Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

1. Business Organization and Presentation

Business Organization

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. The Company commenced its operations in 2003 and operates inone reporting segment.

The Company’s commercial portfolio is currently comprised ofthree products, Fanapt® for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder and the treatment of schizophrenia, HETLIOZ® for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24) and for the treatment of nighttime sleep disturbances in Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS), and PONVORY® for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease and active secondary progressive disease, in adults. HETLIOZ® is the first product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with Non-24 and for patients with SMS. In addition, the Company has a number of drugs in development, including:

•Milsaperidone (VHX-896), the active metabolite of Fanapt® (iloperidone), for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder and for the treatment of schizophrenia;

•Fanapt® (iloperidone) long acting injectable (LAI) formulation for the treatment of schizophrenia;

•HETLIOZ® (tasimelteon) for the treatment of jet lag disorder, insomnia, delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) and pediatric Non-24;

•PONVORY® (ponesimod) for the treatment of psoriasis and ulcerative colitis;

•Tradipitant (VLY-686), a small molecule neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, for the treatment of gastroparesis, motion sickness and atopic dermatitis;

•Portfolio of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) activators and inhibitors, including VSJ-110 for the treatment of dry eye and ocular inflammation and VPO-227 for the treatment of secretory diarrhea disorders, including cholera;

•VTR-297, a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor for the treatment of onychomycosis and hematologic malignancies and with potential use as a treatment for several oncology indications;

•VQW-765, a small molecule nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, for the treatment of social/performance anxiety and psychiatric disorders; and

•Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) molecules, including VCA-894A for the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2S (CMT2S), caused by cryptic slice site variants within the IGHMBP2 gene.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. The financial information as of March 31, 2024 and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is unaudited, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for these interim periods have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2023 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or any future year or period.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Annual Report.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management’s evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

For purposes of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash equivalents represent highly-liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions, and commercial paper of high-quality corporate issuers. Restricted cash relates primarily to amounts held as collateral for letters of credit for leases for office space at the Company’s Washington, D.C. headquarters.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total end of period cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

Revenue from Net Product Sales

The Company’s net product sales consist of sales of Fanapt®, HETLIOZ® and PONVORY®. Net sales by product for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The Company’s HETLIOZ® net product sales as reported for the three months ended March 31, 2023 reflected higher unit sales as compared to recent prior periods. The higher unit sales during the three months ended March 31, 2023 resulted in a significant increase of inventory stocking at specialty pharmacy customers at March 31, 2023. During the remainder of 2023, HETLIOZ® net product sales reflected lower unit sales as a result of the continued reduction of the elevated inventory levels at specialty pharmacy customers. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net product sales for HETLIOZ® reflected higher unit sales as compared to the most recent three quarters of 2023. The higher unit sales during the three months ended March 31, 2024 again resulted in an increase of inventory stocking at specialty pharmacy customers at March 31, 2024. During 2023 and the three months ended March 31, 2024, inventory levels at specialty pharmacy customers have remained elevated relative to inventory levels prior to the entrance of generic competition. Going forward, HETLIOZ® net product sales may reflect lower unit sales as a result of reduction of the elevated inventory levels at specialty pharmacy customers. Further, HETLIOZ® net product sales will likely decline in future periods, potentially significantly, related to continued generic competition in the U.S. The Company constrained HETLIOZ® net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 to an amount not probable of significant revenue reversal. The amount of revenue recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to changes in estimates on revenue constrained during the year ended December 31, 2023 was not material. HETLIOZ® net product sales could experience variability in future periods as the remaining uncertainties associated with variable consideration related to inventory stocking by specialty pharmacy customers are resolved.

Major Customers

Fanapt® is available in the U.S. for distribution through a limited number of wholesalers and is available in retail pharmacies. HETLIOZ® is available in the United States (U.S.) for distribution through a limited number of specialty pharmacies and is not available in retail pharmacies. PONVORY® is available in the U.S. for distribution primarily through specialty distributors. The

Company invoices and records revenue when its customers, wholesalers, specialty pharmacies and specialty distributors, receive product from the third-party logistics warehouse, which is the point at which control is transferred to the customer. Outside the U.S., the Company has a distribution agreement for the commercialization of Fanapt® in Israel and sells HETLIOZ® in Germany. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues and, as a group, represented 72% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024. There were five major customers that each accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable and, as a group, represented 71% of total accounts receivable at March 31, 2024. Receivables are carried at transaction price net of allowance for credit losses. Allowance for credit losses is measured using historical loss rates based on the aging of receivables and incorporating current conditions and forward-looking estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which is intended to provide enhanced segment disclosures. The standard will require disclosures about significant segment expenses and other segment items and identifying the Chief Operating Decision Maker and how they use the reported segment profitability measures to assess segment performance and allocate resources. These enhanced disclosures are required for all entities on an interim and annual basis, even if they have only a single reportable segment. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to provide enhancements to annual income tax disclosures. The standard will require more detailed information in the rate reconciliation table and for income taxes paid, among other enhancements. The standard is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating this standard to determine if adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

3. PONVORY® Acquisition

On December 7, 2023, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the Purchase Agreement) to acquire the U.S. and Canadian rights to PONVORY® from Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Janssen), a Johnson & Johnson Company, and the closing of the transaction took place simultaneously with signing. PONVORY® is a once-daily oral selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 modulator, indicated to treat adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease and active secondary progressive disease. The total consideration for the acquisition was $104.9 million consisting of cash paid to Janssen and acquisition-related transaction costs, of which $1.5 million of the consideration remained accrued as of March 31, 2024 and recorded in the accounts payable and accrued liabilities balance of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Purchase Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and covenants, as well as standard mutual indemnities covering losses arising from any material breach of the Purchase Agreement or inaccuracy of representations and warranties. Janssen has agreed to indemnify the Company against losses arising from its activities prior to the closing, and the Company has agreed to indemnify Janssen against losses arising from the Company’s activities pertaining to PONVORY® after the closing. Simultaneously and in connection with the Purchase Agreement, the parties have also entered into certain supporting agreements, including a customary transition agreement, pursuant to which, during a transition period, Janssen will continue PONVORY® operations and the Company and Janssen will transition regulatory and supply responsibility for PONVORY® to the Company.

The acquisition of PONVORY® has been accounted for as an asset acquisition in accordance with ASC 805-50 because substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired is concentrated in a single asset, the PONVORY® product rights. The PONVORY® products rights consist of certain patents and trademarks, regulatory approvals, marketing assets, and other records, and are considered a single asset as they are inextricably linked. The total consideration of $104.9 million was fully allocated to the acquired intangible asset for the U.S. and Canada rights to PONVORY®. The straight-line method is used to amortize the intangible asset, as disclosed in Note 7, Intangible Assets.

4. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of March 31, 2024, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2023, which all have contractual maturities of less than two years:

5. Fair Value Measurements

Authoritative guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

•Level 1 — defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets

•Level 2 — defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable

•Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions

The Company’s assets classified in Level 1 and Level 2 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consist of cash equivalents and available-for-sale marketable securities. The valuation of Level 1 instruments is determined using a market approach and is based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. The valuation of Level 2 instruments is also determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 securities include certificates of deposit, commercial paper and corporate notes that use as their basis readily observable market parameters.

The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024, as follows:

The Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, as follows:

Total assets measured at fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include $38.4 million and $63.8 million cash equivalents, respectively.

The Company also has financial assets and liabilities not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which primarily consist of cash, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and product revenue allowances, the carrying values of which materially approximate their fair values.

6. Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Inventory, which is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, includes the cost of third-party manufacturing and other direct and indirect costs and is valued using the first-in, first-out method. The Company evaluates the risk of excess inventory and product expiry by evaluating current and future product demand relative to product shelf life. The Company builds demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance, patient usage, and generic competition. The Company’s inventory balance consisted of $2.7 million and $3.0 million of Fanapt® product and $7.3 million and $7.2 million of HETLIOZ® product as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

7. Intangible Assets

HETLIOZ®. In January 2014, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the New Drug Application (NDA) for HETLIOZ®. As a result of this approval, the Company met a milestone under its license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) that required the Company to make a license payment of $8.0 million to BMS. In April 2018, the Company met its final milestone under its license agreement with BMS when cumulative worldwide sales of HETLIOZ® reached $250.0 million. As a result of the achievement of this milestone, the Company made a payment to BMS of $25.0 million in 2018. These milestone payments were determined to be additional consideration for the acquisition of HETLIOZ® and capitalized as an intangible asset and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic useful life of the related product patents.

PONVORY®. On December 7, 2023, the Company acquired the U.S. and Canadian rights to PONVORY® from Janssen. The total purchase price was allocated to the acquired intangible for the U.S. and Canada rights to PONVORY®. See Note 3, PONVORY® Acquisition, for additional details. The PONVORY® intangible asset is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic useful life of the related product rights. During the first quarter of 2024, the estimated useful life for the PONVORY® intangible asset was changed from 2035 to 2042 based on a change in the estimated economic useful life of the related product rights.

The following is a summary of the Company’s amortizing intangible assets as of March 31, 2024:

The following is a summary of the Company’s amortizing intangible assets as of December 31, 2023:

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company also had $27.9 million of fully amortized intangible assets related to Fanapt®.

Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life using the straight-line method. Amortization expense was $2.0 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following is a summary of the future intangible asset amortization schedule as of March 31, 2024:

8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following is a summary of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

9. Commitments and Contingencies

Guarantees and Indemnifications

The Company has entered into a number of standard intellectual property indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of its business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual from the date of execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Since inception, the Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain conditions.

License Agreements

The Company’s rights to develop and commercialize its products are subject to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to the Company by other pharmaceutical companies.

Fanapt®. Pursuant to the terms of a settlement agreement with Novartis Pharma AG (Novartis), Novartis transferred all U.S. and Canadian rights in the Fanapt® franchise to the Company on December 31, 2014. The Company paid directly to Sanofi S.A. (Sanofi) a fixed royalty of 3% of net sales through December 2019 related to manufacturing know-how. The Company is also obligated to pay Sanofi a fixed royalty on Fanapt® net sales equal to 6% on Sanofi know-how not related to manufacturing under certain conditions for a period of up to 10 years in markets where the new chemical entity (NCE) patent has expired or was not issued. The Company is obligated to pay this 6% royalty on net sales in the U.S. through November 2026.

HETLIOZ®. In February 2004, the Company entered into a license agreement with BMS under which it received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ®. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has paid BMS $37.5 million in upfront fees and milestone obligations, including $33.0 million of regulatory approval and commercial milestones capitalized as intangible assets (see Note 7, Intangible Assets). The Company hasno remaining milestone obligations to BMS. Additionally, the Company is obligated to make royalty payments on HETLIOZ® net sales to BMS. The royalty period in each territory where the Company commercializes HETLIOZ® is 10 years following the first commercial sale in the territory. In territories outside the U.S., the royalty is 5% on net sales. In the U.S., the royalty on net sales in the U.S. decreased from 10% to 5% in December 2022. This U.S. royalty will end in April 2024. The Company is also obligated under the license agreement to pay BMS a percentage of any sublicense fees, upfront payments and milestone and other payments (excluding royalties) that it receives from a third party in connection with any sublicensing arrangement, at a rate which is in themid-twenties. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize HETLIOZ®.

Tradipitant. In April 2012, the Company entered into a license agreement with Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly) pursuant to which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize an NK-1 receptor antagonist, tradipitant, for all human indications. Lilly is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development, regulatory approval and commercialization milestones as well as tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to thelow double digits. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has paid Lilly $5.0 million in upfront fees and development milestones. These payments for upfront fees and development milestones include a $2.0 million milestone paid to Lilly during the year ended December 31, 2023 for the filing of the first application for marketing authorization for tradipitant in either the U.S. or European Union (E.U.). As of March 31, 2024, remaining milestone obligations include $10.0 million and $5.0 million milestones for the first approval of an application for marketing authorization for tradipitant in the U.S. and E.U., respectively, and up to $80.0 million for sales milestones. The Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize tradipitant.

Portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. In March 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), under which the Company acquired an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize a portfolio of CFTR activators and inhibitors. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company will develop and commercialize the CFTR activators and inhibitors and is responsible for all development costs, including current pre-investigational new drug development work. UCSF is eligible to receive future payments based upon achievement of specified development and commercialization milestones as well assingle-digit royalties on net sales. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has paid UCSF $1.6 million in upfront fees and development milestones. As of March 31, 2024, remaining milestone obligations include $11.9 million for development milestones and $33.0 million for future regulatory approval and sales milestones. Included in the $11.9 million of development milestones are $1.1 million of milestone obligations due upon the conclusion of clinical studies for each licensed product but not to exceed $3.2 million in total for the CFTR portfolio.

VQW-765. In connection with a settlement agreement with Novartis relating to Fanapt®, the Company received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize VQW-765, a Phase II alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company is obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize VQW-765 and is responsible for all development costs. The Company has no milestone obligations; however, Novartis is eligible to receive tiered-royalties on net sales at percentage rates up to themid-teens.

Other Agreements

In September 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with OliPass Corporation (OliPass) to jointly develop a set of ASO molecules based on OliPass’ proprietary modified peptide nucleic acids. As consideration for entering into the arrangement, the Company paid OliPass an upfront fee of $3.0 million, which was recorded as research and development expense in 2022. The Company is funding the research and development activities and has the option to license jointly developed intellectual property upon successful development.

Purchase Commitments

In the course of its business, the Company regularly enters into agreements with third-party vendors under fee service arrangements, which generally may be terminated on 90 days’ notice without incurring additional charges, other than charges for work completed or materials procured but not paid for through the effective date of termination and other costs incurred by the Company’s contractors in closing out work in progress as of the effective date of termination. The Company’s non-cancellable purchase commitments for agreements longer than one year are not material. Various other long-term agreements entered into for services with other third-party vendors, such as inventory purchase commitments, are cancellable in nature or contain variable commitment terms within the agreement.

10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The accumulated balances related to each component of other comprehensive loss, net of taxes, were as follows as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

11. Stock-Based Compensation

As of March 31, 2024, there were 7,497,782 shares subject to outstanding options and restricted stock units (RSUs) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (2006 Plan) and the Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (2016 Plan, and together with the 2006 Plan, Plans). The 2006 Plan expired by its terms in April 2016, and the Company adopted the 2016 Plan. Outstanding options under the 2006 Plan remain in effect and the terms of the 2006 Plan continue to apply, but no additional awards can be granted under the 2006 Plan. In June 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan has been amended a number of times since to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance, among other administrative changes. Each of the amendments to the 2016 Plan was approved by the Company’s stockholders. There is a total of 13,790,000 shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan,3,059,300 shares of which remained available for future grant as of March 31, 2024.

Stock Options

The Company has granted option awards under the Plans with service conditions (service option awards) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service option awards have 10-year contractual terms. Service option awards granted to employees and new directors upon their election vest and become exercisable over four years, with the first 25% of the shares subject to service option awards vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% of the shares subject to the service option awards in 36 equal monthly installments thereafter. Subsequent annual service option awards granted to directors vest and become exercisable in full on the first anniversary of the grant date. Service option awards granted to executive officers and certain other employees provide for partial acceleration of vesting if the executive officer or employee is subject to an involuntary termination, and full acceleration of vesting if the executive officer or employee is subject to an involuntary termination within 24 months after a change in control of the Company. Service option awards granted to directors provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company or if the director’s service terminates as a result of the director’s death or total and permanent disability.

As of March 31, 2024, $5.0 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service option awards are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.0 years. No option awards are classified as a liability as of March 31, 2024.

A summary of option activity under the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2024 follows:

There wereno options granted for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted was $3.57 per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023. There wereno proceeds from the exercise of stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Restricted Stock Units

An RSU is a stock award that entitles the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock as the award vests. The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The Company has granted RSUs under the Plans with service conditions (service RSUs) that are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. Service RSUs granted to employees and new directors upon their election vest infour equal annual installments. Subsequent annual service RSUs granted to directors vest on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Service RSUs granted to executive officers and certain other employees provide for accelerated vesting if the executive officer or employee is subject to an involuntary termination within 24 months after a change in control. Service RSUs granted to directors provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company.

As of March 31, 2024, $17.6 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested service RSUs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. No RSUs are classified as a liability as of March 31, 2024.

A summary of RSU activity for the Plans for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is as follows:

The grant date fair value for the 662,024 shares underlying RSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $8.1 million.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was comprised of the following:

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility rates are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s publicly traded common stock and other factors. The expected terms are determined based on a combination of historical exercise data and hypothetical exercise data for unexercised stock options. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. The Company has never paid cash dividends to its stockholders and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. No options were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for employee and director stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

12. Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $0.5 million and a provision for income taxes of $2.3 million, respectively. The income tax expense (benefit) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was primarily driven by the estimated effective tax rate for the year, as well as discrete income tax expense of $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

13. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus potential outstanding common stock for the period. Potential outstanding common stock includes stock options and shares underlying RSUs, but only to the extent that their inclusion is dilutive, as calculated using the treasury stock method.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

The Company incurred a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 causing inclusion of any potentially dilutive securities to have an anti-dilutive effect, resulting in dilutive loss per share and basic loss per share attributable to common stockholders being equivalent.

14. Legal Matters

HETLIOZ®. Between April 2018 and March 2021, the Company filed numerous Hatch-Waxman lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (Delaware District Court) against Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (Teva), MSN Pharmaceuticals Inc. and MSN Laboratories Private Limited (MSN) and Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (Apotex, and collectively with Teva and MSN, the HETLIOZ® Defendants) asserting that U.S. Patent Nos. RE46,604 (‘604 Patent), 9,060,995, 9,539,234, 9,549,913, 9,730,910 (‘910 Patent), 9,844,241, 10,071,977, 10,149,829 (‘829 Patent), 10,376,487 (‘487 Patent), 10,449,176, 10,610,510, 10,610,511, 10,829,465, and 10,611,744 will be infringed by the HETLIOZ® Defendants’

generic versions of HETLIOZ® for which they were seeking FDA approval. As initially disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 14, 2022, in January 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement with MSN and Impax Laboratories LLC (Impax) resolving the lawsuits against MSN (the MSN/Impax License Agreement). The MSN/Impax License Agreement grants MSN and Impax a non-exclusive license to manufacture and commercialize MSN’s generic version of HETLIOZ® in the U.S. effective as of March 13, 2035, unless prior to that date the Company obtains pediatric exclusivity for HETLIOZ®, in which case the license will be effective as of July 27, 2035. The MSN/Impax License Agreement also provides that MSN and Impax may launch a generic version of HETLIOZ® earlier under certain limited circumstances. In January 2023, MSN and its commercial partner, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., informed the Company of their belief that such circumstances have occurred and have since launched their generic version. The Company disagrees with this position and continues to aggressively defend its legal rights to exclusivity for HETLIOZ®. The consolidated lawsuits against the remaining HETLIOZ® Defendants were tried in March 2022.

In December 2022, the Delaware District Court ruled that Teva and Apotex did not infringe the ‘604 Patent, and that the asserted claims of the ‘604, ‘910, ‘829 and ‘487 Patents were invalid. In December 2022, the Company appealed the Delaware District Court’s decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) and an oral argument for the appeal was held in March 2023. In May 2023, a three-judge panel of the Federal Circuit affirmed the Delaware District Court’s ruling, and in June 2023, the Company requested a rehearing or rehearing en banc from the Federal Circuit. In August 2023, the Federal Circuit denied the Company’s petition for a rehearing. In January 2024, the Company filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court to review the Federal Circuit’s decision. In April 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court denied the Company’s petition for a writ of certiorari.

In December 2022, the Company filed patent infringement lawsuits, including Hatch-Waxman Act claims, against each of Teva and Apotex in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (NJ District Court) asserting that U.S. Patent No. 11,285,129, a method of administration patent that was not litigated in the Delaware District Court cases (‘129 Patent), will be infringed by Teva’s and Apotex’ generic versions of HETLIOZ®, each of which was approved by the FDA. The Company asked the NJ District Court to, among other things, order that the effective date of the FDA’s approval of Teva’s and Apotex’ generic versions of HETLIOZ® be a date that is no earlier than the expiration of the ‘129 Patent, or such later date that the NJ District Court may determine, and enjoin each of Teva and Apotex from the commercial manufacture, use, import, offer for sale and/or sale of their generic versions of HETLIOZ® until the expiration of the ‘129 Patent, or such later date that the NJ District Court may determine. In February 2023, the case was transferred to the Delaware District Court, where the Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

In January 2023, the Company filed a lawsuit in the NJ District Court against Teva challenging Teva’s advertising and marketing practices related to its at risk launch of its generic version of HETLIOZ® for the single indication of Non-24. The Company believes that Teva’s advertising and marketing practices related to its generic version of HETLIOZ® promote its product for uses beyond the limited labeling that Teva sought, and the FDA approved. The Company seeks to, among other things, enjoin Teva from engaging in false and misleading advertising and recover monetary damages. In December 2023, the case was transferred to the Delaware District Court. The Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

In January 2023, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (DC District Court) against the FDA challenging the FDA’s approval of Teva’s Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for its generic version of HETLIOZ® capsules under the Administrative Procedure Act, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), and FDA regulations. Under the FDCA, every ANDA must contain information to show that the labeling proposed for the generic drug is the same as the labeling approved for the listed drug. The labeling and packaging for HETLIOZ® includes Braille, but Teva’s generic version does not. On this basis, the Company believes that Teva’s approved labeling does not comply with applicable requirements. The Company has asked the DC District Court to, among other things, vacate the FDA’s approval of Teva’s ANDA, declare that the approval of the ANDA was unlawful, arbitrary, and capricious and compel the FDA to order Teva to recall its generic HETLIOZ® product. In February 2023, Teva intervened in the lawsuit as a defendant. In September 2023, the Company amended its lawsuit to request that the DC District Court set aside the FDA’s July 2023 denial of the Company’s citizen petition, originally filed with the FDA in January 2023. In April 2024, the Company filed a motion for summary judgment. The Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

In September 2023, the Company filed a lawsuit in the DC District Court against the FDA challenging the FDA’s approval of MSN’s ANDA for its generic version of HETLIOZ® capsules under the APA, the FDCA, and FDA regulations. The Company believes that MSN’s underlying approval data, particularly its bioequivalence studies, are faulty. On this basis, the Company has asked the DC District Court to, among other things, vacate the FDA’s approval of MSN’s ANDA, declare that the approval of the ANDA was unlawful, arbitrary, and capricious and compel the FDA to order MSN to recall its generic HETLIOZ®product. In December 2023, the Company filed a motion for summary judgment. In January 2024, the FDA opposed the Company’s motion and moved to waive the administrative record, following which the court held an oral argument on the cross-motions. The DC District Court issued an order compelling the FDA to serve the administrative record and has set deadlines for further proceedings. In April 2024, the Company filed a motion for summary judgment. The Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

In April 2024, the Company filed a lawsuit in the Delaware District Court against MSN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., MSN Laboratories Private Limited, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Impax Laboratories LLC alleging claims for false advertising in violation of the Lanham Act and unfair competition under several state laws as well as claims for breach of express representation and fraudulent inducement of a license agreement. The Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

Other Matters. From April 2022 to February 2024, the Company filed fourteen lawsuits in the DC District Court against the FDA to compel the FDA to produce records under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) regarding, among other matters: the FDA’s denial of the Company’s supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for HETLIOZ® in the treatment of jet lag disorder; cases in which the FDA waived its putative requirement of a 9-month non-rodent toxicity study before drugs can be tested on human patients for extended durations; communications external to and within the FDA relating to tradipitant, HETLIOZ® and Fanapt®; a warning letter that the FDA sent to the Company concerning its webpages for HETLIOZ® and Fanapt®; the FDA’s removal of a clinical trials design presentation from its website; discipline reviews relating to the FDA’s evaluations of the Company’s sNDA for HETLIOZ® and a third-party sNDA for jet lag; internal standard operating procedures or guidance relating to the FDA’s processing of incoming FOIA requests; and bioequivalence and other study reports submitted relating to the FDA’s consideration of tasimelteon ANDAs. Four of these lawsuits were resolved in the Company’s favor in June 2023, August 2023, January 2024 and April 2024, respectively, one is pending resolution and the other nine remain outstanding. The FDA has failed to respond and provide the requested documents within the statutory timeframe with respect to each of these ten outstanding requests. The Company has asked the DC District Court to, among other things, compel the FDA to comply with its obligations and declare that its lack of compliance violates FOIA.

In April 2022, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland (MD District Court) against the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Administrator of CMS challenging CMS’ rule broadly interpreting the defined terms “line extension” and “new formulation” under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (ACA), which went into effect in January 2022 (the Rule). The Company believes that the Rule is unlawful and contrary to the intent of Congress when it passed the ACA. Under the Rule, certain of the Company’s products would be treated as line extensions and new formulations subject to enhanced rebates, despite the statutory text and CMS’ own long-standing practice, under which such products would not constitute line extensions or new formulations. In March 2023, the MD District Court ruled that CMS’ interpretation of the terms was reasonable and consistent with Congress’ intent. In April 2023, the Company appealed the ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (Fourth Circuit). In January 2024, the Fourth Circuit held an oral argument. In April 2024, the Fourth Circuit ruled against the Company. The Company is currently evaluating future options with respect to this litigation.

In May 2022, the Company filed a lawsuit in the DC District Court against the FDA challenging the FDA’s denial of Fast Track designation for tradipitant. In October 2021, the Company submitted to the FDA a request for Fast Track designation for tradipitant under the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA). The FDAMA provides for expedited development and review of drugs that receive Fast Track designation from the FDA. Under the FDAMA, the FDA must designate a drug as a Fast Track product if it both (1) is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and (2) demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such disease or condition. Although Fast Track designation is non-discretionary when the criteria are satisfied, the FDA denied the Company’s request for Fast Track designation. The Company does not believe that the FDA based its decision on the relevant criteria. Therefore, among other reasons, the Company maintains that the FDA’s denial is unlawful. The Company has asked the DC District Court to, among other things, set aside and vacate the FDA’s denial. An oral argument was held in January 2023. In August 2023, the DC District Court ruled against the Company. In September 2023, the Company appealed the ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, where the Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

In September 2022, the Company filed a lawsuit in the DC District Court against the FDA to compel the FDA to comply with two separate non-discretionary obligations under the FDCA and its implementing regulations: an obligation to publish a notice of an opportunity for a hearing on the Company’s sNDA for HETLIOZ® in the treatment of jet lag disorder in the Federal Register within 180 days of the filing of the sNDA, and a separate obligation to publish the same notice within 60 days of the request for a hearing. The FDA published the notice of an opportunity for a hearing on October 11, 2022. The Company has asked the DC District Court to, among other things, compel the FDA to comply with its obligations and declare that its lack of compliance violates the FDCA and the FDA regulations. In January 2024, the DC District Court held an oral argument on dispositive cross-motions, following which the DC District Court granted in part the Company’s motion for summary judgment. The DC District Court ruled that the FDA violated the statute and ordered the FDA to either finally resolve the Company’s application or commence a hearing on or before March 5, 2024. In March 2024, the Company and the FDA filed a consent motion for entry of final judgment in the Company’s favor on its Administrative Procedure Act claim for the FDA’s unreasonable delay in resolving the hearing request.

In May 2023, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims (Federal Claims Court) against the federal government for the uncompensated taking and misuse of the Company’s trade secrets and confidential information. The Company believes that the FDA violated the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause by improperly providing confidential details from the Company’s drug master files for HETLIOZ® and Fanapt® to generic drug manufacturers during the FDA’s review of the manufacturers’ ANDAs. The Company has asked the Federal Claims Court to, among other things, declare that the FDA’s disclosure of the Company’s confidential commercial information constitutes a taking for purposes of the Fifth Amendment and award just compensation. The federal government filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, which the Company opposed. In January 2024, the Federal Claims Court held an oral argument on the motion to dismiss, following which the Federal Claims Court issued a decision denying in part the government’s motion, allowing the Company’s takings claim to proceed. The Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

In February 2024, the Company filed a lawsuit in the DC District Court against the FDA to compel the FDA to comply with its statutory obligations under the FDCA and its implementing regulations, and to challenge the FDA’s complete response letter and 60-day filing regulations, which the Company believes do not absolve the FDA of its statutory responsibilities. Under the FDCA, the FDA has an obligation to either approve the Company’s sNDA for HETLIOZ® in the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep initiation within 180 days of the filing of the sNDA or give the Company a notice of an opportunity for a hearing. The Company submitted the sNDA on May 4, 2023. The Company has asked the DC District Court to, among other things, compel the FDA to comply with its obligations, declare that its lack of compliance violates the FDCA and the FDA regulations and declare the FDA’s complete response letter and 60-day filing regulations unlawful. The Company’s lawsuit remains pending.

In March 2024, the Company filed a petition for review in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit seeking review of the FDA’s final order refusing to hold a hearing or to approve Vanda’s sNDA for HETLIOZ® in the treatment of jet lag disorder. Under the FDCA, the FDA has an obligation to either approve an sNDA or to hold a hearing on the application’s approvability. The Company’s petition asks the DC Circuit to set aside the FDA’s order refusing to hold a hearing and refusing approval. The Company’s petition remains pending.

On April 22, 2024, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a lawsuit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the members of the Company’s board of directors and the Rights Agent, along with the Company as nominal defendant (collectively, the Defendants), captioned Steamfitters Local 449 Pension Fund v. Mihael H. Polymeropoulos, et al., CA No. 2024-0416-KSJM. The lawsuit contends, among other things, that the members of the Company’s board of directors breached their fiduciary duties in instituting the Rights Agreement. See Note 15, Subsequent Events, for additional details on the Rights Agent and Rights Agreement. The lawsuit seeks relief declaring, in part, that provisions of the Rights Agreement be deemed unenforceable and seeks to enjoin the use of such provisions as well as damages, costs, and other remedies, and also seeks to enjoin for 30 days the Company’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the Annual Meeting) to be held on May 17, 2024. At a hearing on May 7, 2024, the Delaware Chancery Court denied the plaintiff’s request to enjoin the Annual Meeting. A trial in the case is expected to be set later this year. The Defendants believe the claims are without merit and intend to vigorously defend the matter. The Company does not anticipate that this litigation will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. However, this lawsuit is subject to inherent uncertainties, the actual cost may be significant, and the Company may not prevail. The Company believes it is entitled to coverage under its relevant insurance policies, subject to a retention, but coverage could be denied or prove to be insufficient.

15. Subsequent Events

On April 17, 2024, the Company’s board of directors authorized and declared a dividend distribution of one right (each, a Right) for each outstanding share of common stock of the Company to stockholders of record as of the close of business on April 29, 2024 (the Record Date). Each Right entitles the registered holder to purchase from the Company one one-thousandth of a share of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the Preferred Stock), of the Company at an exercise price of $25.00 (the Exercise Price), subject to adjustment. The complete terms of the Rights are set forth in a Rights Agreement, dated as of April 17, 2024, between the Company and Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, as rights agent (the Rights Agent), as amended by that certain Amendment No. 1 to the Rights Agreement, by and between the Company and the Rights Agent (as amended, the Rights Agreement).

In general terms, subject to certain enumerated exceptions, the Rights Agreement works by imposing a significant penalty upon any person or group that acquires beneficial ownership of 10% or more of the shares of common stock without the prior approval of the board of directors. In general, any person will be deemed to beneficially own any securities (a) as to which such person has any agreement, arrangement or understanding with another person for the purpose of acquiring, holding, voting or disposing of any shares of Common Stock or (b) that are the subject of a derivative transaction or constitute a derivative security. As a result, the overall effect of the Rights Agreement and the issuance of the Rights may be to render more difficult or discourage a merger, tender or exchange offer or other business combination involving the Company that is not approved by the Board. However, neither the Rights Agreement nor the Rights should interfere with any merger, tender or exchange offer or other business combination approved by the Board.