SMART Global Holdings Inc

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SMART Global Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) consistent in all material respects with those applied in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 25, 2023 and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial information. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the opinion of our management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all necessary adjustments, consisting of a normal recurring nature, to fairly state the financial information set forth herein. These consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 25, 2023.

Presentation of SMART Brazil as Discontinued Operations: On June 13, 2023, we entered into an agreement to divest of an 81% interest in SMART Modular Technologies do Brasil – Indústria e Comercio de Componentes Ltda. (“SMART Brazil”). We concluded that, as of August 25, 2023, (i) the net assets of SMART Brazil met the criteria for classification as held for sale and (ii) the proposed sale represented a strategic shift that was expected to have a major effect on our operations and financial results. On November 29, 2023, we completed the divestiture. The balance sheets, results of operations and cash flows of SMART Brazil have been presented as discontinued operations for all periods presented. SMART Brazil was previously included within our Memory Solutions segment. See “Divestiture of SMART Brazil.”

Unless otherwise noted, amounts and discussion within these notes to the consolidated financial statements relate to our continuing operations. Prior period comparative information has been conformed to current period presentation for continuing operations.

Reclassifications: Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to current period presentation.

Fiscal Year: Our fiscal year is the 52- or 53-week period ending on the last Friday in August. Fiscal years 2024 and 2023 contain 53 weeks and 52 weeks, respectively. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated.

Financial information for our subsidiaries in Brazil was included in our consolidated financial statements on a one-month lag because their fiscal years ended on July 31 of each year. In connection with the completion of the divestiture of an 81% interest in SMART Brazil, we ceased consolidating the operations of SMART Brazil in our financial statements as of the November 29, 2023 disposal date. As a result, financial information for the first quarter of 2024 includes the four-month period for our SMART Brazil operations from August 1, 2023 to November 29, 2023.

Divestiture of SMART Brazil

Overview of Transaction

On November 29, 2023, we completed the previously announced divestiture of SMART Brazil pursuant to the terms of that certain Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Brazil Purchase Agreement”), by and among SMART Modular Technologies (LX) S.à r.l., a société à responsabilité limitée governed by the laws of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and a wholly owned subsidiary of SGH (the “Brazil Seller”), Lexar Europe B.V., a company organized under the laws of The Netherlands (the “Brazil Purchaser”), Shenzhen Longsys Electronics Co., Ltd., a company limited by shares governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China (“Longsys”), solely with respect to certain provisions therein, Shanghai Intelligent Memory Semiconductor Co., Ltd., a limited liability company governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China and, solely with respect to certain provisions therein, SGH.

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Pursuant to the Brazil Purchase Agreement, Brazil Seller sold to Brazil Purchaser, and Brazil Purchaser purchased from Brazil Seller,81% of Brazil Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the outstanding quotas of SMART Brazil, with Brazil Seller retaining a 19% interest in SMART Brazil (the “Retained Interest”) (the “Brazil Divestiture”).

At the closing of the Brazil Divestiture, Brazil Purchaser paid to Brazil Seller (based on a total enterprise value of $205 million for SMART Brazil) an upfront cash purchase price, subject to certain customary adjustments as set forth in the Brazil Purchase Agreement. In addition, pursuant to the Brazil Purchase Agreement, Brazil Seller has a right to receive, and Brazil Purchaser is obligated to pay, (i) a deferred payment dueeighteen months following the closing and (ii) subject to and at the time of exercise of the Put/Call Option (as defined below), an additional deferred cash adjustment equal to 19% of the amount of SMART Brazil’s net cash as of the closing (as calculated pursuant to the Brazil Purchase Agreement).

Put/Call Option: Pursuant to the Brazil Purchase Agreement, at the closing, SMART Brazil, Brazil Seller, Brazil Purchaser and Longsys entered into a Quotaholders Agreement, which provides Brazil Seller with a put option to sell the Retained Interest in SMART Brazil to Brazil Purchaser (the “Put Option”) during three exercise windows following SMART Brazil’s fiscal years ending December 31, 2026, December 31, 2027 or December 31, 2028 (the “Exercise Windows”), with such Exercise Windows beginning on June 15, 2027 and ending on July 15, 2027, beginning on June 15, 2028 and ending on July 15, 2028 and beginning on June 15, 2029 and ending on July 15, 2029, respectively. A call option has also been granted to Brazil Purchaser to require Brazil Seller to sell the Retained Interest to Brazil Purchaser during the Exercise Windows (together with the Put Option, the “Put/Call Option”). The price for the Put/Call Option is based on a 100% enterprise value of 7.5 x net income for SMART Brazil for the preceding fiscal year at the time of exercise.

Consideration: The following is a summary of total consideration in exchange for the sale of an 81% interest in SMART Brazil:

(1)Includes $26.8 million of cash received at closing for an estimated amount of net cash and an estimated net working capital amount (in excess of a minimum target amount) as of the closing.

(2)Represents the post-closing adjustment for net cash and net working capital, which was received in the third quarter of 2024 upon completion of the review of the final net cash and final working capital amounts.

(3)Represents the fair value of the deferred payment, comprised of a notional amount of $28.4 million, discounted at 7.5% and due May 2025. The deferred payment was included in other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of May 31, 2024 and in other noncurrent assets as of August 25, 2023.

(4)Represents the fair value of the deferred cash adjustment, comprised of a notional amount of $4.8 million, discounted at 7.5%, equal to 19% of the amount of SMART Brazil’s net cash as of the closing (as calculated pursuant to the Brazil Purchase Agreement). The deferred cash adjustment, which is accounted for as a derivative financial instrument, is due at the time of exercise of the Put/Call Option and was included in other noncurrent assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

Presentation of SMART Brazil Operations

As of August 25, 2023, we concluded that the net assets of SMART Brazil met the criteria for classification as held for sale. In addition, the divestiture of SMART Brazil is expected to have a major effect on our operations and financial results. As a result, we have presented the results of operations, cash flows and financial position of SMART Brazil as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes for all periods presented.

A disposal group classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Accordingly, we evaluated the carrying value of the net assets of SMART Brazil (including $206.3 million recognized within shareholders’ equity related to the cumulative translation adjustment from SMART Brazil), estimated costs to sell and expected proceeds and concluded the net assets were impaired as of August 25, 2023. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge of $153.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2023 to write down the carrying value of the net assets of SMART Brazil. In addition, we concluded that the outside basis of SMART Brazil inclusive of any withholding taxes should be recognized upon the classification as held for sale as of August 25, 2023. Accordingly, we recognized withholding taxes on the expected capital gain and deferred tax liabilities of $28.6 million in 2023.

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Assets and liabilities of SMART Brazil as of the November 29, 2023 disposal date and as of August 25, 2023 were as follows:

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The following table presents the results of operations for SMART Brazil:

Loss from Divestiture of SMART Brazil

The following table presents the calculation of the loss from the divestiture of an 81% interest in SMART Brazil:

(1)The sale of an 81% interest in SMART Brazil resulted in the de-consolidation of SMART Brazil and, accordingly, the release of the related cumulative translation adjustment. Included in the basis calculation above is the balance of cumulative translation adjustment for SMART Brazil as of the closing. The release of the cumulative translation adjustment is included in net income (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

(2)In connection with the transaction, we revalued our 19% Retained Interest in SMART Brazil based on the implied value for 100% of SMART Brazil, adjusted for lack of control premium. As of May 31, 2024, the carrying value of our remaining 19% interest in SMART Brazil was $37.8 million and was included in other noncurrent assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as a non-marketable equity investment.

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Recognition Periods: The loss from the divestiture of an 81% interest in SMART Brazil was recognized as follows:

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU are intended to increase transparency through improvements to annual disclosures primarily related to income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendments in this ASU are effective for us in 2026 for annual reporting, with early adoption permitted. The ASU may be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. We are evaluating the timing and effects of this ASU on our income tax disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 –Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Segment Reporting Disclosures, which will require an entity to provide more detailed information about its reportable segment expenses that are included within management’s measurement of profit and loss and will require certain annual disclosures to be provided on an interim basis. The amendments in this ASU are effective for us in 2025 for annual reporting and in 2026 for interim reporting, with early adoption permitted beginning in 2024, and is required to be applied using the full retrospective method of transition. We are evaluating the timing and effects of adoption of this ASU on our segment disclosures.

Business Acquisition

Stratus Technologies

On August 29, 2022 (the “Stratus Acquisition Date”), we completed the acquisition of Storm Private Holdings I Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Stratus Holding Company” and together with its subsidiaries, “Stratus Technologies”), pursuant to the terms of that certain Share Purchase Agreement (the “Stratus Purchase Agreement”), dated as of June 28, 2022, by and among SGH, Stratus Holding Company and Storm Private Investments LP, a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership (the “Stratus Seller”). Pursuant to the Stratus Purchase Agreement, among other matters, the Stratus Seller sold to SGH, and SGH purchased from the Stratus Seller, all of the Stratus Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the outstanding equity securities of Stratus Holding Company.

Purchase Price: At the closing of the transaction, we paid the Stratus Seller a cash purchase price of $225.0 million, subject to certain adjustments. In addition, the Stratus Seller had the right to receive, and we were obligated to pay, contingent consideration of up to $50.0 million (the “Stratus Earnout”) based on the gross profit performance of Stratus Technologies during the first full 12 fiscal months following the closing of the acquisition. In the second quarter of 2024, we paid in full $50.0 million related to the Stratus Earnout.

Cash and Investments

As of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, all of our debt securities, the fair values of which approximated their carrying values, were classified as held to maturity. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were as follows:

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Non-marketable Equity Investments

As of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, other noncurrent assets included $43.0 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of non-marketable equity investments, which are accounted for under the measurement alternative at cost less impairment, if any. In the event an observable price change occurs in an orderly transaction for an identical or a similar investment, the carrying value of investments would be remeasured to fair value as of the date that the observable transaction occurred, with any resulting gains or losses recorded in earnings.

Accounts Receivable

In the third quarter of 2023, we entered into a trade accounts receivable sale program with a third-party financial institution to sell certain of our trade accounts receivable on a non-recourse basis pursuant to a factoring arrangement. This program allows us to sell certain of our trade accounts receivables up to $60.0 million. As of May 31, 2024, there have beenno trade accounts receivable sold under this program.

Inventories

As of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023,21% and 8%, respectively, of total inventories were owned and held under our logistics services program.

Property and Equipment

Depreciation expense for property and equipment was $5.6 million and $20.3 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively, and $6.8 million and $19.2 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2023, respectively.

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill

In the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, we capitalized $1.4 million and $127.3 million, respectively, for intangible assets with weighted-average useful lives of 18.4 years and 6.1 years, respectively. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $9.9 million and $30.1 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively, and $11.8 million and $33.6 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2023, respectively. Amortization expense is expected to be $9.9 million for the remainder of 2024, $35.6 million for 2025, $30.2 million for 2026, $29.6 million for 2027, $9.9 million for 2028 and $16.2 million for 2029 and thereafter.

In connection with our acquisition of Stratus Technologies in the first quarter of 2023, we capitalized $3.9 million of in-process research and development related to next generation fault tolerant architecture. Amortization of this technology commenced in the second quarter of 2024.

During the second quarter of 2023, we initiated a plan within our IPS segment pursuant to which we intend to wind down manufacturing and discontinue the sale of legacy products offered through our Penguin Edge business by approximately the end of 2025. As a result, we recorded aggregate charges of $19.1 million in 2023 to impair the carrying value of Penguin Edge goodwill. At each reporting date through the end of the wind-down period, we reassess the estimated remaining cash flows of the Penguin Edge business. We currently anticipate that the remaining goodwill of the Penguin Edge reporting unit of $16.1 million as of the end of the third quarter of 2024 may become further impaired in future periods.

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

(1)Included accounts payable for property and equipment of $1.2 million and $5.2 million as of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, respectively.

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Debt

Credit Facility

On February 7, 2022, SGH and SMART Modular Technologies, Inc. (collectively, the “Borrowers”) entered into a credit agreement (the “Original Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of banks and Citizens Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Administrative Agent”) that provided for (i) a term loan credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $275.0 million (the “2027 TLA”) and (ii) a revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million (the “2027 Revolver”), in each case, maturing on February 7, 2027 (subject to certain earlier “springing maturity” dates upon certain conditions specified in the Original Credit Agreement). On August 29, 2022, the Borrowers entered into the First Amendment (the “Incremental Amendment”; the Original Credit Agreement as amended by the Incremental Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with and among the lenders party thereto and the Administrative Agent. The Incremental Amendment amended the Original Credit Agreement and (i) provides for incremental term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount of $300.0 million (the “Incremental Term Loans” and together with the 2027 TLA, the “Amended 2027 TLA”), which Incremental Term Loans are on the same terms as the term loans incurred under the Original Credit Agreement, (ii) increases the maximum First Lien Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) financial covenant from 3.00:1.00 to 3.25:1.00 and (iii) increases the aggregate amount of unrestricted cash and permitted investments netted from the definitions of Consolidated First Lien Debt and Consolidated Net Debt under the Amended Credit Agreement from $100.0 million to $125.0 million.

As of May 31, 2024, there was $425.0 million of principal amount outstanding under the Amended 2027 TLA, unamortized issuance costs were $4.3 million and the effective interest rate was 8.72%. As of May 31, 2024, there wereno amounts outstanding under the 2027 Revolver and unamortized issuance costs were $2.5 million.

Amended 2027 TLA

On February 29, 2024 and March 29, 2024, we prepaid $30.0 million and $75.0 million outstanding, respectively, under the Amended 2027 TLA and, in connection therewith, wrote off $0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of unamortized issuance costs.

Convertible Senior Notes

Convertible Senior Notes Exchange

In the second quarter of 2023, we exchanged $150.0 million principal amount of 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) for $150.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”), together with an aggregate of $15.6 million in cash, with such cash payment representing $14.1 million of premium paid for the 2026 Notes in excess of par value and $1.5 million of accrued and unpaid interest on the 2026 Notes. The exchange was accounted for as an extinguishment of the 2026 Notes and the issuance of the 2029 Notes. In connection therewith, we recognized an extinguishment loss in the second quarter of 2023, included in other non-operating expense, of $16.7 million, consisting of $14.1 million of premium paid to extinguish the 2026 Notes and $2.5 million for the write-off of unamortized issuance costs.

Convertible Senior Notes Interest

Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs are amortized over the terms of our 2026 Notes and 2029 Notes using the effective interest method. As of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, the effective interest rate for our 2026 Notes was 2.83%. As of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, the effective interest rate for our 2029 Notes was 2.40%. Aggregate

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interest expense for our convertible notes consisted of contractual stated interest and amortization of discount and issuance costs and included the following:

As of August 26, 2022, the carrying amount of the equity components of the 2026 Notes, which was included in additional paid-in capital, was $50.8 million. As of the beginning of 2023, we adopted ASU 2020-06. In connection therewith, we reclassified $32.2 million from additional paid-in-capital to long-term debt and $18.6 million from additional paid-in-capital to retained earnings.

Maturities of Debt

As of May 31, 2024, maturities of debt were as follows:

Leases

We have operating leases through which we utilize facilities, offices and equipment in our manufacturing operations, research and development activities and selling, general and administrative functions. Sublease income was not significant in any period presented. The components of operating lease expense were as follows:

Cash flows used for operating activities in the first nine months of 2024 and 2023 included payments for operating leases of $6.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively. Acquisitions of right-of-use assets were $1.6 million in the first nine months of 2024 and $10.6 million in the first nine months of 2023.

As of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases was 10.3 years and 10.5 years, respectively and the weighted-average discount rate was 6.0%. Certain of our operating leases include one or more options to extend the lease term for periods fromtwo tofive years. In determining the present value of our operating lease liabilities, we have assumed we will not extend any lease terms.

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As of May 31, 2024, minimum payments of lease liabilities were as follows:

Commitments and Contingencies

Product Warranty and Indemnities

We generally provide a limited warranty that our products are in compliance with applicable specifications existing at the time of delivery. Under our standard terms and conditions of sale, liability for certain failures of product during a stated warranty period is usually limited to repair or replacement of defective items or return of amounts paid for such items. Our warranty obligations are not material.

We are party to a number of agreements in which we have agreed to defend, indemnify and hold harmless our customers and suppliers from damages and costs, which may arise from product defects as well as from any alleged infringement by our products of third-party patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights. We believe our internal development processes and other policies and practices limit our exposure related to such indemnities. Maximum potential future payments cannot be estimated because many of these agreements do not have a maximum stated liability. However, to date, we have not had to reimburse any of our customers or suppliers for any significant losses related to these indemnities. We have not recorded any liability for such indemnities.

Contingencies

From time to time, we may be involved in legal matters that arise in the normal course of business. Litigation in general, and intellectual property, employment and shareholder litigation in particular, can be expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. We regularly review contingencies to determine whether the likelihood of loss has changed and to assess whether a reasonable estimate of the loss or range of loss can be made.

Equity

SGH Shareholders’ Equity

Share Repurchase Authorization

On April 4, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a $75.0 million share repurchase authorization (the “Initial Authorization”), under which we may repurchase our outstanding ordinary shares from time to time through open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions or otherwise. The Initial Authorization has no expiration date but may be suspended or terminated by the Board of Directors at any time. On January 8, 2024, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors approved an additional $75.0 million share repurchase authorization (the “Additional Authorization,” and together with the Initial Authorization, the “Current Authorization”). The Additional Authorization has no expiration date but may be suspended or terminated by the Board of Directors at any time. In the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, we repurchased 931 thousand and 533 thousand ordinary shares for $13.9 million and $8.4 million, respectively, under the Initial Authorization. As of May 31, 2024, an aggregate of $77.7 million remained available for the repurchase of our ordinary shares under the Current Authorization.

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Other Share Repurchases

Ordinary shares withheld as payment of withholding taxes and exercise prices in connection with the vesting or exercise of equity awards are treated as ordinary share repurchases. In the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, we repurchased 239 thousand and 217 thousand ordinary shares as payment of withholding taxes for $4.1 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

In connection with the convertible senior notes exchange in the second quarter of 2023, we repurchased 326 thousand ordinary shares for $5.4 million. See “Debt – Convertible Senior Notes – Convertible Senior Notes Exchange.”

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the first nine months of 2024 were as follows:

In connection with our divestiture of an 81% interest in SMART Brazil, we reclassified $212.4 million of cumulative translation adjustment related to SMART Brazil from other accumulated comprehensive income to results of operations in the first quarter of 2024. See “Divestiture of SMART Brazil.”

Fair Value Measurements

The deferred cash adjustment resulting from the divestiture of an 81% interest in SMART Brazil is accounted for as a derivative financial instrument and is revalued at the end of each reporting period. The fair value as of May 31, 2024, as measured on a recurring basis, was based on Level 2 measurements, including market-based observable inputs of interest rates and credit-risk spreads.

The fair value of the Amended 2027 TLA, as measured on a non-recurring basis, was estimated based on Level 2 measurements, including discounted cash flows and interest rates based on similar debt issued by parties with credit ratings similar to ours. The fair values of the 2029 Notes and the 2026 Notes, as measured on a non-recurring basis, was determined based on Level 2 measurements, including the trading prices of the 2029 Notes and the 2026 Notes.

Equity Plans

As of May 31, 2024,7.9 million of our ordinary shares were available for future awards under our equity plans.

The disclosures related to our restricted awards, share options and employee share purchase plan include both our continuing and discontinued operations.

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Restricted Share Awards and Restricted Share Units Awards (“Restricted Awards”)

Aggregate Restricted Award activity was as follows:

As of May 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation costs for unvested Restricted Awards was $82.1 million, which was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

Share Options

As of May 31, 2024, total aggregate unrecognized compensation costs for unvested options was $0.3 million, which was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.3 years.

Employee Share Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)

Under our ESPP, employees purchased 584 thousand ordinary shares for $6.8 million in the first nine months of 2024 and 602 thousand ordinary shares for $6.6 million in the first nine months of 2023.

Share-Based Compensation Expense

Share-based compensation expense for our continuing operations was as follows:

Income tax benefits for share-based awards were $1.9 million and $5.4 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively, and $1.6 million and $5.0 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2023, respectively.

Revenue and Customer Contract Balances

Net Sales and Gross Billings

We provide certain logistics services on an agent basis, whereby we procure materials and services on behalf of our customers and then resell such materials and services to our customers. Our materials logistics business includes procurement, logistics, inventory management, temporary warehousing, kitting and/or packaging services. While we take title to inventory under such arrangements, control of such inventory does not transfer to us as we do not, at any point, have the ability to direct the use, and thereby obtain the benefits of, the inventory.

Gross amounts invoiced to customers in connection with these agent services include amounts related to the services performed by us in addition to the cost of the materials and services procured. However, only the amount related to the agent component is recognized as revenue in our results of operations. We generally recognize revenue for these procurement, logistics and inventory management services upon the completion of such services, which generally occurs at

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the time of shipment of product to the customer. The cost of materials and services invoiced to our customers under these arrangements, but not recognized as revenue or cost of sales in our results of operations, were as follows:

Customer Contract Balances

(1)Contract assets are included in other current and noncurrent assets.

(2)Contract liabilities are included in other current and noncurrent liabilities based on the timing of when our customer is expected to take control of the asset or receive the benefit of the service.

Contract assets represent amounts recognized as revenue for which we do not have the unconditional right to consideration.

Deferred revenue represents amounts received from customers in advance of satisfying performance obligations. As of May 31, 2024, we expect to recognize revenue of $88.7 million of the $111.5 million balance in the next 12 months and the remaining amount thereafter. In the first nine months of 2024, we recognized revenue of $47.1 million from satisfying performance obligations related to amounts included in deferred revenue as of August 25, 2023. Deferred revenue includes $10.2 million and $10.9 million as of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, respectively, related to contracts that contain termination rights.

Customer advances represent amounts received from customers for advance payments to secure product. In the first nine months of 2024, we recognized revenue of $1.3 million from satisfying performance obligations related to amounts included in customer advances as of August 25, 2023.

As of May 31, 2024 and August 25, 2023, other current liabilities included $12.7 million and $12.5 million, respectively, for estimates of consideration payable to customers, including estimates for pricing adjustments and returns.

Other Operating (Income) Expense

In 2024 and 2023, we initiated plans that included workforce reductions and the elimination of certain projects across our businesses. In connection therewith, we recorded restructure charges of $6.7 million and $5.4 million in the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily for employee severance costs and other benefits. We anticipate that these activities will continue into future quarters and anticipate recording additional restructure charges. As of May 31, 2024, $0.9 million remained unpaid, which is expected to be paid by the end of calendar 2024.

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Other Non-operating (Income) Expense

Income Taxes

Income taxes includes a provision (benefit) for federal, state and foreign taxes based on the annual estimated effective tax rate applicable to us and our subsidiaries, adjusted for certain discrete items, which are fully recognized in the period they occur. We have historically determined our interim income tax provision (benefit) by applying the annual estimated effective income tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year to the income (loss) before taxes for jurisdictions which are subject to income tax. In determining the full year estimate, we do not include the impact of unusual and/or infrequent items, which may cause significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax provision (benefit) and income (loss) before taxes. Accordingly, the interim effective tax rate may not be reflective of the annual estimated effective tax rate. Additionally, our income tax provision (benefit) is subject to volatility and could be impacted by changes in our geographic earnings, non-deductible share-based compensation and certain tax credits.

Our effective tax rate was (27.0)% and (32.5)% in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024, respectively, and differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to losses generated in a jurisdiction where no tax benefit can be recognized and to withholding taxes and state income taxes, partially offset by the effect of a $4.5 million benefit recognized in the third quarter of 2024 upon completion of a research and development tax credit study for prior years. Our effective tax rate was (59.9)% and (91.5)% in the third quarter and first nine months of 2023, respectively, and differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to losses generated in a jurisdiction where no tax benefit can be recognized.

Determining the consolidated income tax provision (benefit), income tax liabilities and deferred tax assets and liabilities involves judgment. We calculate and provide for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, which involves estimating current tax exposures as well as making judgments regarding the recoverability of deferred tax assets in each jurisdiction. The estimates used could differ from actual results, which may have a significant impact on operating results in future periods.

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Earnings Per Share

Below are unweighted potentially dilutive shares that were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because to do so would have been antidilutive:

Segment and Other Information

Segment information presented below is consistent with how our chief operating decision maker evaluates operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. We have the following three business units, which are our reportable segments:

•Memory Solutions: Our Memory Solutions group, under our SMART Modular brand, provides high performance and reliable memory solutions through the design, development and advanced packaging of leading-edge to extended lifecycle products. These specialty products are tailored to meet customer-specific requirements across networking and communications, enterprise storage and computing, including server applications and other vertical markets. These products are marketed to original equipment manufacturers and to commercial and government customers. The Memory Solutions group also offers SMART Supply Chain Services, which provides customized, integrated supply chain services to enable our customers to better manage supply chain planning and execution, reduce costs and increase productivity.

•Intelligent Platform Solutions: Our IPS group, under our Penguin Solutions and Stratus Technologies brands, offers specialized platform solutions and services for high-performance computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, advanced modeling and the internet of things that span the continuum of edge, core and cloud. Our solutions are designed specifically for customers across multiple markets, including hyperscale, financial services, energy, government, education, healthcare and others.

•LED Solutions: Our LED Solutions group, under our CreeLED brand, offers a broad portfolio of application-optimized LEDs focused on improving lumen density, intensity, efficacy, optical control and/or reliability. Backed by

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expert design assistance and superior sales support, our LED products enable our customers to develop and market LED-based products for general lighting, video screens and specialty lighting applications.

Segments are determined based on sources of revenue, types of customers and operating performance. There are no differences between the accounting policies for our segment reporting and our consolidated results of operations. Operating expenses directly associated with the activities of a specific segment are charged to that segment. Certain other indirect operating income and expenses are generally allocated to segments based on their respective percentage of net sales. We do not identify (other than goodwill) or report internally our assets nor allocate certain expenses and amortization, interest, other non-operating (income) expense or taxes to segments.

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