insurance agency business to Gallagher. Refer to Note 18, “Discontinued Operations” for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.

The activities of the Company are subject to the regulatory supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”). The activities of the Bank are subject to the regulatory supervision of the Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). The Company and the activities of the Bank and its subsidiaries are also subject to various Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island business, banking and trust-related regulations.

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) as set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and its Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) as well as the rules and interpretive releases of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the authority of federal securities laws.

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and entities in which it holds a controlling financial interest through being the primary beneficiary or through holding a majority of the voting interest. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.

The accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024, the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income and of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited. The Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 was derived from the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of that date. The interim Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the annual Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes contained within the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023 Form 10-K”), as filed with the SEC. In the opinion of management, the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations for the periods presented. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, any other interim period, or any future year or period.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The following describes the Company’s use of estimates as well as relevant accounting pronouncements that were recently issued but not yet adopted as of September 30, 2024 and those that were adopted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. For a full discussion of significant accounting policies, refer to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K.

Use of Estimates

In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheets and income and expenses for the periods reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates based on changing conditions, including economic conditions and future events. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, valuation and fair value measurements, the liabilities for benefit obligations (particularly pensions), the provision for income taxes and impairment of goodwill and other intangibles.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Relevant standards that were recently issued but not yet adopted as of September 30, 2024:

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements–Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative (“ASU 2023-06”). The amendments in this update modify the disclosure or presentation requirements for a variety of topics in the codification. Certain amendments represent clarifications to or technical corrections of the current requirements. The following is a summary of the topics included in the update and which pertain to the Company:

1. Statement of cash flows (Topic 230): Requires an accounting policy disclosure in annual periods of where cash flows associated with derivative instruments and their related gains and loses are presented in the statement of cash flows;

2. Accounting changes and error corrections (Topic 250): Requires that when there has been a change in the reporting entity, the entity disclose any material prior-period adjustment and the effect of the adjustment on retained earnings in interim financial statements;

3. Earnings per share (Topic 260): Requires disclosure of the methods used in the diluted earnings-per-share computation for each dilutive security and clarifies that certain disclosures should be made during interim periods, and amends illustrative guidance to illustrate disclosure of the methods used in the diluted earnings per share computation;

4. Commitments (Topic 440): Requires disclosure of assets mortgaged, pledged, or otherwise subject to lien and the obligations collateralized; and

5. Debt (Topic 470): Requires disclosure of amounts and terms of unused lines of credit and unfunded commitments and the weighted-average interest rate on outstanding short-term borrowings.

For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2023-06 are effective on the date which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective. If by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the codification and will not become effective for any entity. Early adoption is not permitted and the amendments are required to be applied on a prospective basis. The Company expects the adoption of this standard will not have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this update are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this update:

1. Require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss (collectively referred to as the “significant expense principle”).

2. Require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the segment expenses disclosed under the significant expense principle and each reported measure of segment profit or loss.

3. Require that a public entity provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by ASC 280, Segment Reporting in interim periods.

4. Clarify that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. However, at least one of the reported segment profit or loss measures (or the single reported measure, if only one is disclosed) should be the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles used in measuring the corresponding amounts in the public entity’s consolidated financial statements. In other words, in addition to the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles under U.S. GAAP, a public entity is not precluded from reporting additional measures of a segment’s profit or loss that are used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.

5. Require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.

6. Require that a public entity that has a single reportable segment provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in this update and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280.

For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and adoption is required to be done on a retrospective basis. The Company expects the adoption of this standard will not have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update are intended to improve income tax disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures related to the existing requirements to disclose a rate reconciliation, income taxes paid and certain other required disclosures. Specifically, the amendments in this update:

1. Require that a public entity disclose, on an annual basis: (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The update requires disclosure of such reconciling items according to requirements indicated in the update.

2. Require that all entities disclose certain disaggregated information regarding income taxes paid.

3. Require that all entities disclose certain disaggregated information regarding income tax expense.

4. Eliminate the requirement to: (1) disclose the nature and estimate of the range of reasonably possible changes in the unrecognized tax benefits balance in the next 12 months or (2) make a statement that an estimate of the range cannot be made.

5. Eliminate the requirement to disclose the cumulative amount of each type of temporary difference when a deferred tax liability is not recognized because of exceptions to comprehensive recognition of deferred taxes related to subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures.

For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption should be done on a prospective basis and retrospective application is permitted.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement–Reporting Comprehensive Income–Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments in this update require disclosure, in the notes to the financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses. The amendments require that at each interim and annual reporting period an entity:

1. Disclose the amounts of (a) purchases of inventory, (b) employee compensation, (c) depreciation, (d) intangible asset amortization, and (e) depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil and gas-producing activities (or other amounts of depletion expense) included in each relevant expense caption. A relevant expense caption is an expense caption presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations that contains any of the expense categories listed in (a)–(e).

2. Include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements.

3. Disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively.

4. Disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses.

For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update are to be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this update or (2) retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements.

Relevant standards that were adopted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments–Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method(“ASU 2023-02”). This update permits reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if the following conditions are met:

1. It is probable that the income tax credits allocable to the tax equity investor will be available.

2. The tax equity investor does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the underlying project.

3. Substantially all of the projected benefits are from income tax credits and other income tax benefits. Projected benefits include income tax credits, other income tax benefits, and other non-income-tax-related benefits. The projected benefits are determined on a discounted basis, using a discount rate that is consistent with the cash flow assumptions used by the tax equity investor in making its decision to invest in the project.

4. The tax equity investor’s projected yield based solely on the cash flows from the income tax credits and other income tax benefits is positive.

5. The tax equity investor is a limited liability investor in the limited liability entity for both legal and tax purposes, and the tax equity investor’s liability is limited to its capital investment.

Under existing accounting standards, the proportional amortization method is allowable only for equity investments in low-income-housing tax credit structures. Under the proportional amortization method, an entity amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received and recognizes the net amortization and income tax credits and other income tax benefits in the income statement as a component of income tax expense (benefit). Updates made by ASU 2023-02 allow a reporting entity to make an accounting policy election to apply the proportional amortization method on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis. The Company had previously made an accounting policy election to account for its investments in low-income-housing tax credit investments using the proportional amortization method. This election was made upon the Company’s adoption of ASU 2014-01, Investments–Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects, which introduced the option to apply proportional amortization to low-income-housing tax credit investments. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2024 and such adoption did not have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

3. Mergers and Acquisitions

Cambridge Bancorp, Inc. Merger

On July 12, 2024, the Company completed its merger with Cambridge Bancorp (“Cambridge”). In accordance with the merger agreement, each share of Cambridge common stock was exchanged for 4.956 shares of Company common stock. The transaction qualified as a tax-free reorganization for federal income tax purposes and provided Cambridge shareholders with a tax-free exchange of their shares of Cambridge common stock for Company common stock as the consideration they received in the merger. In connection with the merger, Citadel MS 2023, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, merged with and into Cambridge, with Cambridge continuing as the surviving entity. Immediately after the merger, Cambridge merged with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving entity. Immediately following, Cambridge Trust, a wholly owned subsidiary of Cambridge, merged with and into Eastern Bank, with Eastern Bank continuing as the surviving entity. The Company issued 38.9 million shares of its common stock in the merger. Based upon the closing price of Company common stock on July 12, 2024 of $14.87 per share, the transaction is valued at $580.6 million, which includes cash paid in-lieu of fractional shares and recognition of restricted stock units (“RSU”) and performance share units (“PSU”) service accruals for service accrued by Cambridge personnel prior to the merger. In addition to increasing its loan and deposit base, the merger enabled the Company to expand its wealth management customer base and service offerings, which includes comprehensive investment management, as well as trust administration, estate settlement, and financial planning services.

The merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Under this method of accounting, the respective assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values. The excess of consideration paid over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired totaled $357.3 million and was recorded as goodwill. The results of Cambridge’s operations were included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements subsequent to the merger date.

The calculation of goodwill is subject to change for up to one year after the closing date of the transaction as additional information relative to closing date estimates and uncertainties becomes available, including the filing of the 2024 tax return for Cambridge. As the Company finalizes its analysis of these assets and liabilities, there may be adjustments to the recorded carrying values.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of merger from Cambridge:

(1)Includes certificates of deposit, at fair value, of $418.7 million.

(2)The FHLB advances assumed were overnight borrowings which matured immediately following the completion of the merger and therefore were not adjusted to fair value.

Fair Value Measurement of Assets Assumed and Liabilities Assumed

The methods used to determine the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Cambridge merger were as follows:

Investment Securities

The estimated fair values of the available for sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities, primarily comprised of U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises obligations, corporate debt securities, municipal securities, and U.S. Treasury securities carried on Cambridge’s balance sheet, was confirmed using actual sales quotations from sales of the securities, as the Company sold all of the acquired securities immediately following the closing of the merger. Based upon management’s determination, a fair value adjustment of $158.9 million, reflecting a net discount, was recorded on acquired securities and reflects the net unrealized loss position of such securities at the date of merger. Securities acquired that were classified on Cambridge’s balance sheet as held-to-maturity were reclassified as available for sale upon the completion of the merger and prior to sale by the Company, reflecting management’s intent with respect to such securities.

Immediately following the completion of the merger, investment securities acquired through its merger with Cambridge paid down or were sold in their entirety. No gain or loss was recognized upon sale as such securities had been recorded by the Company based upon the quoted sale prices in determination of the purchase accounting fair value adjustment.

Loans

Loans acquired in the Cambridge merger were recorded at fair value, and there was no carryover of the allowance for loan losses. The fair value of the loans acquired from Cambridge was determined using market participant assumptions in estimating the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected, as adjusted for an estimate of future credit losses and prepayments, and then applying a market-based discount rate to those cash flows. Management retained a third-party valuation specialist to assist with the determination of fair values of loans acquired, the results of which were reviewed by management. The resulting total fair value mark was estimated to be a discount of $277.0 million.

Acquired loans were reviewed to determine if any had experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. Loans meeting established criteria to indicate more-than-insignificant deterioration were identified as purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans, and an allowance for loan losses was calculated using management’s best estimate of projected losses over the remaining life of the loan in accordance with current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. In connection with the Cambridge merger, the Company recorded an allowance for loan losses on PCD loans of approximately $55.8 million, which was added to the amortized cost of loans.

The following is a reconciliation of the difference between the purchase price and par value of PCD loans acquired in the merger:

For loans acquired without evidence of more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, also referred to as non-PCD loans, the Company estimated an allowance for loan losses based on the Company's methodology for determining the allowance under CECL. The resulting allowance on non-PCD loans was $40.9 million, which was recorded through a charge to provision for loan losses on the date of merger.

Premises and Equipment

The Company acquired 18 branches in the merger as of the date of closing, 5 of which were owned premises. In addition, the Company acquired 2 corporate properties in the merger with Cambridge. The fair value of properties acquired was derived by valuations prepared by an independent third party utilizing a combination of the income approach and the sales comparison approach to value the property as improved.

Leases

As part of the merger the Company added 23 lease obligations. The Company recorded a $25.5 million right-of-use asset and a $32.0 million lease liability for these lease obligations. Lease assets and liabilities were measured using a methodology to estimate the future rental payments over the remaining lease term with discounting using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. The lease term was determined for individual leases based on the Company’s assessment of the probability of exercising renewal options. The net effect of any off-market terms in a lease was also discounted and applied to the balance of the lease asset.

Core Deposit Intangible

The fair value of the core deposit intangible was determined based on a discounted cash flow analysis using a discount rate commensurate with market participants. To calculate cash flows, deposit account servicing costs (net of deposit fee income) and interest expense on deposits were compared to the cost of alternative funding sources available through FHLBB borrowing rates and national brokered CD offering rates. The projected cash flows were developed using projected deposit attrition rates. Management retained a third-party valuation specialist to assist with the determination of projected cash flows, the results of which were reviewed by management. The core deposit intangible totaled $115.0 million and is being amortized on a cash-flow weighted basis over its estimated useful life of 7 years.

Cambridge Trust Wealth Management Customer List and Trade Name Intangibles

The fair value of the Cambridge Trust wealth management customer list intangible (“customer list intangible”) and trade name intangible (“trade name intangible”) were determined based upon discounted cash flow analyses using discount rates commensurate with market participants. The projected cash flows for the customer list intangible were developed using current revenue grown at a constant rate, and projected customer attrition rates were used to allocate those revenues to existing customers. Adjustments were made to the projected cash flows to account for sales and marketing expenses as well as contributory asset charges associated with the customer list. The discounted cash flows for the trade name intangible were developed using current revenue grown at a constant rate, multiplied by a royalty rate determined based on market observations. Management retained a third-party valuation specialist to assist with the determination of the projected cash flows, the results of which were reviewed by management. The estimated fair value of the customer list and trade name intangibles amounted to $25.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively, and are being amortized on a cash-flow weighted basis over their estimated useful lives of 11 years and 5 years, respectively.

Goodwill

The calculation of goodwill is subject to change for up to one year after the date of merger as additional information relative to the closing date estimates and uncertainties become available. As the Company finalizes its review of the acquired assets and liabilities, certain adjustments to the recorded carrying values may be required. The goodwill will be evaluated annually for impairment. The goodwill isnot deductible for tax purposes.

Bank Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”)

Cambridge’s BOLI cash surrender value was $35.7 million with no fair value adjustment.

Certificates of Deposit

The fair value adjustment for certificates of deposit represents a discount from the value of the contractual repayments of fixed-maturity deposits using prevailing market interest rates for similar-term time deposits. The certificate of deposit discount, which was estimated to be $1.6 million, is being amortized into income on a level yield amortization method over the contractual life of the deposits.

Escrow Deposits of Borrowers

Cambridge’s escrow deposits of borrowers was $3.6 million with no fair value adjustment.

Merger-Related Expenses

The Company recorded merger and acquisition expenses of $27.6 million and $33.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, related to the Cambridge merger. These merger and acquisition expenses were included in the following line items of the Consolidated Statements of Income:

The following table presents certain unaudited pro forma information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. This unaudited estimated pro forma financial information was calculated as if the merger had occurred as of January 1, 2023. This unaudited pro forma information combines the historical results of Cambridge with the Company’s consolidated historical results and includes certain adjustments reflecting the estimated impact of certain fair value adjustments for the respective periods. The pro forma information is not indicative of what would have occurred had the merger occurred as of the beginning of the year prior to the merger. The unaudited pro forma information does not consider any changes to the provision for loan losses resulting from recording loan assets at fair value, cost savings, or business synergies. As a result, actual amounts would have differed from the unaudited pro forma information presented.

Financial results of Cambridge from the date of merger through September 30, 2024 are not presented as management considers the determination of such amounts to be impracticable.

4. Securities

Available for Sale Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) and fair value of available for sale (“AFS”) securities as of the dates indicated were as follows:

The Company didnot record a provision for credit losses on any AFS securities for either the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities totaled $9.1 million and $9.2 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company didnot record any write-offs of accrued interest receivable on AFS securities during either the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. No AFS securities held by the Company were delinquent on contractual payments as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023, nor were any AFS securities placed on non-accrual status during the nine- and twelve-month periods then ended.

The following table summarizes gross realized gains and losses from sales of AFS securities for the periods indicated:

Information pertaining to AFS securities with gross unrealized losses as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, for which the Company did not recognize a provision for credit losses under the current expected credit loss methodology (“CECL”), aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities had been in a continuous loss position, is as follows:

The Company does not intend to sell these investments and has determined based upon available evidence that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required to sell each security before the expected recovery of its amortized cost basis. As a result, the Company did not recognize an ACL on these investments as of either September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The causes of the impairments listed in the tables above by category are as follows as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

•Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Agency bonds and U.S. Treasury securities – The securities with unrealized losses in these portfolios have contractual terms that generally do not permit the issuer to settle the security at a price less than the current par value of the investment. The decline in market value of these securities is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality. Additionally, these securities are implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government or one of its agencies.

•State and municipal bonds and obligations – The securities with unrealized losses in this portfolio have contractual terms that generally do not permit the issuer to settle the security at a price less than the current par value of the investment. The decline in market value of these securities is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality

Held to Maturity Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses and fair value of held to maturity (“HTM”) securities as of the dates indicated were as follows:

The Company didnot record a provision for estimated credit losses on any HTM securities for either the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. The accrued interest receivable on HTM securities totaled $0.9 million as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and is included within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company didnot record any write-offs of accrued interest receivable on HTM securities during either the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. No HTM securities held by the Company were delinquent on contractual payments as of either September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023, nor were any HTM securities placed on non-accrual status during the nine and twelve month periods then ended.

Available for Sale and Held to Maturity Securities Contractual Maturity

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of AFS and HTM securities by contractual maturities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

The scheduled contractual maturities of AFS and HTM securities as of the dates indicated were as follows:

Securities Pledged as Collateral

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, securities with a carrying value of $828.4 million and $615.7 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required by law. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, deposits with associated pledged collateral included cash accounts from the Company’s wealth management division (“Cambridge Trust Wealth Management”) and municipal deposit accounts. As of September 30, 2024 securities with a carrying value of $1.1 billion were pledged as collateral to the FHLBB. No securities were pledged to the FHLBB as collateral as of December 31, 2023.

In March 2023 the Federal Reserve created the Bank Term Funding Program (the “Program”) that offered eligible depository institutions loans up to one year in length in return for any collateral eligible for purchase by the Federal Reserve Banks in open market operations, such as U.S. Treasuries. As of December 31, 2023, securities with a carrying value of $2.4 billion were pledged as collateral through the Program. On January 24, 2024, the Federal Reserve Board announced the Program would cease making new loans as scheduled on March 11, 2024. Accordingly, no securities were pledged as collateral under the Program as of September 30, 2024. Separately, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company pledged securities with a carrying value of $827.8 million and $168.8 million, respectively, to the Federal Reserve Discount Window (the “Discount Window”).

5. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

(1)The balance of accrued interest receivable excluded from amortized cost and the calculation of the allowance for loan losses amounted to $66.4 million and $53.9 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

There are no other loan categories that exceed 10% of total loans not already reflected in the preceding table.

The Company’s lending activities are conducted principally in the New England area with the exception of its Shared National Credit Program (“SNC Program”) portfolio and certain purchased loans. The Company participates in the SNC Program in an effort to improve its industry and geographical diversification The SNC Program portfolio is included in the Company’s commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, and commercial construction portfolios. The SNC Program portfolio is defined as loan syndications with exposure over $100 million and with three or more lenders participating.

Most loans originated by the Company are either collateralized by real estate or other assets or guaranteed by federal and local governmental authorities. The ability and willingness of the single-family residential and consumer borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the level of overall economic activity within the borrowers’ geographic areas and real estate values. The ability and willingness of commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and construction loan borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the health of the real estate economy in the borrowers’ geographic areas and the general economy.

Loans Pledged as Collateral

The carrying value of loans pledged to secure advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Boston (“FHLBB”) were $2.3 billion and $4.6 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The balance of funds borrowed from the FHLBB were $17.3 million and $17.7 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The carrying value of loans pledged to secure advances from the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) were $3.1 billion and $1.1 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There wereno funds borrowed from the FRB outstanding at September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Serviced Loans

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, mortgage loans partially or wholly-owned by others and serviced by the Company amounted to approximately $235.9 million and $77.2 million, respectively. The increase in loans serviced from December 31, 2023 to September 30, 2024 was primarily due to the merger and the acquisition of the portfolio of mortgage loans partially or wholly-owned by others and previously serviced by Cambridge.

Purchased Loans

The Company began purchasing residential real estate mortgage loans during the third quarter of 2022 and ceased such purchases in the first quarter of 2023. Loans purchased were subject to the same underwriting criteria as those loans originated directly by the Company. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company didnot purchase any residential real estate mortgage loans. The Company purchased $32.0 million of residential real estate mortgage loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amortized cost balance of loans purchased was $373.0 million and $385.5 million, respectively.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established to provide for management’s estimate of expected lifetime credit losses on loans measured at amortized cost at the balance sheet date through a provision for loan losses charged to net income. Charge-offs, net of recoveries, are charged directly to the allowance for loan losses. Commercial and residential loans are charged-off in the period in which they are deemed uncollectible. Delinquent loans in these product types are subject to ongoing review and analysis to determine if a charge-off in the current period is appropriate. For consumer loans, policies and procedures exist that require charge-off consideration upon a certain triggering event depending on the product type.

The following tables summarize the changes in the allowance for loan losses by loan category for the periods indicated:

(1)Represents the adjustment needed to reflect the cumulative day one impact pursuant to the Company’s adoption of ASU 2022-02 (i.e., cumulative effect adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023). The adjustment represents a $1.1 million decrease to the allowance attributable to the change in accounting methodology for estimating the allowance for loan losses resulting from the Company’s adoption of the standard.

The Company recorded provisions for allowance for loan losses of $60.6 million and $14.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded a “day-2” provision for allowance for loan losses of $40.9 million related to non-PCD loans acquired in the merger which closed on July 12, 2024. Excluding this amount, the provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 amounted to $19.7 million. Management determined a provision to be necessary for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily due to $11.8 million in charge-offs of commercial real estate loans including one commercial real estate loan, of which $7.3 million was partially charged-off, collateralized by a property in the office risk segment which transitioned to non-accrual status during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and had not been previously reserved for on a specific reserve basis, and due to an increase in specific reserves for commercial real estate loans collateralized by a property in the office risk segment. In addition, the Company recorded an allowance for loan losses of $55.8 million related to PCD loans acquired in the merger with Cambridge. This amount represented the initial allowance on such loans and was recorded with a corresponding gross-up of the loan amortized cost balance in connection with purchase accounting therefore not increasing the provision for allowance for loan losses. Refer to Note 3, “Mergers and Acquisitions” for additional discussion.

Change in Accounting Estimate

In connection with its quarterly computation of the allowance for loan losses, management performs back-testing of the model results compared to actual balances and losses as a part of generating the accounting estimate. In the third quarter of 2024, in response to back-testing results, management updated its prepayment estimate, resulting in an increase to the loan portfolio’s weighted average life, and qualitative reserve framework which reflects management’s best estimate of expected credit losses. The net effect of the such changes to the allowance for loan losses estimation process was an increase of approximately $5.6 million.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

Management evaluates the need for a reserve on unfunded lending commitments in a manner consistent with loans held for investment. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s reserve for unfunded lending commitments was $14.0 million and $14.1 million, respectively, which is recorded within other liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 did not impact the reserve for unfunded lending commitments.

Portfolio Segmentation

Management uses a methodology to systematically estimate the amount of expected losses in each segment of loans in the Company’s portfolio. Commercial and industrial business banking, investment commercial real estate, and commercial and industrial loans are evaluated based upon loan-level risk characteristics, historical losses and other factors which form the basis for estimating expected losses. Other portfolios, including owner occupied commercial real estate (which includes business banking owner occupied commercial real estate), commercial construction, residential mortgages, home equity and consumer loans, are analyzed as groups taking into account delinquency ratios, and the Company’s and peer banks’ historical loss experience. For the purposes of estimating the allowance for loan losses, management segregates the loan portfolio into loan categories that share similar risk characteristics such as the purpose of the loan, repayment source, and collateral. These characteristics are considered when determining the appropriate level of the allowance for each category. Some examples of these risk characteristics unique to each loan category include:

Commercial Lending

Commercial and industrial: The primary risk associated with commercial and industrial loans is the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at origination. Collateral frequently consists of a first lien position on business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, aircraft and equipment. The primary repayment source is operating cash flow and, secondarily, the liquidation of assets. Under its lending guidelines, the Company generally requires a corporate or personal guarantee from any entity or individual that holds a material ownership in the borrowing entity when the loan-to-value of a commercial and industrial loan is in excess of a specified threshold.

Commercial real estate: Collateral values are established by independent third-party appraisals and evaluations. Primary repayment sources include operating income generated by the real estate, permanent debt refinancing, sale of the real estate and, secondarily, liquidation of the collateral. Under its lending guidelines, the Company generally requires a corporate or personal guarantee from individuals that hold material ownership in the borrowing entity when the loan-to-value of a commercial real estate loan is in excess of a specified threshold.

Commercial construction: These loans are generally considered to present a higher degree of risk than other real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of factors, such as adverse changes in interest rates and the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules. Construction loans are underwritten utilizing feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Construction loans are generally based upon estimates of costs and value associated with the completed project. Construction loan repayment is substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to complete the project and obtain permanent financing.

Business banking: These loans are typically secured by all business assets or commercial real estate. Business banking originations include traditionally underwritten loans as well as partially automated scored loans. Business banking scored loans are determined by utilizing the Company’s proprietary decision matrix that has a number of quantitative factors including, but not limited to, a guarantor’s credit score, industry risk, and time in business. The Company also engages in Small Business Association (“SBA”) lending. The SBA guarantees reduce the Company’s loss due to default and are considered a credit enhancement to the loan structure.

Residential Lending

These loans are made to borrowers who demonstrate the ability to repay principal and interest on a monthly basis. Underwriting considerations include, among others, income sources and their reliability, willingness to repay as evidenced by credit repayment history, financial resources (including cash reserves) and the value of the collateral. The Company maintains policy standards for minimum credit score and cash reserves and maximum loan-to-value consistent with a “prime” portfolio. Collateral consists of mortgage liens on 1-4 family residential dwellings. The policy standards applied to loans originated by the Company are the same as those applied to purchased loans. The Company does not originate or purchase sub-prime or other high-risk loans. Residential loans are originated either for sale to investors or retained in the Company’s loan portfolio. Decisions about whether to sell or retain residential loans are made based on the interest rate characteristics, pricing for loans in the secondary mortgage market, competitive factors and the Company’s liquidity and capital needs.

Consumer Lending

Consumer home equity: Home equity lines of credit are granted for ten years with monthly interest-only repayment requirements. At the end of the ten-year draw period, home equity lines of credit are amortized over the remaining maturity period and monthly payments of principal and interest are required. Home equity loans are term loans that require the monthly payment of principal and interest such that the loan will be fully amortized at maturity. Underwriting considerations are materially consistent with those utilized in residential real estate. Collateral consists of a senior or subordinate lien on owner-occupied residential property.

Other consumer: The Company’s policy and underwriting in this category, which is comprised primarily of home improvement, automobile and aircraft loans, include the following factors, among others: income sources and reliability, credit histories, term of repayment, and collateral value, as applicable. These are typically granted on an unsecured basis, with the exception of aircraft and automobile loans.

Credit Quality

Commercial Lending Credit Quality

The credit quality of the Company’s commercial loan portfolio is actively monitored and supported by a comprehensive credit approval process and all large dollar transactions are sent for approval to a committee of seasoned business line and credit professionals. The Company maintains an independent credit risk review function that reports directly to the Risk Management Committee of the Board of Directors. Credits that demonstrate significant deterioration in credit quality are transferred to a specialized group of experienced officers for individual attention.

The Company monitors credit quality indicators and utilizes portfolio scorecards to assess the risk of its commercial portfolio. Specifically, the Company utilizes a 15-point credit risk-rating system to manage risk and identify potential problem loans. Under this point system, risk-rating assignments are based upon a number of quantitative and qualitative factors that are under continual review. Factors include cash flow, collateral coverage, liquidity, leverage, position within the industry, internal controls and management, financial reporting, and other considerations. Commercial loan risk ratings are (re)evaluated for each loan at least once-per-year. The risk-rating categories under the credit risk-rating system are defined as follows:

0 Risk Rating - Unrated

Certain segments of the portfolios are not rated. These segments include aircraft loans, business banking scored loan products, and other commercial loans managed by exception. Loans within this unrated loan segment are monitored by delinquency status; and for lines of credit greater than $100,000 in exposure, an annual review is conducted which includes the review of the business score and loan and deposit account performance. The Company supplements performance data with current business credit scores for the business banking portfolio on a quarterly basis. Unrated commercial and business banking loans are generally restricted to commercial exposure of less than $1.5 million. Loans included in this category generally are not required to provide regular financial reporting or regular covenant monitoring.

For purposes of estimating the allowance for loan losses, unrated loans are considered in the same manner as “Pass” rated loans. Unrated loans are included with “Pass” rated loans for disclosure purposes.

1-10 Risk Rating – Pass

Loans with a risk rating of 1-10 are classified as “Pass” and are comprised of loans that range from “substantially risk free” which indicates borrowers of unquestioned credit standing, well-established national companies with a very strong financial condition, and loans fully secured by policy conforming cash levels, through “low pass” which indicates acceptable rated loans that may be experiencing weak cash flow, impending lease rollover or minor liquidity concerns.

11 Risk Rating – Special Mention (Potential Weakness)

Loans to borrowers in this category exhibit potential weaknesses or downward trends deserving management’s close attention. While potentially weak, no loss of principal or interest is envisioned. Included in this category are borrowers who are performing as agreed, are weak when compared to industry standards, may be experiencing an interim loss and may be in declining industries. An element of asset quality, financial flexibility or management is below average. The Company does not consider borrowers within this category as new business prospects. Borrowers rated special mention may find it difficult to obtain alternative financing from traditional bank sources.

12 Risk Rating – Substandard (Well-Defined Weakness)

Loans with a risk-rating of 12 exhibit well-defined weaknesses that, if not corrected, may jeopardize the orderly liquidation of the debt. A loan is classified as substandard if it is inadequately protected by the repayment capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged. Specifically, repayment under market rates and terms, or by the requirements under the existing loan documents, is in jeopardy, but no loss of principal or interest is envisioned. There is a possibility that a partial loss of principal and/or interest will occur in the future if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate portfolio of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified as substandard. Non-accrual is possible, but not mandatory, in this class.

13 Risk Rating – Doubtful (Loss Probable)

Loans classified as doubtful have comparable weaknesses as found in the loans classified as substandard, with the added provision that such weaknesses make collection of the debt in full (based on currently existing facts, conditions and values) highly questionable and improbable. Serious problems exist such that a partial loss of principal is likely. The probability of loss exists, but because of reasonably specific pending factors that may work to strengthen the credit, estimated losses are deferred until a more exact status can be determined. Specific reserves will be the amount identified after specific review. Non-accrual is mandatory in this class.

14 Risk Rating – Loss

Loans to borrowers in this category are deemed incapable of repayment. Loans to such borrowers are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as active assets of the Company is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loans have no recovery or salvage value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off these assets even though partial recovery may occur in the future. Loans in this category have a recorded investment of $0 at the time of the downgrade.

Residential and Consumer Lending Credit Quality

For the Company’s residential and consumer portfolios, the quality of the loan is best indicated by the repayment performance of an individual borrower. Updated appraisals, broker opinions of value and other collateral valuation methods are employed in the residential and consumer portfolios, typically for credits that are deteriorating. Delinquency status is determined using payment performance, while accrual status may be determined using a combination of payment performance, expected borrower viability and collateral value. Delinquent consumer loans are handled by a team of seasoned collection specialists.

The following table details the amortized cost balances of the Company’s loan portfolios, presented by credit quality indicator and origination year as of September 30, 2024, and gross charge-offs for the nine month period then ended:

(1)The amounts presented represent the amortized cost as of September 30, 2024 of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The following table details the amortized cost balances of the Company’s loan portfolios, presented by credit quality indicator and origination year as of December 31, 2023:

(1)The amounts presented represent the amortized cost as of December 31, 2023 of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Asset Quality

The Company manages its loan portfolio with careful monitoring. As a general rule, loans more than 90 days past due with respect to principal and interest are classified as non-accrual loans. Exceptions may be made if management believes that collateral held by the Company is clearly sufficient and in full satisfaction of both principal and interest. The Company may also use discretion regarding other loans over 90 days delinquent if the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Non-accrual loans and loans that are more than 90 days past due but still accruing interest are considered non-performing loans.

Non-accrual loans may be returned to an accrual status when principal and interest payments are no longer delinquent, and the risk characteristics of the loan have improved to the extent that there no longer exists a concern as to the collectability of principal and interest. Loans are considered past due based upon the number of days delinquent according to their contractual terms.

A loan is expected to remain on non-accrual status until it becomes current with respect to principal and interest, the loan is liquidated, or the loan is determined to be uncollectible and is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses.

The following tables show the age analysis of past due loans as of the dates indicated:

The following table presents information regarding non-accrual loans as of the dates indicated:

(1)The loans on non-accrual status and without an ACL as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were primarily comprised of collateral dependent loans for which the fair value of the underlying loan collateral exceeded the loan carrying value.

The amount of interest income recognized on non-accrual loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was not significant. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing.

It is the Company’s policy to reverse any accrued interest when a loan is put on non-accrual status and, generally, to record any payments received from a borrower related to a loan on non-accrual status as a reduction of the amortized cost basis of the loan. Accrued interest reversed against interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was not significant.

For collateral values for residential mortgage and home equity loans, the Company relies primarily upon third-party valuation information from certified appraisers and values are generally based upon recent appraisals of the underlying collateral, brokers’ opinions based upon recent sales of comparable properties, or estimated auction or liquidation values less estimated costs to sell. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $1.5 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

For collateral-dependent commercial loans, the amount of the allowance for loan losses is individually assessed based upon the fair value of the collateral. Various types of collateral are used, including real estate, inventory, equipment, accounts receivable, securities and cash, among others. For commercial real estate loans, the Company relies primarily upon third-party valuation information from certified appraisers and values are generally based upon recent appraisals of the underlying collateral, brokers’ opinions based upon recent sales of comparable properties, estimated equipment auction or liquidation values, income capitalization, or a combination of income capitalization and comparable sales. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $100.0 million and $30.7 million, respectively. The increase in collateral-dependent commercial loans at September 30, 2024 from December 31, 2023 was primarily due to collateral-dependent PCD loans acquired in connection with the Company’s merger with Cambridge.

Appraisals for all loan types are obtained at the time of loan origination as part of the loan approval process and are updated at the time of a loan modification and/or refinance and as considered necessary by management for impairment review purposes. In addition, appraisals are updated as required by regulatory pronouncements.

As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no residential real estate held in other real estate owned (“OREO”). As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there weretwo residential real estate loans, which had an aggregate balance of $0.2 million, collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process. As of September 30, 2024, there were eleven consumer home equity loans, which had an aggregate balance of $1.0 million, collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process. As of December 31, 2023, there were three consumer home equity loans, which had an aggregate balance of $0.2 million, collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The following table shows the amortized cost balance as of September 30, 2024 of loans modified during the three and nine month periods then ended to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by the type of concession granted:

The following table shows the amortized cost balance as of September 30, 2023 of loans modified during the three and nine month periods then ended to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by the type of concession granted:

The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made during the periods indicated to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Loans that were modified in more than one manner are included in each modification type corresponding to the types of modifications performed.

As of September 30, 2024, loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty modified during the prior twelve months and which had a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 totaled $0.3 million. As of September 30, 2023, no loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty modified during the nine months then ended had a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Management closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table shows the age analysis of past due loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the prior twelve months as of September 30, 2024:

The following table shows the age analysis of past due loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of September 30, 2023 that were modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

As of September 30, 2024, there was one additional commitment to lend amounting to $0.3 million to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and which was modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant delay in repayment, or a term extension. As of December 31, 2023, there wereno additional commitments to lend to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and which were modified during year ended December 31, 2023 in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant delay in repayment, or a term extension.

Loan Participations

The Company occasionally purchases commercial loan participations or participates in syndications through the SNC Program. These participations meet the same underwriting, credit and portfolio management standards as the Company’s other loans and are applied against the same criteria to determine the allowance for loan losses as other loans.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loan participations:

6. Leases

The Company leases certain office space and equipment under various non-cancelable operating leases. These leases have original terms ranging from 2 years to 24 years. Operating lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are recognized at the lease commencement date based upon the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Operating lease liabilities are recorded within other liabilities and ROU assets are recorded within other assets in the

Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The information presented within this Note excludes discontinued operations with regard to information pertaining to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Refer to Note 18, “Discontinued Operations” for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.

As of the dates indicated, the Company had the following related to operating leases:

The increase in the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities is primarily due to right-of-use assets acquired and lease liabilities assumed in connection with the Company’s merger with Cambridge. Refer to Note 3, “Mergers and Acquisitions” for further discussion.

Finance leases are not material. Finance lease liabilities are recorded within other liabilities and finance ROU assets are recorded within other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s components of net lease cost for the periods indicated:

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company made $4.3 million and $11.0 million, respectively, in cash payments for operating and finance lease payments. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company made $3.2 million and $9.7 million, respectively, in cash payments for operating and finance lease payments.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases are as follows:

The following table sets forth the undiscounted cash flows of base rent related to operating leases outstanding as of September 30, 2024 with payments scheduled over the next five years and thereafter, including a reconciliation to the operating lease liability recognized in other liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets:

7. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

The table below sets forth the carrying amount of goodwill and other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, as of the dates indicated below.

(1)The increase in goodwill and other intangible assets from December 31, 2023 to September 30, 2024 was due to goodwill and other intangible assets recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2024 in connection with the merger. The Company identified acquired intangible assets related to core deposits (e.g., core deposit intangible) and Cambridge Trust Wealth Management, which included a customer list intangible and trade name intangible. Refer to Note 3, Mergers and Acquisitions for further information regarding the Company’s merger with Cambridge.

The Company quantitatively assesses goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or sooner if an event occurs or circumstances change which might indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. The Company has identified and assigned goodwill toone reporting unit - the banking business.

The Company performed its annual assessment for the banking business as of September 30, 2024. The assessment included a comparison of the banking reporting unit’s carrying value of equity to estimated fair value of equity using the market capitalization method of the market approach. The Company evaluated conditions as of the assessment date and how a market participant would evaluate a control premium for the banking reporting unit. The implied control premium was estimated using the discounted cash flow method of the income approach by evaluating the present value of market participant cost savings and synergies. Based upon the assessment, it was determined there was no impairment of the Company’s goodwill as of September 30, 2024.

Other intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Management performed a review of the Company’s intangible assets as of September 30, 2024 and concluded that it was not more-likely-than-not that the carrying amount of other intangible assets may not be recoverable. Management had also previously performed an assessment as of December 31, 2023 and determined there was no indication of impairment related to intangible assets.

8.(Loss) Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)

Basic EPS represents (loss)/income allocable to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares (such as stock options) were exercised or converted into additional common shares that would then share in the earnings of the Company. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net (loss)/income allocable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, plus the effect of potential dilutive common share equivalents computed using the treasury stock method. Shares held by the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) that have not been allocated to employees in accordance with the terms of the ESOP, referred to as “unallocated ESOP shares,” are not deemed outstanding for earnings per share calculations.

9. Low Income Housing Tax Credits and Other Tax Credit Investments

The Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) encourages banks to meet the credit needs of their communities for housing and other purposes, particularly in neighborhoods with low or moderate income. The Company has primarily invested in separate Low Income Housing Tax Credits (“LIHTC”) projects, also referred to as qualified affordable housing projects, which provide the Company with tax credits and operating loss tax benefits over a period of 15 years. The return on these investments is generally generated through tax credits and tax losses. In addition to LIHTC projects, the Company invests in new market tax credit projects that qualify for CRA credits and eligible projects that qualify for renewable energy and historic tax credits.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $226.2 million and $223.4 million, respectively, in tax credit investments that were included in other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

When permissible, the Company accounts for its investments in LIHTC projects and other qualifying investments using the proportional amortization method, under which it amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the amount of the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes that amortization as a component of income tax expense. The net investment in the housing projects is included in other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company will continue to use the proportional amortization method on any new qualifying investments.

The following table presents the Company’s investments in LIHTC projects accounted for using the proportional amortization method for the periods indicated:

(1)Includes LIHTC investments acquired in connection with our merger with Cambridge of $7.4 million. The amount of associated remaining commitments assumed was not significant. Refer to Note 3, “Mergers and Acquisitions”for further discussion of the merger.

The following table presents additional information related to the Company’s investments in LIHTC projects for the periods indicated:

The Company accounts for certain other investments in renewable energy projects using the equity method of accounting. These investments in renewable energy projects are included in other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and totaled $2.0 million and $2.2 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There wereno outstanding commitments related to these investments as of either September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

10. Income Taxes

With respect to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the information presented within this Note excludes discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18, “Discontinued Operations” for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s tax provision and applicable tax rates for the periods indicated:

The Company recorded net income tax expense of $2.8 million and $24.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to a net income tax benefit of $16.2 million and $65.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

The increase in income tax expense, and resulting net expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 despite a pre-tax net loss, from a net benefit of $16.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to net expense of $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to the establishment of a $6.3 million valuation allowance in the third quarter of 2024 for the anticipated lost state tax benefit associated with the projected 2024 Massachusetts state tax net operating loss which cannot be carried over. The state tax net operating losses were due to the tax losses incurred as a result of the liquidation of the securities acquired in connection with the Company’s merger with Cambridge.

The Company established a $17.4 million valuation allowance in the first quarter of 2023 against the capital loss carryforward deferred tax asset which resulted from the sale of securities for the amount of deferred tax asset management believed was not more-likely-than-not to be realized. The income tax benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the reversal of the remainder of the federal portion of the valuation allowance established in the first quarter of 2023. The amount reversed during the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $14.6 million. As a result of the execution of the agreement to sell the Company’s insurance agency business in September 2023 and the determination of the resulting capital gain, management determined it to be more-likely-than-not that the Company will realize federal capital losses related to the securities sale. Consequently, the Company reversed the associated federal valuation allowance previously established as management had determined it was more-likely-than-not that the entirety of the federal deferred tax asset related to the loss on such securities sales would be realized. In addition, the Company recognized an income tax benefit associated with a change in management’s estimate of annual pre-tax loss for purposes of determining the Company’s income tax provision.

The increase in income tax expense from a net benefit of $65.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to net expense of $24.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to pre-tax losses resulting from losses on sales of available for sale securities in the first quarter of 2023 and the establishment of a valuation allowance in the third quarter of 2024 described above.

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company liquidated Market Street Securities Corporation (“MSSC”), a wholly owned subsidiary, and transferred all of MSSC’s assets to Eastern Bank. In connection with the liquidation and subsequent transfer of securities previously held by MSSC to Eastern Bank, the Company recognized an additional deferred income tax benefit of $23.7 million during the first quarter of 2023. This deferred income tax benefit resulted from a state tax rate change applied to the deferred tax asset related to the securities transferred to Eastern Bank.

11. Employee Benefits

Pension Plans

The Company provides pension benefits for its employees through membership in the Savings Banks Employees’ Retirement Association. The plan through which benefits are provided is a noncontributory, qualified defined benefit plan and is referred to as the Defined Benefit Plan. The Company’s annual contribution to the Defined Benefit Plan is based upon standards established by the Pension Protection Act. The contribution is based on an actuarial method intended to provide not only for benefits attributable to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future. The Defined Benefit Plan has a plan year end of October 31.

In connection with the Company’s merger with Cambridge, the Company acquired Cambridge’s defined benefit plan. The plan was frozen to new participants in 2011 and the accrual of benefits for all participants in the plan was frozen effective in 2017. At the time of the merger, all participants in the plan were fully vested. The Company assumed a $35.3 million pension benefit obligation from Cambridge following the merger.

All Cambridge employees retained following the merger were credited with prior service, which counted for vesting and eligibility into the Company’s Defined Benefit Plan, but not for benefit accrual. Additionally, all Cambridge employees retained following the merger were eligible to join the Company’s Defined Benefit Plan to the extent that eligibility requirements were satisfied based upon such employees’ prior service with Cambridge.

The Company has an unfunded Defined Benefit Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“DB SERP”) that provides certain Company officers upon their retirement with defined pension benefits in excess of qualified plan limits imposed by U.S. federal tax law. The DB SERP has a plan year end of December 31.

In connection with the Company’s merger with Cambridge, the Company acquired Cambridge's DB SERP. In 2016, Cambridge’s Board of Directors discontinued the use of DB SERPs for new entrants to Cambridge’s non-qualified retirement programs. Expense for the DB SERPs is recognized over the executive’s service life utilizing the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. All participants of Cambridge’s DB SERP were deemed to be fully vested upon the closing of the merger.

In addition, the Company has an unfunded Benefit Equalization Plan (“BEP”) to provide retirement benefits to certain employees whose retirement benefits under the qualified pension plan are limited per the Internal Revenue Code. The BEP has a plan year end of October 31.

The Company also has an unfunded Outside Directors’ Retainer Continuance Plan (“ODRCP”) that provides pension benefits to outside directors who retire from service. The ODRCP has a plan year end of December 31. Effective December 31, 2020, the Company closed the ODRCP to new participants and froze benefit accruals for active participants.

In connection with the Company’s merger with Cambridge, the Company acquired Cambridge’s post-retirement health care plan. Benefits for the postretirement health care plan are based on years of service. Expenses for the postretirement health care plan are recognized over the employee's service life utilizing the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. Effective November 7, 2019, the postretirement health care plan was frozen for employees hired after that date. The frozen health care plan is not accruing and is only in payout status.

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The components of net pension expense for the plans for the periods indicated are as follows:

(1)Includes service costs related to employees of our insurance agency business with regard to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Such service costs were included in net income from discontinued operations as such costs are no longer incurred by the Company following the sale of the insurance agency business in October 2023. All other costs included in the determination of the benefit obligation for the Defined Benefit Plan and the BEP were included in net income from continuing operations as the Bank assumed the related liability upon sale of the assets of its Eastern Insurance Group subsidiary. Service costs included in net income from discontinued operations and included in the above table were $1.5 million and $4.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Except as described above, service costs for the Defined Benefit Plan and the BEP are recognized within salaries and employee benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Income. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, service costs associated with the DB SERP amounted to less than $0.1 million. There wereno service costs associated with the DB SERP during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. There wereno service costs associated with the ODCRP during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. The remaining components of net periodic benefit cost are recognized in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

In accordance with the Pension Protection Act, the Company was not required to make any contributions to the Defined Benefit Plan for the plan years beginning November 1, 2023 and 2022. Accordingly, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there wereno contributions made to the Defined Benefit Plan.

Share-Based Compensation Plan

On November 29, 2021, the shareholders of the Company approved the Eastern Bankshares, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan provides for the issuance of up to 26,146,141 shares of common stock pursuant to grants of restricted stock, RSUs, non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options, any or all of which can be granted with performance-based vesting conditions. Under the 2021 Plan,7,470,326 shares may be issued as restricted stock or RSUs, including those issued as performance shares and PSUs, and 18,675,815 shares may be issued upon the exercise of stock options. These shares may be awarded from the Company’s authorized but unissued shares. However, the 2021 Plan permits the grant of additional awards of restricted stock or RSUs above the aforementioned limit, provided that, for each additional share of restricted stock or RSU awarded in excess of such limit, the pool of shares available to be issued upon the exercise of stock options will be reduced bythree shares. Pursuant to the terms of the 2021 Plan, each of the Company’s non-employee directors were automatically granted awards of restricted stock on November 30, 2021. Such restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) vest pro-rata on an annual basis over afive-year period. The maximum term for stock options isten years.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted a total of 146,178 RSUs to certain executives who joined the Company following the merger with Cambridge. These RSUs vest pro-rata on an annual basis over a period ofthree years from the date of grant, subject to continued employment. During that same period, the Company also granted a total of 67,350 PSUs, for which vesting is contingent upon the Compensation and Human Capital Management Committee of the Board of Director’s certification, after the conclusion of a period of approximately 2.3 years.

On July 12, 2024, the Company completed its previously announced merger with Cambridge. In connection with the merger and as a component of the purchase consideration, the Company issued 118,693 restricted stock award shares with a fair value of $1.1 million, net of a $0.7 million post-combination fair value adjustment, and, with respect to RSUs and PSUs, credited pre-merger service for employees retained following the merger with Cambridge which amounted to $3.0 million.

In May 2024, the Company granted a total of 56,352 shares of restricted stock to the Company’s non-employee directors which vest after approximatelyone year from the date of grant. In May 2023, the Company granted a total of 47,820 shares of restricted stock to the Company’s non-employee directors which vested approximatelyone year from the date of grant.

In March 2024, the Company granted to all of the Company’s executive officers and certain other employees a total of 416,276 RSUs, which vest pro-rata on an annual basis over a period ofthree years from the date of the grant, and a total of 234,091 PSUs for which vesting is contingent upon the Compensation and Human Capital Management Committee of the Board of Director’s certification, after the conclusion of a period of approximately 2.8 years from the date of the grant, that the Company has attained a threshold level of certain performance criteria over such period. In March 2023, the Company granted to all of the Company’s executive officers and certain other employees a total of 318,577 RSUs, which vest pro-rata on an annual basis over a period ofthree years from the date of the grant, and a total of 108,984 PSUs for which vesting is contingent upon the Compensation and Human Capital Management Committee of the Board of Director’s certification, after the conclusion of athree-year period from the date of the grant, that the Company has attained a threshold level of certain performance criteria over such period.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 3,969,089 shares and 4,872,494 shares that remained available for issuance as restricted stock or RSU awards (including those that may be issued as performance shares and PSUs), respectively, and 18,675,815 shares that remained available for issuance upon the exercise of stock options at both dates. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no stock options had been awarded under the 2021 Plan.

The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock award activity for the periods indicated:

(1)Includes the effect of modifications to previously awarded and unvested restricted share awards for two plan participants to accelerate vesting. The financial effect of the modifications on total unrecognized compensation expense was not significant.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023,88,948 and 28,690 RSA awards vested, respectively. In the aggregate, the amount of RSAs granted each year had a grant date fair value of $1.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock unit activity for the periods indicated:

(1)Includes the effect of modifications to previously awarded and unvested restricted share awards for one plan participant to accelerate vesting. The financial effect of the modifications on total unrecognized compensation expense was not significant.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023,348,012 and 231,407 RSU awards vested, respectively. Such awards had a grant date fair value of $6.6 million and $4.9 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s performance stock unit activity for the periods indicated:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024,76,353 PSU awards vested which represent the accelerated vesting of awards assumed from Cambridge which were converted to awards of the Company upon completion of the merger. Such awards had a grant date value of $1.1 million. No PSU awards vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Included in vested RSU and PSU shares, as shown in the tables above, are shares withheld for employee payroll taxes. The aggregate number of RSU and PSU shares withheld for payroll taxes during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was 139,585 and 74,625, respectively.

The following table shows share-based compensation expense under the 2021 Plan and the related tax benefit for the periods indicated:

(1)Estimated based upon the Company’s statutory rate for each respective period.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was $27.4 million and $26.8 million, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units granted and issued under the 2021 Plan, as applicable. As of September 30, 2024, this cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining period of approximately 1.7 years. As of December 31, 2023, this cost was expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining period of approximately 2.2 years.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

In order to meet the financing needs of its customers and to reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, the Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and forward commitments to sell loans, all of which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in each particular class of financial instruments.

Substantially all of the Company’s commitments to extend credit, which normally have fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, are contingent upon customers maintaining specific credit standards at the time of loan funding. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. In the event the customer does not perform in accordance with the terms of agreement with the third party, the Company would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount of the commitment. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. For forward loan sale commitments, the contract or notional amount does not represent exposure to credit loss. The Company does not sell loans with recourse.

The following table summarizes the above financial instruments as of the dates indicated:

Other Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company has been named a defendant in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, based on the advice of legal counsel, the ultimate resolution of these proceedings is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

13. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses derivative financial instruments to manage its interest rate risk resulting from the differences in the amount, timing, and duration of known or expected cash receipts and known or expected cash payments. Additionally, the Company enters into interest rate derivatives and foreign exchange contracts to accommodate the business requirements of its customers (“customer-related positions”) and risk participation agreements entered into as financial guarantees of performance on customer-related interest rate swap derivatives. The Company also enters into residential mortgage loan commitments to fund mortgage loans at specified rates and times in the future and enters into forward sale commitments to sell such residential mortgage loans at specified prices and times in the future, both of which are considered derivative instruments. Derivative instruments are carried at fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument is dependent upon whether or not the instrument qualifies as a hedge for accounting purposes, and further, by the type of hedging relationship.

By using derivatives, the Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as required. Should a counterparty fail to perform under the terms of a derivative contract, the Company’s credit exposure on interest rate swaps is limited to the net positive fair value and accrued interest of all swaps with each counterparty plus any initial margin collateral posted. The Company seeks to minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. As such, management believes the risk of incurring credit losses on derivative contracts with those counterparties is remote. The Company’s discounting methodology and interest calculation of cash margin uses the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, for U.S. dollar cleared interest rate swaps.

Interest Rate Positions

An interest rate swap is an agreement whereby one party agrees to pay a floating rate of interest on a notional principal amount in exchange for receiving a fixed rate of interest on the same notional amount, for a predetermined period of time, from a second party. The amounts relating to the notional principal amount are not actually exchanged. The Company has entered into interest rate swaps in which it pays floating and receives fixed interest in order to manage its interest rate risk exposure to the variability in interest cash flows on certain floating-rate loans. Such interest rate swaps include those which effectively convert the floating rate one-month SOFR or overnight indexed swap rate, or prime rate interest payments received on the loans to a fixed rate and consequently reduce the Company’s exposure to variability in short-term interest rates. For interest rate swaps that are accounted for as cash flow hedges, changes in fair value are included in other comprehensive income and reclassified into net income in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecasted transaction affects net income. The following tables reflect the Company’s derivative positions for interest rate swaps which qualify as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes as of the dates indicated:

(1)The fair value included a net accrued interest payable balance of $2.1 million as of September 30, 2024. In addition, the fair value includes netting adjustments which represent the amounts recorded to convert derivative assets and liabilities cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, or CME, from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with applicable accounting guidance.

(1)The fair value included a net accrued interest payable balance of $2.6 million as of December 31, 2023. In addition, the fair value includes netting adjustments which represent the amounts recorded to convert derivative assets and liabilities cleared through the CME from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with applicable accounting guidance.

The maximum amount of time over which the Company is currently hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows of forecasted transactions related to the receipt of variable interest on existing financial instruments is 3.0 years.

The Company expects approximately $17.9 million will be reclassified into interest income, as a reduction of such income, from other comprehensive income related to the Company’s active cash flow hedges in the next 12 months as of September 30, 2024. The reclassification is due to anticipated net payments on the swaps based upon the forward curve as of September 30, 2024.

Customer-Related Positions

Interest rate swaps offered to commercial customers do not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. These swaps allow the Company to retain variable rate commercial loans while allowing the commercial customer to synthetically fix the loan rate by entering into a variable-to-fixed rate interest rate swap. The Company believes that its exposure to commercial customer derivatives is limited to non-performance by either the customer or the dealer because these contracts are simultaneously matched at inception with an offsetting transaction.

Risk participation agreements are entered into as financial guarantees of performance on interest rate swap derivatives. The purchased (asset) or sold (liability) guarantee allow the Company to participate-out (fee paid) or participate-in (fee received) the risk associated with certain derivative positions executed with the borrower by the lead bank in a customer-related interest rate swap derivative.

Foreign exchange contracts consist of those offered to commercial customers and those entered into to hedge the Company’s foreign currency risk associated with a foreign-currency loan. Neither qualifies as a hedge for accounting purposes. These commercial customer derivatives are offset with matching derivatives with correspondent-bank counterparties in order to minimize foreign exchange rate risk to the Company. Exposure with respect to these derivatives is largely limited to non-performance by either the customer or the other counterparty. Neither the Company nor the correspondent-bank counterparty are required to post collateral but each has established foreign-currency transaction limits to manage the exposure risk. The Company requires its customers to post collateral to minimize risk exposure.

The following tables present the Company’s customer-related derivative positions as of the dates indicated below for those derivatives not designated as hedging:

The level of interest rate swaps, risk participation agreements and foreign currency exchange contracts at the end of each period noted above was commensurate with the activity throughout those periods.

The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments, as well as their classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the periods indicated:

(1)On July 12, 2024, the Company acquired $42.5 million in customer-related interest rate swaps assets and liabilities in connection with its merger with Cambridge.

The table below presents the net effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Income Statements as well as the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments included in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as follows:

The Company has agreements with its customer-related interest rate swap derivative counterparties that contain a provision whereby if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.

The Company also has agreements with certain of its customer-related interest rate swap derivative correspondent-bank counterparties that contain a provision whereby if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well-capitalized institution, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and the Company would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.

The Company’s exposure related to its customer-related interest rate swap derivatives consists of exposure on cleared derivative transactions and exposure on non-cleared derivative transactions.

Cleared derivative transactions are with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, or CME, and exposure is settled to market daily, with additional credit exposure related to initial-margin collateral pledged to CME at trade execution. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had exposure to CME for settled variation margin in excess of the customer-related and non-customer-related interest rate swap termination values of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. In addition, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had posted initial-margin collateral in the form of U.S. Treasury notes amounting to $87.8 million and $85.9 million, respectively, to CME for these derivatives. The U.S. Treasury notes were considered restricted assets and were included in available for sale securities within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

At September 30, 2024 there wereno customer-related interest rate swap derivatives with credit-risk contingent features in a net liability position. At December 31, 2023, there was $1.9 million of customer-related interest rate swap derivatives with credit-risk contingent features in a net liability position. The Company has minimum collateral posting thresholds with its customer-related interest rate swap derivative correspondent-bank counterparties to the extent that the Company has a liability position with the correspondent-bank counterparties. The Company wasnot required to post cash collateral for interest rate swaps with correspondent-bank counterparties as of September 30, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the Company posted $3.0 million, which was considered to be a restricted asset and was included in other short-term investments within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023, it would have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at the termination value. In addition, the Company had cross-default provisions with its commercial customer loan agreements which provide cross-collateralization with the customer loan collateral.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives

The Company enters into residential mortgage loan commitments in connection with its consumer mortgage banking activities to fund mortgage loans at specified rates and times in the future. In addition, the Company enters into forward sale commitments to sell such residential mortgage loans at specified prices and times in the future. These commitments are short-term in nature and generally expire in 30 to 60 days. The residential mortgage loan commitments that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale and the related forward sale commitments are considered derivative instruments under ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” and are reported at fair value. Changes in fair value are reported in earnings and included in other non-interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had an outstanding notional balance of residential mortgage loan origination commitments of $15.9 million and $10.5 million, respectively, and forward sale commitments of $16.3 million and $9.2 million, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded net gains related to the change in fair value of commitments to originate and sell mortgage loans of less than $0.1 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded net losses related to the change in fair value of commitments to originate and sell mortgage loans of less than $0.1 million. During both the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company recorded net losses related to the change in fair value of commitments to originate and sell mortgage loans of $0.1 million. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the aggregate fair value of the Company’s mortgage banking derivative asset was $0.1 million. The aggregate fair value of the Company’s mortgage banking derivative liability as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively. Mortgage banking derivative assets and liabilities are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Residential mortgages sold are generally sold with servicing rights released. Mortgage banking derivatives do not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes.

14. Balance Sheet Offsetting

Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, may be eligible for offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and/or subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. The Company’s derivative transactions with upstream financial institution counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association master agreements which include “right of set-off” provisions. In such cases there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts. However, the Company does not offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments. The Company nets the amount recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral against the obligation to return cash collateral arising from derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement. Collateral legally required to be maintained at dealer banks by the Company is monitored and adjusted as necessary. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, it was determined that no additional collateral would have to be posted to immediately settle these instruments.

The following tables present the Company’s asset and liability positions that were eligible for offset and the potential effect of netting arrangements on its Consolidated Balance Sheet, as of the dates indicated:

15. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”) defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are independent, knowledgeable, able and willing to transact. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements), and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Level 1 – Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 – Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 – Prices or valuations that require unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that are significant to the fair value measurement.

To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company uses fair value measurements to record adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that the Company believes market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified from Level 1 to Level 2 or from Level 2 to Level 3.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no active market exists for a portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment, and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect these estimates.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating fair value disclosures:

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For these financial instruments, which have original maturities of 90 days or less, their carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate fair value.

Securities

Securities consisted of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. Agency bonds, U.S. government-sponsored residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, and state and municipal bonds. AFS securities are recorded at fair value.

The Company’s U.S. Treasury securities are traded on active markets and therefore these securities were classified as Level 1.

The fair value of U.S. Agency bonds were evaluated using relevant trade data, benchmark quotes and spreads obtained from publicly available trade data, and generated on a price, yield or spread basis as determined by the observed market data. Therefore, these securities were categorized as Level 2 given the use of observable inputs.

The fair value of U.S. government-sponsored residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities were estimated using either a matrix or benchmarks. The inputs used include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, and issuer spreads. Therefore, these securities were categorized as Level 2 given the use of observable inputs.

The fair value of state and municipal bonds were estimated using a valuation matrix with inputs including observable bond interest rate tables, recent transactions, and yield relationships. Therefore, these securities were categorized as Level 2 given the use of observable inputs.

Fair value was based on the value of one unit without regard to any premium or discount that may result from concentrations of ownership of a financial instrument, possible tax ramifications, or estimated transaction costs.

Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of loans held for sale, whose carrying amounts approximate fair value, was estimated using the anticipated market price based upon pricing indications provided by investor banks. These assets were classified as Level 2 given the use of observable inputs.

Loans

The fair value of commercial construction, commercial and industrial lines of credit, and certain other consumer loans was estimated by discounting the contractual cash flows using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality.

For commercial, commercial real estate, residential real estate, automobile, and consumer home equity loans, fair value was estimated by discounting contractual cash flows adjusted for prepayment estimates using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality.

Loans are classified as Level 3 since the valuation methodology utilizes significant unobservable inputs. Loans that are deemed to be collateral-dependent, as described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K, were recorded at the fair value of the underlying collateral.

FHLB Stock

The fair value of FHLB stock approximates the carrying amount based on the redemption provisions of the FHLB. These assets were classified as Level 2.

Rabbi Trust Investments

Rabbi trust investments consisted primarily of cash and cash equivalents, U.S. government agency obligations, equity securities, mutual funds and other exchange-traded funds, and were recorded at fair value and included in other assets. The purpose of these rabbi trust investments is to fund certain executive non-qualified retirement benefits and deferred compensation.

The fair value of other U.S. government agency obligations was estimated using either a matrix or benchmarks. The inputs used include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, and issuer spreads. These securities were categorized as Level 2 given the use of observable inputs. The equity securities, mutual funds and other exchange-traded funds were valued based on quoted prices from the market. The equities, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds traded in an active market were categorized as Level 1 as they were valued based upon quoted prices from the market. Mutual funds at net asset value amounted to $58.7 million at September 30, 2024 and $48.9 million at December 31, 2023. There were no redemption restrictions on these mutual funds at the end of any period presented.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The fair value of bank-owned life insurance was based upon quotations received from bank-owned life insurance dealers. These assets were classified as Level 2 given the use of observable inputs.

Deposits

The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits, savings, interest checking accounts, and money market accounts, was equal to their carrying amount. The fair value of time deposits was based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows using current market interest rates. Deposits were classified as Level 2 given the use of observable market inputs.

The fair value estimates of deposits do not include the benefit that results from the low-cost funding provided by the deposit liabilities compared to the cost of borrowing funds in the wholesale market (core deposit intangibles).

FHLB Advances

The fair value of FHLB advances was based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rates used are representative of approximate rates currently offered on instruments with similar remaining maturities. FHLB advances were classified as Level 2.

Escrow Deposits of Borrowers

The fair value of escrow deposits of borrowers, which have no stated maturity, approximates the carrying amount. Escrow deposits of borrowers were classified as Level 2.

Interest Rate Swap Collateral Funds

The fair value of interest rate swap collateral funds approximates the carrying amount. Interest rate swap collateral funds were classified as Level 2.

Interest Rate Swaps

The fair value of interest rate swaps was determined using discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of the interest rate swaps. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the interest rate swaps, including the period of maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatility. In addition, for customer-related interest rate swaps, the analysis reflects a credit valuation adjustment to reflect the Company’s own non-performance risk and respective counterparty’s non-performance risk in the fair value measurements. The majority of inputs used to value the Company’s interest rate swaps fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, but the credit valuation adjustments associated with the interest rate swaps utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. However, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the impact of the Level 3 inputs on the overall valuation of the interest rate swaps was deemed insignificant to the overall valuation. As a result, the interest rate swaps were categorized as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Risk Participations

The fair value of risk participations was determined based upon the total expected exposure of the derivative which considers the present value of cash flows discounted using market-based inputs and were therefore categorized as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value also included a credit valuation adjustment which evaluates the credit risk of the counterparties by considering factors such as the likelihood of default by the counterparties, its net exposures, the remaining contractual life, as well as the amount of collateral securing the position. The change in value of derivative assets and liabilities attributable to credit risk was not significant during the reported periods.

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

The fair values of foreign currency forward contracts were based upon the remaining expiration period of the contracts and bid quotations received from foreign exchange contract dealers and were categorized as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Mortgage Derivatives

The fair value of mortgage derivatives is determined based upon current market prices for similar assets in the secondary market and, therefore are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The following tables present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

There were no transfers to or from Level 1, 2 and 3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

The Company held no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company may also be required, from time to time, to measure certain other assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. The following tables summarize the fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

For the valuation of the collateral-dependent loans, the Company relies primarily on third-party valuation information from certified appraisers and values are generally based upon recent appraisals of the underlying collateral, brokers’ opinions based upon recent sales of comparable properties, estimated equipment auction or liquidation values, income capitalization, or a combination of income capitalization and comparable sales. Depending on the type of underlying collateral, valuations may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic factors and estimated liquidation expenses. The range of these possible adjustments may vary.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company transferredone property, located in Lynn, Massachusetts, that has housed Company offices and which is comprised of an office building and land, to held for sale. As of September 30, 2024, the property was recorded at the lower of cost or market and amounted to $10.7 million. At the time of transfer to held for sale, the carrying value of the property approximated its fair value. Therefore, no write-down was recorded upon transfer.

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The estimated fair values and related carrying amounts for assets and liabilities for which fair value is only disclosed are shown below as of the dates indicated:

This summary excludes certain financial assets and liabilities for which the carrying value approximates fair value. For financial assets, these may include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and short-term investments. For financial liabilities, these may include federal funds purchased. These instruments would all be considered to be classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. Also excluded from the summary are financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, as previously described.

16. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) is recognized when control of goods or services is transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The Company considers the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and circumstances when applying this guidance. The Company measures revenue and timing of recognition by applying the following five steps:

1. Identify the contract(s) with the customers

2. Identify the performance obligations

3. Determine the transaction price

4. Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations

5. Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

The Company accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable.

The information presented within this Note excludes discontinued operations with regard to information pertaining to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Refer to Note 18, “Discontinued Operations” for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.

Performance obligations

The Company’s performance obligations are generally satisfied either at a point in time or over time, as services are rendered. Unsatisfied performance obligations at the report date are not material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

A portion of the Company’s noninterest income/(loss) is derived from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606. The Company has disaggregated such revenues by type of service, as presented in the table below. These categories reflect how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

(1)Includes income of $7.8 million, recognized during thenine months ended September 30, 2024, representing a penalty for the early withdrawal of an omnibus deposit contract. No such income was recognized for thenine months ended September 30, 2023.

Additional information related to each of the revenue streams is further noted below.

Deposit Service Charges

The Company offers various deposit account products to its customers governed by specific deposit agreements applicable to either personal customers or business customers. These agreements identify the general conditions and obligations of both parties and include standard information regarding deposit account-related fees.

Deposit account services include providing access to deposit accounts as well as access to the various deposit transactional services of the Company. These transactional services are primarily those that are identified in the standard fee schedule, and include, but are not limited to, services such as overdraft protection, wire transfer, and check collection. The Company may charge monthly fixed service fees associated with the customer having access to the deposit account as well as separate fixed fees associated with and at the time specific transactions are entered into by the customer. As such, the Company considers that its performance obligations are fulfilled when customers are provided deposit account access or when the requested deposit transaction is completed.

Cash management services are a subset of the deposit service charges revenue stream. These services include automated clearing house, or ACH, transaction processing, positive pay, lockbox, and remote deposit services. These services are also governed by separate agreements entered into by the customer. The fee arrangement for these services is structured as a fixed fee per transaction which may be offset by earnings credits. An earnings credit is a discount that a customer receives based upon the investable balance in the applicable covered deposit account(s) for a given month. Earnings credits are only good for the given month. That is, if cash management fees for a given month are less than the month’s earnings credit, the remainder of the credit does not carry over to the following month. Cash management fees are recognized as revenue in the month that the services are provided. Cash management fees earned but not yet received amounted to $1.6 million as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and were included in other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Trust and Investment Advisory Fees

The Company offers investment management and trust services to individuals, institutions, small businesses and charitable institutions. Each investment management product is governed by its own contract along with a separate identifiable fee schedule unique to that product. The Company also offers additional services, such as estate settlement, financial planning, tax services, and other special services quoted at the customer’s request.

The asset management and/or custody fees are primarily based upon a percentage of the monthly valuation of the principal assets in the customer’s account. Customers are also charged a base fee which is prorated over a twelve-month period. Fees for additional or special services are generally fixed in nature and are charged as services are rendered. All revenue is recognized in correlation to the monthly management fee determinations or as transactional services are provided. Trust and advisory fees earned but not yet received amounted to $5.2 million and $0.1 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Debit Card Processing Fees

The Company provides debit cards to its customers which are authorized and settled through various card payment networks, and in exchange, the Company earns revenue as determined by each payment network’s interchange program. Regardless of the network that is utilized to authorize and settle the payment, the merchant that provides the product or service to the debit card holder is ultimately responsible for the interchange payment to the Company. Debit card processing fees are recognized as card transactions are settled within each network. Debit card processing fees earned but not yet received amounted to $0.4 million as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and were included in other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Other Noninterest Income

The Company earns various types of other noninterest income that have been aggregated into one general revenue stream in the table noted above. Noninterest income in-scope of ASC 606 includes, but is not limited to, the following types of revenue with customers: safe deposit rent, ATM surcharge fees and customer checkbook fees. Individually, these sources of noninterest income are not material.

17. Other Comprehensive Income

The following tables present a reconciliation of the changes in the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the dates indicated including the amount of income tax (expense) benefit allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss):

The following table illustrates the changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

18. Discontinued Operations

On September 19, 2023, the Company announced that it had entered into an asset purchase agreement (“the agreement”) with Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. (“Gallagher”) to sell substantially all of the assets of its insurance agency business for a gross purchase price of $515.0 million. The agreement also provided for the assumption of certain liabilities of the insurance agency business by Gallagher. Management made the decision to sell certain assets of its insurance agency business to recognize the valuation premium of the business, while allowing the Company to focus on growth and strategic initiatives of its core banking business.

In September 2023, following the approval of the sale by the Company’s board of directors, the Company reclassified substantially all of the assets and certain liabilities of its insurance agency business as held for sale in connection with a planned disposition of the business. A business is classified as held for sale when management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the business, the sale is probable to occur during the next 12 months at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and certain other criteria are met. In accordance with ASC 205, Presentation of Financial Statements, the Company classifies operations as discontinued when they meet all the criteria to be classified as held for sale and when the sale represents a strategic shift that will have a major impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

On October 31, 2023, the Company completed the sale of its insurance agency business for net cash consideration at closing of $498.1 million, subject to customary post-closing working capital adjustments. The net cash proceeds at closing included the gross purchase price pursuant to the agreement of $515.0 million and an estimated working capital adjustment of $4.2 million, which were reduced by transaction expenses of $17.0 million and the settlement of certain obligations of the Company primarily related to employee post-retirement liabilities that originated prior to closing of $4.1 million. In addition, the Company transferred $7.4 million in fiduciary cash to Gallagher upon closing which is included in the determination of the gain on sale as of December 31, 2023 but was not included in the amount of net cash consideration of $498.1 million. In connection with the sale, the Company recognized a gain on sale of $408.6 million, which was subject to certain post-closing adjustments during the 120 day post-closing settlement period which ended on February 28, 2024. The amount of the post-closing settlement was not material. The Company recognized indirect noninterest expenses associated with the sale of approximately $22.3 million.

The following table presents operating results of the discontinued insurance agency business for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:

(1)Represents net income from discontinued operations that is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Certain income and expense amounts were excluded from discontinued operations as they relate to assets and liabilities which were not assumed by Gallagher. The following is a summary of such items and the corresponding income tax effect for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:

(1)Includes income on Company-owned life insurance policies which were not disposed of and were transferred to the Bank upon sale of assets of Eastern Insurance Group.

(2)Includes expenses associated with certain employee post-retirement benefit plan expenses.

(3)Includes depreciation expense associated with buildings and related improvements and ROU asset amortization related to one lease which were not disposed of and were transferred to the Bank as of January 1, 2024.

(4)Includes intercompany expenses and other credits associated with the Defined Benefit Plan and the BEP. Components of net periodic benefit cost associated with the Defined Benefit Plan and the BEP included in other noninterest expense above were a net credit for the period presented.

Continuing Involvement

Pursuant to the agreement, the Company agreed to provide certain transitional services to Gallagher for up tosix months following the closing of the sale. Such services included certain information and technology support and human resources support. The Company was compensated for such services on a monthly basis, and the total compensation over thesix month period plus reimbursement of amounts paid by the Company in connection with its performance of the transitional services was not material.