Heritage Insurance Holdings Inc

Note 1. Basis of Presentation, Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Practices

Business Description

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) is an insurance holding company. The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”), Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”) and Pawtucket Insurance Company (“PIC”). PIC is currently inactive and has no policies in force or outstanding claims. The Company’s other subsidiaries include: Heritage MGA, LLC (“MGA”), the managing general agent that manages substantially all aspects of Heritage P&C; Contractors’ Alliance Network, LLC, the Company’s vendor network manager; Skye Lane Properties, LLC, the Company’s property management subsidiary; Osprey Re Ltd., the Company’s reinsurance subsidiary that may provide a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries; Heritage Insurance Claims, LLC, an inactive subsidiary reserved for future development; Zephyr Acquisition Company (“ZAC”); NBIC Holdings, Inc., and NBIC Service Company which provides services to NBIC.

The Company’s primary products are personal and commercial residential insurance, which the Company currently offers in Alabama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia. The Company conducts its operations under a single reporting and operating segment.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all other entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest (none of which are variable interest entities). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Business Segment

Pursuant to FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments represent components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in determining how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s operations consist of a single operating and reportable segment: residential property insurance. The Company conducts its business as a property and casualty insurer, which is based upon the Company's business organizational and management structure, as well as information used by the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Board of Directors, who are collectively the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") to allocate the Company's resources. The CODM makes decisions, allocates resources, and assesses corporate performance using consolidated financial information. The CODM receives consolidated financial statements to evaluate the performance of the Company and to make decisions that affect the Company's prospects for future cash flows and profitability.

Reclassification

We reclassified deferred ceding commission revenue from Accounts payable and other liabilities to Deferred policy acquisition costs, net, in the 2023 condensed consolidated Balance Sheet. The reclassification was also reflected in Note 11. Deferred policy acquisition costs, net and Note 18. Accounts payable and other liabilities in the 2023 consolidated financial footnotes.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis when updated information related to such estimates becomes available. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and information available to it at the time these estimates are made. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits with financial institutions and short-term, highly-liquid financial instruments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for interest bearing deposits approximate their fair value because of the short maturity of these financial instruments.

To the extent there are negative cash balances with any individual financial institution, the Company excludes the negative amount from cash and cash equivalents negative cash balances and reports as accounts payable and other liabilities.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash related to individual state regulatory deposits of $11.0 million and $9.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company earned interest income of $33,545 and $26,052 on its restricted cash deposits.

Investments

Securities Available for sale

The Company investments in debt securities and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale with maturities of greater than three months and reported at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet. Subsequent to its acquisition of debt securities and short-term available-for-sale, the Company records changes in value through the date of disposition as unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax effects, and includes them as a component of other comprehensive income. Premium and discount on investment securities are amortized and accreted using the interest method and charged or credited to investment income. Refer to Note 2 “Investments” to these consolidated financial statements for further information.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Accumulated other comprehensive income consists solely of unrealized gains and losses on debt securities available-for-sale, net of tax.

Investment Gains and Losses

Net realized investment gains and losses are included as a component of pre-tax revenues based upon specific identification of the investments sold on the trade date. Included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) are credit impairment losses on invested assets other than those investments accounted for using the equity method of accounting described in the “Allowance for Credit Losses” and “Impairment of Other Investments” section discussed below.

Allowance for Credit Losses (Available-for-Sale-Debt Securities)

The impairment model for available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities differs from the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology applied for held to maturity debt securities because AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either criterion is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities where neither of the criteria are met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the credit rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Under the guidance, an entity may no longer consider the length of time fair value has been less than amortized cost. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, management evaluated and determined a credit allowance was not significant to the financial statements.

Other Investments

Non-Consolidating Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)

The Company holds certain passive investments as described in Note 2 "Investments" to these financial statements. The Company determines at the inception of each arrangement whether an entity in which it has made an investment or in which it has other variable interests is considered a variable interest entity ("VIE"). The Company consolidates VIEs when it is determined to be the primary beneficiary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE when it has the power to direct activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb the majority of their losses or entitled to benefits. If the Company is not the primary beneficiary in a VIE, it will account for the investment or other variable interests in a VIE in accordance with applicable GAAP. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company was not the primary beneficiary to any of its other investments and therefore considered the other investments as non-consolidated VIEs.

Equity securities that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method, are measured at fair value. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are reported at cost, less impairment, unless the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer (measurement alternative). Changes in fair value are reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Certain other investments provide the Company with monthly or quarterly return on capital on a regular schedule.

Impairment of Other Investments

The Company maintains various interests in other investments without a readily determinable fair value that are evaluated for impairment at each reporting period. When such events or changes occur, the Company evaluates the estimated present value of future cash flows compared to its cost basis in the investment to evaluate whether there may be an impairment. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded $0.8 million impairment charges on its other investments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $2.2 million impairment charges on its other investments.

Fair Value

Major categories of financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis when impaired, which include long-lived assets, and other investments that the Company cannot significantly influence.

Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required to be recorded at fair value, the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact is analyzed. Assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions, and risk of non-performance, are considered.

The Company estimates the fair value of its investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets such as the NYSE and NASDAQ. For securities for which quoted prices in active markets are unavailable, the Company uses observable inputs such as quoted prices in inactive markets, quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs. The Company does not have any investments in its portfolio which require the use of unobservable inputs. The Company’s estimate of fair value reflects the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on December 31, 2024. Changes in interest rates after December 31, 2024 may affect the fair value of the Company’s investments.

The Company’s non-financial assets, such as intangible assets, are carried at cost until there are indicators of impairment and are recorded at fair value only when an impairment charge is recognized. Refer to Note 3 “Intangible Assets, net” to these consolidated financial statements for further information on the Company's 2022 goodwill impairment charges. At December 31, 2022, there was no remaining goodwill. Long term debt is recorded at carrying value, Refer to Note 14 “Long-Term Debt”to these consolidated financial statements for further information.

Premiums

The Company records direct and assumed premiums written as revenue, which are earned on a daily pro rata basis over the contract period of the related in force policies or reinsurance contract. For any portion of premiums not earned at the end of the reporting period, the Company records an unearned premium liability.

Premiums receivable represents amounts due from the Company's policyholders for billed premiums and related policy fees. The Company's current policy system cancels policies for non-payment in compliance with state insurance regulations, and thereby ensures that premium is not earned if the premium payment is not current. Balances in premiums receivable are removed upon cancellation of the policy due to non-payment. The Company recorded no allowance for doubtful accounts for premiums receivable for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023, respectively. The Company's allowance for doubtful accounts, which includes premium balances from a previous billing system as well as uncollectible agent commission due back to the Company for cancelled policies, was $1.4 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Bad debt expense related to uncollectible agent commission due back to the Company for cancelled policies was $0.7 million, $0.9 million and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

When the Company receives premium payments from policyholders prior to the effective date of the related policy, the Company records an advance premiums liability. On the policy effective date, the Company reduces the advance premium liability and records the premiums as described above.

Policy Acquisition Costs

The Company incurs policy acquisition costs that vary with, and are directly related to, the production of new business. Policy acquisition costs consist of the following four items: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance; (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance; (iii) premium taxes; and (iv) inspection fees. The Company capitalizes policy acquisition costs to the extent recoverable, then the Company amortizes those costs over the contract period of the related policy. The deferred reinsurance ceding commission income is amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies and is offset to deferred policy acquisition costs in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Company earns ceding commission on its quota share reinsurance contracts. The Company's accounting policy is to allocate ceding commission between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses for financial reporting purposes. Ceding commission is allocated between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. Ceding commissions received on ceded reinsurance contracts are netted against acquisition costs and are recognized ratably over the life of the assumed underlying contract. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company earned ceding commission income of $50.3 million, $64.8 million and $61.9 million of which $37.8 million, $48.7 million and $46.5 million was allocatable to policy acquisition costs.

Ceding commission income is deferred and recognized over the quota share contract period. The amount and rate of ceding reinsurance commissions earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

Premium Deficiency Reserve

At each reporting date, the Company determines whether it has a premium deficiency. A premium deficiency would result if the sum of the Company’s expected losses, deferred policy acquisition costs, and policy maintenance costs (such as costs to store records and costs incurred to collect premiums and pay commissions) exceeded the Company’s related unearned premiums plus investment income. Should the Company determine that a premium deficiency exists, the Company would record a reserve for the unrecoverable portion of deferred policy acquisition cost. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has recordedno premium deficiency reserve.

The Company follows industry practice of reinsuring a portion of its risks. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, all or a portion of the risk exposure on policies the Company writes to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that the Company’s reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under the Company’s reinsurance agreements, the Company remains liable for the entire insured loss. As a result, a reasonable possibility exists that an estimated recovery may change significantly in the near term from the amounts included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s reinsurance agreements are generally short-term, prospective contracts. The Company records an asset, prepaid reinsurance premiums, and a liability, reinsurance payable, for the entire contract amount upon commencement of new reinsurance agreements. The Company amortizes its prepaid reinsurance premiums over the 12-month contract period.

The Company's provisional ceding commissions that it receives in connection with its reinsurance contracts for the underwriting years for 2024 and 2023 are recorded as an offset to deferred acquisition costs.

When the Company incurs losses recoverable under its reinsurance program, the Company records amounts recoverable from its reinsurers on paid losses plus an estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses. The estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses is a function of the Company’s liability for unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies; therefore, the amount changes in conjunction with any changes to the estimate of unpaid losses. Given that an estimate of amounts recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid losses may change at any point in the future because of its relation to the Company’s reserves for unpaid losses, a reasonable possibility exists that an estimated recovery may change significantly from initial estimates.

The Company remains liable for claims payments if any reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreements. Failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentration of credit risk arising from similar geographic regions, activities or economics characteristics of the reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. The Company contracts with a diverse population of reinsurers to secure its annual reinsurance coverage, for which the excess of loss treaties generally become effective June 1st each year.

Allowance for Credit Losses for Reinsurance Recoverables

The allowance for credit losses for reinsurance recoverable is evaluated based on historical loss experience adjusted for current events and reasonable and supportable forecasts from both internal and external sources.

The Company monitors the credit quality of its reinsurance recoverables through the use of A.M. Best’s Financial Strength rating ("FSR"), or in the absence of an FSR consideration of credit ratings issued by approved rating agencies such as S&P, Moody’s, or Fitch. At December 31, 2024, the determination of the allowance for credit losses on reinsurance recoverables included analysis of (i) reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer FSR, (ii) estimated payment patterns associated with the claims underlying the reinsurance balances and (iii) historical default rates by reinsurer FSR as published by A.M. Best. In addition to the quantitative analysis, qualitative factors considered include but are not limited to (i) global reinsurer capital level, (ii) reinsurance market trends, (iii) the interest rate environment and (iv) the stressed global economy. Reinsurance recoverables are reported on the consolidated balance sheets net of the CECL allowance, if any.

Long-Lived Assets—Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows: building—40 years; computer hardware and software 3-years; office and furniture equipment—3 to 7 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the asset’s useful life. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized to the property accounts. Replacements and maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets are expensed as incurred.

Capitalized Software

Costs associated with the implementation of certain internal systems are capitalized and carried at the amount capitalized less accumulated amortization once placed in service and are included as a component of fixed assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Costs capitalized include internal personnel costs, external developer costs, and interest. The implementation costs relate to systems built on software which the Company purchased or licensed and developed both internally and with third party vendors. As such, capitalized costs will be amortized over the term of the useful life of the software.

Leases

The Company leases office space under finance and operating leases with expiration dates through 2031. The Company determines whether an arrangement constitutes a lease and record lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on its consolidated balance sheets at lease commencement. The Company primarily uses its incremental borrowing rates for its operating leases (rates are not readily determinable) and implicit rates for its financing leases in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company measures right-of-use assets based on the corresponding lease liability adjusted for (i) payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs the Company incurs and (iii) tenant incentives under the lease. The Company begins recognizing rent expense when the lessor makes the underlying asset available to the Company, the Company does not assume renewals or early terminations unless the Company is reasonably certain to exercise these options at commencement, and it does not allocate consideration between lease and non-lease components.

For short-term leases, the Company records rent expense in its consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term and record variable lease payments as incurred.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

When the Company acquires a subsidiary or other business where it exerts significant influence, the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is determined and compared to the amount paid for the subsidiary or business acquired. Any excess of the amount paid over the fair value of those net assets is considered to be goodwill. Any excess of carrying value over fair value is written down as an impairment. This evaluation is performed annually, during the fourth quarter or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant. An impairment loss would be recognized if, and to the extent that, the carrying value of goodwill exceeded the implied value. The remaining balance of goodwill was written off during the second quarter of 2022.

Acquired intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over the period of expected benefit, generally up to 15 years. Intangible assets are assessed for impairment generally when events or circumstances indicate a potential impairment. If it is determined that the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable, the asset is written down to fair value and an impairment loss is recognized. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company didnot identify any impairments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment of $767,000 associated with the Company construction affiliate resulting from changes to its operations.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The Company’s reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated ultimate cost of settling all reported claims plus all claims the Company incurred related to insured events that have occurred as of the reporting date, but that policyholders have not yet reported to the Company (incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”).

The reserve for unpaid losses is the estimate of amounts necessary to settle all reported and unreported incurred claims for the ultimate cost of insured losses, based upon the facts of each case and the Company’s experience with similar cases. Salvage and subrogation are deducted from the reserve for claims and claims expense on a cash basis. The establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. Reserve estimates are primarily derived using an actuarial estimation process in which historical loss patterns are applied to actual paid losses and reported losses (paid losses plus individual case reserves established by claim adjusters) for an accident or report year to create an estimate of how losses are likely to develop over time. Development factors are calculated quarterly and periodically throughout the year for data elements such as claims reported and settled, paid losses, and paid losses combined with case reserves. The historical development patterns for these data elements are used as the assumptions to calculate reserve estimates, including the reserves for reported and unreported claims. Reserve estimates are regularly reviewed and updated, using the most current information available. Any resulting re-estimates are reflected in current results of operations.

The Company reports its reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses gross of the amounts related to unpaid losses recoverable from reinsurers and reports loss and loss adjustment expenses net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. The Company does not discount its loss reserves for financial statement purposes.

Other Revenue

Our insurance affiliates may charge policyholders a policy fee on each policy written. The Company recognizes the income immediately when collected, which coincide with related service obligations. The Company also charges pay-plan fees to policyholders that pay its premiums in more than one installment and records the fees as income when collected. Other income also includes rental income due under non-cancelable leases for space at the Company’s commercial property.

Assessments

Guaranty fund and other insurance-related assessments imposed upon the Company’s insurance company affiliates are recorded as policy acquisition costs in the period the regulatory agency imposes the assessment. To recover assessments which are paid in advance to the guaranty fund or other insurance-related entity, the Company recoups such assessments from the Company's policyholders in the form of a policy surcharge. Once the recoupment period begins, the entire recoupment amount is recorded as an asset on the Company's balance sheet. There were no such assessments during the periods presented.

The Company collects pass through assessments imposed upon policyholders as a policy surcharge and records the amounts collected as a liability until the Company remits the amounts to the regulatory agency that imposed the assessment.

Convertible Notes

In August 2017 and September 2017, the Company issued collectively $136.8 million of 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes (the “Convertible Notes”) due August 1, 2037. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has approximately $885,000 of the Convertible Notes outstanding. This amount is net of $21.1 million of Convertible Notes reacquired and held by an insurance company subsidiary. Refer to Note 14 “Long-Term Debt” to these consolidated financial statements for further information.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures stock-based compensation at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and recognizes stock-based compensation expense over the requisite vesting period in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. For awards with performance-based vesting conditions expense is not recognized until it is determined that it is probable the performance-based conditions will be met. When achievement of a performance-based condition is probable, a catch-up of expense will be recorded as if the award had been vesting on a straight line basis from the award date. The award will continue to be expensed on a straight-line basis until probability of achieving the performance-based conditions changes, if applicable.

Earnings Per Share

Basic net earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted net earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the reported period. Common equivalent shares include incremental shares from diluted vested and unvested shares of restricted common stock and convertible notes outstanding during the period based on the "if converted" method under the guidance of ASU 2020-06, adopted by the Company on January 1, 2022.

Income tax

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, that recognizes the amount of income taxes payable or refundable for the current year and recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the tax rates expected to be in effect during the periods in which the temporary differences reverse. Temporary differences arise when income or expenses are recognized in different periods in the consolidated financial statements than on the tax returns. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the benefits related to deferred tax assets will not be realized. Income taxes includes both estimated federal and state income taxes.

Recently adopted accounting guidance

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amended guidance requires incremental reportable segment disclosures, primarily about significant segment expenses. The amendments also require entities with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures required by these amendments, and all existing segment disclosures. The amendments will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the pronouncement as of December 31, 2024, and as a result, added financial statement disclosure within Note 25. Segment Reporting.

Recent accounting guidance not adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amended guidance enhances income tax disclosures primarily related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This guidance requires disclosure of specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and further information on reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold. In addition, the amended guidance requires disaggregating income taxes paid (net of refunds received) by federal, state, and foreign taxes. It also requires disaggregating individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than 5 percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The amended guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact this amended guidance may have on the notes to its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The amended guidance requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified natural expense categories in the disclosures within the notes to the financial statements. In addition, the guidance requires disclosure of selling expenses and its definition. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The guidance can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact this amended guidance may have on the notes to its consolidated financial statements.

There are other new accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that the Company has adopted or will adopt, as applicable. The Company does not believe any of these new accounting pronouncements have had, or will have, a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Note 2. Investments

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of the Company’s debt securities available-for-sale are as follows:

(1)Includes securities at December 31, 2024 with a carrying amount of $23.9 million and $6.7 million that were pledged as collateral for the advance agreement entered into with a financial institution in years 2018 and 2024, respectively. The Company is permitted to withdraw or exchange any portion of the pledged collateral over the minimum requirement at any time.

(1)Includes securities at December 31, 2023 with a carrying amount of $26.3 million that were pledged as collateral for the advance agreement entered into with a financial institution in 2018. The Company is permitted to withdraw or exchange any portion of the pledged collateral over the minimum requirement at any time.

The table below summarizes the Company’s fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 by contractual maturity periods. Actual results may differ as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties, prior to the contractual maturity of those obligations.

Actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities because borrowers may have certain prepayment conditions.

Net Realized Gains (Losses) and Impairment Losses

The proceeds from the sale of debt securities were $6.5 million, $76.9 million and $27.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table presents net realized gains (losses) on the Company’s debt securities available-for-sale for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

The following table presents the reconciliation of net realized losses and impairment losses on the Company’s investments reported for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

Equity Investments

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company hadno net realized and unrealized gains or (losses) reported.

The following table presents the Company's equity investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net Investment Income

The following table summarizes the Company’s net investment income by major investment category for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities

The following tables present, for all debt securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position, for whichno allowance for credit loss is established (including securities pledged), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

The Company’s unrealized losses on debt securities have not been recognized because the securities are of a high credit quality with investment grade ratings. After reviewing the Company's portfolio, if (i) the Company does not have the intent to sell, or (ii) it is more likely than not it will not be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, then the Company's intent is to hold the investment securities to recovery, or maturity if necessary to recover the decline in valuation as prices accrete to par. However, the Company's intent may change prior to maturity due to certain types of events, which include, but are not limited to, changes in the financial markets, the Company's analysis of an issuer’s credit metrics and prospects, changes in tax laws or the regulatory environment, or as a result of significant unforeseen changes in liquidity needs. As such, the Company may, from time to time, sell invested assets subsequent to the balance sheet date that it did not intend to sell at the balance sheet date. Conversely, the Company may not sell invested assets that the Company asserted it intended to sell at the balance sheet date. Such changes in intent are due to unforeseen events occurring subsequent to the balance sheet date.

The Company evaluated the available for sale investments that were in an unrealized loss position for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and determined that the decline in fair value was caused by rising interest rates, resulting in no credit loss allowance recorded as of December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Other Investments

Non-Consolidated Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)

The Company makes passive investments in limited partnerships (“LPs”), which is accounted for using the equity method, with income reported in net realized and unrealized gains and losses. The Company also makes passive investments in a Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”), which are accounted for using the measurement alternative method, which is reported at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus changes from observable price changes, as described in the table below.

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-consolidated VIEs by category at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

(1)For the year ended December 31, 2024, an impairment of $382,983 was recognized in Net realized losses and impairment on the Statement of Operations. Also, for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received principal pay downs in the amount of $134,152.

(2)For the year December 31, 2024, the Company received capital distributions in the amount $216,000. For the year ended December 31, 2023, an impairment of $676,000 was recognized in Net realized losses and impairment losses on the Statement of Operations.

(3)The preferred interest agreement dated June 2022 in aggregate of $8.5 million is subject to fixed principal and interest schedules with a maturity date of July 1, 2027. In December 2023, the Company sold 47% of its preferred interest for $4.0 million to a nonaffiliated third party.

(4)The Company does not have the ability to redeem or withdraw from the funds, or to sell, assign, or transfer its investment, without the consent of the General Partner or Managers of each fund, but will receive distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets and interest processed from the underlying assets. Semi-annually, the Company reviews the investments for impairments based on activity and/or communications received by the General Partner. For the year ended December 31, 2024, an impairment of $373,617 was recognized in net realized losses and impairment losses on the statement of operations.

The following table summarizes the carrying value and maximum loss exposure of the Company’s non-consolidated VIEs at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported as “other investments” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. No agreements exist requiring the Company to provide additional funding to any of the non-consolidated VIEs in excess of the Company’s initial investment.

Note 3. Intangible Assets, net

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, other intangible assets, net were $36.4 million and $42.6 million, respectively. These amounts include $1.3 million relating to insurance licenses classified as an indefinite lived intangible.

Management reviewed intangibles and concluded no circumstances or events occurred that would indicate the carrying value of the intangible assets may not be recoverable other than what was recorded during the second quarter of

2023. During the second quarter of 2023, management impaired certain named intangible assets with a carrying value of $767,000 associated with the Company’s construction affiliate resulting from changes to its operations.

During the second quarter of 2022, management determined a triggering event occurred for which it deemed an interim evaluation of goodwill was appropriate and concluded the remaining balance of its goodwill was fully impaired. The carrying value of 92.0 million was written off based on the following factors: (i) disruptions in the equity markets, specifically for property and casualty insurance companies, largely due to recent weather-related catastrophe events; (ii) elevated loss ratios for property insurers in the Company’s markets; and (iii) the Company’s market cap was below book value. These factors reduced the Company’s previously modeled fair value of the Company and resulted in a $92.0 million goodwill impairment charge, as of the second quarter of 2022, most of which was not tax deductible.

Intangible Assets, net

Our intangible assets resulted primarily from the acquisitions of Zephyr Acquisition Company and NBIC Holdings, Inc. and consist of brand, agent relationships, renewal rights, customer relations, trade names, non-competes and insurance licenses. Finite-lived intangibles assets are amortized over their useful lives fromone tofifteen years.

The tables below detail the finite-lived intangible assets, net as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (amounts in thousands):

Estimated annual pretax amortization of intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Amortization expense of intangible assets was $6.2 million, $6.4 million and $6.4 million for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 4. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share for the periods indicated:

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive common stock outstanding during the reporting period. The dilutive shares the Company consider in its diluted earnings per share calculation relate to its outstanding 5.875% Convertible Notes.

Under applicable accounting guidance, companies in a loss position are required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share. Therefore, as a result of the Company's net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company would be required to use basic weighted-average common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share, as the inclusion of 59,263 Convertible Notes would have been antidilutive to the calculation. If the Company had not incurred a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022, diluted weighted-average common stock would have been 26,403,089.

Note 5. Fair Value Measurements

Certain of the Company’s assets are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

The Company employs a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Accordingly, when market observable data are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would be presumed to use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair value and the level of market price observability, as follows:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets/liabilities as of the reporting date.

Level 2 – Valuations based on observable inputs, such as quoted prices similar assets or liabilities at the measurement date; quoted prices in the markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 – Pricing inputs are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, and the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

For the Company’s investments in U.S. government securities that do not have prices in active markets, agency securities, state and municipal governments, and corporate bonds, the Company obtains the fair values from its third-party valuation service and evaluates the relevant inputs, assumptions, methodologies and conclusions associated with such valuations. The valuation service calculates prices for the Company’s investments in the aforementioned security types on a month-end basis by using several matrix-pricing methodologies that incorporate inputs from various sources. The model the valuation service uses to price U.S. government securities and securities of states and municipalities incorporates inputs from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. To price corporate bonds and agency securities, the valuation service calculates non-call yield spreads on all issuers, uses option-adjusted yield spreads to account for any early redemption features, then adds final spreads to the U.S. Treasury curve as of quarter end. The inputs the valuation service uses in their calculations are not quoted prices in active markets, but are observable inputs, and therefore represent Level 2 inputs.

The following table presents information about the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company assesses the levels for the investments at each measurement date, and transfers between levels are recognized on the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy regarding the recognitions of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno transfers in or out of Level 1, 2, and 3.

Non-recurring fair value measurements

Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include intangible assets which are recognized at fair value during the period in which an acquisition is completed, from updated estimates and assumptions during the measurement period, or when they are considered to be impaired. To evaluate such assets for a potential impairment, the Company determines the fair value of the intangible assets using a combination of a discounted cash flow approach and market approaches, which contain significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered a Level 3 fair value measurement. The unobservable inputs in the analysis generally include future cash flow projections and a discount rate.

During the second quarter of 2023, the Company recorded an impairment of $767,000 of named intangible assets associated with a construction division given management changes to its operations.

Note 6. Other Comprehensive Income

The following table is a summary of other comprehensive income (loss) and discloses the tax impact of each component of other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

Note 7. Other Assets

The following table summarizes the Company’s other assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Note 8. Leases

The Company has entered into operating and financing leases primarily for real estate and vehicles. The Company will determine whether an arrangement is a lease at inception of the agreement. The operating leases have terms ofone toten years, and often include one or more options to renew. These renewal terms can extend the lease term fromtwo toten years and are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. The Company considers these options in determining the lease term used in establishing the Company's right-of-use assets and lease obligations. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Because the rate implicit in each operating lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine present value of the lease payments. The Company used the implicit rates within the finance leases.

The components of lease costs were as follows (in thousands) for the respective years:

Right-of-use lease asset and lease liability was as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating and financial leases as follows (in thousands):

Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for the Company's operating and financing leases was as follows:

Maturities of lease liabilities for financing and operating leases were as follows as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Note 9. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consists of the following at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company placed in service in aggregate $17.0 million of internal-use software development for a new policy, billing and claims system; $2.1 million of internal-use software was completed and placed into service during the second quarter of 2023. The Company anticipates additional development costs will be incurred through spring of 2025, which will be capitalized as incurred. The Company will amortize the capitalized internally developed software costs over the estimated useful life of 7 years, on a straight-line basis.

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $3.4 million, $2.4 million, and $2.0 million, respectively. The Company’s own real estate consists of 13 acres of land, two buildings with a gross area of 88,378 square feet and a parking garage. The total cost of the property is approximately $12.2 million with accumulated depreciation of approximately $3.4 million at December 31, 2024.

Expected annual rental income due under non-cancellable operating leases for the Company's real estate properties is as follows (in thousands):

Note 10. Deferred Reinsurance Ceding Commission

The Company defers certain income in connection with its quota share reinsurance contracts. The deferred reinsurance ceding commission (“DRCC”) is deferred and earned subject to the terms of the reinsurance agreements. Ceding commission on quota share agreements generally includes a provisional ceding rate, subject to sliding scale adjustments based on the loss experience of the reinsurers. Adjustments are reflected in current operations. The Company allocates 75% of ceding commission income to policy acquisition costs and 25% of ceding commission income to general and administrative expenses.

The deferred reinsurance ceding commission income is amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. For the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 the Company allocated ceding commission income of $37.8 million, $48.7 million and $46.5 million to policy acquisition costs and $12.5 million, $16.1 million and $15.4 million to general and administrative expense, respectively.

The table below depicts the activity with regard to deferred reinsurance ceding commission during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Deferred ceding commission income is recorded as an offset to deferred policy acquisition costs in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Note 11. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs, net

The Company defers certain costs in connection with written policies, called deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”), which are amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. As described in Note 10. Deferred Reinsurance Ceding Commission, the Company records provisional ceding commission that it receives in connection with the Company's reinsurance contracts for 2024 and 2023 underwriting years as an offset to deferred policy acquisition costs. Therefore, deferred policy acquisition costs are presented net of deferred reinsurance ceding commission.

The Company anticipates that its DPAC, net will be fully recoverable in the near term. The table below depicts the activity with regard to DPAC, net for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Note 12. Reinsurance

Overview

In order to limit the Company’s potential exposure to individual risks and catastrophic events, the Company purchases significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers. Purchasing reinsurance is an important part of the Company’s risk strategy, and premiums ceded to reinsurers is one of the Company’s largest costs. The Company has strong relationships with reinsurers, which it attributes to its management’s industry experience, disciplined underwriting, and claims management capabilities. For each of the twelve months beginning June 1, 2024 and 2023, the Company purchased reinsurance from the following sources: (i) the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, a state-mandated catastrophe fund (“FHCF”) which provide reinsurance for Florida admitted policies only, (ii) private reinsurers, all of which were rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) or Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”) or were fully collateralized, and (iii) Citrus Re, a special purpose vehicle through which the Company sponsors catastrophe bonds, and (iv) the Company's captive reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey. For the 2023 hurricane season, the Company also obtained reinsurance from the Florida State Board of Administration’s Reinsurance to assist Policyholders (“RAP”) program which provided reinsurance for Florida admitted policies only. The RAP component of the Company's reinsurance program was provided at no cost to the Company and is a non-recurring reinsurance program. In addition to purchasing excess of loss catastrophe reinsurance, the Company also purchased quota share, property per risk and facultative reinsurance. The Company’s quota share program limits its exposure on catastrophe and non-catastrophe losses and provides ceding commission income. The Company’s per risk programs limit its net exposure in the event of a severe non-catastrophe loss impacting a single location or risk. The Company also utilizes facultative reinsurance to supplement its per risk reinsurance program where the Company capacity needs dictate.

Purchasing a sufficient amount of reinsurance to cover catastrophic losses from single or multiple events or significant non-catastrophe losses is an important part of the Company’s risk strategy. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, a portion of the risk exposure on policies the Company writes to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that the Company’s reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under the Company’s reinsurance agreements, the Company remains liable for the entire insured loss.

The Company’s insurance regulators require all insurance companies, like us, to have a certain amount of capital and reinsurance coverage in order to cover losses and loss adjustment expenses upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. The Company’s reinsurance program provides reinsurance in excess of its state regulator requirements, which are based on the probable maximum loss that it would incur from an individual catastrophic event estimated to occur once in every 100 years based on its portfolio of insured risks. The nature, severity and location of the event giving rise to such a probable maximum loss differs for each insurer depending on the insurer’s portfolio of insured risks, including, among other things, the geographic concentration of insured value within such portfolio. As a result, a particular catastrophic event could be a one-in-100-year loss event for one insurance company while having a greater or lesser probability of occurrence for another insurance company. The Company also purchases reinsurance coverage to protect against the potential for multiple catastrophic events occurring in the same year. The Company shares portions of its reinsurance program coverage among its insurance company affiliates.

2024-2025 Reinsurance Towers by Region

The following graphics depict the Company's reinsurance program structure for the 2024-2025 hurricane season for a first event by region. Reinsurance coverage provided by Osprey to the Company's insurance company affiliates is not included below as these reinsurance towers only reflect third party reinsurance coverage.

SE 1st Event

NE 1st Event

HI 1st Event

*xs = in excess

2024 - 2025 Reinsurance Program

Catastrophe Excess of Loss Reinsurance

Effective June 1, 2024, the Company entered into catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance agreements covering Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”) and Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”). The catastrophe reinsurance programs are allocated among traditional reinsurers, the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”), Citrus Re and Osprey. The FHCF covers Florida admitted market risks only and the Company elected to participate at 90% for the 2024 hurricane season. Osprey, the Company's captive reinsurer, provides reinsurance for a portion of the Heritage P&C, NBIC and Zephyr programs. The Company’s third-party reinsurers are either rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best or S&P or are fully collateralized, to reduce credit risk. Osprey and Citrus Re are fully collateralized programs.

The reinsurance program, which includes layers of coverage, protects the Company for excess property catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses. The 2024-2025 reinsurance program provides first event coverage up to $1.3 billion for Heritage P&C, first event coverage up to $1.1 billion for NBIC, and first event coverage up to $750.0 million for Zephyr. The Company’s first event retention in a 1 in 100-year event would include a retention for the respective insurance company as well as any retention by Osprey. The first event maximum retention up to a 1 in 100-year event for each insurance company subsidiary is as follows: Heritage P&C – $40.0 million, of which $34.0 million would be ceded to Osprey; NBIC – $32.0 million of which the entire amount would be ceded to Osprey in a shared contract with Zephyr; and Zephyr – $40.0 million, of which $32.0 million would be ceded to Osprey in a shared contract with NBIC as well as $8.0 million ceded to Osprey in separate reinsurance contract.

The Company is responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of the Company's reinsurance program. For second or subsequent catastrophic events, the Company’s total available coverage depends on the magnitude of the first event, as the Company may have coverage remaining from layers that were not previously fully exhausted. An aggregate of $3.3 billion of limit purchased in 2024, which includes reinstatement through the purchase of reinstatement premium protection. The amount of coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events.

The Company placed an occurrence contract for business underwritten by NBIC which covers for its admitted business, all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 31, 2023, expiring December 31, 2024. One contract is 60% placed with a $15.0 million limit in excess of a retention of $25.0 million. Another contract provides the remaining 40% placed with a $20.0 million limit in excess of a retention of $20.0 million. Each contract hasone reinstatement available. The Company placed an occurrence contract for business underwritten by NBIC which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 31, 2024, expiring December 31, 2025. The contract is 55% placed with a $15.0 million limit in excess of a retention of $25.0 million, with the remaining 45% placed with a $20.0 million limit in excess of a retention of $20.0 million, withone reinstatement available.

Net Quota Share Reinsurance

The Company’s Net Quota Share coverage is proportional reinsurance, which applies to primarily to admitted business only underwritten by NBIC, for which certain of the Company’s other reinsurance (property catastrophe excess of loss and the second layer of the general excess of loss) inures to the quota share program. An occurrence limit of $20.0 million for catastrophe losses is in effect on the quota share program, subject to certain aggregate loss limits that vary by reinsurer. The amount and rate of ceding commissions slide, within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance. The Net Quota Share program which renewed on December 31, 2023 ceded 41% of the net premiums. The Net Quota Share program which renewed on December 31, 2024 cedes 46% of the net premiums. An occurrence limit of $20.0-$25.0 million for catastrophe losses is in effect on the new quota share program, subject to certain aggregate loss limits that vary by reinsurer. The amount and rate of ceding commissions slide, within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance.

Per Risk Coverage

For losses arising from business underwritten by Heritage P&C and losses arising from commercial residential business underwritten by NBIC, excluding losses from named storms, the Company purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of $1.5 million per claim. The limit recoverable for an individual loss is $8.5 million and total limit for all losses is $25.5 million. There aretwo reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted. This coverage for the contract period from June 15, 2024 through June 14, 2025 is 100% placed. For losses arising from commercial residential business underwritten by NBIC, the Company also purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustments expenses in excess of $1 million per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $500,000 and total limit for all losses is $1.5 million.

In addition, the Company purchased facultative reinsurance for losses in excess of $10.0 million for any properties it insured where the total insured value exceeded $10.0 million. This coverage applies to losses arising from business underwritten by Heritage P&C and losses arising from commercial residential business underwritten by NBIC, excluding losses from named storms. The Company also purchased facultative reinsurance for personal residential losses underwritten by NBIC in excess of $3.5 million.

General Excess of Loss

The Company’s general excess of loss reinsurance protects personal residential business underwritten by NBIC and Zephyr multi-peril policies from single risk losses. For the contract period of July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2024, the coverage is $2.5 million excess $1.0 million for property losses and $1.0 million excess $1.0 million for casualty losses, and is 67.5% placed. For the contract period of July 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025, the coverage is $2.5 million excess $1.0 million for property losses and $1.0 million excess $1.0 million for casualty losses, and is 50.0% placed.

For a detailed discussion of the Company’s 2023-2024 Reinsurance Program Refer to Part I, “Business”, Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and “Note 12. Reinsurance” in the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K.

Effect of Reinsurance

The Company’s reinsurance arrangements had the following effect on certain items in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Note 13. Reserve For Unpaid Losses

The Company determines the reserve for unpaid losses on an individual-case basis for all incidents reported. The liability also includes amounts which are commonly referred to as incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”, claims as of the balance sheet date. The Company estimates its IBNR reserves by projecting its ultimate losses using industry accepted actuarial methods and then deducting actual loss payments and case reserves from the projected ultimate losses.

The table below summarizes the activity related to the Company’s reserve for unpaid losses:

The Company believes that the reserve for unpaid losses reasonably estimates the amount necessary to pay all claims and related expenses which may arise from incidents that have occurred as of the balance sheet date.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company reported $367.0 million in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance which included $280.4 million attributable to IBNR net of reinsurance recoverable, or 76.4% of net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses. Total incurred losses reflect adverse development of $25.4 million in 2024, favorable development of $1.6 million in 2023, and adverse development of $3.7 million in 2022, associated with management’s best estimate of actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience.

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses includes expected reinsurance recoveries associated with reinsurance contracts the Company has in place. The amount may include recoveries from catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance, net quota share reinsurance, per risk reinsurance, and facultative reinsurance contracts.

In the fourth quarter of 2022 the Company re-estimated its ultimate losses for Hurricane Irma, which struck Florida in 2017. As a result of that re-estimation, Heritage exhausted the private layers of reinsurance specific to Hurricane Irma but had a 45% participation in the FHCF limit remaining. As further described in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to these consolidated financial statements, the Company's 2017 reinsurance agreement with the FHCF required a commutation no later than 60 months after the end of the contract year. As part of this process, Heritage and the FHCF terminated the 2017 reinsurance agreement and agreed on the amount that the FHCF would pay to the Company to settle all outstanding losses owed under the agreement related to losses from Hurricane Irma. As such, this commutation process resulted in a final determination of and payment for known, unknown or unreported claims relating to Hurricane Irma. Social inflation and the litigated claims environment in the State of Florida, which affected Hurricane Irma claims, could result in future adverse development of these claims, which creates uncertainty as to the ultimate cost to settle all of the remaining Hurricane Irma claims. Accordingly, should future re-estimations to Hurricane Irma losses increase the Company’s expected loss reserves, all of the increase will be retained by the Company. The net unfavorable loss development described above stemmed primarily from losses associated with Hurricane Irma, for which the losses were fully retained.

The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2024, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim payments and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts.

The information by accident year for years prior to 2024 is presented as required supplementary information and is unaudited.

Reconciliation of Reserve Balances to Liability for Unpaid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Note 14. Long-Term Debt

Convertible Senior Notes

In August 2017 and September 2017, the Company issued in aggregate $136.8 million of 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes (“Convertible Notes”) maturing on August 1, 2037, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears, on February 1, and August 1 of each year.

Holders of the Convertible Notes had an optional put right, pursuant to the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, to require the Company to repurchase the aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes that are validly tendered. The Company received notice from the Depository for the Convertible Notes that, on July 29, 2022, $10.9 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes has been validly tendered in accordance with the terms of the indenture and the Company’s notice with respect to the optional put right of the Convertible Notes, and the Company directed the trustee to cancel the Convertible Notes tendered. Prior to this transaction, the outstanding balance as of July 31, 2022 of non-affiliated Convertible Notes was $11.8 million. On August 1, 2022, the Company made payments for the principal amount of the Convertible Notes tendered and unpaid interest in the aggregate amounts of $10.9 million and $320,041, respectively. In November 2022, the Company used $10.0 million from its revolving credit facility to replenish the cash used to pay the $10.9 million for the purchase of the tendered Convertible Notes.

In January 2022, the Company reacquired and retired $11.7 million of its outstanding Convertible Notes. Payment was made in cash and the Convertible Notes were retired at the time of repurchase. In addition, the Company expensed $242,700 which represents the proportionate amount of the unamortized issuance and debt discount costs associated with this repurchase.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $885,000 of the Convertible Notes outstanding, net of $21.1 million of Convertible Notes held by an insurance company subsidiary. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made interest payments, net of affiliated Convertible Notes of approximately $104,000, on the outstanding Convertible Notes.

Mortgage Loan

In October 2017, the Company and its subsidiary, Skye Lane Properties LLC, jointly obtained a commercial real estate mortgage loan in the amount of $12.7 million, bearing interest of 4.95% per annum and maturing on October 30, 2027. Pursuant to the terms of the mortgage loan, on October 30, 2022, the interest rate adjusted to an interest rate equal to the annualized interest rate of the United States 5-year Treasury Notes as reported by the Federal Reserve on a weekly average basis plus 3.10%, which resulted in an increase of the rate from 4.95% to 7.42% per annum. The Company makes monthly principal and interest payments against the loan. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made principal and interest payments of $1.1 million and $975,532 on the mortgage loan, respectively.

Senior Secured Credit Facility

The Company is party to a credit agreement dated as of December 14, 2018 (as amended from time to time, the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders.

On November 7, 2022, the Company and its subsidiary guarantors entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Seventh Amendment”) to, among other things, (1) decrease the Revolving Credit Facility (defined below) commitments from $75 million to $50 million, (2) establish a new $25 million Term Loan Facility (defined below) to refinance loans outstanding under the existing Revolving Credit Facility and to pay fees, costs and expenses related thereto, (3) reduce, from $50 million to $25 million, the aggregate amount of potential future increases to the Revolving Credit Facility commitments and/or Term Loan Facility commitments, (4) modify the amortization of the existing term loan facility and new term loan facility to 10% per annum, paid quarterly, and (5) increase the applicable margin for loans under the Credit Agreement to a range from 2.75% to 3.25% per annum for SOFR loans (plus a 0.10% credit adjustment spread) and based on a leverage ratio (an increase from the prior range of 2.50% to 3.00%).

The Seventh Amendment also modified certain financial covenants in the Credit Agreement which may limit the Company’s flexibility in connection with future financing transactions and in the allocation of capital in the future, including the Company’s ability to pay dividends and make stock repurchases, and contribute capital to its insurance subsidiaries that are not parties to the Credit Agreement. Specifically, starting in the first quarter of 2023, the Seventh Amendment amended certain financial covenants as follows: (1) require additional leverage ratios under the Consolidated Leverage Ratio covenant (as defined in the Credit Agreement) after the initial step down to 2.50 x in the second quarter of 2023 not to exceed 2.25 x as of the second quarter of 2024 and 2.00 x as of the second quarter of 2025, (2) apply all (A) Restricted Payments (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and (B) fee forgiveness & other capital contributions to the Company’s regulated insurance companies that are not a party to the Credit Agreement that exceed $38 million, when calculating (i) Consolidated Tangible Net Worth (as defined in the Credit Agreement) which is required to be not less than $100 million plus 50% of positive quarterly net income (including its subsidiaries and regulated subsidiaries) plus the net cash proceeds of any equity transactions and (ii) Consolidated Fixed Charge Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) which is required to be 1.20 x. The Seventh Amendment also (A) eliminated the current $10 million basket available to the Company to pay dividends to its shareholders or to repurchase its securities, (B) provides for a dividend of up to $2 million in the fourth quarter of 2024 under certain conditions and (C) restricts future dividends based on maintenance of certain financial ratios, including Consolidated Tangible Net Worth. As a result, going forward, dividends and stock repurchases may be limited or restricted entirely and the Company’s ability to contribute capital to its insurance subsidiaries that are not parties to the Credit Agreement may be limited.

The Credit Agreement, as amended, provides for (1) afive-year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $100 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and (2) afive-year senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $50 million (inclusive of a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit equal to the unused amount of the revolving credit facility and a sublimit for swingline loans equal to the lesser of $25 million and the unused amount of the revolving credit facility) (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facilities”).

Term Loan Facility. As amended by the Seventh Amendment, the principal amount of the Term Loan Facility amortizes in quarterly installments, which began with the close of the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2019, in an amount equal to $1.9 million per quarter, payable quarterly, decreasing to $875,000 per quarter commencing with the quarter ending December 31, 2022, and increasing to $2.4 million per quarter commencing with the quarter ending December 31, 2023, with the remaining balance payable at maturity. The Term Loan Facility matures on July 28, 2026. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $70.1 million and $79.6 million in aggregate principal outstanding under the Term Loan Facility and as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, after giving effect to the additional term loan advance that was used to refinance amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and to pay fees, costs and expenses related thereto, there was $10.0 million in aggregate principal outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made principal and interest payments of approximately $9.5 million and $6.4 million, respectively and for the comparable year of 2023, the Company made principal and interest payments of approximately $9.5 million and $7.0 million on the Term Loan Facility, respectively.

Revolving Credit Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility allows for borrowings of up to $50 million inclusive of a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit equal to the unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility and a sublimit for swingline loans equal to the lesser of $25 million and the unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility. In connection with the incurrence of additional amounts under the Term Loan Facility pursuant to a November 2022 amendment to the Credit Agreement, the borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility were repaid in full. On December 23, 2022, the Company drew $10 million from the amended Revolving Credit Facility, resulting in an outstanding principal balance under the Revolving Credit Facility in the amount of $10 million, which remains outstanding at December 31, 2024. During, 2024, the Company secured letters of credit in aggregate of $24.4 million with a maturity date of March 16, 2025, which provided additional collateral for reinsurance contracts associated with Osprey Re and remained outstanding at December 31, 2024. The letters of credit remain outstanding and there wereno draws at December 31, 2024. The Company secured letters of credit during 2023; however, at December 31, 2023 all of the letters of credit were terminated and the Company had no outstanding letter of credits issued from the Revolving Credit Facility. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made interest payments in aggregate of approximately of $817,715 and $752,441 on the Revolving Credit Facility and $159,573 and $707,850 relating to letters of credit and unused availability commitment fees, respectively.

At the Company's option, borrowings under the Credit Facilities bear interest at rates equal to either (1) a rate determined by reference to SOFR, plus an applicable margin and a credit adjustment spread equal to 0.10% or (2) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the “prime rate” of Regions Bank, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, and (c) the adjusted term SOFR in effect on such day for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin.

In addition to paying interest on outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, the Company is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee based on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, which is determined by the Company's consolidated leverage ratio.

At December 31, 2024, the effective interest rate for the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility was 7.449% and 7.423%, respectively. The Company monitors the rates prior to the reset date which allows it to establish if the payment is monthly or quarterly payment based on the most beneficial rate used to calculate the interest payment.

FHLB Loan Agreements

In December 2018, an insurance company subsidiary of the Company received a 3.094% fixed interest rate cash loan of $19.2 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB-AT”) Atlanta. On September 29, 2023, the Company restructured the December 2018 agreement to extend the maturity date to March 28, 2025, with a 5.109% fixed interest rate payable quarterly commencing on December 28, 2023. The subsidiary continues to be a member in the FHLB. Membership in the FHLB-AT required an investment in FHLB-AT’s common stock which was purchased in December 2018 and valued at $1.4 million. Additionally, the transaction required the acquired FHLB-AT common stock and certain other investments to be pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the collateralized securities was $23.9 million and the equity investment in FHLB-AT common stock was $1.5 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made quarterly interest payments of approximately $994,742 and $723,770 per the terms of the agreement, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and as of December 31, 2023, the Company also holds other common stock from FHLB Boston carried at $177,197.

In December 2018, another insurance company subsidiary became a member of the FHLB Des Moines (“FHLB-DM”). Membership in the FHLB-DM required an investment in FHLB-DM’s common stock which was purchased in December 2018 and valued at $133,200. In January 2024, the insurance subsidiary of the Company received a 4.23% fixed interest rate cash loan of $5.5 million from the FHLB-DM, maturing on January 19, 2029. Additionally, the transaction required the acquired FHLB-DM common stock and certain other investments to be pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the collateralized securities was $6.7 million and the equity investment in FHLB-DM common stock was $295,500. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made monthly interest payments as per the terms of the loan agreement of approximately $224,895.

The following table summarizes the Company’s long-term debt:

As of the date of this report, the Company was in compliance with the applicable terms of all its covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement, Convertible Notes, cash borrowings and other loans. The Company's ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on its ability to remain in such compliance. The covenants in the Credit Agreement may limit the Company’s flexibility in connection with future financing transactions and in the allocation of capital in the future, including the Company’s ability to pay dividends and make stock repurchases, and contribute capital to its insurance subsidiaries that are not parties to the Credit Agreement.

The covenants and other requirements under the revolving agreement represent the most restrictive provisions that we are subject to with respect to the Company's long-term debt.

The schedule of principal payments on long-term debt is as follows:

Note 15. Income Taxes

The following table summarizes the provision for income taxes:

The income tax provision (benefit) expense differs from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of as indicated below to pretax income as a result of the following (in thousands):

The provision for income taxes was $21.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 25.6% compared to 12.9% in the prior year. The effective tax rate for 2024 was slightly higher than the statutory rate. The effective tax rate for 2023 benefited from a reduction of a $6.4 million valuation allowance related to a portion of its deferred tax inventory associated with its foreign domiciled captive reinsurer, Osprey. The effective tax rates for 2022 was impacted by non-deductible goodwill impairment of $92.0 million recognized during the second quarter of 2022. Furthermore, the 2022 effective tax rate was impacted by the recognition of a $6.4 million valuation allowance related to a portion of its deferred tax inventory associated with Osprey. The Company may only realize those net deferred tax assets to the extent Osprey generates future taxable income; Osprey's 2023 results generated taxable income which resulted in the reversal of the valuation allowance established in 2022.

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The Company hadno capital loss carryforward as of December 31, 2024.

In assessing the net carrying amount of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize some portion or all of the deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has a gross operating loss carryforward for state income tax purposes (FL State only) of $0 and 10.0 million, respectively. The statute of limitations related to the Company's federal and state income tax returns remains open from the Company's filings for 2021 through 2023. There are currently no tax years under examination.

The Company's reinsurance affiliate, Osprey, which is based in Bermuda, made an irrevocable election under section 953(d) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, to be treated as a domestic insurance company for U.S. Federal income tax purposes. As a result of this election, the Company's reinsurance subsidiary is subject to United States income tax as if it were a U.S. corporation.

On December 27, 2023, the Government of Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (Bermuda CIT), which will apply a 15% corporate income tax to certain Bermuda businesses in fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. The Company does not believe the Bermuda CIT would have a material impact to the Company. Prior to

December 27, 2023, the Company had an undertaking from Bermuda that exempted it from any local profits, income or capital gains taxes until the year 2035.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has issued Pillar Two model rules introducing a new global minimum tax of 15%, which was effective on January 1, 2024. While it is uncertain whether the United States will enact legislation to adopt Pillar Two rules, various other governments around the world have enacted legislation. As currently designed, Pillar Two will ultimately apply to the Company’s worldwide operations. Considering the Company does not have material operations in jurisdictions with tax rates lower than the Pillar Two minimum, these rules have not materially impacted the Company’s global tax costs in 2024 and the impact is not expected to be material in future periods. Management will continue to monitor both United States and global legislative action related to Pillar Two for potential impacts.

Note 16. Statutory Accounting and Regulations

State laws and regulations, as well as national regulatory agency requirements, govern the operations of all insurers such as the Company's insurance subsidiaries. The various laws and regulations require that insurers maintain minimum amounts of statutory surplus and risk-based capital; restrict insurers’ ability to pay dividends; restrict the allowable investment types and investment mixes and subject the Company’s insurers to assessments.

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are required to file with state insurance regulatory authorities an “Annual Statement” which report under the statutory-basis of accounting which differs from GAAP, among other items, net income and surplus as regards policyholders, which is called stockholder’s equity under GAAP. The combined results of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries' reported statutory-basis results included net income of $21.4 million and net loss of $55.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company’s insurance subsidiaries must maintain capital and surplus ratios or balances as determined by the regulatory authority of the states in which they are domiciled. Heritage P&C is required to maintain statutory-basis capital and surplus equal to the greater of $15 million or 10% of their respective liabilities. Zephyr is required to maintain a deposit of $750,000 in a federally insured financial institution. NBIC is required to maintain statutory-basis capital and surplus of $3.0 million. The combined statutory surplus for Heritage P&C, NBIC, and Zephyr was $285.5 million at December 31, 2024. The combined statutory-basis surplus for Heritage P&C, NBIC, and Zephyr was $259.6 million at December 31, 2023. State laws also require the Company’s insurance subsidiaries to adhere to prescribed premium-to-capital surplus ratios, with which the Company’s insurance affiliates are complying. At December 31, 2024, the Company's insurance subsidiaries met the financial and regulatory requirements of the states in which they do business.

The legislatures of the states of domicile of the Company's insurance affiliates have adopted the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) recommendations with regard to expansion of the regulation of insurers to include non-insurance entity affiliates. Specifically, the law permits the state insurance regulators to examine affiliated entities within an insurance holding company system in order to ascertain the financial condition of the insurer. The law also provides for certain disclosures regarding enterprise risk, which are satisfied by the provision of related information filed with the SEC.

The NAIC published risk-based capital guidelines for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory-basis surplus provides for policy holders. Most states, including Florida, Hawaii, and Rhode Island, have enacted the NAIC guidelines as statutory requirements, and insurers having less statutory-basis surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. State insurance regulatory authorities could require an insurer to cease operations in the event the insurer fails to maintain the required statutory capital.

State laws for Florida, Hawaii, and Rhode Island permit an insurer to pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of statutory surplus derived from net operating profit and net realized capital gains. The applicable laws pertain to the state of domicile of each insurance company affiliate and provide calculations to determine the amount of dividends or distributions that can be made without the prior approval of the insurance regulatory authority and the amount of dividends or distributions that would require prior approval of the insurance regulatory authority. In the state of Florida, a dividend may be taken without regulatory approval if the dividend is equal to or less than the greater of 10% of the insurer’s surplus or the insurer’s net income. In the state of Rhode Island, a dividend may be taken without regulatory approval if the dividend is equal to or less than the lesser of 10% of the insurer’s surplus or the insurer’s net income excluding realized capital gains. The state of Hawaii restricts dividends without regulatory approval to the smaller of prior years’ net income or 10% of prior year’s surplus. Heritage P&C and NBIC havenot paid dividends in any of the last three years. Zephyr paid dividends of $0.0 and $3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Statutory risk-based capital requirements may further restrict the Company's insurance subsidiaries ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause statutory-basis surplus to fall below minimum risk-based capital requirements.

State insurance laws limits an insurer’s investment in equity instruments and also restricts investments in medium to low quality debt instruments. The Company’s insurance affiliates were in compliance with all investment restrictions at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Governmental agencies or certain quasi-governmental entities can levy assessments upon the Company in the states in which the Company writes policies. Refer to Note 1 “Basis of Presentation, Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Practices” to these consolidated financial statements for further information for a description of how the Company recovers assessments imposed upon it. Governmental agencies or certain quasi-governmental entities can also levy assessments upon policyholders, and the Company collects the amount of the assessments from policyholders as surcharges for the benefit of the assessing agency. There are currently assessments being collected from policyholders and remitted to governmental or quasi-governmental entities. If an assessment becomes levied the Company would multiply the premium written on each policy by these assessment percentages to determine the additional amount that it will collect from the policyholder and remit to the assessing agencies.

The Company reported its insurance subsidiaries’ assets, liabilities and results of operations in accordance with GAAP, which varies from statutory-basis accounting principles prescribed or permitted by state laws and regulations, as well as by general industry practices.

The Company’s reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey, which was incorporated on April 23, 2013, is licensed as a Class 3A Insurer under The Bermuda Insurance Act 1978 and related regulations. Osprey is required to meet and maintain certain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity. Each year Osprey is required to file with the Bermuda Monetary Authority (the “Authority”) a Capital and Solvency Return, Statutory Financial Return and Audited Financial Statements within four months of its relevant financial year end. Osprey maintains sufficient collateral to comply with regulatory requirements as of December 31, 2024. Bermuda’s standard for financial statement reporting is U.S. GAAP.

Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is involved in claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period that it determines an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and it can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to its estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that the Company receives regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.

The Company’s Florida insurance company affiliate is required to enter into a reinsurance contract with the FHCF for a portion of its catastrophe risk transfer each year. Since the Company’s inception in 2012, a few catastrophic events have resulted in losses which pierced the FHCF layer and resulted in reimbursements from the FHCF. To date, losses from Hurricane Irma, which struck in 2017, Hurricane Ian, which struck in 2023, and Hurricane Milton, which struck in 2024, have triggered the Company’s FHCF coverage.

The Company’s 2017 reinsurance agreement with the FHCF is consistent among Florida insurance companies and required a commutation no later than 60 months after the end of the contract year, for which the commutation process began in June 2023. This commutation represents an agreement between Heritage and the FHCF to terminate the 2017 reinsurance agreement and agree on the conditions under which all obligations for both parties are discharged and therefore a final determination of and payment for any claims related to Hurricane Irma. The terms of the 2017 reinsurance agreement with the FHCF provide for the commutation process as well as the process to settle any disagreements as to the present value of outstanding losses that served as the basis for determining the amount payable by FHCF upon termination of the reinsurance agreement. During the third quarter of 2023, the commutation process was completed and a final payment by the FHCF was received by the Company. Social inflation and the litigated claims environment in the State of Florida, which affected Hurricane Irma claims could result in adverse development of these claims, which creates uncertainty as to the ultimate cost to settle the remaining Hurricane Irma claims. Accordingly, the final amount paid by the FHCF could vary from the Company’s current or future estimation of losses to be recovered from the FHCF.

Further, as described in Note 13. Reserve for Unpaid Losses, in the fourth quarter of 2022 the Company re-estimated its ultimate losses for Hurricane Irma and as a result of that re-estimation, the private layers of reinsurance specific to Hurricane Irma were exhausted. Accordingly, any subsequent adverse development on Hurricane Irma are retained by the Company. As described in the management discussion and analysis section of this Form 10K, the net unfavorable loss development stemmed primarily from losses associated with Hurricane Irma, for which the losses were fully retained.

Note 18. Accounts Payable and Other Liabilities

Other liabilities consist of the following as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Note 19. Accrued Bonus Compensation

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized employee bonus compensation expense of $5.3 million. At December 31, 2024, the Company has accrued bonus of $5.7 million, which is expected to be paid in the second quarter of 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized employee bonus compensation expense in aggregate of $5.3 million, of which $5.4 million was unpaid until 2024.

Note 20. Related Party Transactions

In July 2020, the Board of Directors appointed Mark Berset to the Board of Directors of the Company. Mr. Berset is also the Chief Executive Officer of Comegys Insurance Agency, Inc. (“Comegys”), an independent insurance agency that writes policies for the Company. The Company pays commission to Comegys based upon standard industry rates consistent with those provided to the Company’s other insurance agencies. There are no arrangements or understandings between Mr. Berset and any other persons with respect to his appointment as a director. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid agency commission to Comegys of approximately $139,762, $132,505 and $393,435, respectively.

Note 21. Employee Benefit Plan.

The Company provides a 401(k) plan for substantially all employees. The Company provides a matching contribution of 100% on the first 3% of employees’ contribution and 50% on the next 2% of the employees’ contribution to the plan. The maximum match is 4%. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the contributions made to the plan on behalf of the participating employees were approximately $1.6 million, $1.3 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

Since September 1, 2021, the Company has been enrolled in a flex healthcare plan which allows employees the choice of three medical plans with a range of coverage levels and costs. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company's medical costs were $5.6 million, $5.0 million and $4.9 million, respectively. The current healthcare plan is fully insured.

Note 22. Equity

The total amount of authorized capital stock consists of 50,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 30,607,039 shares of common stock outstanding,12,231,674 treasury shares of common stock and 1,334,923 shares of unvested shares of restricted common stock issued reflecting total paid-in capital of $362.6 million as of such date.

Common Stock

Holders of common stock are entitled toone vote for each share held on all matters subject to a vote of stockholders, subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock. Accordingly, holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors may elect all of the directors standing for election, subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock will be entitled to receive ratably any dividends that the board of directors may declare out of funds legally available therefor, subject to any preferential dividend rights of outstanding preferred stock. Upon the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of common stock will be entitled to receive ratably its net assets available after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. There is no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. All outstanding shares of the Company’s capital stock (excluding restricted stock) are fully paid and non-assessable.

Stock Repurchase Program

On December 15, 2022, the Board of Directors established a new share repurchase program plan to commence upon December 31, 2022, for the purpose of repurchasing up to an aggregate of $10.0 million of common stock, through the open market or in such other manner as will comply with the terms of applicable federal and state securities laws and regulations, including without limitation, Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Act at any time or from time to time on or prior to December 31, 2023 (the "2023 Share Repurchase Plan"). There wereno shares repurchased for the year ended December 31, 2023.

On March 11, 2024, the Board of Directors established a new share repurchase program plan which commenced upon the expiration of the 2023 Share Repurchase Plan on December 31, 2023, for the purpose of repurchasing up to an aggregate of $10.0 million of common stock, through the open market or in such other manner as will comply with the terms of applicable federal and state securities laws and regulations, including without limitation, Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Act at any time or from time to time on or prior to December 31, 2024 (the "2024 Share Repurchase Plan"). There wereno shares repurchased for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On December 9, 2024, the Board of Directors established a new share repurchase program plan which commenced upon the expiration of the 2024 Share Repurchase Plan on December 31, 2024, for the purpose of repurchasing up to an aggregate of $10.0 million of common stock, through the open market or in such other manner as will comply with the terms of applicable federal and state securities laws and regulations, including without limitation, Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Act at any time or from time to time on or prior to December 31, 2025 (the "2025 Share Repurchase Plan"). There wereno shares repurchased for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Public and Private Offering of shares of Common Stock

On December 14, 2023, the Company completed a primary offering of 3,703,703 shares of its common stock at a public offer price of $6.75 per share. In a concurrent private placement, the Company issued 148,148 shares of its common stock to an investor at the public offering price. Additionally, the Company completed the purchase by one of its independent Directors and the Company’s Director and CEO, of 40,871 and 27,247, shares of common stock, respectively, at $7.34, the closing price of common stock on December 14, 2023.

The gross proceeds to Heritage from the public offering and private placement, before deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses, were approximately $26.5 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the public offering and the private placement for general corporate and operations purposes and to provide capital for anticipated growth and expansion efforts.

Dividends

The declaration and payment of any future dividends will be subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on a variety of factors including the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Board of Directors elected not to declare any dividends during the 2024 and 2023 calendar year.

Note 23. Stock-Based Compensation

Restricted Stock

The Company has adopted the Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”), which became effective on June 7, 2023. The 2023 Plan authorized 2,125,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the Plan for future grants. Upon effectiveness of the 2023 Plan, no new awards may be granted under the prior Omnibus Incentive Plan, which will continue to govern the terms of awards previously made under such plan.

At December 31, 2024, there were 854,857 shares available for grant under the 2023 Plan. The Company recognizes compensation expense under ASC 718 for its stock-based payments based on the fair value of the awards.

In June 2024, the Company awarded to non-employee directors an aggregate of 39,312 shares of restricted stock with a fair value at the time of grant of $8.14 per share. The restricted stock will vest on the next annual meeting of the Company's stockholders that occurs after the award date, provided the member remains on the Board until such date.

In March 2024, the Company awarded an aggregate of 8,390 shares of time-based restricted stock, with a fair value at the time of grant of $7.15 per share to certain employees. The time-based restricted stock fully vested on December 15, 2024.

On February 26, 2024, the Company awarded an aggregate of 163,640 shares of time-based restricted stock and an aggregate of 253,918 shares of performance-based restricted stock, with a fair value at the time of grant of $7.02 per share to certain employees. The time-based restricted stock will vest annually inthree equal installments commencing on December 15, 2024. The performance based restricted stock has athree-year performance period beginning on January 1, 2024 and ending on December 31, 2026 and will vest following the end of the performance period but no later than March 30, 2027. The number of shares that will be earned at the end of the performance period is subject to increase or decrease based on the results of the performance condition. These shares were issued at the target amount.

In November 2023, the Compensation Committee approved the cancellation of 420,225 performance-based unvested awards. The Company determined the performance criteria for certain performance-based unvested awards would not be met and accordingly, reversed previously recorded stock based compensation of approximately $1.7 million associated with those awards.

On July 11, 2023, the Company awarded 351,716 time-based restricted stock and 857,843 performance-based restricted stock, with a fair value at the time of grant of $4.08 per share under the Company’s 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan to certain employees. The time-based restricted stock will vest annually in three equal installments commencing on December 15, 2023. The performance based restricted stock has athree-year performance period beginning on January 1, 2023 and ending on December 31, 2025 and will vest following the end of the performance period but no later than March 30, 2026. The number of shares that will be earned at the end of the performance period is subject to decrease based on the results of the performance condition.

In June 2023, the Company awarded to non-employee directors in aggregate 63,744 shares of restricted stock with a fair value at the time of grant of $5.02 per share. In August 2023, the awards were amended which resulted in an adjustment to the number of shares of restricted stock awarded from 63,744 to 77,296 shares of restricted stock. The restricted stock shall vest on the earlier of (i) the one-year anniversary of the date of issuance and (ii) the day immediately prior to the date of the following year's annual meeting of stockholders, provided the member remains on the Board until such date.

In June 2022, the Company awarded to non-employee directors an aggregate 99,376 shares of restricted stock with a fair value at the time of grant of $3.22 per share. In August 2022, an award of 12,422 were forfeited due to the departure of a Board member. The awards vested on the next annual meeting of the Company's stockholders that occurred after the award date, provided the member remains on the Board until such date. The Company's annual shareholders meeting was held on June 7, 2023, at which time 86,954 shares of restricted stock were effectively vested.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company awarded 3,636 shares and 115,327 shares of time-based restricted stock with at the time of grant a fair value of $5.50 and $6.72 per share, respectively to certain employees. The time-based restricted stock will vest intwo andthree year equal installments on December 27, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. In addition, during the first quarter of 2022, the Company awarded 10,909 shares and 245,536 shares of performance-based restricted stock with at the time grant a fair value of $5.50 and $6.72 per share, respectively. The performance-based restricted stock has athree-year performance period beginning on January 1, 2022 and ending on December 31, 2024 and will vest following the end of the performance period but no later than March 5, 2025.

For the performance-based restricted stock the number of shares that will be earned at the end of the performance period is subject to decrease based on the results of the performance condition.

The 2023 Plan authorizes the Company to grant stock options at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the dates the options are granted. The Company has not granted any stock options since 2015 and all unexercised stock options have since been forfeited.

Restricted stock activity for the three years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

Awards are being amortized to expense over aone tothree year vesting period. The Company recognized $3.3 million, $1.3 million, and $1.2 million of compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted in aggregate 465,260 of time-based and performance-based restricted stock. During the year ended December 31, 2024,292,150 shares of restricted stock were vested and released. Of the stock released to employees,77,159 shares were withheld to cover withholding taxes of $971,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted in aggregate 803,401 net of 483,454 canceled shares of time-based and performance-based restricted stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023,221,218 shares of restricted stock were vested and released. Of the stock released to employees,68,865 shares were withheld to cover withholding taxes of $429,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted in aggregate 484,130, net of 12,422 canceled shares of time-based and performance-based restricted stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022,96,961 shares of restricted stock were vested and released. Of the stock released to employees,28,271 shares were withheld to cover withholding taxes of $94,000.

At December 31, 2024, there was approximately $1.2 million unrecognized expense related to time-based unvested restricted stock and an additional $2.3 million for performance-based restricted stock, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining restriction periods as described in the table below. For the comparable period in 2023, there was $3.5 million of unrecognized expense.

Additional information regarding the Company’s outstanding non-vested time-based restricted stock and performance-based restricted stock at December 31, 2024 is as follows:

Note 24. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)

The following table provides a summary of unaudited quarterly results for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share data):

The sum of quarterly amounts, including per share amounts, may not equal amounts reported for year-to-date periods. This is due to the effects of rounding and changes in the number of weighted-average shares outstanding for each period.

Note.25. Segment Reporting

The Company conducts its business as a residential property insurer, which is based upon the Company's business organizational and management structure, as well as information used to allocate the Company’s resources and assess performance by the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Board of Directors, who are collectively the chief operating decision maker ("CODM").

The Company's business is reported asone operating and reportable segment, which is residential property insurance. The Company's residential property insurance business was determined to be one operating and reportable segment based on the Company's approach to making decisions on operating matters, including allocating resources, assessing performance, determining which products to market and sell, determining distribution networks with insurance agents, and monitoring the regulatory environment.

As the Company operates as one reportable segment, all significant expenses presented to the CODM are presented on the face of the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The CODM uses net income to evaluate income generated from segment assets, such as return on assets, in deciding whether to reinvest profits into the business or other parts of the entity, such as for acquisitions or to pay dividends.

The residential property insurance business products have similar economic characteristics and use a similar marketing and distribution strategy with the Company's independent agents. The Company's property insurance business is comprised of commercial lines insurance and personal lines insurance and is evaluated on a consolidated basis.

The accounting policies of the Company's businesses are the same as those described in Note 1 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on results of operations that also is reported on the consolidated income statement. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets.

Note 26. Subsequent Events

The Company performed an evaluation of subsequent events through the date the condensed consolidated financial statements were issued and determined there were no recognized or unrecognized subsequent events that would require an adjustment or additional disclosure in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024, other than events described below.

In January 2025, the Company's Insurance Holding company sold its inactive affiliate, Pawtucket Insurance Company to an unaffiliated entity, which was part of an agreement with an Insurtech company that was announced in November 2021. There was no gain or loss to be recognized in relation to this transaction and Pawtucket had no assets or liabilities at the time of the sale.

The Company writes Excess and Surplus Lines business in the state of California and the wildfires affecting Southern California result in catastrophe losses to the Company for the first quarter of 2025. The Company expects to incur approximately $35.0-$40.0 million of pre-tax catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance, associated with the wildfires.