Hamilton Insurance Group Ltd

In this Form 10-K, references to “Hamilton,” “Hamilton Group,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Hamilton Insurance Group, Ltd., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. Defined terms used through this Form 10-K are included in the “Glossary of Defined Terms” in this Form 10-K. Amounts in this Form 10-K are presented in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted. Certain amounts presented in tables are subject to rounding adjustments and, as a result, the totals in such tables may not sum.

Our Company

Overview of Our Business

We are a global specialty insurance and reinsurance company founded in Bermuda in 2013. We harness multiple drivers to create shareholder value. These include diverse underwriting operations supported by proprietary technology and a team of over 500 full-time employees, a strong balance sheet, and a unique investment management relationship with Two Sigma. We operate globally, with underwriting operations in Lloyd’s, Ireland, Bermuda, and the United States. We are led by an entrepreneurial and experienced management team that has grown premiums written from $571 million for the year ended November 30, 2018 to $2.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, while also reducing our combined ratio significantly. The combined effects of organic premium growth, strategic acquisition, new market developments and continuous platform cost optimization leave us well positioned to capitalize on the favorable market conditions across the lines of business written by our established and scaled underwriting platforms.

We operate three principal underwriting platforms (Hamilton Global Specialty, Hamilton Select and Hamilton Re) that are categorized into two reporting business segments (International and Bermuda):

•International: Accounting for 57% of gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2023, our International segment consists of business written out of our Lloyd’s syndicate and subsidiaries based in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, and includes the Hamilton Global Specialty and Hamilton Select platforms.

•Hamilton Global Specialty focuses predominantly on commercial specialty and casualty insurance for medium-to large-sized accounts and specialty reinsurance products written by Lloyd’s Syndicate 4000 and Hamilton Insurance DAC ("HIDAC"). Syndicate 4000, a leading Lloyd’s syndicate, generates a significant portion of premium from the U.S. Excess & Surplus (“U.S. E&S”) market and has ranked among the most profitable and least volatile syndicates at Lloyd’s over the last 10 years.

•Hamilton Select, our recently launched U.S. domestic E&S carrier, writes casualty insurance for small-to-mid-sized clients in the hard-to-place niche of the U.S. E&S market. We believe it presents meaningful and profitable growth opportunities in the near-to-long term, further expanding our footprint in the U.S. E&S market.

•Our International segment had gross premiums written of $277 million, $662 million, $892 million, $933 million and $1,106 million for the years ended November 30, 2019 through November 30, 2021 and December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, with a corresponding combined ratio of 153%, 111%, 108%, 97% and 95% for the same periods.

•Bermuda: Accounting for 43% of gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2023, our Bermuda segment consists of the Hamilton Re platform, made up of Hamilton Re and Hamilton Re US. Hamilton Re writes property, casualty and specialty reinsurance business on a global basis and also offers high excess Bermuda market specialty insurance products, predominantly for large U.S. commercial risks. Hamilton Re US writes casualty and specialty reinsurance business on a global basis.

•Our Bermuda segment had gross premiums written of $454 million, $425 million, $554 million, $713 million and $846 million for the years ended November 30, 2019 through November 30, 2021 and December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, with a corresponding combined ratio of 110%, 111%, 104%, 110% and 85% for the same periods.

Our evolution into a specialty insurance and reinsurance company reached a significant turning point in 2018 with the hiring of Pina Albo, our CEO and the start of our strategic transformation ("Strategic Transformation"). Ms. Albo is a 30+ year veteran in the insurance industry, having served as a member of the Board of Executive Management at Munich Re, where she had a 25-year career, as well as serving on the Board of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (a Fortune 500 public company) and recently being appointed as the first female Chair of the Association of Bermuda Insurers and Reinsurers. The Strategic Transformation commenced in 2018, when we set a new strategy and business priorities and was propelled by the appointment of a management team focused on employing rigorous risk selection and creating sustainable underwriting profitability. The Strategic Transformation also included enhancing underwriting governance, re-underwriting and repositioning our business to increase the focus on casualty and specialty insurance and reinsurance lines, decreasing volatility and investing in business-enabling technology. The Strategic Transformation was accelerated in 2019 when we acquired Pembroke Managing Agency and related entities, which included Pembroke Managing Agency (subsequently renamed Hamilton Managing Agency) and related entities, Lloyd’s Syndicate 4000 and Ironshore Europe DAC (subsequently renamed Hamilton Insurance DAC, or HIDAC). This acquisition doubled and diversified our premium base, increased our underwriting expertise and operational capabilities, and provided us with a fully-scaled Lloyd’s platform. As a result of the strategic actions taken in the context of the Strategic Transformation, we have grown premiums written from $571 million for the year ended November 30, 2018 to $2.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, reduced our combined ratio, optimized the portfolio mix by increasing the contribution from specialty insurance and strengthened our balance sheet. While the Strategic Transformation is complete, we continuously review our portfolio to optimize underwriting returns and opportunities, and drive additional benefits by regular collaboration with our Group Underwriting Committee ("GUC"). We believe Hamilton is consequently well-positioned to deliver growth and profitability in the current attractive market environment and across all market cycles.

Our proprietary technology has been a critical part of our Strategic Transformation by enabling the growth of our business and the execution of our strategy. This technology includes a catastrophe modeling and risk accumulation tool (Hamilton Analytics and Risk Platform or “HARP”), a global underwriting submission system (“Timeflow”), an efficient end-to-end specialty insurance underwriting workbench (Multi-line Insurance Toolkit or “MINT”), and a business intelligence and management information system ("Hamilton Insights"), as described further below under Marketing and Distribution of our International and Bermuda Businesses - Technology and Data. We are not burdened by legacy systems and have a modernized, cloud-based core platform which has enabled us to design and implement our proprietary systems to be a competitive advantage for our business.

The growth of our business is supported by a strong balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, Hamilton had total assets of $6.7 billion, total invested assets of $4.0 billion and shareholders’ equity of $2.0 billion. Our total invested assets of $4.0 billion includes $1.8 billion of securities in our fixed maturity trading portfolio and short-term investments, altogether consisting of 46% of our total invested assets, with an average credit rating of Aa3 and of which 100% are investment grade. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash and Investments” for further detail by investment class. We also enjoy a low debt-to-capital ratio of 6.8% at December 31, 2023, which we believe provides us with meaningful financial flexibility to execute our strategy. The Company has demonstrated its ability to withstand catastrophe and other significant loss events across changing market cycles and we believe it is well placed to take advantage of the current hard market conditions. Our prudent reserving approach fortifies our financial position and has resulted in reserve releases (i.e. decreasing reserves for loss occurrence) every year since our inception.1

Our Lloyd’s syndicate benefits from financial strength ratings of “A” (Excellent) from A.M. Best and “AA-” from each of S&P Global, Kroll Bond Rating Agency, or KBRA and Fitch Ratings Inc. ("Fitch"), all of which are Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations ("NRSROs") as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended, (the "Exchange Act"). Our other insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries hold an “A-” (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best and an “A” rating from KBRA, each with a positive outlook. We believe these ratings demonstrate the financial strength of our insurance and reinsurance platforms and facilitate our ability to capitalize on new opportunities with our policyholders, cedants and distribution partners.

1 Excluding the U.S. GAAP accounting impact of a loss portfolio transfer purchased in 2020.

Unique Investment Management Relationship with Two Sigma

Our diversified underwriting model is complemented by a unique and long-term investment management relationship with Two Sigma. Founded in 2001, Two Sigma aims to consistently generate alpha in liquid global markets across a range of conditions using a disciplined, scientific approach and managed approximately $60 billion of assets across affiliates at December 31, 2023. Driven by a differentiated application of technology and data science, Two Sigma has over 2,000 employees across affiliates, including an experienced and diverse team of over 1,000 employees in research and development.

Two Sigma manages $1.7 billion of our assets as of December 31, 2023 via our investment in the TS Hamilton Fund. The portion of our total invested assets managed by Two Sigma has declined from 80% in 2018 to 43% in 2023 and is expected to continue to decline naturally as our underwriting platforms and fixed income portfolio grow. The TS Hamilton Fund is a dedicated fund-of-one managed by Two Sigma with exposures to certain Two Sigma macro and equity strategies.2 The TS Hamilton Fund has been designed to provide low-correlated absolute returns, primarily by combining multiple hedged and leveraged systematic investment strategies with proprietary risk management investment optimization and execution techniques. The TS Hamilton Fund invests in a broad set of financial instruments and is primarily focused on liquid strategies in global equity, FX markets, exchange-listed and OTC options (and their underlying instruments) and other derivatives. This liquidity profile fits well with our business, while also providing the benefit of access to a dedicated fund-of-one.

Two Sigma has broad discretion to allocate our invested assets to different opportunities. Its current investments include Two Sigma Futures Portfolio, LLC ("FTV"), Two Sigma Spectrum Portfolio, LLC ("STV") and Two Sigma Equity Spectrum Portfolio, LLC ("ESTV"). The TS Hamilton Fund’s trading and investment activities are not limited to these systematic (and certain non-systematic) investment strategies and proprietary risk management, investment, optimization and execution techniques (collectively, the "Techniques") and the TS Hamilton Fund is permitted to pursue any investment strategy and/or Technique that Two Sigma determines in its sole discretion to be appropriate for the TS Hamilton Fund from time to time. In any given period, the performance of these individual portfolios may vary materially; however, the performance and risk profile of the TS Hamilton Fund is monitored in the aggregate at the overall fund level, rather than at the individual portfolio level. This is consistent with the manner in which investment management fees and performance incentive allocations are determined (i.e., fees and performance incentives are determined on by the overall performance of the fund, rather than the performance of each portfolio).

We entered into a Commitment Agreement effective July 1, 2023 with Two Sigma for a three-year period (the "Initial Term") and for rolling three-year periods thereafter (each such three-year period the "Commitment Period"), subject to certain circumstances, with the Commitment Period ending on June 30, 2026. The Commitment Period consists of a three-year rolling term that automatically renews on an annual basis unless Hamilton Re or the Managing Member provide advance notice of non-renewal. The historical returns of the funds managed by Two Sigma (including the TS Hamilton Fund) are not necessarily indicative of future results. The TS Hamilton Fund produced returns, net of investment management fees and performance incentive allocations, of 7.6%, 4.6% and 17.7% for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and November 30, 2021, respectively. Hamilton pays arm’s-length management and incentive fees under this agreement. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Investment Strategy—We do not have control over the TS Hamilton Fund” for more information.

Our Sustainability Principles

Good corporate citizenship underscores everything we do. Our sustainability approach is based on being a responsible corporate and global citizen and was affirmed through two different external assessments.

We apply a four-pillar philosophy across all areas of our business:

1. Accountability: We focus on employing equitable governance and oversight in an effort to ensure the best outcome for all of our stakeholders.

2 For the avoidance of doubt, Two Sigma serves as the investment manager of the TS Hamilton Fund. The Company is not a client of Two Sigma pursuant to the Investment Act of 1940, as amended.

2. Social Impact: We have an inclusive culture underpinned by teamwork and collaboration. As part of that, we have had an engaged and active Diversity, Equity and Inclusion ("DEI") Committee since 2018, made up of employee representatives from each of our key locations, across functions and seniority. We also have a diverse senior management team, with three of four of our group & underwriting platform CEOs being women. Notably, 45% of our Group Executive team and approximately 40% of our underwriting and claims leaders are female.

3. Underwriting: We are supportive of companies that are involved in the transition to alternative energy sources such as renewable energy, including wind and solar, and rolled out sustainability-specific underwriting guidelines in the third quarter of 2022.

4. Investments: We strive to deploy our invested capital responsibly with established guidelines that are regularly monitored to align with our corporate values. Our investment managers are guided by the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that our corporate tagline, “In good company” embodies who we are as an organization. As a good corporate citizen, we strive to ensure that everyone we interact with – our clients and business partners, our people, our shareholders and the communities we serve – feel they arein good company with Hamilton. Our promise is enhanced by the strengths of our differentiated business model, which include:

Scaled, diversified, and global specialty insurance and reinsurance operations

The scale we have built since our inception provides significant competitive advantages in the global markets we serve. We have grown our book both organically when market conditions were favorable, through product expansion and increasing client and broker channel distribution and inorganically, through the strategic acquisition of Pembroke Managing Agency and related entities, which included Pembroke Managing Agency (subsequently renamed Hamilton Managing Agency), Lloyd’s Syndicate 4000 and Ironshore Europe DAC (“IEDAC,” subsequently renamed Hamilton Insurance DAC or HIDAC), (all acquired entities hereinafter referred to as “PMA”) in 2019.

Our business mix is well-balanced between insurance and reinsurance, and is diversified across geographies, risks, clients and products, with a majority of our business coming from specialty and casualty lines. Since 2018, our portfolio has evolved from 32% to 57% insurance, with reinsurance declining from 68% to 43% (in each case, based on premium volume). For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded $2.0 billion of gross premiums written through our three principal underwriting platforms, with access to key markets around the world.

We believe that the scale and breadth of our book of business, our multiple underwriting platforms and product offerings allow us to dynamically respond to and manage market cycles, thus providing for more consistent performance and reduced volatility. We expect our recently launched Hamilton Select platform will continue to add business diversification and growth in the profitable hard-to-place niche of the U.S. E&S market. Hamilton Global Specialty and Hamilton Re expects to also provide growth prospects in the U.S. E&S market. Overall, we believe our disciplined approach to scale, risk assessment, and diversification enables us to deliver on our goals of long-term profitability.

Disciplined and data-driven underwriting approach

Our underwriting platforms are each led by teams of experienced underwriters who are specialized in their product areas and able to set terms and conditions in several lines of business. Their expertise is supplemented by our strong technical tools, which provide the insights that enable our underwriters to intelligently price and structure our products and portfolio, maintain diversification, and in turn deliver attractive risk-adjusted profitability. Our underwriters adhere to a disciplined underwriting philosophy and guidelines, seeking to underwrite only profitable risks. Our underwriters regularly review their books of business, to ensure they are growing in the most profitable areas and restructure or do not renew underperforming accounts, thus optimizing our business portfolio. They benefit from quarterly discussions with our GUC, which also reviews underwriting results, suggests strategic portfolio shifts, reviews risk appetites and tolerances for new and existing products and considers emerging risks and mitigation strategies together with our underwriting and executive leadership. Our review and risk selection processes are enhanced by our business intelligence and global management information system, Hamilton Insights, which is being expanded to provide all our underwriters with real-time data and self-service report generation to inform their underwriting decisions. Examples of the portfolio enhancing measures undertaken in the context of our Strategic Transformation since 2018 include: the launching of Hamilton Select and Hamilton Re US; the growth of our professional insurance lines; our purchase of loss portfolio transfer coverage (the "LPT") with a third party reinsurer in 2020 with respect to certain casualty risks for Lloyd’s Year of Account ("YOA") in 2016, 2017 and 2018; and the exit/remediation of certain unprofitable lines of business (e.g., agriculture and property binder business). The platforms have benefited from group-wide, third party best practice reviews commissioned by our GUC and the fact that variable compensation is tied primarily to underwriting profitability.

We actively manage our risk exposure on a centralized basis, in order to allocate capital efficiently and optimize our returns. For example, we monitor tolerances for natural catastrophe risks utilizing probable maximum loss modelling results ("PMLs") for multiple regions and perils and we have appropriately managed our PMLs during the varying market cycles. We believe our average annual current year natural catastrophe losses as measured as a percentage of tangible book value were lower than those of many of our peers as a direct result of these actions for the five-year period from 2019 to 2023.

Our methodical and disciplined approach to underwriting, bolstered by our experienced underwriting talent, collaboration with our GUC, strong analytics platforms, and the actions taken as part of the Strategic Transformation, have resulted in a reduction in our combined ratio by 36 percentage points since 2019. Our combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2023, was 90.1%. Additionally, the combined ratio for our International segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 94.7% and the combined ratio for our Bermuda segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 84.9%.

Proprietary technology infrastructure

Underpinning our business are sophisticated proprietary technology and analytics platforms. Unburdened by legacy systems, our technological capabilities enable operational efficiencies as we continue to scale and allow for nimble decision-making in a competitive marketplace.

We have built proprietary systems including HARP, a catastrophe modeling and portfolio accumulation management platform used for all our natural catastrophe-exposed risks. Reflecting decades of industry experience, HARP enables precise modifications and loads to be applied to vendor catastrophe model results to produce the Hamilton View of Risk (“HVR”), the basis upon which all of our catastrophe modeling and accumulation management is conducted. HARP produces rapid management information and portfolio analytics to aid decision-making, and supports structural features such as reinstatement premium protections, cascading layers and trailing deductibles that many third-party systems are unable to handle. We believe HARP is one of the most sophisticated and user-friendly risk and exposure management systems in the industry.

The HVR enables us to manage natural catastrophe risk on a consistent basis, including pricing, underwriting, reserving, planning, capital modelling and accumulation management decisions. We believe that the HVR is materially complete and appropriate to the current risk landscape. We accomplish this through vendor catastrophe models that serve as a baseline and our proprietary tools, the mainstay of which is HARP, that allow us to make a number of significant adjustments, and our model intelligence team, that evaluates models and recommends changes. The HVR utilizes a long-term trend in its baseline and adjusts it to consider a combination of short-term variability such as warm sea-surface temperature, non-modeled perils, secondary uncertainty and severity loads (such as missing exposures, loss adjustment expenses, and potential model miss). In aggregate, the HVR produces loss estimates materially in excess of those provided by the baseline vendor models, but nonetheless may not be predictive of catastrophic events.

Our proprietary suite of technology also includes Timeflow (a global underwriting submission system), which enables us to digitize our submission intake process and orchestrate data entry across multiple systems, MINT (an underwriting workbench) which will, when fully deployed, enable our underwriters at Hamilton Select to fully digitize the quote/bind/endorsement process; and Hamilton Insights (our business intelligence and management information system), which is used by underwriters to gain insights on our business and make informed decisions.

Differentiated asset management capabilities with Two Sigma to further enhance returns

We have a unique asset management strategy as our investment-grade fixed income investment portfolio is complemented by our separate portfolio managed by Two Sigma within the TS Hamilton Fund. Our ability to generate positive risk-adjusted yields through our complementary investment portfolios differentiates us from our peers who generally only have traditional investment allocations, concentrated primarily in investment-grade, long-only fixed income securities.

The TS Hamilton Fund is designed to provide low-correlated absolute returns and high liquidity. Two Sigma seeks to control risk systematically through the use of proprietary portfolio management and risk management systems and techniques. Our current allocation to the TS Hamilton Fund is 43% of our invested assets. Separately, our fixed income portfolio consists of traditional investment-grade fixed income securities which are conservative, fixed maturity and short-term investments (average rating of “Aa3” and duration of 3.3 years at December 31, 2023) which is managed by two third-party investment managers. We believe that this balanced approach and unique access to the TS Hamilton Fund allows us to optimize our investment returns and drive additional shareholder returns that complement our underwriting operations.

Strong balance sheet with significant financial flexibility

As of December 31, 2023, we had consolidated GAAP shareholders’ equity of $2.0 billion, with limited intangibles. Our financial leverage ratio was 6.8% at December 31, 2023. Our capital position is enhanced by a highly liquid investment strategy, with assets in the TS Hamilton Fund diversified across investment strategies, instruments and thousands of positions in liquid global markets. As of December 31, 2023, 99% of the TS Hamilton Fund positions are level 1 assets as classified by ASC 820.

Our balance sheet is supported by our robust reserve position, which is above the estimate of our external actuarial selected indications.

Our Lloyd’s syndicate benefits from financial strength ratings of “A” (Excellent) from A.M. Best and “AA-” from each of S&P Global, KBRA and Fitch, all of which are NRSROs as defined under the Exchange Act. Our other insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries hold an “A-” (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best and an “A” rating from KBRA, each with a positive outlook. Maintaining strong ratings helps us demonstrate our financial strength to our policyholders, cedants and distribution partners and continues to unlock business.

Highly entrepreneurial and experienced leadership team fostering a distinctive and attractive culture

We consider ourselves a magnet for talent at all levels. Our executive officers are highly qualified and have an average of more than 20 years (and collectively over 230 years) of relevant experience in insurance and reinsurance. We are led by our Chief Executive Officer, Pina Albo, who has over 30 years of industry experience and was previously a member of the Board of Executive Management of Munich Re, and the first North American woman to hold such a role. Several of our executive officers have long histories of working together at other organizations and have held senior management positions at large, established carriers. Members of our executive and management team have joined us from a number of reputable carriers such as AIG, AXIS, Chubb, CNA, Everest, Kinsale, Munich Re, Partner Re and Renaissance Re.

Our corporate tag-line, “in good company”, underpins our employee value proposition and embodies our inclusive, entrepreneurial, and collaborative culture which drives our success in recruitment, development and retention of leading industry talent.

Our Strategy

We are a global specialty insurance and reinsurance company enhanced by data and technology, focused on producing sustainable underwriting profitability and delivering significant shareholder value. We intend to keep growing our diverse book of business by responding to changing market conditions, prudently managing our capital, and driving sustainable shareholder returns. The key pillars of our strategy include:

Prudently managing capital across different underwriting cycles

We seek to prudently manage our capital with the objective of effectively navigating different market conditions and generating strong underwriting margins throughout all market cycles. Our scaled and diversified platforms and product offerings and our broad industry relationships provide significant opportunity to underwrite our chosen classes of property, casualty and specialty insurance and reinsurance as market opportunities arise. Leveraging our disciplined underwriting approach, balance sheet strength and flexibility, and real-time technology prowess, we can respond dynamically to capture opportunities as markets evolve.

We believe the current market conditions for insurance and reinsurance are favorable for all of our underwriting platforms, and particularly favorable for property-exposed reinsurance lines. Given our broad product offering, we believe Hamilton Re is particularly well positioned to increase our writings across multiple lines of business and negotiate attractive program structures, as well as favorable terms and conditions. Hamilton Global Specialty is also capitalizing on current positive market conditions across its specialty insurance and reinsurance offerings. For example, our political violence team is currently growing its portfolio in an environment with much stronger pricing and improved terms and conditions given much greater demand for that product. We have also entered new lines of business where we see opportunity, such as the recent addition of marine hull. Hamilton Select is also benefiting from the increased flow of business and favorable market conditions in the U.S. E&S market where it is focused.

We believe our approach to managing capital across market cycles will allow us to grow our capital and fund the continued scaling of our business with our own resources. Our prudent approach to capital management may also allow us to return excess capital to investors over time, which may take the form of ordinary dividends, special dividends or share buybacks.

Driving sustainable underwriting profitability

One of our key strategic priorities is to produce sustainable underwriting profitability on the business we write and we believe we are well-positioned to do so following the Strategic Transformation. Our data-driven and disciplined underwriting processes position us to intelligently price and structure our products and our business portfolio. Our experienced underwriting, actuarial and catastrophe modeling teams rely on our strong technical tools and insights to inform underwriting decisions and drive additional benefits by regular collaboration with our GUC.

We maintain trusted and long-standing relationships with our clients and brokers, who we believe will continue to provide us with increased access to attractive business. Our disciplined underwriting approach has resulted in a reduction in our combined ratio by 36 percentage points since 2019. We expect to continue to leverage our robust underwriting processes, highly experienced teams, broad access to clients and brokers and real time analytics to address our clients’ needs and to garner attractive opportunities across all our underwriting platforms.

Pursuing disciplined and opportunistic growth of Hamilton Platforms

We see growth opportunities in both the insurance and reinsurance markets in which we operate and intend to pursue disciplined growth across all our underwriting platforms. In recent years the U.S. E&S market has benefited from a strong rate environment and increased submissions as business has shifted into the non-admitted market from the admitted market. Non-admitted insurers are able to cover unique and hard-to-place risks because they have flexibility of rate and form and can accommodate the unique needs of insureds who are unable to obtain coverage from admitted carriers.

We access the attractive U.S. E&S market via all three of our underwriting platforms.

•Hamilton Global Specialty writes U.S. E&S business on both its Lloyd’s and HIDAC platforms. It is an established specialty insurance market with specialized underwriting talent and strong broker and client relationships across the casualty, specialty and property insurance lines, and is well positioned for growth in this market.

•Hamilton Re is also well positioned for growth in the U.S. E&S insurance market given strong market conditions, with established teams in place for property insurance, excess casualty insurance and financial lines insurance.

•Hamilton Select, launched in 2021, further increases our access to the U.S. E&S insurance market at an opportune time. Hamilton Select plans to grow in the hard-to-place niche of the U.S. E&S market focused on small-to-medium sized risks, a segment which is expected to produce profitable results in all market cycles. Hamilton Select has a leadership and underwriting team with experience in its chosen hard-to-place niche from Kinsale, as well as other recognized companies, and also benefits from extensive distribution relationships in this attractive market segment.

We believe the access our three underwriting platforms have to U.S. E&S insurance business will allow us to build a robust and diversified book of business and achieve our profitable growth objectives throughout various market cycles.

Reinsurance business offers a particularly attractive opportunity given the favorable rating environment at this time in the cycle and is expected to accelerate growth opportunities for us in the near term. A number of factors, including economic and social inflation, combined with higher interest rates and increases in the frequency and severity of natural catastrophe events in recent years, created a supply/demand imbalance and are driving the most favorable market conditions seen in decades. We are a recognized market with broad client and broker relationships and have low counter-party credit concentration with many of our insurance partners, providing ample headroom for us to grow.

Generating strong risk-adjusted returns for shareholders

Our strong, sustainable underwriting operations are complemented by our unique investment portfolio, which consists of the TS Hamilton Fund and our investment grade fixed income portfolio, which is currently benefiting from strong interest rates. We plan to continue to optimize our investment portfolio through a balanced allocation of invested assets and maintain the flexibility to adjust this allocation as needed. We believe our strategy of disciplined underwriting growth, balanced with our investment platform, will drive our ability to create shareholder value.

Our Market Opportunity

We believe we have significant opportunities to capture profitable risk-adjusted returns from sustained favorable property and casualty insurance and reinsurance market conditions due to our scale, disciplined underwriting, and financial and operating flexibility as well as our low counterparty credit concentration. The global macroeconomic and social environment continues to drive favorable demand for insurance and reinsurance products. In recent years, rate increases have been required to keep pace with the increased frequency and severity of natural catastrophe events globally, which has been impacted by changing weather patterns, as well as inflation, increased geopolitical tensions and other risks that have grown or emerged. As a result, the global commercial insurance industry has seen continued price increases. We believe that the combination of these and other factors, particularly those listed below, will continue to drive market opportunities for our business:

•Continued growth of the U.S. E&S market: We access the attractive U.S. E&S market via all three of our underwriting platforms and believe that such access to U.S. E&S business will allow us to build a robust and diversified book of business and achieve our profitable growth objectives throughout various market cycles. The non-admitted U.S. insurance market, also known as the U.S. E&S or surplus lines market, is experiencing a period characterized by surging growth and attractive rates and terms and conditions. U.S. E&S surplus lines insurance focuses on insureds that generally cannot purchase insurance from standard market or admitted market insurers due to perceived risk related to their businesses. U.S. E&S surplus lines carriers are generally permitted to craft the terms of the insurance contract to suit the particular risk they are assuming. Also, U.S. E&S carriers are, for the most part, free of rate regulation. More specifically:

•Most states require an agent to seek coverage from the standard or admitted market and verify they were declined by that market before they may seek coverage from the surplus lines market through a licensed surplus lines broker. This process is often referred to as “diligent effort.” Additionally, some states use “export lists” to regulate the flow of business between the admitted and non-admitted markets. An export list outlines the types of insurance products and coverages the state allows to go to the surplus lines market without a diligent search of the standard market.

•Standard market carriers are generally required to use approved insurance forms and to charge rates that have been authorized by or filed with state insurance departments; they are backed by a state guarantee fund. U.S. E&S business is not backed by any state’s guarantee fund, and in many states may only write coverage for an insured after they have been denied coverage by the standard market and signed declarations stating that the insured is aware that it will not have access to any state guarantee funds should these subsidiaries be unable to satisfy their obligations. Consequently, Hamilton Select , Hamilton Global Specialty and Hamilton Re may be able to provide more restrictive coverage and thereby limit exposure to loss by either excluding coverage or providing a sub-limit on coverage. As coverage is not available in the standard market, non-admitted carriers may be able to charge premiums exceeding the standard market risk charge for a narrower scope of coverage. The non-admitted market coverage form is typically modified to address the specific risk characteristics of accounts that are pushed out of the admitted market, and the pricing is adjusted to reflect the elevated risk potential. The non-admitted market policy wording may be modified to further restrict and limit coverage, and the pricing may be surcharged to account for the elevated risk for these distressed commercial accounts. It is management’s belief that non-admitted business is expected to produce profitable results in all market cycles.

•Recently, there has been a persistent flow of business from the admitted market into the non-admitted U.S. E&S surplus lines channels, which has resulted in U.S. E&S surplus lines becoming a larger share of the overall insurance market in the U.S. In addition, the macroeconomic and social environment continues to drive demand for specialized insurance solutions due to both increasing and more complex risks. Based on publicly available industry data, the growth of the U.S. E&S market has outperformed the property & casualty industry average over the last five years. We have capitalized on this growth via the insurance products offered by both our Hamilton Global Specialty and Hamilton Re platforms for some time, and most recently, with the launch of our Hamilton Select platform. Hamilton Select operates exclusively in the U.S. E&S market, offering insurance to small-to-mid-sized hard-to-place commercial risks, an attractive niche of the U.S. E&S market.

•Greater demand for insurance and reinsurance from our clients because of the macroeconomic environment: Global economic and industrial development, greater product awareness and distribution, economic and social inflation and increases in natural catastrophes and geopolitical tensions, such as the conflict in Ukraine, continue to drive an increase in our clients’ need for insurance and reinsurance products underwritten by strong, trusted companies. While we are no longer covering the Ukraine/Russia conflict due to policy exclusions, opportunities have arisen in the lines of business that were impacted by the conflict, such as aviation, war and terror, and marine and energy. These lines of business are generally written on a worldwide basis and have seen higher pricing and more favorable terms and conditions since the Ukraine/Russia conflict started in February 2022.

•Hard market with attractive pricing and investment environment for the medium term: Significant annual industry-wide losses since Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in 2017, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, Hurricane Ian in 2022, and strong severe convective storm and wildfire activity in 2023 have led to significant year-on-year rate increases across multiple classes of business including property catastrophe, casualty and specialty lines. Many insurers that sustained increased losses have reevaluated their portfolios and exited certain classes of business, creating a shortfall of capacity in certain lines and new opportunities for us. We believe that the hard market conditions will continue to provide opportunities for us to capitalize on these favorable conditions as well as provide access to new business and clients, and achieve or sustain rate increases and improved terms and conditions, while allowing us to maintain disciplined risk selection. In addition, we believe that increased interest rates in our fixed income portfolio, as well as our exclusive access to Two Sigma investment strategies, will allow us to complement our underwriting income with attractive investment returns.

•Need for strong and experienced counterparties given limited capacity: Some of our competitors with sustained and increased underwriting losses or reduced balance sheet capacity exited or reduced writings in selected lines of business, causing a supply dislocation in the market relative to the growing demand for risk capacity in certain lines such as property insurance and reinsurance. We are a valued, established and proven industry partner and, given the strength and flexibility of our balance sheet, the breadth of our product offerings, our low counterparty credit concentration and our recognized and experienced team, we have the ability to expand our business selectively where opportunities arise. Our growing and extensive client and broker relationships, the clarity of our risk appetite and the consistency of our approach resonates well with our business partners and we believe will afford us increased access to attractive new business. In light of this, we believe we can continue our proven track record of being responsive to our clients’ needs, while maintaining disciplined underwriting and risk-adjusted returns for our shareholders.

Our Business

We operate three principal underwriting platforms categorized into two reporting business segments: International and Bermuda. Our three underwriting platforms, with dedicated and experienced leadership, provide us with access to diversified and profitable key markets around the world. Across these global operations, we generated $2.0 billion of gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following charts represent our gross premiums written by reporting segment, insurance and reinsurance mix, and class of business for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Our Products

The table below presents gross premiums written in each of our reporting segments for each of the most recent three years.

International comprises 57% of the total 2023 gross premiums written and includes Hamilton Managing Agency Limited (“HMA”), as managing agent to Hamilton Syndicate 4000 (wholly aligned syndicate), HIDAC, and Hamilton Select.

Bermuda comprises 43% of the total 2023 gross premiums written and includes Hamilton Re and Hamilton Re US.

International

Our International segment includes both the Hamilton Global Specialty and Hamilton Select platforms. Hamilton Global Specialty focuses predominantly on commercial specialty and casualty insurance and reinsurance products for medium to large-sized accounts and specialty reinsurance for a variety of global insurance companies. Its business is distributed via Lloyd’s Syndicate 4000 and HIDAC in Ireland. Hamilton Select, our recently launched U.S. domestic E&S carrier, writes casualty insurance for small to mid-sized commercial clients in the hard-to-place niche of the U.S. E&S market. Hamilton Select does not write any property business. Across the International segment, insurance business made up approximately 90% of gross premiums written, while specialty reinsurance makes up approximately 10% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The International segment is supported by over 100 underwriters.

The portfolio of business written within our International segment is broadly diversified with low volatility and focuses on medium to large-sized accounts. The 2024 syndicate business forecast approved by Lloyd’s gives Syndicate 4000 capacity of £550 million. In addition to the capacity at Lloyd’s, Hamilton Global Specialty writes business using its Irish subsidiary company, HIDAC. Hamilton Select, our U.S. E&S platform, also operates under our International segment and focuses on small to mid-sized hard-to-place accounts.

Our International segment includes:

Property Lines

Property business written by our International segment accounted for 12% of gross premiums written as of the year ended December 31, 2023. Our underwriting strategy is to minimize catastrophe exposure. The property book is predominantly made up of U.S. E&S insurance business with a weighting in favor of the industrial and commercial sectors, binding authority business, comprising non-standard commercial and residential risks, and specialist sectors, including terrorism, power generation, engineering and nuclear risks. The property insurance book is written on both a direct and facultative basis, as well as through a specialist property binders division. The property products include:

Property (Direct & Facultative): We offer all risks coverage, business interruption, machinery breakdown, natural perils, and physical loss or damage. This is a global account with a concentration of business in North America. The balance of business is written in Australasia, Latin America, the Middle East and South Africa.

Property Binders: We target small and medium-sized enterprises low-hazard commercial portfolios, mostly low attritional coastal appetite, personal lines business, excluding habitational risk, difference in conditions – flood and earthquake portfolios and specialty financial institution lines including mortgage impairment and lender-placed property. The portfolio is predominantly written for risks across the United States/North America.

Casualty Lines

Casualty business within our International segment accounted for 45% of gross premiums written as of the year ended December 31, 2023. Our casualty products include:

Financial Lines: Our financial lines book targets corporate entities rather than retail exposure. We write a diversified portfolio across a broad range of financial institutions including asset managers, funds, building societies, financial exchanges, retail and commercial banks, private equity/venture capital firms, stockbrokers, private banks, development banks, merchant/investment banks, insurance companies and trust companies. This is a global account with a concentration of business in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, Australia and a key presence in emerging markets.

Professional Lines: Our professional lines book covers international professional indemnity ("PI") U.S. PI, medical malpractice and directors & officers (“D&O”). We target a diversified portfolio for which the cornerstone is a strong international PI account supported by carefully selected commercial D&O. Key areas include specialist engineers, lawyers and miscellaneous business. We deliver our professional lines through a mixture of multi-class facilities for small businesses or via bespoke products designed for more specialized risks, such as auction houses, protection & indemnity ("P&I") club managers and classification societies. This is a global account with a concentration of business in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and the Caribbean.

Environmental: We help manage risks in the areas of pollution liability aimed at safeguarding business owners from pollution claims arising from a variety of environmental threats related to liability from managing, leasing or owning real estate assets, professional liability, contractors’ pollution liability, commercial general liability, and manuscript solutions. With our global presence, we have the capability to underwrite cross-border transactions and deals and the ability to underwrite risks in various international jurisdictions including Canada, the United Kingdom, Europe, Asia, Latin American and the Caribbean.

Excess Casualty: Our industry class offering is broad and includes medium to large companies. We also provide cover for U.S. construction companies for both practice and project-specific policies over a wider range of construction from mid-size commercial projects through to major infrastructure projects. We target U.S.-domiciled entities with U.S. and global exposures.

Mergers & Acquisitions: Our mergers & acquisitions book offers warranty and indemnity insurance, which covers unknown and unforeseen loss arising from breaches of the warranties under an acquisition agreement, as well as contingent risk insurance, which covers known and quantifiable loss arising out of specific (low-risk) issues identified during a transaction diligence process. We work with private equity houses, financial institutions, global corporates and management teams of all sizes and have broad appetite for all target companies, business or assets. We have a global presence and capabilities to underwrite cross-border transactions and deals with operations in various international jurisdictions. At present, our focus is on U.K., European and Asia Pacific targets. A typical transaction enterprise value for primary terms is between $70 million and $700 million.

Cyber: Our cyber book is global and focused on financial institutions, utilities, retailers and the healthcare and hospitality industries. It includes cyber liability, as well as optional coverage, including technology errors and omissions, payment card industry fines and penalties, cybercrime and fraudulent instruction. Our cyber liability provides affirmative coverage for hardware and software replacement costs, voluntary shutdown and ransom events. Optional coverage includes: technology errors and omissions, payment card industry fines and penalties, cybercrime, telephone fraud and electronic fraudulent instruction. Expert underwriting enables us to cover a diverse and wide-ranging spread of industries and territories with a particular focus on financial institutions, utilities, retailers and the healthcare and hospitality industries. We provide global coverage with a concentration of business in the United States, Europe and the Middle East.

U.S. Energy: We help manage risks in the areas of excess liability coverage for a minimum attachment of $5 million for upstream energy, select midstream energy, downstream energy and renewable energy. We target classes such as contracting/servicing, engineering/consulting, down hole exposures and manufacturing/distributors and rentals. This class only underwrites energy-oriented risk in the United States.

Specialty Lines

Specialty business within our International segment accounted for 43% of gross premiums written as of the year ended December 31, 2023. Our specialty products include:

Accident & Health (A&H): Our A&H book includes individual and group accidental death and disability, worldwide excess of loss, medical expenses and kidnap and ransom cover. The book is split into three parts: personal accident (“PA”), PA catastrophe, and medical expense reimbursement. We also write sports and non-sports coverage in various locations around the world. The A&H team is a recognized market leader and provides protection for both groups and individuals covering a broad variety of trades, company sizes and a diverse spread of occupational classes. This is a global account with a concentration of business in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and the Caribbean and a significant presence in the European Union.

Political Risk/ Political Violence (PR/PV): Our PR/PV book includes cover for confiscation and contract frustration, trade credit and war and terrorism, and it is written on a worldwide basis. We offer protection against frustration of, or default on, contracts with governments, state-owned entities and private entities, and protection for overseas investments or simpler assets operated abroad against risks of confiscation and political violence and for risks of currency inconvertibility and non-transfer in remitting funds. We target financial institutions and banks, overseas investors, traders, exporters, telecommunications companies, drilling/oil companies and contractors/infrastructure projects. This is a global account, except for territories subject to sanctions.

Fine Art & Specie: Our fine art & specie book includes a variety of fine art & specie risks and high value cargo. Fine art risks include private and corporate collections, museums, exhibitions, galleries, auction houses and musical instruments. Specie risks include bullion, excess vault, safe deposit boxes, excess securities investor protection corporation/Canadian investor protection fund and mining risks. High value cargo includes classic car collections, specialist motor, motor sport and wine collections. We write such business on a worldwide basis via a selective number of specialist partners and also through Hamilton’s consortium which writes on behalf of third-party capital, providing additional capacity as required.

Marine/Energy: Our marine and energy book includes both traditional marine liability and energy liability. This product area includes international onshore and offshore energy business. Coverage is provided on an excess basis to a broad range of operations such as marine (vessel operators and charterers, ship repairers, terminal operators, port authorities and pollution) and energy (on and offshore, upstream and midstream operators, drilling contractors, service contractors and pipeline operators). This is a worldwide book, with a focus on North America and Europe.

War & Terrorism: We underwrite predominantly physical loss or damage and business interruption for the following: terrorism and sabotage, riots, strikes, civil commotion, malicious damage, full political perils, terrorism liability, aviation war liability, marine war and cargo war, and events coverage due to a terrorism act or threat. We cater to business sectors across the spectrum including real estate, retail, banks and finance, hospitality and leisure, construction, manufacturing, power utilities, energy, specie and fine art, schools and educational institutions, telecommunications, transportation, marine and cargo, and municipalities. We underwrite such business on a worldwide basis and also lead a consortium for U.S.-based terrorism business with over half a billion dollars of capacity.

Kidnap & Ransom: We started this class of business in 2021 with a dedicated team with over 45 years’ combined underwriting experience. We offer coverage for the following types of events: kidnap, extortion, detention, disappearance, hostage crisis, product extortion, threat, virtual kidnap, business interruption, child abduction, political evacuation and repatriation, workplace violence, and product extortion recall and destruction. We partner with Crisis24 which has 30 years of experience and infrastructure in 45 countries, and Holman Fenwick Willan LLP, an international law firm widely recognized as the leading global law firm managing and resolving incidents in complex and hostile environments. We underwrite such business on a worldwide basis.

Space: We cover mainly geo communication satellites but also imaging and weather satellites and cargo missions to the International Space Station. The business is 80% launch and 20% in orbit. We target satellites, covering their entire lifespan from launch to in-orbit testing and during their commercial exploitation. These include telecommunication satellites in geostationary orbit as well as observation, navigation, meteorological, scientific and government satellites.

Upstream Energy: We specialize in onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration and production (“E&P”). We offer package-based policies including first-party property damage, operators’ extra expense, third-party liability and business interruption. We also consider the specialist areas of the Gulf of Mexico named windstorm and construction business. Our target market includes a wide range of operators within the upstream energy sector. This includes E&P companies of all sizes, state oil companies, multinationals and independent operators. Our target scope also extends to both drilling and service contractors within the oil and gas industry. This is a global account with a concentration of business in the key offshore oil and gas regions including the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Asia Pacific, Australasia and offshore West Africa.

Surety Reinsurance: We focus on the Latin American market with facultative surety bonds, proportional and non-proportional treaties. We are a facultative reinsurer, not limited to inwards reinsurance treaty relationships, and can consider regional principals and complex contracts.

Treaty Reinsurance: We target marine treaty, energy treaty with upstream, midstream and downstream available, war and terror treaty, aviation treaty and ancillary interests. We offer all forms of pro rata and excess of loss treaty. This is a global account with a worldwide remit, with key exposures in the United States, Europe and Japan.

Hamilton Select

As a U.S. domestic non-admitted carrier, Hamilton Select can restrict coverage and thereby limit exposure to loss by either excluding coverage or providing a sub-limit on coverage. As coverage is not available in the standard market, non-admitted carriers may be able to charge premiums exceeding the standard market broad coverage risk charge for a narrower scope of coverage. The starting basis for non-admitted policy forms and rates are typically the admitted market policy forms and rates. The non-admitted market coverage form is typically modified to address the specific risk characteristics of accounts that are pushed out of the admitted market, and the pricing is adjusted to reflect the elevated risk potential. The non-admitted market policy wording is typically modified to further restrict and limit coverage, and the pricing is surcharged to account for the elevated risk for these distressed commercial accounts.

Hamilton Select offers the following products in the United States to small-to-mid-sized hard-to-place and distressed accounts:

Allied Medical: We offer coverage for long-term care facilities such as independent living and assisted living, social services such as adoption and foster care, counseling, drug & alcohol rehab, adult day care, shelters and halfway houses, group homes for people with developmental or physical disabilities, and miscellaneous healthcare facilities, such as home health care, staffing (non-physician), physical therapy, hospice agencies and cannabis dispensaries.

Management Liability: We write primary and excess private company and not-for-profit director’s and officer’s liability, employment practices liability and fiduciary liability for diverse types of operations.

Medical Professionals: Our risk appetite includes physicians/surgeons, dentists and other medical providers such as chiropractors, podiatrists, nurse practitioners, and physicians’ assistants. Accounts falling into this space typically include those providers that have had licensing issues, substance abuse issues, adverse loss history, patient boundary/ethics issues, have been non-renewed due to practice/services offered or have had gaps in coverage.

Professional Liability: The clients we target include architects, engineers, accountants, insurance agents, lawyers, and real estate professionals, who work across a wide variety of industries. Professional liability insurance protects against claims related to professional negligence.

Excess Casualty: We write supported or unsupported excess over general liability, employers’ liability, automobile liability, liquor liability, incidental foreign liability, owners and contractors protective liability (“OCP”) and more. Our risk appetite includes contractors, products manufacturing / importing, and various other areas including restaurants/bars/nightclubs, entertainment, security firms and hospitality (bakeries and shops).

Energy: We target contractors, exploration and production companies, manufacturers, distributors, professional services, and renewables within the energy industry. We provide general liability, professional liability, time element pollution and related coverages on both a primary and excess basis. Our excess coverage is available supported or unsupported and can include underlying auto liability and employers liability.

General Liability: We write general liability including products/completed operations for a broad selection of owners, landlords, and tenants liability (“OL&T”)/premises-driven risks. Our risk appetite includes habitational, hospitality, lessor’s risk only, and mercantile & other classes.

Products Liability & Contractors: We will write general liability or products liability on an occurrence and claims-made form for a broad selection of risks. Our products liability risks include manufacturers, importers, and distributors of commercial, industrial and consumer goods. Our contractors liability risks include commercial, residential, and industrial operations on a practice policy, project specific, or OCP form.

Small Business Casualty: We focus on a broad selection of industries from construction to OL&T risks. Our target classes include general and trade contractors, as well as premises-driven accounts including real estate, hospitality, and habitational businesses.

Bermuda

Our Bermuda segment encompasses the Hamilton Re platform on which we write property, casualty and specialty reinsurance business on a global basis as well as high excess insurance products, predominantly to large U.S.-based commercial clients. Hamilton Re US writes casualty and specialty reinsurance business predominantly for U.S.-domiciled insurers. Reinsurance business accounted for 86% of gross premiums written as of the year ended December 31, 2023, while insurance business accounted for 14%. Our reinsurance business is written on either a proportional or on an excess of loss basis. The Bermuda segment is supported by over 20 underwriters.

Our Bermuda segment includes:

Property Lines

Our Property business includes property reinsurance, comprised of excess of loss and proportional reinsurance, which generally covers natural and man-made catastrophes. We also write property insurance, which is predominantly provided to large U.S. commercial companies. Property business written by Hamilton Re accounted for 38% of gross premiums written as of the year ended December 31, 2023. Hamilton Re’s property insurance business provides both insurance and facultative coverage for business interruption, machinery breakdown, natural perils, and physical loss or damage globally, and predominantly to large U.S.-based commercial clients. Key property products include:

•Property Reinsurance: The property reinsurance business provides proportional, aggregate, excess of loss and retro products which generally cover natural and man-made catastrophes. We provide a worldwide territorial scope and offer capacity with reinstatable or single-shot limits.

•Property Insurance: We offer all-risks coverage, business interruption, machinery breakdown, natural perils, and physical loss or damage, predominantly to large U.S.-based commercial risks. The cover is written globally, with a concentration of business in North America.

Casualty Lines

Our Casualty business in our Bermuda segment is written by both Hamilton Re and Hamilton Re US and accounted for 47% of gross premiums written as of the year ended December 31, 2023. It is comprised of both insurance and reinsurance business. Casualty insurance business is written in Bermuda only and exclusively on an excess of loss basis. This cover is generally provided to large U.S. commercial companies, rail companies, energy companies and financial institutions on a worldwide basis. Casualty reinsurance business is written on a proportional and excess of loss basis covering worldwide exposures. The lines of business offered for Casualty reinsurance include general liability, umbrella/excess liability, D&O, errors & omissions (E&O) and environmental.

Casualty Reinsurance

Casualty reinsurance is written by both the Bermuda and U.S. teams and is written on a proportional and excess of loss basis covering worldwide exposures. Cover provided includes:

•General Liability: We protect a wide variety of general liability covers including premises, products completed operations and liquor liability. We offer treaty capacity globally on a proportional and excess of loss basis.

•Umbrella & Excess Casualty: We protect umbrella and excess casualty programs written on occurrence, claims-made or integrated-occurrence bases. We offer treaty capacity globally on a proportional and excess of loss basis.

•Professional Liability: We protect a wide variety of professional lines, including director’s and officer’s liability, employment practices liability, lawyers’ professional liability, and errors and omissions liability. We offer treaty capacity on pro rata and excess of loss bases. Our coverage is worldwide with an emphasis on North America.

•Workers’ Compensation & Employers’ Liability: We protect workers’ compensation and employers’ liability cover globally on both a proportional and excess of loss basis.

•Personal Motor: We protect motor liability, property damage and personal accident for all types of motor policies. We offer treaty capacity on proportional, excess of loss or retrocessional basis. Our current emphasis is in the United Kingdom.

•Commercial Motor: We offer commercial motor reinsurance to protect motor liability, property damage and personal accident liability for commercial vehicles. We provide treaty capacity on a proportional and excess of loss basis, predominantly in North America.

•Healthcare: Our product protects programs such as medical malpractice, hospital professional liability, long-term care, managed care, errors and omissions, and physicians’ liability. We offer cover globally on both a proportional and excess of loss basis, with limited reinstatements.

•Multiline: We provide reinsurance for any combination of general liability, motor, professional lines, healthcare, umbrella and excess casualty, and workers’ compensation/employers’ liability. We will also consider programs that support business that forms part of our property and specialty lines. We offer treaty capacity globally on both a proportional basis and excess of loss basis, with a preference for limited reinstatements.

Casualty Insurance

The Casualty insurance business provides cover on an excess of loss basis only.

•Excess Casualty: Excess liability insurance is provided predominantly to large U.S. commercial companies, rail companies and energy companies. We write business on a worldwide basis, supporting a wide range of industries, including, but not limited to, chemicals, construction, consumer goods, energy, food and beverage, hospitality, manufacturing – consumer and industrial, OL&T, rail and transportation, retail, and utilities.

•Financial Lines Insurance: The financial lines insurance is predominantly directors and officers, errors and omissions, employment practices liability and transactional liability cover provided predominantly to financial institutions and large U.S. commercial companies on a worldwide basis.

Specialty Reinsurance

Our Specialty business is reinsurance only, made up of several sub-classes. Specialty business accounted for 15% of gross premiums written as of the year ended December 31, 2023. The book is comprised of reinsurance only and covers several sub-classes, including marine and energy, space, aviation, construction, and political violence, war and terror, written on both a proportional and excess of loss basis. Key specialty products include:

•Aviation & Space: Our aviation & space book covers airline, airport, aerospace, satellite launches and orbits, and general aviation risks globally on a proportional, excess of loss or retrocessional basis.

•Marine & Energy: Our marine & energy book covers a broad portfolio of global marine and energy risks, including marine hull, marine liability including international group, cargo, and upstream, midstream and downstream energy risks which are on a proportional, excess of loss or retrocessional basis.

•Crisis Management: Our crisis management book covers risks associated with war, terrorism and political violence. We also have the capacity to offer risks associated with contingency, piracy and kidnap and ransom cover. Our products can be provided globally on a proportional or excess of loss basis.

•Mortgage: We provide excess of loss reinsurance predominantly to government-sponsored entities of U.S. residential mortgages.

•Financial Lines: Financial lines reinsurance includes political risk, trade credit, surety and other credit-related products. We offer proportional, excess of loss, stop loss or retrocessional capacity on a worldwide basis.

•Accident & Health: We offer coverage for personal accident, life and travel portfolios on a risk and catastrophe basis. Our global coverage can be structured on a proportional or excess of loss basis.

•Multiline: We offer multiline reinsurance coverage across multiple specialty lines – generally marine and energy, aviation and crisis management covers. We offer coverage globally on a proportional, excess of loss or retrocessional basis.

Marketing and Distribution of our International and Bermuda Businesses

The knowledge, experience and relationships of our senior management team provide us with global access to insurance and reinsurance brokers, agents and clients. We believe we have strong market relationships with the world’s top insurance and reinsurance brokers and agents, including Aon, Marsh McLennan, WTW and a number of U.S., Bermuda and London market wholesale brokers. We also have close relationships with a number of mid-tier and smaller specialty brokers. Some of our products, such as those in our A&H account, are also distributed through managing general agents (“MGAs”) and managing general underwriters (“MGUs”). We believe our distribution relationships are differentiated and strengthened by the knowledge and experience of our senior management team and the long history of industry partnerships they have developed over many years. These relationships facilitate our strategic expansion into additional lines of business that we find attractive and consistent with our core strengths and expertise.

Hamilton writes insurance business on a non-admitted (U.S. E&S) basis through wholesale brokers, surplus lines brokers and reinsurance brokers.

Gross premiums written by broker, showing individually where premiums were 10% or more of the total in any of the last three years, were as follows:

The International segment, excluding Hamilton Select, includes a variety of business across many clients on a worldwide basis, which provides us with a broad spread of risk. We are not dependent on any single client for our business and have a wide variety of distribution channels. These distribution channels include our MGA in the United States, HMGA Americas, third-party coverholders and both Lloyd’s and non-Lloyd’s brokers.

Our International segment includes business from several large national and international brokers and a number of smaller specialized brokers. With respect to our International segment, our 10 largest brokers (by amount of gross premium written for the Company) accounted for an aggregate of approximately 59% of our gross premiums written in 2023, with the largest broker, Marsh McLennan, accounting for approximately 13% of our gross premiums written. The second largest broker, Aon, accounted for approximately 7% of our gross premiums written.

Our Bermuda segment business is accessed through wholesale and reinsurance brokers. With respect to our Bermuda segment, our largest broker (by amount of gross premium written for the Company), Marsh McLennan, accounted for approximately 38% of gross premiums written. The second-largest broker, Aon, accounted for approximately 30% of our gross premiums written in 2023.

Reinsurance

We strategically purchase reinsurance and retrocession from third parties. This enhances our business by protecting capital and reducing our exposure to volatility from adverse claims events (either large single events or an accumulation of related losses).

Based upon the HVR, we estimate that the probability of exhausting our core outwards property catastrophe coverage is approximately 1%. We also have the ability to adjust our models for the potential increase in frequency of these events. Our pricing and accumulation management in respect of natural catastrophe exposures is managed within our proprietary platform, HARP, and is performed using the HVR. The HVR incorporates bespoke loads and adjustments at various levels of granularity, which in aggregate represents a material load over and above the loss exposure produced from the unadjusted vendor models that we use. The adjustments include allowance for the potential for increased frequency and severity of natural catastrophes over time, as well as for several other factors that could cause us to be exposed to increasing claims trends from natural catastrophes. See “––Our Competitive Strengths––Proprietary technology infrastructure” for additional information on the HVR.

Our reinsurance purchases include a variety of quota share and excess of loss treaties and facultative placements, depending on the class of business. In 2023, we ceded 30% of premium from the International segment and 16% from the Bermuda segment.

We carefully manage our counterparty credit risk by selecting outwards partners of adequate financial strength. For the outwards program placed for 2023, all of the effective outwards limit is ceded to reinsurers and retrocessionaires with a credit rating of “A-” (Excellent) by A.M. Best (or an equivalent rating by S&P Global), or better, or who are collateralized.

Reserves

The estimated reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses (“loss reserves”) represents management’s best estimate of the unpaid portion of the Company’s ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses for insured and reinsured events that have occurred at or before the balance sheet date, based on its assessment of facts and circumstances known at that particular point in time. Loss reserves reflect both claims that have been reported to the Company (“case reserves”) and claims that have been incurred but not reported to the Company (“IBNR”).

Loss reserves are complex estimates, not an exact calculation of liabilities. Management reviews loss reserve estimates at each quarterly reporting date and considers all significant facts and circumstances known at that particular point in time. As additional experience and other data becomes available and/or laws and legal interpretations change, management may adjust previous estimates. Adjustments are recognized in the period in which they are determined and may impact that period's underwriting results either favorably (when current estimates are lower than previous estimates) or unfavorably (when current estimates are higher than previous estimates).

Investments

Our investment strategy is focused on delivering a combination of stable investment income and low-correlated absolute returns. The goal is to produce a total return throughout all market cycles while maintaining appropriate liquidity and credit quality to support our underwriting activities and meet the requirements of customers, rating agencies and regulators.

We maintain two segregated investment portfolios: a fixed maturity and short-term investment portfolio and an investment in the TS Hamilton Fund. The investment portfolio allocation as at December 31, 2023, is 43% in the TS Hamilton Fund, 46% in fixed income and short-term investments and 11% in cash and cash equivalents.

•The fixed income portfolio is structured to focus primarily on the preservation of capital and the availability of liquidity to meet our claims obligations. The strategy is to maintain a portfolio that is well-diversified across market sectors and to generate attractive returns on a risk-adjusted basis over time. This portfolio is also used to provide security for our credit facilities. The fixed income investment portfolio is managed by two external investment managers - DWS Investment Management Americas, Inc. (“DWS”) and Conning Asset Management Limited (“Conning”). There are no provisions in the investment management agreements with DWS and Conning that would prevent the Company’s ability to liquidate its holdings in the fixed income portfolios if additional liquidity were required. The agreements each contain standard commercial terms related to fixed income portfolio management and customary fees. Subject to the investment objectives, restrictions and guidelines, DWS and Conning are appointed as the discretionary manager of all cash, securities and other assets within the respective portfolios. The agreement with DWS is effective until canceled by either party with not less than 30 days’ prior written notice to the other party. The agreements with Conning are effective until canceled by the Company with not less than 30 days’ or 60 days’ prior written notice to Conning, depending on the specific portfolios under management, or by Conning with not less than 90 days’ prior written notice to the Company.

•The TS Hamilton Fund was developed as a highly customized set of exposures to certain macro and equity strategies and designed to provide an uncorrelated market return profile with moderate volatility and high liquidity, while governed by a rigorous and proprietary risk management framework.

The Investment Committee of our Board of Directors establishes our investment policy and guidelines. The Investment Committee monitors our investment results and performance against our investment objectives, guidelines, benchmarks, and risk appetite contained in the investment policy. Our investment policy contains guidelines on permitted assets and prohibited asset classes, minimum criteria for credit quality, duration benchmarks, liquidity requirements and sustainability parameters.

We manage interest rate risk by structuring our fixed income portfolio so that the economic impact of an interest rate shift on the portfolio is comparable to the corresponding impact on the related liabilities. We believe that duration matching of our financial assets and underwriting liabilities mitigates the overall interest rate risk on an economic basis.

Claims

We have experienced claims teams embedded within each underwriting platform, consisting of over 35 in-house claims professionals, many of whom are attorneys. Most of our claims are handled by our in-house claims team, but third-party administrators are also utilized in certain instances, for example, in the handling of certain legacy business lines.

Effective claims management allows for timely and accurate review, processing and payment of valid claims, a directive which is at the heart of the contracts entered into between Hamilton and its policyholders. Further, effective claims management ensures we do not pay claims which are not covered or excluded, all of which contributes to the preservation of Hamilton’s capital base and overall level of service provided by Hamilton.

The key responsibilities of the claims teams include:

•The management of individual claims, which includes processing, analyzing, establishing case reserves and paying valid claims under the insurance and reinsurance contracts entered into by Hamilton. This can include the appointment of third-party experts such as forensic accountants, adjusters or consultants.

•Leading the process of collecting and coordinating relevant information to enable the estimation of catastrophe losses and, in conjunction with the actuarial and underwriting teams, continue to regularly monitor and update these estimates.

•The management of coverage disputes, including the appointment of outside experts where appropriate.

•Reporting to management on a regular basis and regularly reviewing outstanding claims in coordination with our underwriting and actuarial teams.

Competition

The property, casualty and specialty business consists of many markets and sub-markets around the world. Each market is characterized by distinct customer needs and products and services to meet those needs, as well as specific economic and structural features. We face competition in our underwriting divisions from other insurers, reinsurers and MGAs. Competition is based on many factors, including pricing, coverage and structural terms, general reputation, financial strength, relationships with brokers, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, response times including speed of claims payment and the experience and reputation of the members of the underwriting and claims teams. Given the diversity of our product offerings, our competition is broad and certain competitors may be specific to only a subset of our product offerings. Some of our competitors include American Financial Group, Inc.; Arch Capital Group Ltd; AXIS Capital Holdings Limited; Beazley plc; Cincinnati Financial Corporation; Everest Re Group, Ltd; The Hanover Insurance Group, Inc.; Hiscox Ltd; James River Group Holdings, Ltd; Kinsale Capital Group, Inc.; Lancashire Holdings Limited; Markel Corporation; Palomar Holdings, Inc.; RLI Corp; RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.; Skyward Specialty Insurance Group, Inc.; various Lloyd’s syndicates and W.R. Berkley Corporation.

Technology and Data

Our proprietary technology platform and the digitization of our operations enhances the operational efficiency and data analytic insights across our business as we scale. Our technology team is comprised of professionals with experience in insurance and financial markets technology, and with significant digital transformation experience. This team is led by our Hamilton Group Chief Technology and Data Officer, who has worked in both start-up and large data analytics companies, bringing strong leadership experience in innovation, agile culture enablement, and digital transformation.

Our proprietary systems include:

•HARP is our proprietary catastrophe modeling and portfolio accumulation management platform for all catastrophe-exposed risks. HARP supports structural features that many off-the-shelf platforms are unable to handle, such as reinstatement premium protections, cascading layers, and trailing deductibles. We believe HARP is one of the most sophisticated and user-friendly risk management systems in the industry. It enables us to provide much appreciated rapid turnaround to our brokers. Additionally, having our own internally developed platform, with a dedicated team, means we can enhance and update HARP as required, in-house.

•Timeflow is our global underwriting submission and orchestration system utilized across all of our business. This system benefits from integrated robotic process automation, which has enabled our underwriting and underwriting operations teams to digitize our submission process in a rapid fashion. This has enabled us to significantly improve our quote response time to brokers across the Hamilton Group by reducing manual steps involved in submission processing and duplicate data entry.

•MINT is our no-code-based system which fully digitizes the rate, quote, and bind endorsement process, in a single system enabling our underwriters to process the large volume of submissions. MINT will allow teams to quickly update and roll out new products as required to respond to market changes. MINT has advanced capabilities such as auto-generated application programming interfaces, built by our staff, which enable us to integrate with internal and external platforms to capture all underwriting data for business processing and analytic insights.

•Hamilton Insights is our key management information system. It is a self-service, real-time portal, allowing teams across Hamilton to seamlessly access data and customize reports in order to inform decision-making. The data can be filtered by many categories, including distributor, customer segment, line of business, cedant, specific industry, individual underwriter, and specific risk features, amongst other things and provides key underwriting performance metrics.

In addition, Hamilton has implemented modern back-office core systems which improve efficiency such as Sequel Eclipse/claims, SICS and Imageright. These core systems are integrated with our proprietary systems to enable straight through processing and Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act" or "SOX") compliance, as well as enabling us to scale our business without a proportionate increase in operational costs. These back-office core systems adhere to cyber compliance and disaster recovery standards in a hybrid setup across the cloud and a datacenter.

Regulation

The business of reinsurance and insurance is regulated in all countries in which we operate, although the degree and type of regulation varies significantly from one jurisdiction to another. As a holding company, the Company is generally not directly subject to such regulations, but its various insurance and reinsurance operating subsidiaries are subject to regulation, as described as follows:

Bermuda Insurance Regulation

Insurance Regulation Generally

The Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (the “Insurance Act”), regulate the insurance businesses of our Bermuda operating companies, and provide that no person may carry on any insurance business in or from within Bermuda unless registered as an insurer under the Insurance Act by the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA"). The BMA, in deciding whether to grant registration, has broad discretion to act as it thinks fit in the public interest. The BMA is required by the Insurance Act to determine whether the applicant is a fit and proper body to be engaged in insurance business and, in particular, whether it has, or has available to it, adequate knowledge and expertise to operate an insurance business.

The Insurance Act does not distinguish between insurers and reinsurers: companies are registered under the Insurance Act as “insurers.” The Insurance Act uses the defined term “insurance business” to include reinsurance.

The continued registration of an applicant as an insurer is subject to the applicant complying with the terms of its registration and such other conditions as the BMA may impose from time to time. The Insurance Act also grants to the BMA powers to supervise, investigate and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies.

Our Bermuda-licensed insurance operating subsidiaries include Hamilton Re, which is registered as a Class 4 general business insurer, Turing Re, which is registered as a Restricted Special Purpose Insurer and Ada Capital Management Limited (“ACML”), which is registered as an insurance agent (collectively, the “Bermuda Operating Companies”).

The Insurance Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards on Bermuda insurance companies, as well as auditing and reporting requirements, and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and demand the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of regulated companies.

As a holding company, the Company is not directly regulated as an insurer under the Insurance Act. However, our Bermuda Operating Companies are subject to various requirements under Bermuda law depending on their classification under the Insurance Act.

Bermuda registered insurers are generally prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if in breach of the required minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio, or if the declaration or payment of such dividend would cause such a breach. Further, an insurer that fails to comply with its enhanced capital requirement is also prohibited from declaring and paying any dividends until the failure has been rectified. Hamilton Re is also subject to additional restrictions which apply to the payment of dividends and a reduction in total statutory capital and surplus over applicable thresholds.

From time to time, the Bermuda Operating Companies may apply for, and be granted, certain modifications to, or exemptions from, regulatory requirements which may otherwise apply to them.

The BMA acts as our group supervisor and has designated Hamilton Re as the “designated insurer” in respect of the Hamilton Group. Therefore, Hamilton Group is subject to the BMA’s group supervision and solvency rules which cover assessing the financial situation and solvency position of Hamilton Group and/or its members and regulating intra-group transactions, risk concentration, governance procedures, risk management and regulatory reporting and disclosure. See “Group Supervision” below for further discussion. The BMA has certain powers of investigation and intervention, relating to Bermuda-licensed entities and their holding companies, subsidiaries and other affiliates, including the power to cancel a Bermuda-licensed entity’s registration, which it may exercise in the interest of such an insurer’s policyholders or if there is any risk of insolvency or a breach of the Insurance Act or the license conditions of a Bermuda-licensed entity.

The European Parliament recognizes Bermuda’s regulatory regime as achieving Solvency II Directive 2009 (2009/138/EC) equivalence for its commercial insurers and insurance groups. Bermuda’s regulatory regime and the United Kingdom’s prudential regime were maintained following the United Kingdom’s transition out of the E.U.

Certain significant aspects of the Bermuda insurance regulatory framework are set forth below, focusing only on our primary Class 4 insurer, Hamilton Re, which is subject to the strictest regulation.

Classification of Insurers

The Insurance Act distinguishes between insurers carrying on long-term business, insurers carrying on general business, insurers carrying on special purpose business, and insurers carrying on general business in an innovative or innovative and experimental manner. There are six general business classifications (Classes 1, 2, 3, 3A, 3B and 4), five long-term business classifications (Classes A, B, C, D and E), two classifications of insurers carrying on special purpose business (Special Purpose Insurer and Collateralized Insurer), two innovative classifications (Class IGB and ILT), and two innovative and experimental classifications (Class IIGB and IILT).

Classification as a Class 4 Insurer; Minimum Paid Up Share Capital

A body corporate is registrable as a Class 4 insurer where (a) it has at the time of its application for registration, or will have before it carries on insurance business, total statutory capital and surplus of not less than $100,000,000; and (b) it intends to carry on general insurance business including excess liability business or property catastrophe reinsurance business. Hamilton Re is required to maintain fully paid up share capital of at least $1 million.

Principal Representative, Principal Office and Head Office

As a Class 4 insurer, Hamilton Re is required to maintain a principal office and to appoint and maintain a principal representative in Bermuda. For the purposes of the Insurance Act, the principal office of Hamilton Re is located at Wellesley House North, 1st Floor, 90 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke, HM 08, Bermuda and Chad Cundliffe, the Chief Financial Officer of Hamilton Re, serves as its principal representative.

Without a reason acceptable to the BMA, an insurer may not terminate the appointment of its principal representative, and the principal representative may not cease to act as such, unless 30 days’ notice in writing to the BMA is given of the intention to do so.

The principal representative must notify the BMA forthwith upon reaching a view that there is a likelihood of the insurer becoming insolvent, or upon becoming aware that a reportable “event” has occurred, or is believed to have occurred. Examples of a reportable “event” include a failure by the insurer to comply substantially with a condition imposed upon it by the BMA relating to a solvency margin or a liquidity or other ratio, a significant loss reasonably likely to cause the insurer to fail to comply with its enhanced capital requirement (discussed below) and the occurrence of a “material change” (as such term is defined under the Insurance Act). Within 14 days of such notification to the BMA, the principal representative must furnish the BMA with a written report setting out all the particulars of the case that are available to the principal representative.

Where there has been a significant loss which is reasonably likely to cause the insurer to fail to comply with its enhanced capital requirement, the principal representative must also furnish the BMA with a capital and solvency return reflecting an enhanced capital requirement prepared using post-loss data within 45 days of notifying the BMA regarding the loss.

Furthermore, where a notification has been made to the BMA regarding a material change, the principal representative has 30 days from the date of such notification to furnish the BMA with unaudited interim statutory financial statements in relation to such period as the BMA may require, together with a general business solvency certificate in respect of those statements.

In addition, each Class 4 insurer must maintain its head office in Bermuda. In determining whether an insurer satisfies this requirement, the BMA considers, among other things, the following factors: (i) where the underwriting, risk management and operational decision-making of the insurer occurs; (ii) whether the presence of senior executives who are responsible for, and involved in, the decision-making related to the insurance business of the insurer are located in Bermuda; and (iii) where meetings of the board of directors of the insurer occur. In making its determination, the BMA may also give regard to (i) the location where management of the insurer meets to effect policy decisions of the insurer, (ii) the residence of the officers, insurance managers or employees of the insurer, and (iii) the residence of one or more directors of the insurer in Bermuda.

Independent Approved Auditor

Hamilton Re has appointed Ernst & Young Ltd. as its independent auditor. The independent auditor will audit and report on Hamilton Re’s GAAP or international financial reporting standards (“IFRS”) financial statements (as defined below) and audit its statutory financial statements, each of which is required to be filed annually with the BMA, as described below.

Loss Reserve Specialist

As a Class 4 insurer, Hamilton Re is required to appoint an individual approved by the BMA to be its loss reserve specialist. In order to qualify as an approved loss reserve specialist, the applicant must be an individual qualified to provide an opinion in accordance with the requirements of the Insurance Act and the BMA must be satisfied that the individual is fit and proper to hold such an appointment.

As a Class 4 insurer, Hamilton Re is required to submit annually an opinion of its approved loss reserve specialist with its capital and solvency return in respect of its total general business insurance technical provisions (i.e., the aggregate of its net premium provisions, net loss and loss expense provisions and risk margin, as each is reported in the insurer’s statutory economic balance sheet). The loss reserve specialist’s opinion must state, among other things, whether or not the aggregate amount of technical provisions shown in the statutory economic balance sheet as at the end of the relevant financial year (i) meets the requirements of the Insurance Act and (ii) makes reasonable provision for the total technical provisions of the insurer under the terms of its insurance contracts and agreements.

Annual Audited Financial Statements

Hamilton Re must prepare and submit, on an annual basis, audited GAAP or IFRS financial statements and audited statutory financial statements. The Insurance Act prescribes rules for the preparation and substance of statutory financial statements (which include, in statutory form, a balance sheet, income statement, a statement of capital and surplus and notes thereto). The statutory financial statements include detailed information and analysis regarding premiums, claims, reinsurance and investments of the insurer. Hamilton Re is also required to prepare and submit to the BMA financial statements which have been prepared under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States or international financial reporting standards (“GAAP or IFRS financial statements”). The insurer’s annual GAAP or IFRS financial statements and the auditor’s report thereon, and the statutory financial statements are required to be filed with the BMA within four months from the end of the relevant financial year (unless specifically extended with the approval of the BMA). The statutory financial statements do not form part of the public records maintained by the BMA, but the GAAP or IFRS financial statements are available for public inspection.

Annual Statutory Financial Return and Annual Capital and Solvency Return

As a Class 4 insurer, Hamilton Re is required to file with the BMA an annual statutory financial return no later than four months after its financial year end (unless specifically extended with the approval of the BMA). The statutory financial return includes, among other matters, the statutory financial statements of the insurer and the calculations for the Class 4 insurer’s minimum solvency margin and liquidity ratio.

In addition, each year Hamilton Re is required to file with the BMA a capital and solvency return along with its annual statutory financial return. The prescribed form of capital and solvency return comprises the Class 4 insurer’s Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement (“BSCR”) model or an approved internal capital model in lieu thereof (more fully described below), various schedules and the opinion of the loss reserve specialist.

Neither the statutory financial return nor the capital and solvency return is available for public inspection.

Declaration of Compliance

At the time of filing its statutory financial statements, a Class 4 insurer is also required to deliver to the BMA a declaration of compliance, in such form and with such content as may be prescribed by the BMA, declaring whether or not the Class 4 insurer has, with respect to the preceding financial year: (i) complied with all requirements of the minimum criteria applicable to it; (ii) complied with the minimum margin of solvency as at its financial year end; (iii) complied with the applicable enhanced capital requirements as at its financial year end; (iv) observed any limitations, restrictions or conditions imposed upon issuance of its license, if applicable; and (v) complied with the minimum liquidity ratio for general business as at its financial year end. The declaration of compliance is required to be signed by two directors of the Class 4 insurer and if the Class 4 insurer has failed to comply with any of the requirements referenced in clauses (i) through (v) above, the Class 4 insurer will be required to provide the BMA with particulars of such failure in writing. A Class 4 insurer shall be liable to civil penalty by way of a fine for failure to comply with a duty imposed on it in connection with the delivery of the declaration of compliance.

Public Disclosures

All commercial insurers and insurance groups are required to prepare and file with the BMA, and also publish on their website, a financial condition report, which provides, among other things, measures governing the business operations, corporate governance framework and solvency and financial performance of the insurer/insurance group. The BMA has discretion to approve modifications and exemptions to the public disclosure rules, on application by the insurer if, among other things, the BMA is satisfied that the disclosure of certain information will result in a competitive disadvantage or compromise confidentiality obligations of the insurer. We have received approval from the BMA to file a consolidated group financial condition report, inclusive of Hamilton Re.

Non-insurance Business

No Class 4 insurer may engage in non-insurance business, unless that non-insurance business is ancillary to the insurance business carried on by the insurer. Non-insurance business means any business other than insurance business and includes carrying on investment business, managing an investment fund as operator, carrying on business as a fund administrator, carrying on banking business, underwriting debt or securities or otherwise engaging in investment banking, engaging in commercial or industrial activities and carrying on the business of management, sales or leasing of real property.

Minimum Liquidity Ratio

The Insurance Act provides a minimum liquidity ratio for general business insurers. A Class 4 insurer engaged in general business is required to maintain a minimum liquidity ratio to the value of its relevant assets at not less than 75% of the amount of its relevant liabilities. Relevant assets include cash and time deposits, quoted investments, unquoted bonds and debentures, first liens on real estate, investment income due and accrued, accounts and premiums receivable, reinsurance balances receivable, funds held by ceding reinsurers and any other assets which the BMA, on application in any particular case made to it with reasons, accepts in that case. There are certain categories of assets which, unless specifically permitted by the BMA, do not automatically qualify as relevant assets, such as unquoted equity securities, investments in and advances to affiliates and real estate and collateral loans. The relevant liabilities are total general business insurance reserves and total other liabilities less deferred income tax and sundry liabilities (by interpretation, those not specifically defined) and letters of credit and guarantees.

Minimum Solvency Margin and Enhanced Capital Requirements

The Insurance Act provides that all general business insurers’ statutory assets must exceed their statutory limits by an amount greater than or equal to their prescribed minimum solvency margin (“MSM”). The MSM that must be maintained by a Class 4 insurer is the greater of (i) U.S. $100 million, (ii) 50% of net premiums written (with a credit for reinsurance ceded not exceeding 25% of gross premiums), (iii) 15% of net aggregate loss and loss expense provisions and other reinsurance reserves, or (iv) 25% of the ECR (as defined below) as reported at the end of the relevant year. Additional regulations apply to the determination of the types of capital instruments that may be used to satisfy the solvency requirements.

Hamilton Re is also required to maintain available statutory economic capital and surplus at a level equal to or in excess of its enhanced capital requirement (“ECR”), which is established by reference to either the BSCR model or an approved internal capital model. The BMA has also implemented the economic balance sheet (“EBS”) framework, which is used as the basis to determine an insurer’s ECR. Under the EBS framework, assets and liabilities are mainly assessed and included on the EBS at fair value, with the insurer’s U.S. GAAP balance sheet serving as a starting point. The model also requires insurers to estimate insurance technical provisions, which consist of the insurer’s insurance-related balances valued based on best-estimate cash flows, adjusted to reflect the time value of money, with the addition of a risk margin to reflect the uncertainty in the underlying cash flows. The ECR shall at all times equal or exceed the Class 4 insurer’s MSM and may be adjusted in circumstances where the BMA concludes that the insurer’s risk profile deviates significantly from the assumptions underlying its ECR on the insurer’s assessment of its risk management policies and practices used to calculate the ECR applicable to it.

The BSCR model is a risk-based capital model which provides a method for determining a Class 4 insurer’s capital requirements (statutory economic capital and surplus) by taking into account the risk characteristics of different aspects of the Class 4 insurer’s business. The BSCR formula establishes capital requirements for 10 categories of risk: fixed income investment risk, equity investment risk, interest rate/liquidity risk, currency risk, concentration risk, premium risk, reserve risk, credit risk, catastrophe risk and operational risk. For each category, the capital requirement is determined by applying risk factors to asset, premium, reserve, creditor, PML and operation items, with higher risk factors applied to items with greater underlying risk and lower factors for less risky items.

While not specifically referred to in the Insurance Act, the BMA has also established a target capital level (“TCL”) applicable to Class 4 insurers, equal to 120% of its ECR. While Class 4 insurers are not currently required to maintain their statutory capital and surplus at this level, the TCL serves as an early warning tool for the BMA. Failure to maintain statutory capital at least equal to the TCL will likely result in increased regulatory oversight.

Any Class 4 insurer which at any time fails to meet its MSM requirements must, upon becoming aware of such failure, immediately notify the BMA and, within 14 days thereafter, file a written report with the BMA containing particulars of the circumstances that gave rise to the failure and setting out its plan detailing specific actions to be taken and the expected time frame in which the company intends to rectify the failure.

Any Class 4 insurer which at any time fails to meet the enhanced capital requirement applicable to it shall upon becoming aware of that failure, or of having reason to believe that such a failure has occurred, immediately notify the BMA in writing and within 14 days of such notification file with the BMA a written report containing particulars of the circumstances leading to the failure; and a plan detailing the manner, specific actions to be taken and time within which the insurer intends to rectify the failure, and within 45 days of becoming aware of that failure, or of having reason to believe that such a failure has occurred, furnish the BMA with (i) unaudited statutory economic balance sheets and unaudited interim statutory financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP covering such period as the BMA may require; (ii) the opinion of a loss reserve specialist in relation to total general business insurance technical provisions as set out in the statutory economic balance sheet, where applicable; (iii) a general business solvency certificate in respect of the financial statements; and (iv) a capital and solvency return reflecting an enhanced capital requirement prepared using post failure data where applicable.

Eligible Capital

To enable the BMA to better assess the quality of the Class 4 insurer’s capital resources, a Class 4 insurer is required to disclose the makeup of its capital in accordance with the “3-tiered eligible capital system.” Under this system, all of the Class 4 insurer’s capital instruments will be classified as either basic or ancillary capital, which in turn will be classified into one of three tiers based on their “loss absorbency” characteristics. Highest quality capital will be classified as Tier 1 Capital; lesser quality capital will be classified as either Tier 2 Capital or Tier 3 Capital. Under this regime, up to certain specified percentages of Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 Capital may be used to support the Class 4 insurer’s MSM, ECR and TCL.

The characteristics of the capital instruments that must be satisfied to qualify as Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Capital are set out in the Insurance (Eligible Capital) Rules 2012 and any amendments thereto. Under these rules, Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Capital may, until January 1, 2026, include capital instruments that do not satisfy the requirement that the instrument be non-redeemable or settled only with the issuance of an instrument of equal or higher quality upon a breach, or if it would cause a breach, of the ECR.

Where the BMA has previously approved the use of certain instruments for capital purposes, the BMA’s consent will need to be obtained if such instruments are to remain eligible for use in satisfying the MSM and the ECR.

Insurance Code of Conduct

All Bermuda insurers are required to comply with the BMA’s Insurance Code of Conduct (the “Insurance Code”), which establishes the duties, requirements and standards to be complied with to ensure each insurer implements sound corporate governance, risk management and internal controls. The BMA will assess an insurer’s compliance with the Insurance Code in a proportional manner relative to the nature, scale and complexity of its business. Failure to comply with the requirements of the Insurance Code will be taken into account by the BMA in determining whether an insurer is conducting its business in a sound and prudent manner as prescribed by the Insurance Act, may result in the BMA exercising its powers of intervention and investigation (see below) and will be a factor in calculating the operational risk charge under the insurer’s BSCR or approved internal model.

Cancellation of Insurer’s Registration

An insurer’s registration may be cancelled by the BMA at the request of the insurer or on certain grounds specified in the Insurance Act. Failure by the insurer to comply with its obligations under the Insurance Act or, if the BMA believes that the insurer has not been carrying on business in accordance with sound insurance principles, would be examples of such grounds.

Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions

A Class 4 insurer is prohibited from declaring or paying a dividend if it is in breach of its MSM or minimum liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividend would cause such a breach. Where an insurer fails to meet its MSM or minimum liquidity ratio on the last day of any financial year, it will be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends during the next financial year without the approval of the BMA. Further, any insurer that fails to comply with its ECR is also prohibited from declaring and paying any dividends until the failure has been rectified.

In addition, a Class 4 insurer is prohibited from declaring or paying in any financial year dividends of more than 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus (as shown on its previous financial year’s statutory balance sheet) unless it files (at least seven days before payment of such dividends) with the BMA an affidavit signed by at least two directors (one of whom must be a Bermuda resident director if any of the insurer’s directors are resident in Bermuda) and the insurer’s principal representative stating that it will continue to meet its solvency margin and minimum liquidity ratio. Where such an affidavit is filed, it shall be available for public inspection at the offices of the BMA.

Reduction of Capital

No Class 4 insurer may reduce its total statutory capital by 15% or more, as set out in its previous year’s financial statements, unless it has received the prior approval of the BMA. Total statutory capital consists of the insurer’s paid-in share capital, its contributed surplus (sometimes called additional paid-in capital) and any other fixed capital designated by the BMA as statutory capital (such as letters of credit).

A Class 4 insurer seeking to reduce its total statutory capital by 15% or more, as set out in its previous year’s financial statements, is also required to submit an affidavit signed by at least two directors (one of whom must be a Bermuda resident director if any of the insurer’s directors is resident in Bermuda) and the insurer’s principal representative stating that the proposed reduction will not cause the insurer to fail its relevant margins and such other information as the BMA may require. Where such an affidavit is filed, it shall be available for public inspection at the offices of the BMA.

Fit and Proper Controllers

The BMA maintains supervision over the controllers (as defined herein) of all registered insurers in Bermuda. For so long as shares of the Company are listed on the NYSE or another recognized stock exchange, the Insurance Act requires that the BMA be notified in writing within 45 days of any person becoming, or ceasing to be, a controller.

A controller includes (i) the managing director of the registered insurer or its parent company; (ii) the chief executive of the registered insurer or of its parent company; (iii) a shareholder controller (as defined below); and (iv) any person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the registered insurer or of its parent company are accustomed to act. The BMA may object to a controller and require the controller to reduce its shareholdings and direct, among other things, that voting rights attached to the shares shall not be exercisable.

The definition of shareholder controller is set out in the Insurance Act but generally refers to (i) a person who holds 10% or more of the shares carrying rights to vote at a shareholders’ meeting of the registered insurer or its parent company, (ii) a person who is entitled to exercise 10% or more of the voting power at any shareholders’ meeting of such registered insurer or its parent company, or (iii) a person who is able to exercise significant influence over the management of the registered insurer or its parent company by virtue of its shareholding or its entitlement to exercise, or control the exercise of the voting power at any shareholders’ meeting.

A shareholder controller that owns 10% or more but less than 20% of the shares as described above is defined as a 10% shareholder controller; a shareholder controller that owns 20% or more but less than 33% of the shares as described above is defined as a 20% shareholder controller; a shareholder controller that owns 33% or more but less than 50% of the shares as described above is defined as a 33% shareholder controller; and a shareholder controller that owns 50% or more of the shares as described above is defined as a 50% shareholder controller.

Where the shares of the registered insurer, or the shares of its parent company, are traded on a recognized stock exchange, and a person becomes a 10%, 20%, 33% or 50% shareholder controller of the insurer, that person shall, within 45 days, notify the BMA in writing that he has become such a controller. In addition, a person who is a shareholder controller of a Class 4 insurer whose shares or the shares of its parent company (if any) are traded on a recognized stock exchange must serve on the BMA a notice in writing that he has reduced or disposed of his holding in the insurer where the proportion of voting rights in the insurer held by him will have reached or has fallen below 10%, 20%, 33% or 50%, as the case may be, not later than 45 days after such disposal.

Where the shares of an insurer, or the shares of its parent company, are not traded on a recognized stock exchange (i.e., private companies), the Insurance Act prohibits a person from becoming a shareholder controller unless he has first served on the BMA notice in writing stating that he intends to become such a controller and the BMA has either, before the end of 45 days following the date of notification, provided that notice to the proposed controller that it does not object to his becoming such a controller or the full 45 days has elapsed without the BMA serving an objection. Where neither the shares of the insurer nor the shares of its parent company (if any) are traded on a recognized stock exchange, the Insurance Act prohibits a person who is a shareholder controller of a Class 4 insurer from reducing or disposing of his holdings where the proportion of voting rights held by the shareholder controller in the insurer will reach or fall below 10%, 20%, 33% or 50%, as the case may be, unless that shareholder controller has served on the BMA a notice in writing stating that he intends to reduce or dispose of such holding.

Any person who contravenes the Insurance Act by failing to give notice or knowingly becoming a shareholder controller of any description before the required 45 days has elapsed is guilty of an offense and liable to a fine of $25,000.

Notification by Registered Person of Change of Controllers and Officers

All registered insurers are required to give written notice to the BMA of the fact that a person has become, or ceased to be, a controller or officer of the registered insurer within 45 days of becoming aware of such fact. An officer in relation to a registered insurer means a director, chief executive or senior executive performing duties of underwriting, actuarial, risk management, compliance, internal audit, finance or investment matters.

The BMA may issue a notice of objection to any person who is a controller of any description where it appears that such person is not, or is no longer, a fit and proper person to be a controller of the registered entity. Before issuing a notice of objection, the BMA is required to serve upon the person concerned a preliminary written notice stating the BMA’s intention to issue formal notice of objection. Upon receipt of the preliminary written notice, the person served may, within 28 days, file written representations with the BMA which shall be taken into account by the BMA in making its final determination. Any person who continues to be a controller of any description after having received a notice of objection shall be guilty of an offense and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine of $25,000 (and a continuing fine of $500 per day for each day that the offense is continuing) or, if convicted on indictment, to a fine of $100,000 and/or two years in prison.

Notification of Material Changes

All registered insurers are required to give notice to the BMA of their intention to effect a material change within the meaning of the Insurance Act. For the purposes of the Insurance Act, the following changes are material: (i) the transfer or acquisition of insurance business being part of a scheme falling under section 25 of the Insurance Act or section 99 of the Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda (the “Companies Act”), (ii) the amalgamation with or acquisition of another firm, (iii) engaging in unrelated business that is retail business, (iv) the acquisition of a controlling interest in an undertaking that is engaged in non-insurance business which offers services and products to persons who are not affiliates of the insurer, (v) outsourcing all or substantially all of the company’s actuarial, risk management, compliance or internal audit functions, (vi) outsourcing all or a material part of an insurer’s underwriting activity, (vii) the transfer other than by way of reinsurance of all or substantially all of a line of business, (viii) the expansion into a material new line of business, (ix) the sale of an insurer, and (x) outsourcing of an officer’s role.

No registered insurer shall take any steps to give effect to a material change unless it has first served notice on the BMA that it intends to effect such material change and before the end of 30 days, either the BMA has notified such company in writing that it has no objection to such change or that period has lapsed without the BMA having issued a notice of objection.

Disclosure of Information

In addition to powers under the Insurance Act to investigate the affairs of an insurer, the BMA may require certain information from an insurer (or certain other persons) to be produced to the BMA. Further, the BMA has been given powers to assist other regulatory authorities, including foreign insurance regulatory authorities, with their investigations involving insurance companies in Bermuda if it is satisfied that the assistance being requested is in connection with the discharge of regulatory responsibilities and that such cooperation is in the public interest.

Insurance Agent Reporting Requirements

The BMA’s Insurance Brokers and Insurance Agents Code of Conduct requires insurance agents to file an insurance agents return, which requires, among other matters, details around directors and officers of the insurance agent, services provided by the agent and details of the insurers for which the agent has been appointed. In addition, under the Insurance Act, insurance agents are required to notify the BMA of certain events, such as failure to comply with a condition imposed upon them by the BMA or the occurrence of a cyber reporting event.

Group Supervision

The BMA acts as group supervisor of our group of insurance and reinsurance companies (the “Regulatory Group”) and has designated Hamilton Re as the designated insurer for group supervisory and solvency purposes (“Designated Insurer”). As the Designated Insurer, Hamilton Re is required to facilitate compliance by the Regulatory Group with group insurance solvency and supervision rules.

As group supervisor, the BMA performs a number of supervisory functions, including (i) coordinating the gathering and dissemination of information which is of importance for the supervisory task of other competent authorities; (ii) carrying out a supervisory review and assessment of the Regulatory Group; (iii) carrying out an assessment of the Regulatory Group’s compliance with the rules on solvency, risk concentration, intra-group transactions and good governance procedures; (iv) planning and coordinating, with other competent authorities, supervisory activities in respect of the Regulatory Group, both as a going concern and in emergency situations; (v) coordinating any enforcement action that may need to be taken against the Regulatory Group or any of its members; and (vi) planning and coordinating meetings of colleges of supervisors (consisting of insurance regulators) in order to facilitate the carrying out of the functions described above.

In carrying out its functions, the BMA makes rules for (i) assessing the financial situation and the solvency position of the Regulatory Group and/or its members and (ii) regulating intra-group transactions, risk concentration, governance procedures, risk management and regulatory reporting and disclosure.

Group Solvency and Group Supervision

The current supervision and solvency rules (together, “Group Rules”) apply to the Regulatory Group so long as the BMA remains our group supervisor. Through the Group Rules, the BMA may take action which affects the Company. A summary of the Group Rules is set forth below.

Approved Group Actuary

Hamilton Re, as Designated Insurer, is responsible for ensuring that the Regulatory Group appoints an individual approved by the BMA to be the group actuary who is qualified to provide an opinion on the Regulatory Group’s technical provisions.

Annual Group Financial Statements

The Regulatory Group is required to prepare and submit, on an annual basis, consolidated financial statements (including notes to the financial statements) prepared in accordance with either GAAP or IFRS. The group financial statements must be audited annually by the Regulatory Group’s approved auditor who is required to prepare an auditor’s report thereon in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. In addition, the Regulatory Group must prepare statutory financial statements (which include, in statutory form, a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of capital and surplus, and notes thereto). The Designated Insurer is required to file with the BMA the statutory financial statements and the audited GAAP or IFRS financial statements for the Regulatory Group with the BMA within five months from the end of the relevant financial year (unless specifically extended).

Annual Insurance Group Statutory Financial Return

The Regulatory Group is required to prepare an annual Group Statutory Financial Return consisting of (i) an insurance group solvency certificate, (ii) particulars of ceded reinsurance comprising the top 10 unaffiliated reinsurers for which the group has the highest recoverable balances and any reinsurer with recoverable balances exceeding 15% of the insurance group’s statutory capital and surplus, (iii) any adjustments to the group financial statements to produce the economic balance sheet (i.e., a reconciliation), (iv) a list of non-insurance financial regulated entities owned by the group, and (v) particulars of qualifying members of the group as defined within the Group Rules. The annual insurance Group Statutory Financial Return must be submitted to the BMA by the Designated Insurer within five months after the financial year end (unless specifically extended).

Annual Insurance Group Capital and Solvency Return

The Regulatory Group is required to prepare an annual Insurance Group Capital and Solvency Return which includes the Group Solvency Self-Assessment (“GSSA”), Group BSCR and associated Schedules, including an annual opinion of the Group Actuary on the EBS technical provisions. The Group Capital and Solvency Return must be submitted to the BMA by the

Designated Insurer within five months after the financial year end (unless specifically extended). The Designated Insurer must keep a copy of the Regulatory Group’s financial statements (together with the notes to those statements and the auditor’s report thereon), statutory financial statements and the Group Statutory Financial Return at its principal office for a period of five years.

The GSSA assesses the quality and quantity of capital required to adequately cover the risks to which the insurance group is exposed. In particular, the GSSA should, among other things, include consideration of the relationship between risk management, the quality and quantity of capital resources, the impact of risk mitigation techniques and diversification and correlation effects between material risks; describe the Regulatory Group’s risk appetite; be forward-looking; include appropriate stress and scenario testing and adequately reflect all assets and liabilities, material off-balance sheet arrangements, material intragroup transactions, relevant managerial practices, systems and controls and a valuation basis that is aligned with the risk characteristics and business model of the group.

Quarterly Group Financial Return

The Designated Insurer is required to file Quarterly Financial Returns for the Regulatory Group with the BMA on or before the last day of the months of May, August and November of each year. The quarterly Group Financial Return consists of (i) quarterly unaudited (consolidated) group financial statements in respect of its business for each financial quarter (which must not reflect a financial position that exceeds two months), (ii) a list and details of material intra-group transactions and risk concentrations, details surrounding all intra-group reinsurance and retrocession arrangements and other intra-group risk transfer insurance business arrangements, and details of the 10 largest exposures to unaffiliated counterparties and any other unaffiliated counterparty exposures or series of linked unaffiliated counterparty exposures exceeding 10% of the Regulatory Group’s statutory capital and surplus, (iii) Enhanced Capital Requirement ratio, (iv) Group Commercial Solvency Self-Assessment, (v) Total Quoted Bonds and Unquoted Bonds by BSCR rating, and (vi) details of the catastrophe event that occurred during the reporting period (if applicable).

Public Disclosures

All insurance groups are required to prepare and file with the BMA, and also publish on their website, a Financial Condition Report. An insurance group that does not have a website must furnish to the public a copy of the Financial Condition Report within 10 days of receipt of a request to do so made in writing. The Designated Insurer must keep copies of the financial condition report at its head office for a period of five years beginning from the filing date.

Group Minimum Solvency Margin and Group Enhanced Capital Requirement

The Regulatory Group is also required to maintain available statutory economic capital and surplus in an amount that is at least equal to or exceeds the value of its group ECR (the “Group ECR”), provided that the Group ECR shall at all times be an amount equal to or exceeding the group minimum solvency margin (the “Group MSM”). The BMA has established a group target capital level equal to 120% of Group ECR. In addition, under the tiered capital requirements, all of the Regulatory Group’s capital instruments will be classified as either basic or ancillary capital which in turn will be classified into one of three tiers based on their “loss absorbency” characteristics. Highest quality capital will be classified Tier 1 Capital, and lesser quality capital will be classified as either Tier 2 or Tier 3 Capital. A minimum threshold of Tier 1 Capital and maximum thresholds of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Capital used to satisfy the Group MSM and Group ECR requirements are specified under the rules. Under these rules, Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Capital may, until January 1, 2026, include capital instruments that do not satisfy the requirement that the instrument be nonredeemable or settled only with the issuance of an instrument of equal or higher quality upon a breach, or if it would cause a breach, of the ECR.

Group Governance

The Group Rules require the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Parent Board”) to establish and effectively implement corporate governance policies and procedures, which must be periodically reviewed to ensure they continue to support the overall organizational strategy of the Regulatory Group. In particular, the Parent Board must:

•ensure that operational and oversight responsibilities of the group are clearly defined and documented and that the reporting of material deficiencies and fraudulent activities are transparent and devoid of conflicts of interest;

•establish systems for identifying on a risk-sensitive basis those policies and procedures that must be reviewed annually and those policies and procedures that must be reviewed at other regular intervals;

•establish a risk management and internal controls framework and ensure that it is assessed regularly and such assessment is reported to the Parent Board, the chief executive officer and senior executives;

•establish and maintain sound accounting and financial reporting procedures and practices for the Regulatory Group; and

•establish and keep under review group functions relating to actuarial, compliance, internal audit and risk management functions which must address certain specific requirements as set out in the Group Rules.

Designated Insurer Notification Obligations

The Designated Insurer must notify the BMA upon reaching a view that there is a likelihood of the Regulatory Group or any member of the Regulatory Group becoming insolvent or that a reportable “event” has, to the Designated Insurer’s knowledge, occurred or is believed to have occurred. Examples of a reportable “event” include a failure by the Regulatory Group or any member of the Regulatory Group to comply substantially with a requirement imposed upon it under the Group Rules relating to its solvency position, governance and risk management or supervisory reporting and disclosures; failure by the Designated Insurer to comply with a direction given to it under the Insurance Act in respect of the group or any of its members; a criminal conviction imposed upon any member of the Regulatory Group whether in Bermuda or abroad; material breaches of any statutory requirements by any member of the Regulatory Group located outside of Bermuda that could lead to supervisory or enforcement action by a competent authority; or a significant loss that is reasonably likely to cause the Regulatory Group to be unable to comply with its Group ECR. Within 30 days of such notification to the BMA, the Designated Insurer must furnish the BMA with a written report setting out all the particulars of the case that are available to it and within 45 days it must furnish a Regulatory Group capital and solvency return that reflects the Group ECR that has been prepared using post-loss data and unaudited interim financial statements for such period as the BMA shall require together with a declaration of solvency in respect thereof. The Designated Insurer must also notify the BMA in writing within 14 days of becoming aware that a requirement of the Group Rules conflicts with the laws of another jurisdiction where a member of the Regulatory Group operates.

The Designated Insurer is required to notify the BMA if any member of the Regulatory Group effects a material change within the meaning of the Insurance Act within 30 days of such material change taking effect. In addition, the Designated Insurer is required to give written notice to the BMA of the fact that a person has become, or ceased to be, a controller or officer of the parent company of the Regulatory Group within 45 days of becoming aware of such fact.

The following events constitute material changes that must be notified to the BMA: (i) the amalgamation with or acquisition of another firm, (ii) engaging in unrelated business that is retail business, (iii) the acquisition of a controlling interest in an undertaking that is engaged in non-insurance business which offers services and products to persons who are not affiliates, (iv) outsourcing all or substantially all of the actuarial, risk management, compliance or internal audit functions, (v) outsourcing all or a material part of underwriting activities, (vi) the transfer other than by way of reinsurance of all or substantially all of a line of business, and (vii) the expansion into a material new line of business.

If it appears to the BMA that the Designated Insurer is in breach of any provision of the Insurance Act or the Group Rules, the BMA may give the Designated Insurer such directions as appear to the BMA to be desirable for safeguarding the interests of policyholders and potential policyholders of the Regulatory Group.

Supervision, Investigation, Intervention and Disclosure

The BMA may, by notice in writing served on a registered person or a Designated Insurer, require the registered person or a Designated Insurer to provide such information and/or documentation as the BMA may reasonably require with respect to matters that are likely to be material to the performance of its supervisory functions under the Insurance Act. In addition, it may require such person’s auditor, underwriter, accountant or any other person with relevant professional skill to prepare a report on any aspect pertaining thereto. In the case of a report, the person so appointed shall immediately give the BMA written notice of any fact or matter of which he becomes aware or which indicates to him that any condition attaching to his registration under the Insurance Act is not or has not or may not be or may not have been fulfilled and that such matters are likely to be material to the performance of its functions under the Insurance Act. If it appears to the BMA to be desirable in the interests of the clients of a registered person or relevant insurance group, the BMA may also exercise these powers in relation to subsidiaries, parent companies and other affiliates of the registered person or designated insurer.

If the BMA deems it necessary to protect the interests of the policyholders or potential policyholders of an insurer or insurance group, it may appoint one or more competent persons to investigate and report on the nature, conduct or state of the insurer’s or the insurance group’s business, or any aspect thereof, or the ownership or control of the insurer or insurance group. If the person so appointed thinks it necessary for the purposes of his investigation, he may also investigate the business of any person who is, or has been at any relevant time, a member of the insurance group or of a partnership of which the person being investigated is a member. In this regard, it shall be the duty of every person who is or was a controller, officer, employee, agent, banker, auditor, accountant, barrister and attorney or insurance manager to produce to the person appointed such documentation as he may reasonably require for purposes of his investigation, and to attend and answer questions relevant to the investigation and to otherwise provide such assistance as may be necessary in connection therewith.

Where the BMA suspects that a person has failed to properly register under the Insurance Act or that a registered person or designated insurer has failed to comply with a requirement of the Insurance Act or that a person is not, or is no longer, a fit and proper person to perform functions in relation to a regulated activity, it may, by notice in writing, carry out an investigation into such person (or any other person connected thereto). In connection therewith, the BMA may require every person who is or was a controller, officer, employee, agent, banker, auditor, accountant, barrister and attorney or insurance manager to make a report and produce such documents in his care, custody and control and to attend before the BMA to answer questions relevant to the BMA’s investigation and to take such actions as the BMA may direct. The BMA may also enter any premises for the purposes of carrying out its investigation and may petition the court for a warrant if it believes a person has failed to comply with a notice served on him or there are reasonable grounds for suspecting the completeness of any information or documentation produced in response to such notice or that its directions will not be complied with or that any relevant documents would be removed, tampered with or destroyed.

If it appears to the BMA that the business of the registered insurer is being conducted in a way that there is a significant risk of the insurer becoming insolvent or being unable to meet its obligations to policyholders, or that the insurer is in breach of the Insurance Act or any conditions imposed upon its registration, or the minimum criteria stipulated in the Insurance Act is not or has not been fulfilled in respect of a registered insurer, or that a person has become a controller without providing the BMA with the appropriate notice or in contravention of a notice of objection, or the registered insurer is in breach of its ECR, or that a designated insurer is in breach of any provision of the Insurance Act or the regulations or rules applicable to it, the BMA may issue such directions as it deems desirable for safeguarding the interests of policyholders or potential policyholders of the insurer or the insurance group. The BMA may, among other things, direct an insurer, for itself and in its capacity as designated insurer of the insurance group of which it is a member, (1) not to effect further contracts of insurance, or any contract of insurance of a specified description, (2) to limit the aggregate premiums to be written by it during specified period, (3) not to vary any insurance contract if the effect would be to increase the insurer’s liabilities, (4) not to make certain investments, (5) to realize certain investments, (6) not to declare or pay any dividends or other distributions or to restrict the making of such payments, (7) not to enter into specified transactions with any specified person or persons of a specified class, (8) to provide such written particulars relating to the financial circumstances of the insurer as the BMA thinks fit, (9) (as an individual insurer only and not in its capacity as designated insurer) to obtain the opinion of a loss reserve specialist and submit it to the BMA and/or (10) to remove a controller or officer.

The BMA has the power to assist other regulatory authorities, including foreign insurance regulatory authorities, with their investigations involving insurance and reinsurance companies in Bermuda if it is satisfied that the assistance being requested is in connection with the discharge of regulatory responsibilities and that such cooperation is in the public interest. The grounds for disclosure by the BMA to a foreign regulatory authority without consent of the insurer are limited and the Insurance Act provides for sanctions for breach of the statutory duty of confidentiality.

Economic Substance Act

In December 2018, the Economic Substance Act 2018 (the “ESA”) came into effect in Bermuda. Under the provisions of the ESA, every Bermuda registered entity other than an entity which is resident for tax purposes in certain jurisdictions outside of Bermuda that carries on one or more “relevant activities” referred to in the ESA, and from which it earns gross revenue, must satisfy economic substance requirements by maintaining a substantial economic presence in Bermuda. Under the ESA, insurance or holding entity activities (both as defined in the ESA and Economic Substance Regulations 2018) are relevant activities. To the extent that the ESA applies to any of our entities registered in Bermuda, we will be required to demonstrate compliance with economic substance requirements by filing an annual economic substance declaration with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda. Any entity that must satisfy economic substance requirements but fails to do so could face automatic disclosure to competent authorities in the E.U. of the information filed by the entity with the Bermuda Registrar of Companies in connection with the economic substance requirements and may also face financial penalties, restriction or regulation of its business activities and/or may be struck off as a registered entity in Bermuda.

Cyber Code and Reporting Events

In October 2020, the BMA issued the Insurance Sector Operational Cyber Risk Management Code of Conduct (“Cyber Code”) which applies to all registered insurers, insurance managers and intermediaries (e.g., agents, brokers, insurance market place providers). The Cyber Code establishes duties, requirements, standards, procedures and principles to be complied with in relation to operational cyber risk management and is designed to promote the stable and secure management of information technology systems of regulated entities. The Cyber Code defines a cyber reporting event as being any act that results in the unauthorized access to, disruption or misuse of the electronic systems or information stored on such systems of a licensed undertaking, including any breach of security leading to the loss or unlawful destruction or unauthorized disclosure of or access to such systems or information, where (i) a cyber reporting event has the likelihood of adversely impacting policyholders or clients; (ii) an insurer has reached a view that there is a likelihood that loss of its system availability will have an adverse impact on its insurance business; (iii) an insurer has reached the view that there is a likelihood that the integrity of its information or data has been compromised and may have an adverse impact on its insurance business; (iv) an insurer has become aware that there is a likelihood that there has been unauthorized access to its information systems whereby such access would have an adverse impact on its insurance business; or (v) an event has occurred for which a notice is required to be provided to a regulatory body or governmental agency. Cyber reporting events are only reportable to the BMA where the event results in a significant adverse impact to the regulated entity’s operations, its policyholders or clients.

Certain Other Bermuda Law Considerations

All Bermuda companies must comply with the provisions of the Companies Act regulating the payment of dividends and making of distributions from contributed surplus. A company is prohibited from declaring or paying a dividend, or making a distribution out of contributed surplus, if there are reasonable grounds for believing that (i) the company is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due; or (ii) the realizable value of the company’s assets would be less than its liabilities.

Under the Company’s Bye-laws, each common share is entitled to dividends if, and when, dividends are declared by the Board of Directors, subject to any preferred dividend rights of the holders of any preference shares. Issued share capital is the aggregate par value of the company’s issued shares, and the share premium account is the aggregate amount paid for issued shares over and above their par value. Share premium accounts may be reduced in certain limited circumstances. In addition, the Companies Act regulates return of capital, reduction of capital and any purchase or redemption of shares by the Company.

Although the Company is incorporated in Bermuda, it has been designated as a non-resident of Bermuda for exchange control purposes by the BMA. Pursuant to its non-resident status, the Company may engage in transactions in currencies other than the Bermuda dollar, and there are no restrictions on its ability to transfer funds (other than funds denominated in Bermuda dollars) in and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to non-residents who are holders of its common shares in currencies other than the Bermuda dollar.

Under Bermuda law, exempted companies are companies formed for the purpose of conducting business outside Bermuda from a principal place in Bermuda. All Bermuda exempted companies are exempt from certain Bermuda laws restricting the percentage of share capital that may be held by non-Bermudians. However, exempted companies may not, without the express authorization of the Bermuda legislation or under a license or consent granted by the Bermuda Minister, participate in certain business transactions, including (i) the acquisition or holding of land in Bermuda (except that held by way of lease or tenancy agreement which is required for their business and held for a term not exceeding 50 years or which is used to provide accommodation or recreational facilities for their officers and employees and held with the consent of the Bermuda Minister, for a term not exceeding 21 years); (ii) the taking of mortgages on land in Bermuda to secure an amount in excess of BD$50,000; (iii) the acquisition of any bonds or debentures secured by any land in Bermuda, other than bonds or debentures issued by the Bermuda government or a public authority; or (iv) the carrying on of business of any kind for which they are not licensed in Bermuda, except in certain limited circumstances such as doing business with another exempted undertaking in furtherance of their business (as the case may be) carried on outside Bermuda.

Specific permission is required from the BMA, pursuant to the provisions of the Exchange Control Act 1972 and related regulations, for all issuances and transfers of securities of Bermuda companies, other than in cases where the BMA has granted a general permission. The BMA, in its notice to the public dated June 1, 2005, has granted general permission for the issue and subsequent transfer of any securities from and/or to a non-resident of Bermuda where any equity securities of such company (which includes the Class B common shares) are listed on an appointed stock exchange, for so long as any equity securities of the company remain so listed. The NYSE has been appointed as an appointed stock exchange under Bermuda law and therefore the specific permission of the BMA is not required to be obtained prior to the issuance or transfer of the Class B common shares.

Bermuda Work Permit Considerations

Under Bermuda law, only persons who are Bermudians, spouses of Bermudians, holders of a permanent resident’s certificate, naturalized British Overseas Territory Citizens or persons who are exempt pursuant to the Incentives for Job Makers Act 2011, as amended (“exempted persons”) may engage in gainful occupation in Bermuda without an appropriate governmental work permit. Work permits may be granted or extended by the Bermuda government upon showing that, after proper public advertisement in most cases, no Bermudian (or otherwise exempted person) is available who meets the minimum standard requirements for the advertised position. A waiver from advertising is automatically granted in respect of any chief executive officer position and other chief officer positions. Waivers from advertising can also be granted where the applicant is uniquely qualified, the position would not exist in Bermuda if not for the expatriate, the success of the business would be detrimentally affected if the applicant were to leave the business or the expatriate is integral and key to income generation by brokering deals or attracting/retaining clients.

Bermuda Data Protection Legislation

The Personal Information Protection Act 2016 (“PIPA”) is the principal Bermuda legislation regulating the right to personal information privacy. Although PIPA was passed on July 27, 2016, the sections that are currently in effect are limited to those that relate to the establishment and appointment of the privacy commissioner (“Privacy Commissioner”), the hiring of the Privacy Commissioner’s staff, and the general authority of the Privacy Commissioner to inform the public about PIPA. Following the Privacy Commissioner’s appointment, effective January 20, 2020, the Privacy Commissioner’s office has announced that PIPA will come fully into effect on January 1, 2025. On October 30, 2020, the Privacy Commissioner issued guidance regarding privacy safeguarding of personal information by public companies; however, regulations under PIPA have not yet been provided. The Privacy Commissioner has recommended that organizations in Bermuda start to conduct data due diligence across their existing business lines as a first stage towards PIPA compliance, in anticipation of the expected full implementation of PIPA on 1 January 2025.

U.S. Insurance Regulation

State Regulation

Hamilton Select is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by the State of Delaware, its state of domicile, as well as to varying regulation in those states in which it does business. The purpose of such regulation and supervision is primarily to provide safeguards for policyholders, rather than to protect the interests of shareholders. In general, the insurance laws of the various states establish regulatory agencies with broad administrative powers, including the power to grant or revoke operating licenses and regulate trade practices, investments, premium rates, deposits of securities, the form and content of financial statements and insurance policies, dividend limitations, cancellation and non-renewal of policies, accounting practices and the maintenance of specified reserves and capital for the protection of policyholders. From time to time, states consider and/or enact laws that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. States also consider and/or enact laws that impact the competitive environment and marketplace for property-casualty insurance.

However, the regulation of E&S business differs from the regulation of admitted business. The admitted market is subject to more state regulation than the E&S market, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements, restrictions on the ability to exit lines of business, premium tax payments and membership in various state associations, such as guaranty funds. Nevertheless, Hamilton Select is subject to the surplus lines regulation and reporting requirements of the jurisdictions in which it is eligible to write E&S insurance and strict regulations apply to surplus lines placements under the laws of every state. The regulation of E&S insurance may undergo changes in the future.

Insurance Holding Company Regulation

We operate as an insurance holding company and are subject to state statutes and regulations governing insurance holding company systems that are generally based on the National Association of Insurance Commissioner’s (“NAIC”) Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and Insurance Holding Company System Model Regulation (together, the “Model Holding Company Act and Regulation”). These vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but generally require controlled insurance companies (i.e., insurers that are subsidiaries of insurance holding companies) to register with, and periodically furnish information to, state regulatory authorities concerning capital structure, ownership, financial condition, intercompany transactions and general business operations. Delaware, the state in which Hamilton Select is domiciled, has enacted laws to implement these requirements.

State insurance holding company laws and regulations impose standards on certain transactions between related companies, which include, amongst other requirements, that all transactions be fair and reasonable, that an insurer’s surplus (as regards policyholders) be reasonable and adequate in relation to its liabilities and that expenses and payments be allocated to the appropriate party in accordance with customary accounting practices. These transactions between related companies include certain transfers of assets, loans, reinsurance agreements, service agreements, dividend payments by insurance companies and certain other material transactions.

State insurance holding company laws, including those of Delaware, require the ultimate controlling person of a U.S. insurer to submit annually to the lead state of the insurance holding company system an enterprise risk report. The report must identify the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the insurer (i.e., activities, circumstances or events involving one or more affiliates of an insurer that, if not remedied properly, are likely to have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition or liquidity of the insurer or its insurance holding company system as a whole).

The NAIC has developed a group capital calculation tool that uses a risk-based capital aggregation methodology for all entities in an insurance holding company system. The goal is to provide U.S. regulators with a method to aggregate the available capital and the minimum capital of each entity in a group in a way that applies to all companies regardless of their structure. The group capital calculation has been adopted by the majority of states, including Delaware, based on the NAIC’s adoption of amendments to the Model Holding Company Act and Regulation providing language for states to use to enable the group capital calculation. We anticipate that such amendments to state insurance holding company laws and regulations adopting the group capital calculation will be broadly adopted in the future because they are subject to an NAIC accreditation standard effective January 1, 2026.

Holding company laws also authorize state insurance commissioners to act as group-wide supervisors for a defined class of internationally active insurance groups. All states, including Delaware, have adopted changes to their holding company laws enhancing group-wide supervision in this manner.

Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment

All states, including Delaware, have adopted the NAIC’s Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act (“ORSA Model Act”). The ORSA Model Act requires insurers to maintain a risk management framework and regularly, no less than annually, conduct an Own Risk Solvency Assessment. The ORSA Model Act also requires an insurance holding company system’s Chief Risk Officer to annually submit to the lead state insurance regulator an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Summary Report, which is a confidential high-level summary of an insurer or insurance group’s Own Risk Solvency Assessment.

Dividend Restrictions

The Delaware laws and regulations limit the aggregate amount of dividends or other distributions that Hamilton Select may declare or pay within any 12-month period without advance regulatory approval.

Investment Regulation

Investments by Hamilton Select are subject to Delaware laws which require diversification of its investment portfolio and limits on the amount of investments in certain categories, and must comply with applicable laws and regulations prescribing the kind, quality and concentration of investments. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause non-conforming investments to be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus and, in some instances, would require Hamilton Select to sell those investments.

Quarterly and Annual Financial Reporting

Hamilton Select is required to file quarterly and annual reports with the State of Delaware and with the NAIC using statutory accounting practices, which differ from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Its business and accounts are subject to examination by such agencies at any time.

Risk-Based Capital

The state insurance regulators utilize a risk-based capital formula to help assess the capital adequacy of insurance companies and identify insurers that are in, or are perceived as approaching, financial difficulty. This model establishes minimum capital needs based on the risks applicable to the operations of the individual insurer. The risk-based capital requirements for property-casualty insurance companies measure three major areas of risk: asset risk, credit risk and underwriting risk. Companies having less statutory surplus than required by the risk-based capital requirements are subject to varying degrees of regulatory scrutiny and intervention, depending on the severity of the inadequacy.

Insurance Regulatory Information System

The NAIC also has developed a set of 13 financial ratios for each ratio for property and casualty insurers referred to as the Insurance Regulatory Information System (“IRIS”). On the basis of statutory financial statements filed with state insurance regulators, the NAIC annually calculates these IRIS ratios to assist state insurance regulators in monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies. The NAIC has established an acceptable range for each of the IRIS financial ratios and specifies "Unusual Values" for each ratio. Departure from the Unusual Values on four or more of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance commissioners as to certain aspects of an insurer's business.

In 2023, Hamilton Select reported three Unusual Values being (i) change in net premium written, (ii) two-year overall operating ratio and (iii) gross change in adjusted policyholders' surplus. These Unusual Values were primarily driven by the start-up nature of Hamilton Select as they were primarily related to both the growth in premium written and start-up costs relating to personnel and IT spend. These IRIS ratios are expected to fall within the "Usual Value" range in future years as Hamilton Select moves out of its start-up phase.

Innovation and Technology

As a result of increased innovation and use of technology in the insurance sector, the NAIC and insurance regulators have been focusing on the use of “big data” techniques, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and automated decision-making. In December 2023, the NAIC adopted the Model Bulletin on the Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems by Insurers (the “AI Bulletin”). The AI Bulletin may be adopted and issued by state regulators to licensed insurers. In addition to affirming that the use of artificial intelligence must comply with existing state law, the AI Bulletin sets forth regulators’ expectations on how insurers will develop, acquire and use artificial intelligence technologies. In 2024, the NAIC plans to form a new task force to create a regulatory framework for the oversight of insurers’ use of third-party data and models.

The NAIC and state insurance regulators are also focused on addressing unfair discrimination by insurers in the use of consumer data and technology, and certain states have passed laws or are considering action targeting unfair discrimination practices. For instance, in 2021, Colorado enacted a law which prohibits insurers from using external consumer data and information sources (“ECDIS”), as well as algorithms or predictive models that use ECDIS, in a way that unfairly discriminates based on race, color, national or ethnic origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity or gender expression. Similarly, in January 2024, the NYDFS released for public comment a proposed circular letter focused on how insurers should develop and manage their use of external consumer data and AI systems in underwriting and pricing so as not to harm consumers.

Cybersecurity, Privacy and Information Security Regulation

We are subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, processing, and protection of personal information. We are also subject to laws and regulations governing the security of information systems and the information stored therein. In response to the growing threat of cyber-attacks in the insurance industry, certain jurisdictions have adopted laws and regulations requiring new cybersecurity measures, which, among other things, require insurance companies to establish and maintain a cybersecurity program and implement and maintain cybersecurity policies and procedures. For example, in 2017, the NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law (the “Cybersecurity Model Law”), intended to serve as model legislation for states to enact in order to govern cybersecurity and data protection practices of insurers and other entities licensed or registered under state insurance laws, and to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information systems. The Cybersecurity Model Law establishes standards for data security, the investigation of cybersecurity events involving the unauthorized access to or misuse of certain nonpublic information, and the reporting obligations regarding cybersecurity events to insurance commissioners. As of December 31, 2023, the Cybersecurity Model Law, or a form thereof, had been adopted by a number of states, including Delaware.

In addition, federal and state lawmakers have enacted or are considering laws and regulations related to privacy and data security, and the NAIC is working on a new Insurance Consumer Privacy Protections Model Law to reflect the extensive innovations in communications and technology since adoption of the prior model laws on this topic.

Federal Regulation

The U.S. federal government generally does not directly regulate the insurance industry except for certain areas of the market, such as insurance for flood, nuclear and terrorism risks. However, the federal government has undertaken initiatives or considered legislation in several areas that may impact the insurance industry. The U.S. federal government’s oversight of the insurance industry was expanded under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”).

The Dodd-Frank Act established the Federal Insurance Office (the “FIO”) within the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the “Treasury”). Although the FIO does not have general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business of insurance, it has preemption authority over state insurance laws that conflict with certain international agreements, as discussed below. The FIO also has authority to monitor all aspects of the insurance sector and the extent to which traditionally underserved communities and consumers have access to affordable non-health insurance products, and to represent the United States on prudential aspects of international insurance matters, including at the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (the “IAIS”).

The Dodd-Frank Act authorizes the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative to enter into international agreements of mutual recognition regarding the prudential regulation of insurance or reinsurance. The United States entered into such covered agreements with the European Union in September 2017 (the “EU Covered Agreement”) and with the United Kingdom in December 2018 (the “UK Covered Agreement,” together with the EU Covered Agreement, the “Covered Agreements”). The Covered Agreements address three areas of prudential supervision: reinsurance, group supervision and the exchange of information. Issues relating to the Covered Agreements are discussed further under “Credit for Reinsurance” below.

Credit for Reinsurance

State insurance laws permit U.S. insurance companies, as ceding insurers, to take financial statement credit for business that is ceded, so long as the assuming reinsurer satisfies the state’s credit for reinsurance laws. There are several ways that the credit for reinsurance laws may be satisfied by an assuming reinsurer, including by being licensed in the state, being accredited in the state or maintaining certain types of qualifying collateral.

Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the FIO has preemption authority over state insurance laws that conflict with the Covered Agreements such as state credit for reinsurance laws that result in non-U.S. reinsurers subject to the Covered Agreements being treated less favorably than U.S. reinsurers. The NAIC previously adopted amendments to its Credit for Reinsurance Model Law to satisfy the substantive and timing requirements of the Covered Agreements, which amendments have been enacted by all states. Under the Covered Agreements, reinsurance collateral requirements no longer apply to qualifying EU and U.K. reinsurers. The amended Credit for Reinsurance Model Law also extends the zero reinsurance collateral provisions in the Covered Agreements to qualified reinsurers domiciled in U.S. jurisdictions that are accredited by the NAIC and to non-U.S. jurisdictions that have not entered into a covered agreement with the United States but which the NAIC has identified as “reciprocal jurisdictions” pursuant to the NAIC Qualified Jurisdiction Process.

Climate Change and Financial Risks

The NAIC and state insurance regulators continue to evaluate issues related to the management of climate risk. In 2022, the NAIC adopted a new standard for insurance companies to report their climate-related risks as part of its annual Climate Risk Disclosure Survey, which applies to insurers that meet the reporting threshold of $100 million in U.S. direct premium and are licensed in one of the participating jurisdictions. In addition, pursuant to the FIO’s statutory authority under the Dodd-Frank Act, as discussed above under “Federal Regulation,” the FIO is assessing how the insurance sector may mitigate climate risks and help achieve national climate-related goals. In June 2023, the FIO released a report titled Insurance Supervision and Regulation of Climate-Related Risks urging insurance regulators to adopt climate-related risk-monitoring guidance in order to enhance their regulation and supervision of insurers.

Diversity and Corporate Governance

The NAIC and state insurance regulators also continue to evaluate issues related to diversity within the insurance industry, such as the diversity of an insurer’s board of directors and management. For instance, the NAIC is examining practices in the insurance industry in order to determine how barriers are created that disadvantage or discriminate against people of color or historically underrepresented groups.

Lloyd’s Regulation

General. The operations of Syndicate 4000 and Syndicate 1947 are managed by HMA, which is subject to regulation and supervision of the Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”), the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) and the Council of Lloyd’s. HMA is the managing agent for Syndicate 4000 and Hamilton Corporate Member Limited is a Lloyd’s corporate member that provides underwriting capacity to Syndicate 4000. The FCA and PRA both regulate insurers, insurance intermediaries and Lloyd’s itself. Lloyd’s establishes its own bye-laws and regulations, including requirements made under those bye-laws for all managing agents to maintain that are designed to meet applicable regulatory requirements.

Solvency Requirements. Underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing a deposit (referred to as “Funds at Lloyd’s”) in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in an amount determined in accordance with Lloyd’s requirements and the Solvency II legislative regime. The amount of such deposit is calculated for each member through the completion of a prescribed capital adequacy exercise. Under these requirements, Lloyd’s must demonstrate that each member has sufficient assets to meet its underwriting liabilities plus a required solvency margin, and adjustments to a syndicate’s Funds at Lloyd’s may be required at any time.

Intervention Powers. The Council of Lloyd’s has wide discretionary powers to regulate members’ underwriting at Lloyd’s. It may, for instance, change the basis on which syndicate expenses are allocated or vary the Funds at Lloyd’s or the investment criteria applicable to the provision of Funds at Lloyd’s. Exercising any of these powers might affect the return on an investment of the corporate member in a given underwriting year. Further, the annual business plans of a syndicate are subject to the review and approval by Lloyd’s.

Each member of Lloyd’s is required to contribute a percentage of that member’s underwriting capacity for the relevant year of account to the Lloyd’s central fund (the “Central Fund”). If a member of Lloyd’s is unable to pay its debts to policyholders, such debts may be payable by the Central Fund, which in many respects acts as an equivalent to a state guaranty fund in the U.S. If Lloyd’s determines that the Central Fund needs to be increased, it has the power to assess premium levies on current Lloyd’s members. The Council of Lloyd’s has discretion to call or assess up to an additional 5% of a member’s underwriting capacity in any one year as a Central Fund contribution. Our syndicate capacity for the 2024 underwriting year is £550 million of gross premiums written.

Lloyd’s Brussels. Lloyd’s Brussels is authorized and regulated by the National Bank of Belgium ("NBB") and regulated by the Financial Services Market Authority ("FSMA"). Lloyd’s Brussels is an authorized insurance company licensed to write non-life risks across the EEA and the U.K. and also maintains 19 branches across Europe. The use of Lloyd’s Brussels provides HMA with access to the European market to write non-life insurance risks.

Principles for doing Business at Lloyd’s (the “Principles”): Replacing the Lloyd’s Minimum Standards (the previous regime which set out the Lloyd’s regulatory requirements for Lloyd’s managing agents) and effective from Q3 2022, the Principles set out the fundamental responsibilities expected of all managing agents, including HMA and is the basis against which Lloyd’s will review and categorize all syndicates and managing agents in terms of their capacity and performance.

Human Capital Resources

We strive to be a magnet for talent with the aim of attracting, developing and retaining professionals from some of the leading companies in the industry and provide them with an environment in which they can thrive and share in the success of our growing and vibrant business.

Employees. We have over 550 full-time employees. We have good working relations with our employees and aim to be an employer of choice.

Work Environment. We maintain a dynamic, entrepreneurial culture and are committed to welcoming and respecting differences in order to foster a rich diversity of thought, background and perspectives.

Talent Acquisition, Development and Retention. We support the learning and development of our employees and provide opportunities to further their education and professional development.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Initiatives. We embrace diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives to help us continue cultivating a diverse, equitable and inclusive culture at Hamilton for all our employees.

Compensation Practices. We offer and maintain a competitive benefits package designed to support the well-being of our employees, including, but not limited to, medical insurance, a 401(k) plan (or equivalent in our various locations), paid time off, life insurance and wellness support, including employee assistance programs.

Our Organizational Structure and Corporate History

Hamilton Insurance Group, Ltd. (the “Company”), is a Bermuda-headquartered company, whose subsidiaries and syndicates underwrite insurance and reinsurance risks on a global basis through two reporting segments: International and Bermuda. Within the reporting segments there are three principal underwriting platforms: Hamilton Global Specialty, Hamilton Select and Hamilton Re. The ultimate group holding company was incorporated on September 4, 2013, under the laws of Bermuda.

International

Our London operations are comprised of Hamilton Managing Agency Limited (“HMA”), a Lloyd’s managing agency, which manages our wholly aligned Syndicate 4000. Syndicate 4000 operates in the Lloyd’s market and underwrites property, casualty and specialty insurance and specialty reinsurance business on a subscription basis. Syndicate 3334, which was managed by HMA, was closed by way of a reinsurance to close into Syndicate 4000 at the end of December 31, 2021.

On August 20, 2019, Hamilton completed the acquisition of Pembroke Managing Agency that expanded our existing London operations and created our Irish footprint.

Prior to the acquisition, Hamilton Underwriting Limited (“HUL”), a former Lloyd’s managing agent, managed Lloyd’s Syndicate 3334. Following the acquisition, the acquired Lloyd’s managing agent was renamed HMA. In 2020, HUL was deregistered, Syndicate 3334 was placed into run-off, and all renewal business was written into the acquired Syndicate 4000. HMA is responsible for the management of the wholly-aligned Syndicate 4000 and a managed third-party syndicate.

Our Dublin operations consist of HIDAC, a Dublin-based insurer with a U.K. branch and extensive licensing in the United States, including excess and surplus lines and reinsurance licenses in all 50 states.

HMGA Americas is licensed throughout the United States, and underwrites on behalf of Hamilton Group’s London, Dublin and Bermuda operations (solely in respect of Hamilton Re US), providing access from the United States to the Lloyd’s market, the Hamilton Group’s rated Irish carrier and the Hamilton Group’s Bermuda balance sheet, respectively.

Hamilton Select, a U.S. domestic excess and surplus lines carrier, was incorporated in Delaware on September 2, 2021 and is licensed to write excess and surplus lines in all 50 states. Hamilton Select’s certificate of authority was issued on December 20, 2021.

Hamilton Global Specialty’s principal place of business is located at 8 Fenchurch Place, London EC3M 4AJ, United Kingdom and our telephone number is +44 (0) 20-3595-1111. HIDAC’s principal place of business is 2 Shelbourne Building, Crampton Avenue, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, D04 W3V6, Ireland and our telephone number is +353 1 232 1900. Hamilton Select’s principal place of business is 10900 Nuckols Road, Suite 120, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060, United States and our telephone number is +1 (804) 905-9977.

Bermuda

Our Bermuda operations are led by Hamilton Re, a registered Class 4 insurer incorporated in Bermuda. Hamilton Re writes property, casualty, and specialty insurance and reinsurance business on a global basis. Hamilton Re has been able to secure and passport both certified reinsurer and reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer status in various U.S. states, including our lead state of Delaware. Obtaining certified reinsurer status reduces the collateral requirements for reinsurers, while obtaining reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer status eliminates reinsurance collateral requirements.

Hamilton Re US was formed pursuant to an arrangement between Hamilton Re and its Bermuda-incorporated affiliate, Hamilton ILS Holdings Limited (“Hamilton ILS”). The Company treats Hamilton Re US as a U.S. corporation for U.S. tax purposes and has filed an election for it to be treated as such with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), and profits allocated to it are subject to applicable U.S. taxation. HMGA Americas is authorized to underwrite U.S. property, casualty and specialty reinsurance on behalf of Hamilton Re, solely in respect of Hamilton Re US.

ACML, an insurance agent incorporated and regulated in Bermuda, is authorized to underwrite on behalf of Ada Re, Ltd. ("Ada Re"). Ada Re is a non-consolidated special purpose insurer funded by investors and formed to provide fully collateralized reinsurance and retrocession to both the wholly owned operating platforms of Hamilton Re and third-party cedants.

Hamilton Re’s principal place of business is located at Wellesley House North, 1st Floor, 90 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM 08 Bermuda and our telephone number is (441) 405-5200.

Our organizational structure is set forth below. Each entity is wholly owned by its immediate parent, unless indicated otherwise.

Facilities

Our primary executive offices are located in Pembroke, Bermuda and London, United Kingdom. In addition, we lease office space in Dublin, Ireland; Richmond, Virginia; Miami, Florida; and New York, New York.

Available Information

Our website address is www.hamiltongroup.com. Information found on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are available, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings. The address of the site is www.sec.gov.