AMERICAN STATES WATER CO

The table below sets forth a comparison of the diluted earnings per share by business segment and for the parent company:

Note: Certain amounts in the table above may not foot or crossfoot due to rounding.

• All adjustments to recorded diluted earnings per share relate to the water segment. The water segment’s adjusted earnings for 2023 exclude the impact of retroactive rates related to the full year of 2022 resulting from the final CPUC decision in the general rate case previously discussed, and for 2023 and 2022 they exclude the impact of changes in estimates resulting from revenues subject to refund related to the cost of capital proceeding, both shown separately in the table above.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, AWR’s recorded consolidated diluted earnings were $3.36 per share, as compared to $2.11 per share for 2022, an increase of $1.25 per share, which includes: (i) the impact of retroactive new rates related to the full 2022 year of $0.38 per share as a result of receiving a final decision in the water general rate case as previously discussed and shown separately in the table above, and (ii) a net favorable variance of $0.26 per share, also shown separately in the table above, related to the impact of the final cost of capital decision that resulted in the reversal during 2023 of revenues subject to refund of $6.4 million, or $0.13 per share, due to a change in estimate from what had been recorded during 2022. Excluding these items from both periods, for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, adjusted consolidated diluted earnings were $2.85 per share and $2.24 per share, respectively, an adjusted increase of $0.61 per share. Also, included in the results for 2023 were gains totaling $5.0 million, or approximately $0.10 per share, on investments held to fund one of the Company’s retirement plans, as compared to losses of $5.2 million, or approximately $0.10 per share, for 2022, both due to financial market conditions.

Excluding the gains and losses on the retirement plan investments from both periods, the impact of retroactive rates recorded in 2023 related to the full year of 2022, and the impact of changes in estimates from the cost of capital proceeding from both periods, adjusted consolidated diluted earnings for the year of 2023 would be $2.75 per share as compared to adjusted diluted earnings of $2.34 per share for 2022, an adjusted increase of $0.41 per share or a 17.5% increase, largely due to new 2023 water rates approved in GSWC’s final decision in its general rate case proceeding.

The following is a computation and reconciliation of diluted earnings per share from the measure of operating income by business segment as disclosed in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, to AWR’s consolidated fully diluted earnings per common share for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Note: Certain amounts in the table above may not foot or crossfoot due to rounding.

Water Segment:

For the year ended December 31, 2023, recorded diluted earnings from the water utility segment were $2.77 per share, as compared to $1.45 per share for 2022, an increase of $1.32 per share, which includes: (i) the impact of retroactive new rates related to the full 2022 year of $0.38 per share (shown separately in the Summary Results by Segment table above), (ii) a net favorable variance of $0.26 per share (shown separately in the Summary Results by Segment table above) from the impact of the final cost of capital decision that resulted in the reversal of $6.4 million, or $0.13 per share, due to a change in estimate from what had been recorded during 2022, and (iii) a net favorable variance of $0.20 per share from gains totaling $5.0 million, or $0.10 per share, recorded during 2023 on investments held to fund a retirement plan, as compared to losses of $5.2 million, or $0.10 per share, recorded in 2022.

Excluding the gains and losses on the retirement plan investments from both periods, the impact of retroactive rates recorded in 2023 related to the full year of 2022, and the impact of changes in estimates from the cost of capital proceeding from both periods, adjusted diluted earnings for 2023 at the water segment were $2.16 per share as compared to adjusted diluted earnings of $1.68 per share for 2022, an adjusted net increase at the water segment of $0.48 per share, or a 28.6% increase, due primarily to the following items:

•An increase in the water operating revenues of $48.1 million largely as a result of the second-year rate increases for 2023 that are retroactive to January 1, 2023 and have been reflected in the results for the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by the impact of the prospective change in the new cost of capital effective July 31, 2023. GSWC filed for the implementation of new 2023 rates upon receiving the final decisions in June 2023 in both its general rate case and cost of capital proceedings. The increase in water revenues during 2023 represents the difference from the 2023 second-year rate increases and the 2021 adopted rates in place and recorded during 2022.

•An increase in water supply costs of $10.0 million, which consist of purchased water, purchased power for pumping, groundwater production assessments and changes in the water supply cost balancing accounts. Adopted supply costs for the year of 2023 were based on 2023 authorized amounts approved in the final CPUC decision in the water general rate case as compared to 2021 authorized amounts in place during 2022. Actual water supply costs are tracked and passed through to customers on a dollar-for-dollar basis by way of the CPUC-approved water supply cost balancing accounts. The increase in water supply costs results in a corresponding increase in water operating revenues and has no net impact on the water segment’s profitability.

•An overall increase in operating expenses of $3.4 million (excluding supply costs), which negatively impacted earnings and was mainly due to increases in (i) overall labor costs and other employee-related benefits, (ii) administrative and general expenses resulting from higher legal and other outside-services costs, (iii) depreciation and amortization expenses resulting from additions to utility plant and higher composite depreciation rates based on a revised depreciation study approved in the water general rate case, and (iv) franchise fees resulting from higher water revenues. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in water treatment costs, and bad debt expense as a result of additional state relief funds expected to be received for unpaid water bills accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

•An overall increase ininterest expense (net of inte rest and other income) of $4.8 million resulting primarily from an increase in interest rates, as well as an overall increase in total borrowing levels to support, among other things, the capital expenditure programs at GSWC; partially offset by higher interest income earned on regulatory assets bearing interest at the current 90-day commercial-paper rate, which increased compared to 2022’s rates, as well as an increase in the level of regulatory assets recorded resulting, in large part, from the decision on the water general rate case that had been delayed.

•An overall increase in other expense (net of other income) of $4.6 million due largely to a net increase in the non-service cost components related to GSWC’s benefit plans resulting from changes in actuarial assumptions recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022. However, as a result of GSWC’s two-way pension balancing accounts authorized by the CPUC, changes in total net periodic benefit costs related to the pension plan have no material impact to earnings, which accounts for the majority of the increase in non-service costs.

•Changes in certain flowed-through income taxes and permanent items included in GSWC’s income tax expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 that unfavorably impacted the water segment's earnings. As a regulated utility, GSWC treats certain temporary differences as being flowed-through in computing its income tax expense consistent with the income tax method used in its CPUC-jurisdiction rate making. Changes in the magnitude of flowed-through items either increase or decrease tax expense, thereby affecting diluted earnings per share.

Electric Segment:

Diluted earnings from the electric utility segment decreased $0.04 per share for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, largely resulting from not having new rates in 2023 while awaiting the processing of the pending electric general rate case that will set new rates for 2023 – 2026, while also experiencing continued increases in overall operating expenses and interest costs, partially offset by favorable changes in certain flowed-through income taxes. When a decision is issued in the electric general rate case, new rates are expected to be retroactive to January 1, 2023 and cumulative adjustments will be recorded at that time.

Contracted Services Segment:

Diluted earnings from the contracted services segment increased $0.04 per share for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, largely due to an increase in management fee revenues resulting from the resolution of various economic price adjustments and an increase in construction activity, partially offset by higher overall operating expenses (excluding construction expenses) and interest costs as compared to 2022.

AWR (Parent):

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the diluted loss from AWR (parent) increased $0.06 per share compared to 2022 due primarily to an increase in interest expense resulting from higher short-term interest rates and higher borrowings made under AWR’s revolving credit facility, as well as changes in state unitary taxes.

The following discussion and analysis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 provide information on AWR’s consolidated operations and assets and, where necessary, includes specific references to AWR’s individual segments and subsidiaries: GSWC, BVES and ASUS and its subsidiaries.

Consolidated Results of Operations — Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

Operating Revenues

General

GSWC and BVES rely upon approvals by the CPUC of rate increases to recover operating expenses and to provide for a return on invested and borrowed capital used to fund utility plant. ASUS relies on economic price and equitable adjustments by the U.S. government in order to recover operating expenses and provide a profit margin for ASUS. Current operating revenues and earnings may be negatively impacted if ASUS’s subsidiaries do not receive adequate price adjustments in a timely manner. ASUS’s earnings are also impacted by the level of construction projects at its subsidiaries, which may or may not continue at current levels in future periods.

Water

For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues from water operations increased by $92.9 million to $433.5 million, compared to 2022. The increase in water revenues was largely because of the adoption in June 2023 of a final decision in the water general rate case that included the impact of retroactive rates associated with the increase in 2022’s annual revenue requirement (excluding advice letter projects), as well as the second-year rate increases for 2023, partially offset by the impact of the prospective change in the new cost of capital effective July 31, 2023. In addition, because of receiving a final decision in the cost of capital proceeding in June 2023, in which the CPUC made adjustments to rates prospective, GSWC recorded a change in estimate that resulted in an increase to water revenues in 2023 totaling$6.4 million as a result of reversing its regulatory liability for revenues subject to refund that it had recorded during 2022.

Billed water consumption for the year ended December 31, 2023 was lower by 7.8% compared to 2022 due primarily to overall above average rainfall in California during the year of 2023 compared to 2022. Currently, changes in consumption generally do not have a significant impact on recorded revenues due to the CPUC-approved WRAM that is in place in all but one small rate-making area. GSWC records the difference between what it bills its water customers and that which is authorized by the CPUC in the WRAM accounts as regulatory assets or liabilities.

Electric

Electric revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $1.8 million to $41.8 million due, in large part, to the final decision adopted in the water general rate case proceeding that updates the costs allocated from the general corporate office to the electric segment. The final decision authorizes an increase in the allocation ratio to the electric segment. The increase in general corporate office expenses allocated to the electric segment also includes a corresponding and offsetting increase in adopted electric revenues as provided in BVES’s last general rate case proceeding, resulting in no impact to earnings. There was also an increase in electric revenues from an advice letter filing related to a completed capital project.

Electric usage for the year ended December 31, 2023 was lower by 2.9% compared to 2022. Due to the CPUC-approved Base Revenue Requirement Adjustment Mechanism, which adjusts certain revenues to adopted levels authorized by the CPUC, changes in usage do not have a significant impact on earnings.

Contracted Services

Revenues from contracted services are composed of construction revenues (including renewal and replacements) and management fees for operating and maintaining the water and/or wastewater systems at various military bases. For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues from contracted services increased $9.5 million to $120.4 million as compared to $110.9 million for 2022. The increase was largely due to higher construction activity and an increase in management fee revenue from annual economic price adjustments as compared to 2022.

ASUS’s subsidiaries continue to enter into U.S. government-awarded contract modifications and agreements with third-party prime contractors for new construction projects at the military bases served. During 2023, excluding the first task order of JBCC and the new contract for Naval Air Station Patuxent River, ASUS was awarded approximately $24.1 million in new construction projects for completion in 2023 through 2026. Earnings and cash flows from modifications to the initial 50-year contracts and additional contracts with the U.S. government and agreements with third-party prime contractors for additional construction projects may or may not continue in future periods.

Operating Expenses:

Supply Costs

Total supply costs at the regulated utilities comprise the largest segment of total consolidated operating expenses. Supply costs accounted for 33.1% and 30.1% of total operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Water segment supply costs

Two of the principal factors affecting water supply costs are the amount of water produced and the source of the water. Generally, the variable cost of producing water from wells is less than the cost of water purchased from wholesale suppliers. The overall actual percentages for purchased water for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 43% and 45%, as compared to the adopted percentages of 41% and 34% for 2023 and 2022. The higher actual percentage of purchased water as compared to adopted resulted from a higher volume of purchased water costs due to several wells being out of service.

Under the current CPUC-approved MCBA, GSWC tracks adopted and actual expense levels for purchased water, power purchased for pumping and pump taxes. GSWC records the variances (which include the effects of changes in both rate and volume) between adopted and actual purchased water, purchased power and pump tax expenses as a regulatory asset or liability. GSWC recovers from, or refunds to, customers the amount of such variances. GSWC tracks these variances individually for each water ratemaking area.

Supply costs for the water segment consist of purchased water, purchased power for pumping, groundwater production assessments and changes in the water supply cost balancing accounts. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, water supply costs consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

• The sum of water and electric supply-cost balancing accounts are shown on AWR’s Consolidated Statements of Income and totaled $12.1 million and $(12.0) million for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Purchased water costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased to $72.9 million as compared to $75.9 million for 2022 primarily due to decreases in water consumption and production that were driven by overall above-average rainfall in 2023 and from overall improvements in drought conditions in 2023 as compared to 2022, partially offset by increases in wholesale water costs. The increase in power purchased for pumping was due to increases in electricity provider rates. Groundwater production assessments increased due to increases in pump tax rates during 2023 as compared to 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the water supply cost balancing account had a $13.8 million over-collection as compared to an $8.6 million under-collection in 2022. The change in water supply cost balancing accounts was primarily due to updated adopted supply costs from the final decision in the water general rate case proceeding received in June 2023. This increase includes the full year impact of 2022 to reflect newly adopted supply costs retroactive to January 1, 2022, with a corresponding and offsetting increase in adopted water revenues, resulting in no impact to earnings.

Electric segment supply costs

Supply costs for the electric segment consist primarily of purchased power for resale, the cost of natural gas used by BVES’s generating unit, the cost of renewable energy credits and changes in the electric supply cost balancing account. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, electric supply costs consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

• The sum of water and electric supply-cost balancing accounts are shown on AWR’s Consolidated Statements of Income and totaled $12.1 million and $(12.0) million for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the cost of power purchased for resale to BVES’s customers decreased to $13.3 million as compared to $15.0 million for 2022 primarily due to a decrease in customer usage and lower average price per megawatt-hour (“MWh”). The average price per MWh, including fixed costs, decreased to $79.80 per MWh in 2023 from $97.89 per MWh in 2022. The lower customer usage resulted in a lower under-collection of $1.7 million recorded in the electric supply balancing account in 2023 when compared to an under-collection of $3.4 million during 2022.

Other Operation

The primary components of other operation expenses include payroll costs, materials and supplies, chemicals and water treatment costs, and outside service costs of operating the regulated water and electric systems, including the costs associated with transmission and distribution, pumping, water quality, meter reading, billing, and operations of district offices. Registrant’s contracted services operations incur many of the same types of expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, other operation expenses by business segment consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the increase in other operation expenses at the water segment was due primarily to higher operation-related labor, transportation and outside-service costs, partially offset by lower water treatment costs and bad debt expense. As a result of receiving the final decision in the water general rate case, the increase at the water segment also included a cumulative depreciation adjustment for 2022 of $212,000 on GSWC’s transportation equipment, which is recorded in other operation expenses.

The increases at the electric and contracted services segments were due primarily to higher operation-related labor and outside-services costs.

Administrative and General

Administrative and general expenses include payroll related to administrative and general functions, all employee-related benefits, insurance expenses, outside legal and consulting fees, regulatory utility commission expenses, expenses associated with being a public company and general corporate expenses charged to expense accounts. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, administrative and general expenses by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

Administrative and general expenses increased at the water segment due, in large part, to an increase in legal and other outside-service costs, labor and employee-related expenses, partially offset by a decrease in the service cost component of GSWC’s defined-benefit pension plan. Due to GSWC’s two-way pension balancing accounts authorized by the CPUC, changes in total net periodic benefit costs related to the pension plan have no material impact to earnings. In addition, there was a reduction of approximately $447,000 to reflect the final decision in the water general rate case that authorized the one-time recovery of previously incurred administrative and general expenses that were being tracked in CPUC-authorized memorandum accounts.

Administrative and general expenses increased at the electric segment due, in part, to an increase in labor costs and a higher allocation of costs from the general corporate office because of the updated allocation ratio authorized in the final decision on the water general rate case. The increase in general corporate office expenses allocated to the electric segment also includes a corresponding and offsetting increase in adopted electric revenues, resulting in no impact on earnings.

Administrative and general expenses increased at the contracted services segment due to an increase in outside service, labor, and employee-related benefit costs.

Administrative and general expenses at AWR (parent) during the year ended December 31, 2023 reflect the reversal of a previous accrual for a matter that was favorably resolved.

Depreciation and Amortization

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, depreciation and amortization expense by segment consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

The water general rate case final decision approved an overall higher composite depreciation rates based on a revised depreciation study. The increase in composite depreciation rates increases the adopted water revenue requirement, with a corresponding increase in adopted depreciation expense, resulting in no impact to net earnings. The overall increase in depreciation and amortization expenses at the water segment included the retroactive impact for the full year of 2022 of $576,000. In addition, the increase to depreciation and amortization expense was also attributed to additions to utility plant and other fixed assets at both regulated utilities.

Maintenance

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, maintenance expense by segment consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

Maintenance expense increased at each of the business segments due to higher planned and unplanned maintenance activities as compared to the same period in 2022.

Property and Other Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, property and other taxes by segment, consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

Property and other taxes increased at the water segment primarily due to an increase in franchise fees resulting from higher water revenues, partially offset by favorable property tax adjustments resulting from changes in property tax assessments for certain counties. In addition, there was an increase in property taxes at the electric segment resulting from an increase in capital additions and higher assessed values, and an increase in gross receipts taxes at the contracted services segment from higher construction activity.

ASUS Construction

For the year ended December 31, 2023, construction expenses for contracted services were $57.9 million, increasing by $4.7 million compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in construction activity as compared to 2022.

Interest Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, interest expense by segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

AWR’s borrowings consist of bank notes under revolving credit facilities, while GSWC and BVES borrowings consist of revolving credit facilities and long-term debt issuances. Consolidated interest expense increased as compared to 2022 resulting from an overall increase in total borrowing levels to support, among other things, the capital expenditures programs at the regulated utilities, as well as overall increases in average interest rates both short- and long-term. On January 13, 2023, GSWC issued $130.0 million unsecured notes in a private placement consisting of $100.0 million in aggregate notes at a coupon rate of 5.12% due January 31, 2033, and $30.0 million in aggregate notes at a coupon rate of 5.22% due January 31, 2038. Also, in April 2022, BVES issued $35.0 million in unsecured notes in a private placement consisting of 10 and 15 year term notes bearing interest at 4.548% and 4.949%, respectively.

Interest Income

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, interest income by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

The overall increase in interest income was due primarily to higher interest income earned on regulatory assets at the regulated utilities bearing interest at the current 90-day commercial-paper rates, which have increased since 2022, as well as an overall increase in regulatory assets recorded as a result of the final decision in the water general rate case, partially offset by lower interest income recognized on certain construction projects at the contracted services segment as compared to 2022.

Other Income and (Expense), net

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, other income and (expense) by business segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

For the year ended December 31, 2023, other income (net of other expense) increased mostly because of gains of $5.0 million recorded on investments held to fund one of the Company’s retirement plans, as compared to losses of $5.2 million incurred in 2022, both due to financial market conditions. This was partially offset by an increase in the non-service cost components of net periodic benefit costs related to the Company’s defined-benefit pension plan and other retirement benefits. However, as a result of GSWC’s and BVES’s two-way pension balancing accounts authorized by the CPUC, changes in total net periodic benefit costs related to the pension plan have no material impact to earnings.

Income Tax Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, income tax expense by segment, including AWR (parent), consisted of the following amounts (in thousands):

Consolidated income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $17.9 million primarily due to an increase in pretax income as compared to 2022. AWR’s ETRs were 25.0% and 23.2% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. GSWC’s ETR was 25.8% for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 23.3% for 2022. The increase in GSWC’s ETR was also primarily due to the effect of the increase in its pretax income. The increase in AWR (parent)’s tax benefit was primarily due to an increase in pretax loss resulting from higher interest expense, as well as changes in state unitary taxes.

Information comparing the consolidated results of operations for fiscal years 2022 and 2021 can be found under Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis under the headings“Summary Results by Segment”and “Consolidated Results of Operations-Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021” in AWR’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that are important to the portrayal of AWR’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments of AWR’s management. The need to make estimates about the effect of items that are uncertain is what makes these judgments difficult, subjective and/or complex. Management makes subjective judgments about the accounting and regulatory treatment of many items. The following are accounting policies and estimates that are critical to the financial statements of AWR. For more information regarding the significant accounting policies of Registrant, see Note 1 of “Notes to Financial Statements” included in Part II, Item 8, in Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Accounting for Rate Regulation— Because GSWC and BVES operate extensively in regulated businesses, they are subject to the authoritative guidance for accounting for the effects of certain types of regulation. Application of this guidance requires accounting for certain transactions in accordance with regulations adopted by the regulatory commissions of the states in which rate-regulated operations are conducted. Utility companies defer costs and credits on the balance sheet as regulatory assets and liabilities when it is probable that those costs and credits will be recognized in the ratemaking process in a period different from the period in which they would have been reflected in income by an unregulated company. These deferred regulatory assets and liabilities are then reflected in the income statement in the period in which the same amounts are reflected in the rates charged for service.

Regulation and the effects of regulatory accounting have the most significant impact on the financial statements of GSWC and BVES. When either files for adjustments to rates, the capital assets, operating costs and other matters are subject to review, and disallowances may occur. In the event that a portion of either GSWC’s or BVES’s operations are no longer subject to the accounting guidance for the effects of certain types of regulation, they are required to write-off related regulatory assets that are not specifically recoverable and determine if other assets might be impaired. If the CPUC determines that a portion of either GSWC’s or BVES’s assets are not recoverable in customer rates, management is required to determine if it has suffered an asset impairment that would require a write-down in the asset valuation. Management continually evaluates the anticipated recovery, settlement or refund of regulatory assets, liabilities, and revenues subject to refund and provides for allowances and/or reserves that it believes to be necessary. In the event that management’s assessment as to the probability of the inclusion in the ratemaking process is incorrect, the associated regulatory asset or liability will be adjusted to reflect the change in assessment or the impact of regulatory approval of rates. Reviews by the CPUC may also result in additional regulatory liabilities to refund previously collected revenues to customers if the CPUC disallows costs included in the ratemaking process.

Registrant also reviews its utility plant in-service for possible impairment in accordance with accounting guidance for regulated entities for abandonments and disallowances of plant costs.

Revenue Recognition —GSWC and BVES record water and electric utility operating revenues when the service is provided to customers. Operating revenues include unbilled revenues that are earned (i.e., the service has been provided) but not billed by the end of each accounting period. Unbilled revenues are calculated based on the number of days and total usage from each customer’s most recent billing record that was billed prior to the end of the accounting period and is used to estimate unbilled consumption as of the year-end reporting period. Unbilled revenues are recorded for both monthly and bi-monthly customers.

In 2008, the CPUC granted GSWC the authority to implement revenue decoupling mechanisms through the adoption of the WRAM. With the adoption of this alternative revenue program, GSWC adjusts revenues in the WRAM for the difference between what is billed to its water customers and that which is authorized by the CPUC. GSWC’s request to continue using a revenue decoupling mechanism, similar to the WRAM, in its next general rate case is subject to CPUC approval. The CPUC also granted BVES a revenue decoupling mechanism through the BRRAM. BVES adjusts revenues in the BRRAM for the difference between what is billed to its electric customers and that which is authorized by the CPUC.

As required by the accounting guidance for alternative revenue programs, GSWC and BVES are required to collect their WRAM and BRRAM balances, respectively, within 24 months following the year in which they are recorded. The CPUC has set the recovery period for under-collected balances that are up to 15% of adopted annual revenues at 18 months or less. For net WRAM under-collected balances greater than 15%, the recovery period is 19 to 36 months. As a result of the accounting guidance and CPUC-adopted recovery periods, Registrant must estimate if any WRAM and BRRAM revenues will be collected beyond the 24-month period. This can affect the timing of when such revenues are recognized.

ASUS’s firm-fixed-price contracts with the U.S. government are considered service concession arrangements under ASC 853 Service Concession Arrangements. Accordingly, the services under these contracts are accounted for under Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customersand the water and/or wastewater systems are not recorded as Property, Plant and Equipment on AWR’s consolidated balance sheet. Revenues for ASUS’s operations and maintenance contracts are recognized when services have been rendered to the U.S. government pursuant to the initial 50-year contract and additional contracts thereafter. Revenues from construction activities are recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. Performance obligations related to firm-fixed-price contracts are satisfied over time as the ASUS’s performance typically creates or enhances an asset that the U.S. government controls. ASUS recognizes revenue on its firm-fixed-price contracts as performance obligations are satisfied and control of the promised good and/or service is transferred to the U.S. government by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation(s) using an input method. Revenues for construction activities are recognized over time, with progress toward completion measured based on the input method using costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs (cost-to-cost method). Due to the nature of these construction projects, ASUS has determined the cost-to-cost input measurement to be the best method to measure progress towards satisfying its construction contract performance obligations, as compared to using an output measurement such as units produced. Changes in job performance, job conditions, change orders and estimated profitability, including those arising from any contract penalty provisions, and final contract settlements may result in revisions to costs and income, and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. Unbilled receivables from the U.S. government represent amounts to be billed for construction work completed and/or for services rendered pursuant to the initial 50-year contract and additional contracts with the U.S government, which are not presently billable but which will be billed under the terms of the contracts.

Income Taxes —Registrant’s income tax calculations require estimates due principally to the regulated nature of the operations of GSWC and BVES, the multiple states in which Registrant operates, and potential future tax rate changes. Registrant uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which these temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Changes in regulatory treatment, or significant changes in tax-related estimates, assumptions or law, could have a material impact on the financial position and results of operations of Registrant.

As regulated utilities, GSWC and BVES treat certain temporary differences as flowed-through adjustments in computing their income tax expense consistent with the income tax approach approved by the CPUC for ratemaking purposes. Flowed-through adjustments increase or decrease tax expense in one period, with an offsetting decrease or increase occurring in another period. Giving effect to these temporary differences as flowed-through adjustments typically results in a greater variance between the effective tax rate and the statutory federal income tax rate in any given period than would otherwise exist if GSWC or BVES were not required to account for their income taxes as regulated enterprises. As of December 31, 2023, Registrant’s total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was zero.

Pension Benefits — Registrant’s pension benefit obligations and related costs are calculated using actuarial concepts within the framework of accounting guidance for employers’ accounting for pensions and post-retirement benefits other than pensions. Two critical assumptions, the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets, are important elements of expense and/or liability measurement. We evaluate these critical assumptions annually. Other assumptions include employee demographic factors such as retirement patterns, mortality, turnover and rate of compensation increase. The discount rate enables Registrant to state expected future cash payments for benefits as a present value on the measurement date. The guideline for setting this rate is a high-quality, long-term corporate bond rate. Registrant’s discount rates were determined by considering the average of pension yield curves constructed using a large population of high-quality corporate bonds. The resulting discount rates reflect the matching of plan liability cash flows to the yield curves. A lower discount rate increases the present value of benefit obligations and increases periodic pension expense. Conversely, a higher discount rate decreases the present value of benefit obligations and decreases periodic pension expense. To determine the expected long-term rate of return on the plan assets, Registrant considers the current and expected asset allocation, as well as historical and expected returns on each plan asset class. A lower expected rate of return on plan assets will increase pension expense. The long-term expected return on the pension plan’s assets was 5.75% for 2023 and 2022.

For the pension plan obligation, Registrant decreased the discount rate to 5.16% as of December 31, 2023 from 5.41% as of December 31, 2022 to reflect market interest-rate conditions at December 31, 2023. A hypothetical 25-basis point decrease in the assumed discount rate would have decreased total net periodic pension expense for 2023 by approximately$46,000, which includes an increase in service cost that was more than offset by the decrease in interest cost, and would have increased the projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation at December 31, 2023 by a total of$6.1 million. A 25-basis point decrease in the long-term return on pension-plan-asset assumption would have increased 2023 pension cost by approximately $456,000.

In addition, changes in the fair value of plan assets will impact future pension cost and the Plan’s funded status. Changes in market conditions can affect the value of plan assets held to fund future long-term pension benefits. Any reductions in the value of plan assets will result in increased future expense, an increase in the underfunded position, and increase the required future contributions.

The CPUC has authorized GSWC and BVES to each maintain a two-way balancing account to track differences between their forecasted annual pension expenses adopted in rates and the actual annual expense to be recorded in accordance with the accounting guidance for pension costs. As of December 31, 2023, GSWC has a$1.1 million over-collection in its two- way pension balancing account for the general office and water regions. As of December 31, 2023, BVES has a $277,000 over-collection in its two-way pension balancing account.

Funding requirements for qualified defined benefit pension plans are determined by government regulations. In establishing the contribution amount, Registrant has considered the potential impact of funding-rule changes under the Pension Protection Act of 2006. Registrant contributes the minimum required contribution as determined by government regulations or the forecasted annual pension cost authorized by the CPUC and included in customer rates, whichever is higher. In accordance with this funding policy, for 2024, the pension contribution is expected to be approximately$3.3 million. Any differences between the forecasted annual pension costs in rates and the actual pension costs are included in the two-way pension balancing accounts. Additionally, market factors can affect assumptions we use in determining funding requirements with respect to our pension plan. For example, a relatively modest change in our assumptions regarding discount rates can materially affect our calculation of funding requirements. To the extent that market data compels us to reduce the discount rate used in our assumptions, our benefit obligations could materially increase.

Changes in demographics, including increased numbers of retirees or increases in life expectancy assumptions may also increase the funding requirements of our obligations related to the pension plan. Mortality assumptions are a critical component of benefit obligation amounts and a key factor in determining the expected length of time for annuity payments. Assuming no changes in actuarial assumptions or plan amendments, the costs over the long term are expected to decrease due to the closure of Registrant’s defined benefit pension plan to new employees as of January 1, 2011. Employees hired or rehired after December 31, 2010 are eligible to participate in a defined contribution plan instead of the pension plan.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

AWR

AWR’s regulated business is capital intensive and requires considerable capital resources. A portion of these capital resources is provided by internally generated cash flows from operations. AWR anticipates that interest expense will increase in future periods due to the need for additional external capital to fund construction programs at its regulated utilities and if market interest rates increase. In addition, as the capital investment program continues to increase, AWR and its subsidiaries anticipate they will need to access external financing more often.

AWR funds its operating expenses and pays dividends on its outstanding Common Shares primarily through dividends from its wholly owned subsidiaries. The ability of GSWC and BVES to pay dividends to AWR is restricted by California law. Under these restrictions, approximately $703.8 million was available for GSWC to pay dividends to AWR on December 31, 2023. Approximately $72.3 million was available for BVES to pay dividends to AWR as of December 31, 2023. ASUS’s ability to pay dividends to AWR is dependent upon state laws in which each ASUS Subsidiary operates, as well as ASUS’s ability to pay dividends under California law.

When necessary, AWR obtains funds from external sources through the capital markets and from bank borrowings. Access to external financing on reasonable terms depends on the credit ratings of AWR and GSWC and current business conditions, including that of the water utility industry in general as well as conditions in the debt or equity capital markets.

On June 28, 2023, AWR and GSWC each executed new credit agreements with terms of five years provided by a syndicate of banks and financial institutions for total combined unsecured revolving credit facilities of $350.0 million. These syndicated credit facilities replaced AWR’s previous credit agreement with a sole bank. AWR previously borrowed under a revolving credit facility with a borrowing capacity of $280.0 million and provided funds to both GSWC and ASUS in support of their operations through intercompany borrowing agreements on terms that are similar to that of the credit facility. AWR’s new credit agreement was for a $150.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility to support AWR (parent) and its contracted services subsidiary, while GSWC’s credit agreement is a $200.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility to support its water operations and capital expenditures. AWR (parent) may also from time to time borrow under its credit facility in order to make equity contributions to GSWC and BVES. Both credit facilities may be expanded up to an additional $75.0 million, subject to the lenders’ approval. On November 6, 2023, AWR’s credit facility was amended to increase the borrowing capacity from$150.0 million to$165.0 million to provide additional support to AWR (parent) and its contracted services subsidiary. In connection with the increase in borrowing capacity, the amendment also provides for the addition of a new bank to the existing syndicate group participating in AWR’s credit facility. AWR’s and GSWC’s outstanding borrowings under the new credit facilities were $141.5 million and $150.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.

BVES has a separate revolving credit facility without a parent guaranty, which was amended on June 16, 2023, to increase BVES’s borrowing capacity from $35.0 million to$50.0 million. The amendment to BVES’s credit agreement also included (i) the extension of the term of the credit facility to July 1, 2026, (ii) conversion of the interest rate on new borrowings to the benchmark rate Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), and (iii) an option to increase the facility by an additional $25.0 million, subject to lender approval. On February 15, 2024, BVES increased the borrowing capacity from $50.0 million to $65.0 million. The CPUC requires BVES to completely pay off all borrowings under its revolving credit facility within a 24-month period. BVES’s pay-off period for its credit facility ends in August 2024. Accordingly, the$42.0 million outstanding under BVES’s credit facility has been classified as a current liability in AWR’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023.

Our primary sources of liquidity to fund operations continue to be from the recovery of costs charged to customers at our regulated utilities and the collection of payments from the U.S government. We believe that capital investment costs associated with our capital programs at our regulated utilities will continue to be recovered through water and electric rates charged to customers, as well as funds from credit facilities from our regulated utilities. In addition, AWR's credit facility will continue to be used to support ASUS's operations and AWR (parent). The long-term capital-intensive nature of our regulated utilities have required us to continually seek future financing opportunities beyond the short-term. Future long-term financing at GSWC and BVES will consist of both long-term debt and equity issuances in order to manage to the CPUC-authorized capital structure. Under the current financing applications authorized by the CPUC, GSWC and BVES have $105.0 million and $40.0 million, respectively, remaining available that provides for long-term financing and which are expected to be used over the next 6-18 months to pay down portions of the outstanding borrowings under the respective credit facilities. On January 22, 2024, GSWC filed a new financing application with the CPUC, pending approval, that requests the authorization for the issuance and sale of additional long-term debt and equity securities of up to $750.0 million. On June 13, 2023, BVES filed a new financing application with the CPUC that is also pending approval, and that requests the authorization for the issuance and sale of additional long-term debt and equity securities of up to $120.0 million. The CPUC issued a ruling on January 8, 2024 in BVES's pending financing application stating that a proposed decision is expected to be received no later than 90 days from the date of the ruling. In addition, AWR intends to seek $150.0 million to $200.0 million of additional capital over the next three years through equity offerings, which may include an at-the-market program. AWR could use the netproceeds from equity offerings for, but not limited to, equity contributions to its wholly owned subsidiaries.

Management believes that AWR’s and GSWC’s sound capital structures and strong credit ratings, combined with its financial discipline, will enable AWR to access the debt and equity markets. However, unpredictable financial market conditions in the future may limit its access or impact the timing of when to access the market, in which case AWR may choose to temporarily reduce its capital spending.

AWR’s ability to pay cash dividends on its Common Shares outstanding depends primarily upon cash flows from its subsidiaries. AWR intends to continue paying quarterly cash dividends on or about March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1, subject to earnings and financial conditions, regulatory requirements and such other factors as the Board of Directors may deem relevant. On February 6, 2024, AWR’s Board of Directors approved a first quarter dividend of $0.43 per share on AWR’s Common Shares. Dividends on the Common Shares will be paid on March 1, 2024 to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 20, 2024. AWR has paid common dividends every year since 1931, and has increased the dividends received by shareholders each calendar year for 69 consecutive years, which places it in an exclusive group of companies on the New York Stock Exchange that have achieved that result. AWR’s quarterly dividend rate has grown at a compound annual growth rate of 9.4% over the last five years. AWR’s current policy is to achieve a compound annual growth rate in the dividend of more than 7% over the long-term.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

Cash flows from operating activities have generally provided sufficient cash to fund operating requirements, including a portion of construction expenditures at GSWC and BVES, and construction expenses at ASUS, and to pay dividends. AWR’s future cash flows from operating activities are expected to be affected by a number of factors, including utility regulation; changes in tax law; maintenance expenses; inflation; compliance with environmental, health and safety standards; production costs; customer growth; per-customer usage of water and electricity; weather and seasonality; conservation efforts; compliance with local governmental requirements, including mandatory restrictions on water use; the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on its customers’ ability to pay utility bills; and required cash contributions to pension and post-retirement plans. Future cash flows from contracted services subsidiaries will depend on new business activities, existing operations, the construction of new and/or replacement infrastructure at military bases, timely economic price and equitable adjustment of prices, and timely collection of payments from the U.S. government and other prime contractors operating at the military bases, and any adjustments arising out of an audit or investigation by federal governmental agencies.

ASUS funds its operating expenses primarily through internal operating sources, which include U.S. government funding under long-term contracts with the U.S. government for operations and maintenance costs and construction activities, as well as investments by, or loans from, AWR. ASUS, in turn, provides funding to its subsidiaries. ASUS’s subsidiaries may also from time to time provide funding to ASUS or other subsidiaries of ASUS.

Cash flows from operating activities are primarily generated by net income, adjusted for non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization, and deferred income taxes. Cash generated by operations varies during the year. Net cash provided by operating activities of AWR was $67.7 million for 2023 as compared to $117.8 million for the same period in 2022. During 2022, GSWC and BVES received $9.5 million and $473,000, respectively, in COVID-19 relief funds from the state of California to provide assistance to customers for delinquent water and electric customer bills incurred during the pandemic. There were no similar relief funds received during 2023.

The decrease in operating cash flow was also due to a 7.8% decrease in billed water consumption, as well as the delay in receiving the water general rate case final decision as billed water revenues in 2022 and 2023 through July 30, 2023 were based on 2021 adopted rates pending a final CPUC decision, while operating expenses continued to rise primarily due to inflation. A final decision from the CPUC was received on June 29, 2023 on the water general rate case with 2022 and 2023 rates retroactive to January 1, 2022 and 2023, respectively. GSWC filed for the implementation of the CPUC-approved rate increases that went into effect on July 31, 2023. In addition, GSWC filed for the recovery of retroactive rate amounts accumulated through July 30, 2023 related to the CPUC approved rate increases for 2022 and 2023, and surcharges were implemented in October 2023 to recover the cumulative retroactive rate differences over 36-months.

Furthermore, the decrease in operating cash flows was due to differences in the timing of vendor payments and the timing of billing of and cash receipts for construction work at military bases. The billings (and cash receipts) for this construction work generally occur at completion of the work or in accordance with a billing schedule contractually agreed to with the U.S. government and/or other prime contractors. Thus, cash flow from construction-related activities may fluctuate from period to period with such fluctuations representing timing differences of when the work is being performed and when the cash is received for payment of the work.

The timing of cash receipts and disbursements related to other working capital items also affected the change in net cash provided by operating activities.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

Net cash used in investing activities was $188.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $167.1 million for the same period in 2022, which is mostly related to capital expenditures at the regulated utilities. AWR invests capital to provide essential services to its regulated customer base, while working with the CPUC to have the opportunity to earn a fair rate of return on investment. AWR’s infrastructure investment plan consists of both infrastructure renewal programs (to replace infrastructure, including those to mitigate wildfire risk) and major capital investment projects (to construct new water treatment, supply and delivery facilities). The regulated utilities may also be required from time to time to relocate existing infrastructure in order to accommodate local infrastructure improvement projects. Projected capital expenditures and other investments are subject to periodic review and revision.

During 2024, the water and electric segments’ company-funded capital expenditures are estimated to be approximately $160 – $200 million, barring any delays resulting from changes in capital improvement schedules due to unfavorable weather conditions and supply chain issues.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

AWR’s financing activities include primarily: (i) the issuance and repayment of long-term debt and notes payable to banks, (ii) the proceeds from unsecured new or existing revolving credit facilities for AWR, GSWC and BVES, and (iii) the payment of dividends on Common Shares. In order to finance new infrastructure, GSWC also receives customer advances (net of refunds) for, and contributions in aid of, construction. Borrowings on AWR's new credit facility is used to support AWR (parent) and its contracted services subsidiary and borrowings on GSWC’s and BVES’s credit facilities are used to fund GSWC and BVES capital expenditures, respectively, until long-term financing is arranged. AWR (parent) may also from time to time make equity contributions to GSWC and BVES. Overall debt levels are expected to increase to fund a portion of the costs of the capital expenditures that will be made by the regulated utilities.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $129.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to cash provided of $50.3 million for 2022. The increase in cash provided by financing activities in 2023 was due primarily to an increase in total borrowing levels necessary to support operations affected by a decrease in cash flows from operating activities and to support, among other things, the capital expenditures program at the regulated utilities. In January 2023, GSWC issued $130.0 million of unsecured notes in a private placement and used the proceeds to pay down the majority of its outstanding intercompany borrowings from AWR, which in turn used the proceeds to pay down outstanding borrowings under the AWR credit facility at that time.

On June 28, 2023, AWR and GSWC each executed new unsecured syndicated credit facilities to replace AWR’s previous credit agreement with a sole bank. During the year ended December 31, 2023, AWR had a net increase in borrowings on its credit facilities of $54.6 million to support operations and capital expenditures. During 2022, AWR had a net increase in borrowings on its credit facilities of $72.0 million.

GSWC

GSWC funds its operating expenses, payments on its debt, dividends to AWR on its outstanding common shares, and a portion of its construction expenditures through internal sources. Internal sources of cash flow are provided primarily by retention of a portion of earnings from operating activities. Internal cash generation is influenced by factors such as weather patterns, conservation efforts, environmental regulation, litigation, changes in tax law and deferred taxes, changes in supply costs and regulatory decisions affecting GSWC’s ability to recover these supply costs, timing of rate relief, increases in maintenance expenses and capital expenditures, surcharges authorized by the CPUC to enable GSWC to recover expenses previously incurred from customers, and CPUC requirements to refund amounts previously charged to customers. Internal cash flows have also been impacted by delays in receiving payments from GSWC customers due to the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

GSWC may, at times, utilize external sources for long-term financing, as well as obtain funds from equity investments from its parent, AWR, to help fund a portion of its operations and construction expenditures. On June 28, 2023, GSWC executed its own separate credit agreement that provides for a$200.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility to support GSWC’s operations and capital expenditures. GSWC’s borrowing capacity under this credit agreement may be expanded up to an additional$75.0 million, subject to the lenders’ approval. Previously, AWR borrowed under a revolving credit facility and provided funds to GSWC in support of its operations under intercompany borrowing arrangements.

In January 2023, GSWC issued (i) one common share to AWR for $10.0 million, and (ii)$130.0 million in unsecured long-term notes in a private placement. GSWC used the proceeds from both the issuance of equity and long-term debt to pay-off all intercompany borrowings from AWR. On June 28, 2023, GSWC borrowed for the first time under its new syndicated credit facility and used the proceeds to again pay-off its short-term intercompany borrowings due to AWR. The CPUC requires GSWC to pay-off all intercompany borrowings it has from AWR within a 24-month period. GSWC’s borrowings under its new credit facility will also be required to be paid-off in full within a 24-month period. GSWC’s next pay-off period ends in June 2025. Under the current financing application authorized by the CPUC, GSWC has $105.0 million remaining available that provides for long-term financing and which are expected to be used over the next 6-18 months to pay down portions of the outstanding borrowings under GSWC's credit facility. On January 22, 2024, GSWC filed a new financing application with the CPUC, pending approval, that requests the authorization for the issuance and sale of additional long-term debt and equity securities of up to $750.0 million.

In addition, GSWC receives advances and contributions from customers, home builders and real estate developers to fund construction necessary to extend service to new areas. Advances for construction are generally refundable at a rate of 2.5% in equal annual installments over 40 years. Utility plant funded by advances and contributions is excluded from rate base. GSWC amortizes contributions in aid of construction at the same composite rate of depreciation for the related property.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

Net cash provided by operating activities was $54.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $94.5 million for 2022. During the first quarter of 2022, GSWC received $9.5 million in COVID-19 relief funds from the state of California to provide assistance to customers for delinquent water customer bills incurred during the pandemic. There were no similar relief funds received during 2023. The decrease in operating cash flow was also due to a 7.8% decrease in billed water consumption, as well as the delay in receiving the water general rate case final decision as billed water revenues in 2022 and 2023 through July 30, 2023 were based on 2021 adopted rates pending a final CPUC decision, while operating expenses continued to rise primarily due to inflation. A final decision from the CPUC was received on June 29, 2023 on the water general rate case with 2022 and 2023 rates retroactive to January 1, 2022 and 2023, respectively. GSWC filed for the implementation of new 2023 rate increases that went into effect on July 31, 2023. In addition, GSWC filed for the recovery of retroactive rate amounts accumulated through July 30, 2023 related to the new 2022 and 2023 rates, and surcharges were implemented in October 2023 to recover the cumulative retroactive rate differences over 36-months. The decrease in operating cash flow was also due to the timing of vendor payments. The timing of cash receipts and disbursements related to other working capital items also affected the change in net cash provided by operating activities.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

Net cash used in investing activities was $162.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $147.7 million for 2022, which is mostly related to spending under GSWC’s infrastructure investment plans that are consistent with capital budgets authorized in its general rate cases.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

Net cash provided by financing activities was $110.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $53.1 million for 2022. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities in 2023 was due primarily to an increase in total borrowing levels necessary to support water operations affected by a decrease in cash flows from operating activities and to support, among other things, the capital expenditures program at GSWC.

In January 2023, GSWC issued $130.0 million of unsecured notes in a private placement and $10.0 million of equity to AWR. GSWC used the proceeds from both issuances to pay-off all of its outstanding intercompany borrowings from AWR at that time. On June 28, 2023, GSWC entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility. GSWC used the proceeds from the borrowings under the new credit facility to again pay-off all of its intercompany borrowings owed to AWR. The CPUC requires GSWC to fully pay-off all intercompany borrowings from AWR within a 24-month period. GSWC’s borrowings under its new credit facility will also be required to be paid-off in full within a 24-month period.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Registrant has various contractual obligations, which are recorded as liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. Other items, such as certain purchase commitments, are not recognized as liabilities in the consolidated financial statements but are required to be disclosed. In addition to contractual maturities, Registrant has certain debt instruments that contain annual sinking funds or other principal payments. Registrant believes that it will be able to refinance debt instruments at their maturity through public issuance or private placement of debt or equity. Annual payments to service debt are generally made from cash flows from operations.

The following table reflects Registrant’s contractual obligations and commitments to make future payments pursuant to contracts as of December 31, 2023. The table reflects only financial obligations and commitments. Therefore, performance obligations associated with our initial 50-year, firm-fixed-price contract and additional firm-fixed-price contracts with the U.S. government at our contracted services segment are not included in the amounts below. Registrant believes that it will be able to refinance debt instruments at their maturity through public issuance or private placement of debt or equity. Annual payments to service debt are generally made from cash flows from operations.

(1) Excludes dividends and facility fees.

(2) The notes and debentures have been issued by GSWC under an Indenture dated September 1, 1993, as amended in December 2008. The notes and debentures do not contain any financial covenants that Registrant believes to be material or any cross-default provisions.

(3) Consists of GSWC senior private placement notes of $345.0 million and BVES unsecured private placement notes of $35.0 million, issued in April 2022, totaling $380.0 million issued to various banks, including $160.0 million of unsecured private placement notes issued in July 2020 by GSWC and$130.0 million of unsecured private placement notes in January 2023 by GSWC. Under the terms of each of the senior notes, GSWC may not incur any additional debt or pay any distributions to its shareholders if, after giving effect thereto, it would have a debt to capitalization ratio in excess of 0.6667-to-1 or a debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ratio of more than 8-to-1. GSWC is in compliance with all of its covenant provisions as of December 31, 2023. GSWC does not currently have any outstanding mortgages or other liens on indebtedness on its properties.

(4) Consists of obligations at GSWC related to (i) a loan agreement supporting $7.7 million in outstanding debt issued by the California Pollution Control Financing Authority, and (ii) $1.7 million of obligations with respect to GSWC’s 500 acre-foot entitlement to water from the State Water Project (“SWP”). These obligations do not contain any financial covenants believed to be material to Registrant or any cross-default provisions. In regard to its SWP entitlement, GSWC has entered into agreements with various developers for a portion of its 500 acre-foot entitlement to water from the SWP.

(5) Consists of the outstanding debt portion of funds received under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act for reimbursements of capital costs related to the installation of meters for conversion of non-metered service to metered service in GSWC’s Arden-Cordova District.

(6) Credit facilities consists of (i) a$165.0 million revolving credit facility under AWR, of which $141.5 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2023; (ii) a$200.0 million revolving credit facility under GSWC, of which $150.0 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2023; and (iii) a$50.0 million revolving credit facility under BVES, of which$42.0 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

(7) Consists of expected interest expense payments based on the assumption that GSWC’s long-term debt remains outstanding until maturity.

(8) Advances for construction represent contract refunds mostly from GSWC to developers for the cost of water systems paid for by the developers. The advances are generally refundable in equal annual installments over 40-year periods.

(9) Consists of an agreement by BVES to purchase renewable energy credits through 2035. These renewable energy credits are used to meet California’s renewables portfolio standard.

(10) Consists of BVES fixed-cost purchased power contracts executed (i) in September 2019 with Morgan Stanley Capital Group Inc., and (ii) in July 2023 with Shell Energy North America (US), L.P.

(11) Consists primarily of capital expenditures estimated to be required under signed contracts at GSWC and BVES as of December 31, 2023.

(12) Water purchase agreements consist of (i) a remaining amount of $1.3 million under an agreement expiring in 2028 to use water rights from a third party, and (ii) an aggregate amount of $1.4 million of other water purchase commitments with other third parties, which expire between 2025 through 2038.

(13) Reflects future minimum payments under noncancelable operating leases for both GSWC and ASUS.

(14) Consists of expected contributions to Registrant’s defined benefit pension plan for the year 2024. Contributions to the pension plan are expected to be the higher of the minimum required contributions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) or the amounts that are recovered in customer rates and approved by the CPUC. These amounts are estimates and are subject to change based on, among other things, the limits established for federal tax deductibility (pension plan) and the significant impact that returns on plan assets and changes in discount rates have on such amounts.

(15) Other commitments consist primarily of (i) $10.5 million in asset retirement obligations of GSWC that reflect the retirement of wells by GSWC, which by law need to be properly capped at the time of removal; (ii) irrevocable letters of credit in the amount of $874,600 for the deductible in Registrant’s business automobile insurance policies; and (iii) a $15,000 irrevocable letter of credit issued on behalf of GSWC pursuant to a franchise agreement with the City of Rancho Cordova. All of the letters of credit are issued pursuant to AWR’s revolving credit facility.

Information comparing the liquidity and capital resources for fiscal years 2022 and 2021 can be found under Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis under the heading “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in AWR’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC.

BVES Power-Supply Arrangements

BVES purchases power pursuant to purchase power contracts approved by the CPUC. Prior to 2023, BVES had entered into purchase power contracts with three- and five-year terms depending on the amount of power and the period during which the power is purchased under the contracts. These remaining contracts will expire in 2024. In July 2023, the CPUC approved a new power purchase agreement between BVES and a third party to procure renewable portfolio standard eligible energy and renewable energy credits as a bundled product. BVES will begin taking power under this long-term contract during the fourth quarter of 2024 to replace the existing expiring contracts. The new contract provides for the purchase of electricity during a delivery period from November 1, 2024 through December 31, 2035. In addition to the purchased power contracts, BVES buys additional energy to meet peak demand as needed and sells surplus power when necessary. BVES is pursuing short- and long-term renewable energy contracts to replace any power purchase agreements that have expired in addition to satisfying its requirements related to its resource portfolio for the next compliance period (2021-2024) and beyond. The average price per MWh, including fixed costs, decreased to $79.80 per MWh in 2023 from $97.89 per MWh in 2022. BVES has an electric-supply-cost balancing account, as approved by the CPUC, to alleviate any impacts to earnings.

Construction Program

GSWC maintains an ongoing water distribution main replacement program throughout its customer service areas based on the age and type of distribution-system materials, priority of leaks detected, remaining productive life of the distribution system and an underlying replacement schedule. In addition, GSWC and BVES upgrade their facilities in accordance with industry standards, local and CPUC requirements and new legislation. California requires investor-owned electric utilities to submit an annual wildfire mitigation plan to the CPUC for approval, and requires all electric utilities to prepare plans on constructing, maintaining, and operating their electrical lines and equipment to minimize the risk of catastrophic wildfires.

As of December 31, 2023, GSWC and BVES have unconditional purchase obligations for capital projects of approximately $105.2 million. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, GSWC and BVES had capital expenditures of $182.7 million, $174.3 million and $150.6 million, respectively. A portion of these capital expenditures was funded by developers through contributions in aid of construction, which are not required to be repaid, and refundable advances. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, capital expenditures funded by developers were $7.0 million, $6.9 million and $8.0 million, respectively. During 2024, the water and electric segments’ company-funded capital expenditures are estimated to be approximately $160 – $200 million, barring any delays resulting from changes in capital improvement schedules due to unfavorable weather conditions and supply chain issues. These amounts include approximately $16.7 million estimated to be spent by BVES on wildfire mitigation projects.

Contracted Services

Under the terms of the contracts with the U.S. government, each contract’s price is subject to an economic price adjustment (“EPA”) on an annual basis. In the event that ASUS (i) is managing more assets at specific military bases than were included in the U.S. government’s request for proposal, (ii) is managing assets that are in substandard condition as compared to what was disclosed in the request for proposal, (iii) prudently incurs costs not contemplated under the terms of the contract, and/or (iv) becomes subject to new regulatory requirements, such as more stringent water-quality standards, ASUS is permitted to file, and has filed, requests for equitable adjustment (“REAs”). The timely filing for and receipt of EPAs and/or REAs continues to be critical in order for ASUS’s subsidiaries to recover increasing costs of operating, maintaining, renewing and replacing the water and/or wastewater systems at the military bases it serves.

During sequestration or automatic spending cuts, the subsidiaries of ASUS did not experience any earnings impact to their existing operations and maintenance and renewal and replacement services, as utility privatization contracts are an “excepted service.” With the expiration of sequestration, similar issues including further sequestration pursuant to the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act may arise as part of the fiscal uncertainty and/or future debt-ceiling limits imposed by Congress. Any future impact on ASUS and its operations through its subsidiaries will likely be limited to (a) the timing of funding to pay for services rendered, (b) delays in the processing of EPAs and/or REAs, (c) the timing of the issuance of contract modifications for new construction work not already funded by the U.S. Government, and/or (d) delays in solicitation for and/or awarding of new contracts under the Department of Defense contracting programs.

At times, the DCAA and/or the DCMA may, at the request of a contracting officer, perform audits/reviews of contractors for compliance with certain government guidance and regulations, such as the Federal Acquisition Regulations and Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplements. Certain audit/review findings, such as system deficiencies for government-contract-business-system requirements, may result in delays in the resolution of filings submitted to and/or the ability to file new proposals with the U.S. government.

Below is a summary of current and projected EPA filings for price adjustments to operations and maintenance fees and renewal and replacement fees for ASUS’s subsidiaries in fiscal 2024.