OneMain Holdings Inc

December 31, 2023

1. Nature of Operations

OneMain Holdings, Inc. (“OMH”) and its wholly owned direct subsidiary, OneMain Finance Corporation (“OMFC”), are financial services holding companies whose subsidiaries engage in the consumer finance and insurance businesses.

The results of OMFC are consolidated into the results of OMH. Due to the nominal differences between OMFC and OMH, content throughout this filing relates to both OMH and OMFC, except where otherwise indicated. OMH and OMFC are referred to in this report, collectively with their subsidiaries, whether directly or indirectly owned, as “the Company,” “OneMain,” “we,” “us,” or “our.”

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

We prepared our consolidated financial statements using generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The statements include the accounts of OMH, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which we hold a controlling financial interest and for which we are considered to be the primary beneficiary as of the financial statement date.

We eliminated all material intercompany accounts and transactions. We made judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. In management’s opinion, the consolidated financial statements include the normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of results. Ultimate results could differ from our estimates. We evaluated the effects of and the need to disclose events that occurred subsequent to the balance sheet date. To conform to the 2023 presentation, we reclassified certain items in prior periods of our consolidated financial statements.

ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Operating Segment

At December 31, 2023, Consumer and Insurance (“C&I”) is our only reportable segment. The remaining components (which we refer to as “Other”) consist of our liquidating SpringCastle Portfolio servicing activity and our non-originating legacy operations, which primarily include our liquidating real estate loans.

Finance Receivables

Generally, we classify finance receivables as held for investment based on management’s intent at the time of origination. We determine classification on a receivable-by-receivable basis. We classify finance receivables as held for investment due to our ability and intent to hold them until their contractual maturities. Our finance receivables held for investment consist of our personal loans and credit cards. We carry finance receivables at amortized cost which includes accrued finance charges, net unamortized deferred origination costs and unamortized fees, unamortized net premiums and discounts on purchased finance receivables, and unamortized finance charges on precomputed receivables.

We include the cash flows from finance receivables held for investment in our consolidated statements of cash flows as investing activities, except for collections of interest, which we include as cash flows from operating activities. We may finance certain optional products offered to our customers as part of finance receivables. In such cases, the insurance premium is included as an operating cash inflow and the financing of the insurance premium is included as part of the finance receivable as an investing cash flow in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Finance Receivable Revenue Recognition

We recognize finance charges as revenue on the accrual basis using the interest method, which we report in Interest income in our consolidated statements of operations. We defer and amortize the costs to originate certain finance receivables and the revenue from nonrefundable fees, along with any premiums or discounts, as an adjustment to finance charge income using the interest method. For credit cards, we amortize certain deferred costs on a straight-line basis over atwelve-month period.

For our personal loans, we stop accruing finance charges when four payments (approximately 90 days) become contractually past due. We reverse finance charge amounts previously accrued upon suspensionof accrual of finance charges. For credit cards, we continue to accrue finance charges and fees until charge-off when seven payments (approximately 180 days) become contractually past due, at which point we reverse finance charges and fees previously accrued.

For certain finance receivables that had a carrying value that included a purchase premium or discount, we stop accreting the premium or discount at the time we stop accruing finance charges. We do not reverse accretion of premium or discount that was previously recognized.

For our personal loans, we recognize the contractual interest portion of payments received on nonaccrual finance receivables as finance charges at the time of receipt. We resume the accrual of interest on nonaccrual personal loans when the past due status on the individual finance receivable improves to the point that the finance receivable no longer meets our policy for nonaccrual. At that time, we also resume accretion of any unamortized premium or discount resulting from a previous purchase premium or discount.

Modified Finance Receivables to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

We make modifications to our finance receivables to assist borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty, participating in a counseling or settlement arrangement, or are in bankruptcy. When we modify the contractual terms for economic or other reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties we classify that receivable as a modified finance receivable. We restructure finance receivables only if we believe the customer has the ability to pay under the restructured terms for the foreseeable future.

When we modify an account, we primarily use a combination of the following to reduce the borrower’s monthly payment: reduce the interest rate, extend the term, defer or forgive past due interest, or forgive principal. As part of the modification, we may require qualifying payments before the accounts are generally brought current for delinquency reporting. In addition, for principal forgiveness, we may require future payment performance by the borrower under the modified terms before the balances are contractually forgiven. We fully reserve for any potential principal forgiveness in our allowance for finance receivable losses.

Accounts that are deemed to be a modified finance receivable are measured for impairment in accordance with our policy for allowance for finance receivable losses.

Allowance for Finance Receivable Losses

We establish the allowance for finance receivable losses through the provision for finance receivable losses. We evaluate our finance receivable portfolio by level of contractual delinquency in the portfolio, specifically in the late-stage delinquency buckets and inclusive of the migration of the loans through the delinquency buckets. Our finance receivables consist of a large number of relatively small, homogeneous accounts.

We estimate the allowance for finance receivable losses primarily on historical loss experience using a cumulative loss model applied to our personal loan portfolios. Our gross credit loss expectation is offset by the estimate of future recoveries using historical recovery curves. Our personal loans are primarily segmented in the loss model by contractual delinquency status. Other attributes in the model include loan modification status, collateral mix, and recent credit score.

To estimate the gross credit losses, the model utilizes a roll rate matrix to project the first 12 months of losses and historical cohort performance to project the expected losses over the remaining term. Our methodology relies on historical loss experience to forecast the corresponding future outcomes.

These patterns are then applied to the current portfolio to obtain an estimate of future losses. We also consider key economic trends including unemployment rates. Forecasted macroeconomic conditions extend to our reasonable and supportable forecast period and revert to a historical average. No new volume is assumed. Personal loan renewals are a significant piece of our new volume and are considered a terminal event of the previous loan.

For our personal loans, we have elected not to measure an allowance on accrued finance charges as it is our policy to reverse finance charge amounts previously accrued after four contractual payments become past due. For credit cards, we measure an allowance on uncollected finance charges, but do not measure an allowance on the unfunded portion of the credit card lines as the accounts are unconditionally cancellable.

Management exercises its judgment when determining the amount of allowance for finance receivable losses. Our judgment is based on quantitative analyses, qualitative factors (such as recent portfolio, industry, and other economic trends), and experience in the consumer finance industry. We adjust the amounts determined by our model for management’s estimate of the effects of model imprecision which include but are not limited to, any changes to underwriting criteria and portfolio seasoning.

We generally charge-off to the allowance for finance receivable losses on personal loans and credit cards that are beyond seven payments (approximately 180 days) contractually past due. Exceptions include accounts in bankruptcy, which are generally charged off at the earlier of notice of discharge or when the customer becomes seven payments contractually past due, and accounts of deceased borrowers, which are generally charged off at the time of notice. Generally, we start repossession of any titled personal property when the customer becomestwo payments (approximately 30 days) contractually past due and may charge-off prior to the account becoming seven payments (approximately 180 days) contractually past due.

We may renew delinquent secured or unsecured personal loan accounts if the customer meets current underwriting criteria and it does not appear that the cause of past delinquency will affect the customer’s ability to repay the renewed loan. We subject all renewals to the same credit risk underwriting process as we would a new application for credit.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the amount of purchase price over the fair value of net assets we acquired in connection with business combinations. We test goodwill for potential impairment at least annually as of October 1 of each year and more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting unit below its carrying amount.

We first complete a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount, we proceed with the quantitative impairment test. When necessary, the fair value of the reporting unit is calculated utilizing the income approach, which uses prospective financial information of the reporting unit discounted at a rate we estimate a market participant would use.

Intangible Assets other than Goodwill

At the time we initially recognize intangible assets, a determination is made with regard to each asset’s useful life. We have determined that each of our remaining intangible assets have indefinite lives with the exception of value of business acquired (“VOBA”), which has a finite useful life. We amortize our finite useful life intangible assets in a manner that reflects the pattern of economic benefit used.

For intangible assets with a finite useful life, we review for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Impairment is indicated if the sum of undiscounted estimated future cash flows is less than the carrying value of the respective asset. Impairment is permanently recognized by writing down the asset to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value.

For indefinite-lived intangible assets, we review for impairment at least annually and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the assets are more likely than not to be impaired. We first complete a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. If the qualitative assessment indicates that the assets are more likely than not to have been impaired, we proceed with the fair value calculation of the assets. The fair value is determined in accordance with our fair value measurement policy. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment loss will be recognized in an amount equal to the difference and the indefinite life classification will be evaluated to determine whether such classification remains appropriate.

Leases

All our leases are classified as operating leases, and we are the lessee or sublessor in all our lease arrangements. At inception of an arrangement, we determine if a lease exists. At lease commencement date, we recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability measured at the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Since our operating leases do not provide an implicit rate, we utilize the best available information to determine our incremental borrowing rate, which is used to calculate the present value of lease payments. The right-of-use asset also includes any prepaid fixed lease payments and excludes lease incentives. Options to extend or terminate a lease may be included in our lease arrangements. We reflect the renewal or termination option in the right-of-use asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. In the normal course of business, we will renew leases that expire or replace them with leases on other properties.

We have elected the practical expedient to treat both the lease component and non-lease component for our leased office space portfolio as a single lease component. Operating lease costs for lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and are included in Other operating expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. In addition to rent, we pay taxes, insurance, and maintenance expenses under certain leases as variable lease payments. The lease right-of-use assets are included in Other assets and the lease liabilities are included in Other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

Insurance Premiums

We recognize revenue for short-duration contracts over the related contract period. Short-duration contracts primarily consist of credit life, credit disability, credit involuntary unemployment insurance, and collateral protection policies. We defer single premium credit insurance premiums from affiliates in unearned premium reserves, which we include as a reduction to Net finance receivables in our consolidated balance sheets. We recognize unearned premiums on credit life, credit disability, credit involuntary unemployment insurance, and collateral protection insurance as revenue using the sum-of-the-digits, straight-line or other appropriate methods over the terms of the policies. Premiums from reinsurance assumed are earned over the related contract period.

We recognize revenue on long-duration contracts when due from policyholders. Long-duration contracts include term and whole life, accidental death and dismemberment, and disability income protection. For single premium long-duration contracts, a liability is accrued, which represents the present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid to or on behalf of policyholders and related expenses, when premium revenue is recognized. The effects of changes in such estimated future policy benefit reserves are classified in Insurance policy benefits and claims in our consolidated statements of operations.

We recognize commissions on optional products as Other revenues - other in our consolidated statements of operations when earned.

We may finance certain optional products offered to our customers as part of finance receivables. In such cases, unearned premiums and certain unpaid claim liabilities related to our borrowers are netted and classified as contra-assets in Net finance receivables in our consolidated balance sheets. The insurance premium is included as an operating cash inflow and the financing of the insurance premium is included as part of the finance receivable as an investing cash flow in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Policy and Claim Reserves

Policy reserves for credit life, credit disability, credit involuntary unemployment, and collateral protection insurance equal related unearned premiums. Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on claims experience, actual claims reported, and estimates of claims incurred but not reported. Assumptions utilized in determining appropriate reserves are based on historical experience, adjusted to provide for possible adverse deviation. These estimates are periodically reviewed and compared with actual experience and industry standards, and revised if it is determined that future experience will differ substantially from that previously assumed. Since reserves are based on estimates, the ultimate liability may be more or less than such reserves. The effects of changes in such estimated reserves are classified in Insurance policy benefits and claims in our consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed.

We base annuity reserves on assumptions as to investment yields and mortality. Ceded insurance reserves are included in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets and include estimates of the amounts expected to be recovered from reinsurers on insurance claims and policyholder liabilities.

Policy reserves are established for our long-duration contracts. The liability for future policy benefits is the present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid to or on behalf of policyholders less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be collected from policyholders. To estimate the liability, we make assumptions for mortality, morbidity, lapses, and the discount rate.

At least annually, we update our estimate of the liability with actual experience and review our cash flow assumptions. The updated liability is discounted at the original discount rate at contract inception, and the change in the balance is recognized as a remeasurement gain or loss and included in Insurance policy benefits and claims in our consolidated statements of operations.

The discount rate assumption is the equivalent of an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield. To determine the original discount rate at contract inception, we use a weighted average rate based on a forward yield curve over the contract issue year. At each reporting period, the liability is remeasured using the current discount rate and the change in the liability due to the discount rate is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated balance sheets.

Insurance Policy Acquisition Costs

We defer insurance policy acquisition costs (primarily commissions, reinsurance fees, and premium taxes). We include deferred policy acquisition costs in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets and amortize these costs over the terms of the related policies, whether directly written or reinsured.

Investment Securities

We generally classify our investment securities as available-for-sale or other, depending on management’s intent. Other securities primarily consist of equity securities and those securities for which the fair value option was elected.

Our investment securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair value. We adjust related balance sheet accounts to reflect the current fair value of investment securities and record the adjustment, net of tax, in Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in shareholders’ equity. We record interest receivable on investment securities in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

We classify our investment securities in the fair value hierarchy framework based on the observability of inputs. Inputs to the valuation techniques are described as being either observable (Level 1 or 2) or unobservable (Level 3) assumptions (as further described in “Fair Value Measurements” below) that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Impairments on Investment Securities

We evaluate our available-for-sale securities on an individual basis to identify any instances where the fair value of the investment security is below its amortized cost. For these securities, we then evaluate whether an impairment exists if any of the following conditions are present:

•we intend to sell the security;

•it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or

•we do not expect to recover the security’s entire amortized cost basis (even if we do not intend to sell the security).

If we intend to sell an impaired investment security or we will likely be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit loss, we recognize the impairment as a direct write-down in Other revenues - investment in our consolidated statements of operation equal to the difference between the investment security’s amortized cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date. Once the impairment is recorded, we adjust the investment security to a new amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the impairment write-down recognized in the current period.

In determining whether a credit loss exists, we compare our best estimate of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded, not to exceed the total unrealized loss on the security. The cash flows expected to be collected are determined by assessing all available information, including issuer default rate, ratings changes and adverse conditions related to the industry sector, financial condition of issuer, credit enhancements, collateral default rates, and other relevant criteria. Management considers factors such as our investment strategy, liquidity requirements, overall business plans, and recovery periods for securities in previous periods of broad market declines.

If a credit loss exists with respect to an investment in a security (i.e., we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security), we would be unable to assert that we will recover our amortized cost basis even if we do not intend to sell the security. Therefore, in these situations, a credit impairment is considered to have occurred.

If a credit impairment exists, but we do not intend to sell the security and we will likely not be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit loss, the impairment is bifurcated as: (i) the estimated amount relating to credit loss; and (ii) the amount relating to non-credit related factors. We recognize the estimated credit loss as an allowance on the balance sheet in investment securities, with a corresponding loss in Other revenues - investment, and the non-credit loss amount in Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss.

For investment securities in which a credit impairment was recorded through an allowance, we record subsequent increases and decreases in the allowance for credit losses as credit loss expense or reversal of credit loss expense in Other revenues -investment. We will not reverse a previously recorded allowance to an amount below zero. We recognize subsequent increases and decreases in the fair value of our available-for-sale securities from non-credit related factors in Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss.

Interest receivables on our investment securities are excluded from the amortized cost and fair value and are recorded in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. We have elected not to measure an allowance on interest receivables due to our policy to reverse interest receivable at the time collectability is uncertain. The reversal of interest receivable is recorded in Other revenues - investment in our consolidated statements of operations.

Investment Revenue Recognition

We recognize interest on interest bearing fixed-maturity investment securities as revenue on the accrual basis. We amortize any premiums or accrete any discounts as a revenue adjustment using the interest method. We stop accruing interest revenue when the collection of interest becomes uncertain. We record dividends on equity securities as revenue on ex-dividend dates. We recognize income on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities as revenue using an effective yield based on estimated prepayments of the underlying collateral. If actual prepayments differ from estimated prepayments, we calculate a new effective yield and adjust the net investment in the security accordingly. We record the adjustment, along with all investment securities revenue, in Other revenues - investment in our consolidated statements of operations. We specifically identify realized gains and losses on investment securities and include them in Other revenues - investment in our consolidated statements of operations.

Variable Interest Entities

An entity is a VIE if the entity does not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or has equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. A VIE is consolidated into the financial statements of its primary beneficiary. When we have a variable interest in a VIE, we qualitatively assess whether we have a controlling financial interest in the entity and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. In applying the qualitative assessment to identify the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we are determined to have a controlling financial interest if we have (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We consider the VIE’s purpose and design, including the risks that the entity was designed to create and pass through to its variable interest holders. We continually reassess the VIE’s primary beneficiary and whether we have acquired or divested the power to direct the activities of the VIE through changes in governing documents or other circumstances.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider unrestricted cash on hand and short-term investments having maturity dates within three months of their date of acquisition to be cash and cash equivalents.

We typically maintain cash in financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits. We evaluate the creditworthiness of these financial institutions in determining the risk associated with these cash balances. We do not believe that the Company is exposed to any significant credit risk on these accounts and have not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

We include funds to be used for future debt payments and collateral relating to our secured debt, insurance regulatory deposits, and reinsurance trusts with third parties, in each case, in restricted cash and cash equivalents.

Long-term Debt

We generally report our long-term debt issuances at the face value of the debt instrument, which we adjust for any unaccreted discount, unamortized premium, or unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the debt. Other than securitized products, we generally accrete discounts, premiums, and debt issuance costs over the contractual life of the security using contractual payment terms. With respect to securitized products, we have elected to amortize deferred costs over the contractual life of the security. Accretion of discounts and premiums are recorded to Interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

We recognize income taxes using the asset and liability method. We establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, using the tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for tax attributes such as net operating loss carryforwards.

Realization of our gross deferred tax asset depends on our ability to generate sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character within the carryforward periods of the jurisdictions in which the net operating and capital losses, deductible temporary differences and credits were generated. When we assess our ability to realize deferred tax assets, we consider all available evidence and we record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that management conclude are more-likely-than-not to be realized.

We recognize income tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions, when, in our judgment, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority. For a tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold, we initially and subsequently measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that we judge to have a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority.

Retirement Benefit Plans

We have funded and unfunded noncontributory defined pension plans. We recognize the net pension asset or liability, also referred to herein as the funded status of the benefit plan, in Other assets or Other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, depending on the funded status at the end of each reporting period. We recognize the net actuarial gains or losses and prior service cost or credit that arise during the period in Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss.

Many of our employees are participants in our 401(k) Plan. Our contributions to the plan are charged to Salaries and benefits in our consolidated statements of operations.

Share-based Compensation Plans

We measure compensation cost for service-based and performance-based awards at estimated fair value and recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period for awards expected to vest. The estimation of awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment to Salaries and benefits in our consolidated statements of operations in the period estimates are revised. For service-based awards subject to graded vesting, expense is recognized under the straight-line method. Expense for performance-based awards with graded vesting is recognized under the accelerated method, whereby each vesting is treated as a separate award with expense for each vesting recognized ratably over the requisite service period.

Fair Value Measurements

Management is responsible for the determination of the fair value of our financial assets and financial liabilities and the supporting methodologies and assumptions. We employ widely accepted internal valuation models or utilize third-party valuation service providers to gather, analyze, and interpret market information and derive fair values based upon relevant methodologies and assumptions for individual instruments or pools of finance receivables. When our valuation service providers are unable to obtain sufficient market observable information upon which to estimate the fair value for a particular security, we determine fair value either by requesting brokers who are knowledgeable about these securities to provide a quote, which is generally non-binding, or by employing widely accepted internal valuation models.

Our valuation process typically requires obtaining data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from internal or external sources and, through the use of widely accepted valuation models, provides a single fair value measurement for individual securities or pools of finance receivables. The inputs used in this process include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, bid-ask spreads, currency rates, and other market-observable information as of the measurement date, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector, and other issue or issuer-specific information. When market transactions or other market observable data is limited, the extent to which judgment is applied in determining fair value is greatly increased. We assess the reasonableness of individual security values received from our valuation service providers through various analytical techniques. As part of our internal price reviews, assets that fall outside a price change tolerance are sent to our third-party investment manager for further review. In addition, we may validate the reasonableness of fair values by comparing information obtained from our valuation service providers to other third-party valuation sources for selected securities.

We measure and classify assets and liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets in a hierarchy for disclosure purposes consisting of three “Levels” based on the observability of inputs available in the marketplace used to measure the fair values. In general, we determine the fair value measurements classified as Level 1 based on inputs utilizing quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. We generally obtain market price data from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.

We determine the fair value measurements classified as Level 2 based on inputs utilizing other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The use of observable and unobservable inputs is further discussed in Note 18.

In certain cases, the inputs we use to measure the fair value of an asset may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, we determine the level in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

Our fair value processes include controls that are designed to ensure that fair values are appropriate. Such controls include model validation, review of key model inputs, analysis of period-over-period fluctuations, and reviews by senior management.

Earnings Per Share (OMH Only)

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares represent outstanding unvested restricted stock units and awards.

3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS RECENTLY ADOPTED

Insurance

In August of 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, which provides targeted improvements to Topic 944 for the assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for nonparticipating traditional and limited-payment contracts; measurement of market risk benefits; amortization of deferred acquisition costs; and enhanced disclosures. The ASU requires the assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits to be updated at least annually. The guidance prescribes the discount rate used to measure the liability to be an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield and updated at each reporting date with changes in the liability due to the discount rate recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income.

The amendments in this ASU became effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2023 and we adopted using the modified retrospective transition method. This ASU required a transition date of January 1, 2021 and resulted in recasting prior periods.

The effects of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 to our consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

The effects of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 to our consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

The effects of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 to our consolidated statements of comprehensive income were as follows:

The effects of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 to our consolidated statements of cash flows were as follows:

As a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-12, our significant accounting policy related to long-duration insurance contracts for policy and claim reserves has changed to reflect the requirements of the new standard. See Note 2 for the updated significant accounting policy as of the transition date of January 1, 2021.

Financial Instruments

In March of 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminates the accounting for troubled debt restructurings by creditors while enhancing the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The amendment also requires disclosure of gross charge-offs by year of origination for finance receivables.

We adopted the amendments in this ASU as of January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition method.

Upon adoption, we recorded a decrease to the allowance for finance receivable losses of $16 million, a decrease to deferred tax assets of $4 million and a one-time corresponding cumulative increase to Retained earnings, net of tax, of $12 million in our consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2023.

As a result of the adoption of ASU 2022-02, several of our significant accounting policies have changed to reflect the requirements of the new standard. See Note 2 for the updated significant accounting policies as of January 1, 2023.

Troubled Debt Restructured Finance Receivables

ASU 2022-02 superseded the accounting for troubled debt restructurings by creditors. As a result of the adoption of this ASU, the accounting for TDR finance receivables is no longer applicable for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023.

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS TO BE ADOPTED

Segment Reporting

In November of 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires annual and interim disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items. The amendments in this ASU will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied on a retrospective basis to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of the standard on our segment disclosures.

Income Taxes

In December of 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. The amendments in this ASU will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application allowed. We are currently evaluating the impact of the standard on our income tax disclosures.

We do not believe that any accounting pronouncements issued, but not yet effective, would have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures, if adopted.

4. Finance Receivables

Our finance receivables consist of personal loans and credit cards. Personal loans are non-revolving, with a fixed rate, have fixed terms generally between three andsix years, and are secured by automobiles, other titled collateral, or are unsecured. Credit cards are open-ended, revolving, with a fixed rate, and are unsecured.

Components of our net finance receivables were as follows:

• Personal loan gross finance receivables equal the unpaid principal balance. For precompute personal loans, unpaid principal balance is the gross contractual payments less the unaccreted balance of unearned finance charges. Credit card gross finance receivables equal the unpaid principal balance, billed interest, and fees.

GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION

Geographic diversification of finance receivables reduces the concentration of credit risk associated with economic stresses in any one region. The largest concentrations of net finance receivables were as follows:

(a) December 31, 2022 concentrations of net finance receivables are presented in the order of December 31, 2023 state concentrations.

WHOLE LOAN SALE TRANSACTIONS

We have whole loan sale flow agreements with third parties, with remaining terms of less thanone year, in which we agreed to sell a total of $60 million gross receivables per quarter of newly originated unsecured personal loans along with any associated accrued interest. These unsecured personal loans are derecognized from our balance sheet at the time of sale. We service the personal loans sold and are entitled to a servicing fee and other fees commensurate with the services performed as part of the agreements. The gain on sales and servicing fees are recorded in Other revenues - other in our consolidated statements of operations. We sold $585 million and $720 million of gross finance receivables during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The gain on the sales were $52 million and $63 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Subsequent to year-end, we entered into a whole loan sale flow agreement with a third party, with a term of less thantwo years, in which we agreed to sell $600 million of gross receivables of newly originated unsecured personal loans along with any associated accrued interest.

CREDIT QUALITY INDICATOR

We consider the delinquency status of our finance receivables as our key credit quality indicator. We monitor the delinquency of our finance receivable portfolio, including the migration between the delinquency buckets and changes in the delinquency trends to manage our exposure to credit risk in the portfolio.

When personal loans are 60 days contractually past due, we consider these accounts to be at an increased risk for loss and move collection of these accounts to our central collection operations. We consider our personal loans to be nonperforming at 90 days or more contractually past due, at which point we stop accruing finance charges and reverse finance charges previously accrued. For our personal loans, we reversed net accrued finance charges of $146 million and $126 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Finance charges recognized from the contractual interest portion of payments received on nonaccrual personal loans totaled $18 million and $16 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. All personal loans in nonaccrual status are considered in our estimate of allowance for finance receivable losses.

We accrue finance charges and fees on credit cards until charge-off at 180 days contractually past due, at which point we reverse finance charges and fees previously accrued. For credit cards, net accrued finance charges and fees reversed totaled $11 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, and were immaterial during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following tables below are a summary of our personal loans by the year of origination and number of days delinquent:

The following is a summary of credit cards by number of days delinquent:

There were no credit cards that were converted to term loans at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

MODIFIED FINANCE RECEIVABLES TO BORROWERS EXPERIENCING FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY

We make modifications to our finance receivables to assist borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty and when we modify the contractual terms for economic or other reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, we classify that receivable as a modified finance receivable. The following tables below represent information regarding modified finance receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty on or after January 1, 2023, the effective date of ASU 2022-02.

The period-end carrying value of finance receivables modified during the period were as follows:

The financial effect of modifications made during the period were as follows:

The performance of modified finance receivables by delinquency status was as follows:

• Excludes $89 million of modified finance receivables that subsequently charged off.

The period-end carrying value of modified finance receivables for which there was a default during the period to cause the modified finance receivable to be considered nonperforming (90 days or more contractually past due) were as follows:

See Notes 3 and 5 for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2022-02.

TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURED FINANCE RECEIVABLES PRIOR TO ADOPTION OF ASU 2022-02

ASU 2022-02 superseded the accounting for troubled debt restructurings by creditors. Due to the adoption of this ASU, the following disclosures related to troubled debt restructuring finance receivables are no longer applicable for reporting periods beginning in 2023.

Information regarding TDR finance receivables were as follows:

• TDR net finance receivables are TDR gross finance receivables net of unearned fees, accrued finance charges, and deferred origination costs.

There were no credit cards classified as TDR finance receivables at December 31, 2022.

Information regarding the new volume of the TDR finance receivables were as follows:

• “Other” modifications primarily consist of loans with both rate reductions and the potential of principal forgiveness contingent on future payment performance by the borrower under the modified terms.

Finance receivables that were modified as TDR finance receivables within the previous 12 months and for which there was a default during the period to cause the TDR finance receivables to be considered nonperforming (90 days or more contractually past due) are reflected in the following table:

• Represents the corresponding balance of TDR net finance receivables at the end of the month in which they defaulted.

UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS

Our unfunded lending commitments consist of the unused credit card lines, which are unconditionally cancellable. We do not anticipate that all of our customers will access their entire available line at any given point in time. The unused credit card lines totaled $223 million at December 31, 2023 and $81 million at December 31, 2022.

5. Allowance for Finance Receivable Losses

We establish an allowance for finance receivable losses through the provision for finance receivable losses. We evaluate our finance receivable portfolio by the level of contractual delinquency in the portfolio, specifically in the late-stage delinquency buckets and inclusive of the migration of the finance receivables through the delinquency buckets. We estimate and record an allowance for finance receivable losses to cover the expected lifetime credit losses on our finance receivables. Our allowance for finance receivable losses may fluctuate based upon changes in portfolio growth, credit quality, and economic conditions. See Note 2 for additional information regarding our accounting policies for allowance for finance receivable losses.

Our methodology to estimate expected credit losses uses recent macroeconomic forecasts, which include forecasts for unemployment. We leverage projections from various industry leading providers. We also consider inflationary pressures, consumer confidence levels, and interest rate increases that may continue to impact the economic outlook. At December 31, 2023, our economic forecast used a reasonable and supportable period of 12 months. The increase in our allowance for finance receivable losses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to the weakened macroeconomic environment and growth in our loan portfolio. We may experience further changes to the macroeconomic assumptions within our forecast, as well as changes to our loan loss performance outlook, both of which could lead to further changes in our allowance for finance receivable losses, allowance ratio, and provision for finance receivable losses.

Changes in the allowance for finance receivable losses were as follows:

• As a result of the adoption of ASU 2022-02, we recorded a one-time adjustment to the allowance for finance receivable losses. See Notes 3 and 4 for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2022-02.

6. Investment Securities

AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES

Cost/amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of fixed maturity available-for-sale securities by type were as follows:

• The allowance for credit losses related to our investment securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was immaterial.

Interest receivables reported in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets totaled $14 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no material amounts reversed from investment revenue for available-for-sale securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Fair value and unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities by type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position without an allowance for credit losses were as follows:

• Unrealized losses on certain available-for-sale securities were less than $1 million and, therefore, were not quantified in the table above.

On a lot basis, we had 1,984 and 2,280 investment securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We do not consider the unrealized losses to be credit-related, as these unrealized losses primarily relate to changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to purchase. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, there were no credit impairments on investment securities that we intend to sell. We do not have plans to sell any of the remaining investment securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023, and we believe it is more likely than not that we would not be required to sell such investment securities before recovery of their amortized cost.

We continue to monitor unrealized loss positions for potential credit impairments. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no material credit impairments related to our investment securities. Therefore, there were no material additions or reductions in the allowance for credit losses (impairments recognized or reversed in earnings) on credit impaired available-for-sale securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The proceeds of available-for-sale securities sold or redeemed totaled $90 million, $278 million and $250 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The net realized gains and losses were immaterial during 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Contractual maturities of fixed-maturity available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities since issuers and borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. We may sell investment securities before maturity for general corporate and working capital purposes and to achieve certain investment strategies.

The fair value of securities on deposit with third parties totaled $524 million and $532 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

OTHER SECURITIES

The fair value of other securities by type was as follows:

Net unrealized gains on other securities held were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net unrealized losses on other securities held were $9 million and immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net realized gains and losses on other securities sold or redeemed were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Other securities primarily consist of equity securities and those securities for which the fair value option was elected. We report net unrealized and realized gains and losses on other securities held, sold, or redeemed in Other revenue - investment.

7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

GOODWILL

The carrying amount of goodwill totaled $1.4 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022. We didnot record any impairments to goodwill during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, in total and by major intangible asset class were as follows:

Amortization expense was immaterial in 2023, and $13 million and $32 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The estimated aggregate amortization of other intangible assets for each of the next five years is immaterial.

8. Long-term Debt

Carrying value and fair value of long-term debt by type were as follows:

Weighted average effective interest rates on long-term debt by type were as follows:

Principal maturities of long-term debt by type of debt at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

(a) Pursuant to the Base Indenture, the Supplemental Indentures and the Guaranty Agreements, OMH agreed to fully and unconditionally guarantee, on a senior unsecured basis, payments of principal, premium and interest on the Unsecured Notes and Junior Subordinated Debenture. The OMH guarantees of OMFC’s long-term debt are subject to customary release provisions.

(b) The interest rates shown are the range of contractual rates in effect at December 31, 2023.

(c) Securitizations, private secured term funding, and borrowings under the revolving conduit facilities are not included in the above maturities by period due to their variable monthly repayments, which may result in pay-off prior to the stated maturity date. See Note 9 for further information on our long-term debt associated with securitizations, private secured term funding, and revolving conduit facilities.

(d) Debt issuance costs are reported as a direct deduction from long-term debt, with the exception of debt issuance costs associated with our revolving conduit facilities and unsecured corporate revolver, which totaled $34 million at December 31, 2023 and are reported in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

UNSECURED CORPORATE REVOLVER

During the fourth quarter of 2023, OMFC increased the total maximum borrowing capacity of our unsecured corporate revolver to $1.3 billion. The corporate revolver has afive-year term beginning October 25, 2021, during which draws and repayments may occur. Any outstanding principal balance is due and payable on October 25, 2026. At December 31, 2023, no amounts were drawn under this facility.

DEBT COVENANTS

OMFC Debt Agreements

The debt agreements to which OMFC and its subsidiaries are a party include customary terms and conditions, including covenants and representations and warranties. Some or all of these agreements also contain certain restrictions, including (i) restrictions on the ability to create senior liens on property and assets in connection with any new debt financings and (ii) OMFC’s ability to sell or convey all or substantially all of its assets, unless the transferee assumes OMFC’s obligations under the applicable debt agreement. In addition, the OMH guarantees of OMFC’s long-term debt discussed above are subject to customary release provisions.

With the exception of OMFC’s junior subordinated debenture and unsecured corporate revolver, none of our debt agreements require OMFC or any of its subsidiaries to meet or maintain any specific financial targets or ratios. However, certain events, including non-payment of principal or interest, bankruptcy or insolvency, or a breach of a covenant or a representation or warranty, may constitute an event of default and trigger an acceleration of payments. In some cases, an event of default or acceleration of payments under one debt agreement may constitute a cross-default under other debt agreements resulting in an acceleration of payments under the other agreements.

As of December 31, 2023, OMFC was in compliance with all of the covenants under its debt agreements.

Junior Subordinated Debenture

In January of 2007, OMFC issued the Junior Subordinated Debenture, consisting of $350 million aggregate principal amount of 60-year junior subordinated debt. The Junior Subordinated Debenture underlies the trust preferred securities sold by a trust sponsored by OMFC. OMFC can redeem the Junior Subordinated Debenture at par. On December 30, 2013, OMH entered into a guaranty agreement whereby it agreed to fully and unconditionally guarantee, on a junior subordinated basis, the payment of principal, premium (if any), and interest on the Junior Subordinated Debenture. Prior to June 30, 2023, the interest rate on the remaining principal balance of the Junior Subordinated Debenture consisted of a variable floating rate (determined quarterly) equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 1.75%. ICE Benchmark Administration and the Financial Conduct Authority announced that the publication of the most commonly used USD LIBOR settings has ceased to be provided after June 30, 2023. Effective in July 2023 the debenture transitioned from a LIBOR-based interest rate to a SOFR-based interest rate in accordance with the statutory framework provided by the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act, enacted in March 2022, and the rules adopted in December 2022 by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The replacement rate is 3-month CME Term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% plus 1.75%, or 7.41% as of December 31, 2023.

Pursuant to the terms of the Junior Subordinated Debenture, OMFC, upon the occurrence of a mandatory trigger event, is required to defer interest payments to the holders of the Junior Subordinated Debenture (and not make dividend payments) unless OMFC obtains non-debt capital funding in an amount equal to all accrued and unpaid interest on the Junior Subordinated Debenture otherwise payable on the next interest payment date and pays such amount to the holders of the Junior Subordinated Debenture. A mandatory trigger event occurs if OMFC’s (i) tangible equity to tangible managed assets is less than 5.5% or (ii) average fixed charge ratio is not more than 1.10 x for the trailing four quarters.

Based upon OMFC’s financial results for the year ended December 31, 2023, a mandatory trigger event did not occur with respect to the interest payment due in January of 2024, as OMFC was in compliance with both required ratios discussed above.

9. Variable Interest Entities

CONSOLIDATED VIES

As part of our overall funding strategy and as part of our efforts to support our liquidity from sources other than our traditional capital market sources, we have transferred certain finance receivables to VIEs for asset-backed financing transactions, including secured debt and revolving conduit transactions. We have determined that OMFC or OneMain Financial Holdings, LLC (“OMFH”) is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and, as a result, we include each VIE’s assets, including any finance receivables securing the VIE’s debt obligations, and related liabilities in our consolidated financial statements and each VIE’s asset-backed debt obligations are accounted for as secured borrowings. OMFC or OMFH is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of each VIE because OMFC or OMFH, as applicable, has the ability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, including the losses it absorbs and its right to receive economic benefits that are potentially significant. Such ability arises from OMFC’s or OMFH’s and their affiliates’ contractual right to service the finance receivables securing the VIEs’ debt obligations. To the extent we retain any debt obligation or residual interest in an asset-backed financing facility, we are exposed to potentially significant losses and potentially significant returns.

The asset-backed debt obligations and conduits issued by the VIEs are supported by the expected cash flows from the underlying finance receivables securing such debt obligations. Cash inflows from these finance receivables are distributed to repay the debt obligations and related service providers in accordance with each transaction’s contractual priority of payments, referred to as the “waterfall.” The holders of the asset-backed debt obligations have no recourse to the Company if the cash flows from the underlying finance receivables securing such debt obligations are not sufficient to pay all principal and interest on the asset-backed debt obligations. With respect to any asset-backed financing transaction that has multiple classes of debt obligations, substantially all cash inflows will be directed to the senior debt obligations until fully repaid and, thereafter, to the subordinate debt obligations on a sequential basis. We retain an interest and credit risk in these financing transactions through our ownership of the residual interest in each VIE and, in some cases, the most subordinate class of debt obligations issued by the VIE, which are the first to absorb credit losses on the finance receivables securing the debt obligations. With respect to each financing transaction that is subject to the risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, we either retain at least 5% of the balance of each such class of debt obligations and at least 5% of the residual interest in each related VIE or retain at least 5% of the fair value of all ABS interests (as defined in the risk retention requirements), which is satisfied by retention of the residual interest in each related VIE, which, in each case, collectively, represents at least 5% of the economic interest in the credit risk of the securitized assets in satisfaction of the risk retention requirements. We expect that any credit losses in the pools of finance receivables securing the asset-backed debt obligations will likely be limited to our retained interests described above. We have no obligation to repurchase or replace qualified finance receivables that subsequently become delinquent or are otherwise in default.

We parenthetically disclose on our consolidated balance sheets the VIE’s assets that can only be used to settle the VIE’s obligations and liabilities if its creditors have no recourse against the primary beneficiary’s general credit. The carrying amounts of consolidated VIE assets and liabilities associated with our personal loan securitization trusts, private secured term funding, and revolving conduit facilities were as follows:

Other than the retained subordinate and residual interests in our consolidated VIEs, we are under no further obligation than is otherwise noted herein, either contractually or implicitly, to provide financial support to these entities. Consolidated interest expense related to our VIEs totaled $483 million in 2023, $305 million in 2022, and $293 million in 2021.

SECURITIZED BORROWINGS

Each of our securitizations contains a revolving period ranging fromtwo toseven years during which no principal payments are required to be made on the related asset-backed notes. The indentures governing our securitization borrowings contain early amortization events and events of default, that, if triggered, may result in the acceleration of the obligation to pay principal and interest on the related asset-backed notes.

PRIVATE SECURED TERM FUNDING

At December 31, 2023, an aggregate amount of $350 million was outstanding under the private secured term funding collateralized by our personal loans. No principal payments are required to be made until after April 25, 2025, followed by a subsequentone-year amortization period, at the expiration of which the outstanding principal amount is due and payable.

REVOLVING CONDUIT FACILITIES

We had access to 16 revolving conduit facilities with a total maximum borrowing capacity of $6.4 billion as of December 31, 2023. Our conduit facilities contain revolving periods during which time no principal payments are required, but may be made without penalty, followed by a subsequent amortization period. Principal balances of outstanding loans, if any, are due and payable in full over periods ranging up tonine years as of December 31, 2023. Amounts drawn on these facilities are collateralized by our personal loans.

10. Insurance

Our insurance business is conducted through our wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, American Health and Life Insurance Company (“AHL”) and Triton Insurance Company (“Triton”). AHL is a life and health insurance company licensed in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Canada to write credit life, credit disability, and non-credit insurance products. Triton is a property and casualty insurance company licensed in 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Canada to write credit involuntary unemployment, credit disability, and collateral protection insurance.

INSURANCE RESERVES

Components of our insurance reserves were as follows:

(a) Reported in Unearned insurance premium and claim reserves in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b) Reported in Insurance claims and policyholder liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. The 2022 balances have been recast as a result of the modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12. See Note 3 for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2018-12.

Our insurance subsidiaries enter into reinsurance agreements with other insurers. Reserves related to unearned premiums, claims and benefits assumed from non-affiliated insurance companies totaled $303 million and $324 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Reserves related to unearned premiums, claims and benefits ceded to non-affiliated insurance companies totaled $57 million and $60 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Changes in the reserve for unpaid claims and loss adjustment expenses (net of reinsurance recoverables):

(a) As a result of the modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12, we have recorded a $13 million reduction to the 2021 beginning balance, and the previously reported balances were recast to exclude reserves for unpaid claims on our long-duration contracts. These reserves have been included in our estimate of the liability for future policy benefits as of the transition date of January 1, 2021. See Note 3 for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2018-12.

(b) At December 31, 2023, $2 million reflected a redundancy in the prior years’ net reserves, primarily due to net favorable developments of credit disability claims during the period. At December 31, 2022, $12 million reflected a redundancy in the prior years’ net reserves, primarily due to favorable development of credit life and credit disability claims during the period. At December 31, 2021, $19 million reflected a redundancy in the prior years’ net reserves, primarily due to favorable development of credit disability and unemployment claims during the period.

Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

(a) Unaudited.

(b) Includes expected development on reported claims.

(c) Frequency for each accident year is calculated as the ratio of all reported claims incurred to the total exposures in force.

Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

• Unaudited.

The reconciliations of the net incurred and paid claims development to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expenses were as follows:

We use completion factors to estimate the unpaid claim liability for credit insurance and most other short-duration products. For some products, the unpaid claim liability is estimated as a percent of exposure.

There have been no significant changes in methodologies or assumptions during 2023.

Our average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

• Unaudited.

LIABILITY FOR FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS

The present value of expected net premiums on long-duration insurance contracts were as follows:

The present value of expected future policy benefits on long-duration insurance contracts were as follows:

The net liability for future policy benefits on long-duration insurance contracts were as follows:

The weighted-average duration of the liability for future policy benefits was 8 years at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table reconciles the net liability for future policy benefits to Insurance claims and policyholder liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets:

• Other primarily includes reserves for short-duration contracts that are payable to third-party beneficiaries.

The undiscounted and discounted expected future gross premiums and expected future benefits and expenses for our long-duration insurance contracts were as follows:

The revenue and interest accretion related to our long-duration insurance contracts recognized in the consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

The expected and actual experience for mortality, morbidity, and lapses of the liability for future policy benefits were as follows:

The weighted-average interest rates for the liability of future policy benefits for our long-duration insurance contracts were as follows:

STATUTORY ACCOUNTING

Our insurance subsidiaries file financial statements prepared using statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance (“DOI”) which is a comprehensive basis of accounting other than GAAP. The primary differences between statutory accounting practices and GAAP are that under statutory accounting, policy acquisition costs are expensed as incurred, policyholder liabilities are generally valued using prescribed actuarial assumptions, and certain investment securities are reported at amortized cost. We are not required and did not apply purchase accounting to the insurance subsidiaries on a statutory basis.

Statutory net income for our insurance companies by type of insurance was as follows:

Statutory capital and surplus for our insurance companies by type of insurance were as follows:

Our insurance companies are also subject to risk-based capital requirements adopted by the Texas DOI. Minimum statutory capital and surplus is the risk-based capital level that would trigger regulatory action. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus exceeded the risk-based capital minimum required levels.

DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to domiciliary state regulations that limit their ability to pay dividends. AHL and Triton are domiciled in Texas. State law restricts the amounts that our insurance subsidiaries may pay as dividends without prior notice to the state of domicile DOI. The maximum amount of dividends, referred to as “ordinary dividends,” for a Texas domiciled life insurance company that can be paid without prior approval in a 12 month period (measured retrospectively from the date of payment) is the greater of: (i)10% of policyholders’ surplus as of the prior year-end or (ii) the statutory net gain from operations as of the prior year-end. Any amount greater must be approved by the state of domicile DOI. The maximum ordinary dividends for a Texas domiciled property and casualty insurance company that can be paid without prior approval in a 12 month period (measured retrospectively from the date of payment) is the greater of: (i)10% of policyholders’ surplus as of the prior year-end or (ii) the statutory net income. Any amount greater must be approved by the state of domicile DOI. These approved dividends are called “extraordinary dividends.”

Ordinary dividends paid were as follows:

Extraordinary dividends paid were as follows:

11. Capital Stock and Earnings Per Share (OMH Only)

CAPITAL STOCK

OMH hastwo classes of authorized capital stock: preferred stock and common stock. OMFC hastwo classes of authorized capital stock: special stock and common stock. OMH and OMFC may issue preferred stock and special stock, respectively, in one or more series. The OMH Board of Directors (the “Board”) and the OMFC Board of Directors determine the dividend, liquidation, redemption, conversion, voting, and other rights prior to issuance.

Par value and shares authorized at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

• No shares of OMH preferred stock or OMFC special stock were issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Changes in OMH shares of common stock issued and outstanding were as follows:

OMFC shares issued and outstanding were as follows:

EARNINGS PER SHARE (OMH ONLY)

The computation of earnings per share was as follows:

• We have excluded weighted-average unvested restricted stock units totaling 1,048,970,1,335,442, and 421,511 for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, from the fully-diluted earnings per share calculations as these shares would be anti-dilutive, which could impact the earnings per share calculation in the future.

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of shares outstanding plus the effect of potentially dilutive shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. The potentially dilutive shares represent outstanding unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”).

12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes, net of tax, in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

(a) There were no material amounts related to available-for-sale debt securities for which an allowance for credit losses was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(b) Other primarily includes changes in the fair value of our mark-to-market derivative instruments that have been designated as cash flow hedges.

Reclassification adjustments from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to the applicable line item on our consolidated statements of operations were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

13. Income Taxes

OMH and all of its eligible domestic U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated life/non-life federal tax return with the IRS. Income taxes from the consolidated federal and state tax returns are allocated to our eligible subsidiaries under a tax sharing agreement with OMH.

The Company’s foreign subsidiaries/branches file tax returns in Canada, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Company recognizes a deferred tax liability for the undistributed earnings of its foreign operations, if any, as we do not consider the amounts to be permanently reinvested. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no undistributed foreign earnings.

Components of income before income tax expense were as follows:

Components of income tax expense (benefit) were as follows:

Expense from foreign income taxes includes foreign subsidiaries/branches that operate in Canada, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

OMH's and OMFC’s reconciliations of the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate were as follows:

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits (all of which would affect the effective income tax rate if recognized) is as follows:

Our gross unrecognized tax benefits include related interest and penalties. We accrue interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. The amount of any change in the balance of uncertain tax liabilities over the next 12 months is not expected to be material to our consolidated financial statements.

We are under examination by various states for the years 2017 to 2022. Management believes it has adequately provided for taxes for such years.

Components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

The gross deferred tax liabilities are expected to reverse in time, and projected taxable income is expected to be sufficient to create positive taxable income, which will allow for the realization of all of our gross federal deferred tax assets and a portion of the state deferred tax assets.

At December 31, 2023, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of $601 million compared to $480 million at December 31, 2022. The state net operating loss carryforwards mostly expire between 2034 and 2044, except for some states which conform to the federal rules for indefinite carryforward. We had a valuation allowance on our gross state deferred tax assets, net of deferred federal tax benefit, of $27 million and $24 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total valuation allowance was established based on management’s determination that the deferred tax assets are more likely than not to not be realized.

14. Leases and Contingencies

LEASES

Our operating leases primarily consist of leased office space, automobiles, and information technology equipment and have remaining lease terms ofone tonine years.

Our operating right-of-use asset and liability balances were $165 million and $173 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and $152 million and $161 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2023, maturities of lease liabilities, excluding leases on a month-to-month basis, were as follows:

Operating lease cost and variable lease cost, which are recorded in Other operating expenses in our consolidated statements of operations, were as follows:

Our sublease income was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

LEGAL CONTINGENCIES

In the normal course of business, we have been named, from time to time, as defendants in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions, and other litigation arising in connection with our activities. Some of the actual or threatened legal actions include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. While we will continue to evaluate legal actions to determine whether a loss is reasonably possible or probable and is reasonably estimable, there can be no assurance that material losses will not be incurred from pending, threatened or future litigation, investigations, examinations, or other claims.

We contest liability and/or the amount of damages, as appropriate, in each pending matter. Where available information indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the consolidated financial statements and we can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss, we accrue the estimated loss by a charge to income. In many actions, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even reasonably possible, or to estimate the amount of any loss. In addition, even where loss is reasonably possible or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the liability already accrued with respect to a previously recognized loss contingency, it is not always possible to reasonably estimate the size of the possible loss or range of loss.

For certain legal actions, we cannot reasonably estimate such losses, particularly for actions that are in their early stages of development or where plaintiffs seek substantial or indeterminate damages. Numerous issues may need to be resolved, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the actions in question, before a loss or additional loss or range of loss or range of additional loss can be reasonably estimated for any given action.

For certain other legal actions, we can estimate reasonably possible losses, additional losses, ranges of loss or ranges of additional loss in excess of amounts accrued, but do not believe, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that such losses will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements as a whole.

In March 2022, the staff of the United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) notified us that, in accordance with the CFPB’s discretionary Notice and Opportunity to Respond and Advise (“NORA”) process, it is considering recommending that the CFPB take legal action against the Company in connection with alleged violations of the Consumer Financial Protection Act, 12 U.S.C. §§ 5531, 5536. On May 31, 2023, the Company entered into a consent order with the CFPB to resolve this previously disclosed investigation focused on certain refunding practices for optional insurance and membership plan products that were subsequently canceled by the customer after purchase. Pursuant to the consent order, we agreed to issue $10 million in interest refunds to affected customers, pay a $10 million civil penalty and make certain other enhancements to our sales and refunding practices. In agreeing to the consent order, we did not admit to any of the CFPB’s factual findings or legal conclusions.

15. Retirement Benefit Plans

The Company sponsors various retirement benefit plans to eligible employees of the Company.

DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS

OneMain 401(k) Plan

The OneMain 401(k) Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) provided for a 100% Company matching on the first 4% of the salary reduction contributions of the U.S. employees for 2023, 2022, and 2021. The salaries and benefits expense associated with this plan was $19 million in 2023, $19 million in 2022, and $17 million in 2021.

In addition, the Company may make a discretionary profit sharing contribution to the 401(k) Plan. The Company has full discretion to determine whether to make such a contribution, and the amount of such contribution. In no event, however, will the discretionary profit sharing contribution exceed 4% of annual pay. The Company did not make any discretionary profit sharing contributions to the 401(k) Plan in 2023, 2022, or 2021.

OneMain Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan

The OneMain Holdings, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “NQDC Plan”) was approved by the committee of the Board which oversees OMH’s compensation programs (the “Compensation Committee”) in October 2021 and provides certain eligible employees with the option to defer receipt of some or all of their annual cash incentives and some of their base salaries earned on or after January 1, 2022. Employer contributions are not permitted under the NQDC Plan and employee contributions will be fully vested at all times. Distributions of participant accounts will be made following a participant’s separation of service, death, disability, unforeseeable emergency or as of a future payment date specified by the participant. The NQDC Plan assets and related obligation was immaterial as of December 31, 2023.

Investment income or loss earned by the NQDC Plan is recorded as Other revenues - other in our consolidated statements of operations. The investment income or loss also represents an increase or decrease in the future payout to the participants with an offset recorded as Salaries and benefits in our consolidated statements of operations. The net effect of investment income or loss and the related salaries and benefits expense or benefit has no impact on our net income.

DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS

Springleaf Financial Services Retirement Plan

The Springleaf Financial Services Retirement Plan (the “Springleaf Retirement Plan”) is a qualified non-contributory defined benefit plan, which is subject to the provisions of Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). Effective December 31, 2012, the Springleaf Retirement Plan was frozen with respect to both benefits accrual and new participation. U.S. salaried employees who were employed by a participating company, had attained age 21, and completed twelve months of continuous service were eligible to participate in the plan. Employees generally vested after 5 years of service. Prior to January 1, 2013, unreduced benefits were paid to retirees at normal retirement (age 65) and were based upon a percentage of final average compensation multiplied by years of credited service, up to 44 years. Our current and former employees will not lose any vested benefits in the Springleaf Retirement Plan that accrued prior to January 1, 2013.

CommoLoCo Retirement Plan

The CommoLoCo Retirement Plan is a qualified non-contributory defined benefit plan, which is subject to the provisions of ERISA and the Puerto Rico tax code. Effective December 31, 2012, the CommoLoCo Retirement Plan was frozen. Puerto Rican residents employed by CommoLoCo, Inc., our Puerto Rican subsidiary, who had attained age 21 and completedone year of service, were eligible to participate in the plan. Our former employees in Puerto Rico will not lose any vested benefits in the CommoLoCo Retirement Plan that accrued prior to January 1, 2013.

Unfunded Defined Benefit Plans

We sponsor unfunded defined benefit plans for certain employees, including key executives, designed to supplement pension benefits provided by our other retirement plans. These include: (i) the Springleaf Financial Services Excess Retirement Income Plan (the “Excess Retirement Income Plan”), which provides a benefit equal to the reduction in benefits payable to certain employees under our qualified retirement plan as a result of federal tax limitations on compensation and benefits payable; and (ii) the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”), which provides additional retirement benefits to designated executives. Benefits under the Excess Retirement Income Plan were frozen as of December 31, 2012, and benefits under the SERP were frozen at the end of August 2004.

OBLIGATIONS AND FUNDED STATUS

The following table presents the funded status of the defined benefit pension plans. The funded status of the plans is measured as the difference between the plan assets at fair value and the projected benefit obligation.

(a) For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the actuarial gains or losses were primarily due to year-over-year fluctuations in discount rates used to calculate the present value of benefit obligations for the defined benefit plans. Adoption of updated mortality assumptions had additional impacts on calculation of gains or losses.

(b) Includesone overfunded benefit plan with net plan assets recognized in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets of $17 million, $14 million, and $22 million at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, andthree underfunded benefit plans with net projected benefit obligations recognized in Other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets of $11 million, $11 million, and $13 million at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit cost recognized in income and other amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss with respect to the defined benefit pension plans:

Assumptions

The following table summarizes the weighted average assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit costs:

Discount Rate Methodology

The projected benefit cash flows were discounted using the spot rates derived from the unadjusted FTSE Pension Discount Curve at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and an equivalent weighted average discount rate was derived that resulted in the same liability.

Investment Strategy

The investment strategy with respect to assets relating to our pension plans is designed to achieve investment returns that will (i) provide for the benefit obligations of the plans over the long term; (ii) limit the risk of short-term funding shortfalls; and (iii) maintain liquidity sufficient to address cash needs. Accordingly, the asset allocation strategy is designed to maximize the investment rate of return while managing various risk factors, including but not limited to, volatility relative to the benefit obligations, diversification and concentration, and the risk and rewards profile indigenous to each asset class.

Allocation of Plan Assets

The long-term strategic asset allocation is reviewed and revised annually. The plans’ assets are monitored by our Retirement Plans Committee and the investment managers, which can entail allocating the plans’ assets among approved asset classes within pre-approved ranges permitted by the strategic allocation.

At December 31, 2023, the actual asset allocation for the primary asset classes was 95% in fixed income securities and 5% in equity securities. The 2024 target asset allocation for the primary asset classes is 96% in fixed income securities and 4% in equity securities. The actual allocation may differ from the target allocation at any particular point in time.

The expected long-term rate of return for the plans was 5.5% for the Springleaf Retirement Plan and 6.75% for the CommoLoCo Retirement Plan for 2023. The expected rate of return is an aggregation of expected returns within each asset class category. The expected asset return and any contributions made by the Company together are expected to maintain the plans’ ability to meet all required benefit obligations. The expected asset return with respect to each asset class was developed based on a building block approach that considers historical returns, current market conditions, asset volatility and the expectations for future market returns. While the assessment of the expected rate of return is long-term, and thus, not expected to change annually, significant changes in investment strategy or economic conditions may warrant such a change.

Expected Cash Flows

Funding for the U.S. pension plan ranges from the minimum amount required by ERISA to the maximum amount that would be deductible for U.S. tax purposes. This range is generally not determined until the fourth quarter. Contributed amounts in excess of the minimum amounts are deemed voluntary. Amounts in excess of the maximum amount would be subject to an excise tax and may not be deductible under the Internal Revenue Code. Supplemental and excess plans’ payments and postretirement plan payments are deductible when paid.

The expected future benefit payments, net of participants’ contributions, of our defined benefit pension plans at December 31, 2023 are as follows:

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS — PLAN ASSETS

The inputs and methodology used in determining the fair value of the plan assets are consistent with those used to measure our assets. See Note 2 for a discussion of the accounting policies related to fair value measurements, which includes the valuation process and the inputs used to develop our fair value measurements.

The following table presents information about our plan assets measured at fair value and indicates the fair value hierarchy based on the levels of inputs we utilized to determine such fair value:

(a) Includes mutual funds that track common market indexes such as the S&P 500, as well as other indexes comprised of investments in small and large cap companies.

(b) Includes mutual funds that track common market indexes comprised of investments in companies in emerging and developed markets.

(c) Includes mutual funds and collective investment trusts invested in U.S. and non-U.S. government issued bonds, U.S. government agency or sponsored agency bonds, and investment grade corporate bonds.

(d) Includes mutual funds and collective investment trusts invested in securities or debt obligations that have a rating below investment grade.

(e) We have elected the practical expedient to exclude certain investments that were measured at net asset value ("NAV") per share (or equivalent) from the fair value hierarchy.

The inputs or methodologies used for valuing securities are not necessarily an indication of the risk associated with investing in these securities. Based on our investment strategy, we have no significant concentrations of risks.

16. Share-Based Compensation

ONEMAIN HOLDINGS, INC. AMENDED 2013 OMNIBUS INCENTIVE PLAN

In 2013, OMH adopted the OneMain Holdings, Inc. Amended 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Omnibus Plan”). As of December 31, 2023,11,422,479 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the Omnibus Plan. The amount of shares reserved is adjusted annually at the beginning of the year by a number of shares equal to the excess of 10% of the number of outstanding shares on the last day of the previous fiscal year over the number of shares reserved and available for issuance as of the last day of the previous fiscal year. The Omnibus Plan allows for issuance of stock options, RSUs, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, and other stock-based awards and cash awards.

Total share-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, for all equity-based awards totaled $34 million, $29 million, and $22 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The total income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation was $9 million, $7 million, and $6 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was total unrecognized compensation expense of $38 million related to unvested stock-based awards that are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximatelytwo years.

Service-based Awards

OMH has granted service-based RSUs to certain non-employee directors, executives, and employees. The RSUs are granted with varying service terms ofone year tofive years and do not provide the holders with any rights as shareholders, except with respect to dividend equivalents. The grant date fair value for RSUs is generally the closing market price of OMH’s common stock on the date of the award.

Expense for service-based awards is amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the number of awards that are ultimately expected to vest. The weighted-average grant date fair value of service-based awards issued in 2023, 2022, and 2021, was $42.09, $50.43, and $55.39, respectively. The total fair value of service-based awards that vested during 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $21 million, $18 million, and $12 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes the service-based stock activity and related information for the Omnibus Plan for 2023:

Performance-based Awards

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, OMH awarded certain executives performance-based awards that may be earned based on the financial performance of OMH or the market performance of OMH’s common stock. These awards are subject to the achievement of performance goals during either a cumulative three-year period or up to aseven-year period. The awards are considered earned after the attainment of the performance goal, which can occur during or after the performance period when results have been evaluated and approved by the Compensation Committee, and vest according to their certain terms and conditions.

The fair value for performance-based awards is typically based on the closing market price of OMH's stock on the date of the award. For performance-based awards with market conditions, the fair value is measured on the grant date using an option-pricing model.

Expense for performance-based awards is typically recognized over the requisite service period when it is probable that the performance goals will be achieved and is based on the total number of units expected to vest. Expense for awards with graded vesting is recognized under the accelerated method, whereby each vesting is treated as a separate award with expense for each vesting recognized ratably over the requisite service period. If minimum targets are not achieved by the end of the respective performance periods, all unvested shares related to those targets will be forfeited and canceled, and all expense recognized to that date is reversed. Expense for performance-based awards with market conditions is recognized over the requisite service period, which represents the period over which the market condition is expected to be satisfied.

The weighted average grant date fair value of performance-based awards issued in 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $44.69, $50.34, and $40.62, respectively. The total fair value of performance-based awards that vested was immaterial during 2023, 2022, and 2021.

The following table summarizes the performance-based stock activity and related information for the Omnibus Plan for 2023:

OTHER STOCK-BASED PLANS

Cash-settled Stock-based Awards

OMH has granted cash-settled stock-based awards to certain executives. These awards are granted with vesting conditions relating to the trading price of OMH's common stock and the portion of OMH's common stock owned by stockholders other than the Apollo-Värde Group, and certain other terms and conditions. The awards provide for the right to accrue cash dividend equivalents. The grant date fair value of the cash-settled stock-based awards was zero because the satisfaction of the required event-based performance conditions was not considered probable as of the grant dates.

No vesting conditions were satisfied during 2023 or 2022 related to these awards. During 2021, the vesting conditions related to a portion of the cash-settled stock-based awards were satisfied and we recognized $54 million in salaries and benefits expense. For the remaining unvested awards, the fair value was estimated using an option-pricing model on the date the required event-based performance condition was satisfied. The unvested cash-settled stock-based awards are liability-classified and expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is the period of time the remaining vesting conditions are expected to be satisfied. Additional salaries and benefits expense related to unvested cash-settled stock-based awards was immaterial during 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The OneMain Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESP Plan”) provides certain eligible employees the opportunity to purchase shares of common stock at a discount. The ESP Plan qualifies as an employee stock purchase plan under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and as such is not subject to the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. The Board and stockholders of OMH approved and authorized 1,000,000 shares for issuance under the ESP Plan and became effective January 1, 2022. The Company issued 81,389 shares and 80,470 shares of treasury stock associated with the ESP Plan in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company’s expense associated with the ESP Plan is recorded in Salaries and benefits on our consolidated statements of operations and was immaterial during 2023 and 2022.

17. Segment Information

At December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, Consumer and Insurance (“C&I”) was our only reportable segment. The remaining components (which we refer to as “Other”) consist of our liquidating SpringCastle Portfolio servicing activity and our non-originating legacy operations, which primarily include our liquidating real estate loans.

The accounting policies of the C&I segment are the same as those disclosed in Note 2, except as described below.

We report the operating results of C&I and Other using the Segment Accounting Basis, which (i) reflects our allocation methodologies for interest expense and operating costs, and (ii) excludes the impact of applying purchase accounting.

We allocate revenues and expenses on a Segment Accounting Basis to the C&I segment and Other using the following methodologies:

The "Segment to GAAP Adjustment” column in the following tables primarily consists of:

•Interest income - reverses the impact of premiums/discounts on certain purchased finance receivables and the interest income recognition under guidance in ASC 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, and ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality, prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, and reestablishes interest income recognition on a historical cost basis;

•Interest expense - reverses the impact of premiums/discounts on acquired long-term debt and reestablishes interest expense recognition on a historical cost basis;

•Provision for finance receivable losses - reverses the impact of providing an allowance for finance receivable losses upon acquisition and reestablishes the allowance on a historical cost basis leveraging historical TDR finance receivables;

•Other revenues - reestablishes the historical cost basis of mark-to-market adjustments on finance receivables held for sale and on realized gains/losses associated with our investment portfolio;

•Other expenses - reestablishes expenses on a historical cost basis by reversing the impact of amortization from acquired intangible assets, including amortization of other historical deferred costs and the amortization of purchased software assets on a historical cost basis; and

•Assets - revalues assets based on their fair values at the effective date of the acquisition. Assets were adjusted to present the impacts of deferred taxes associated with the acquisition on a net basis at December 31, 2023.

The following tables present information about C&I and Other, as well as reconciliations to the consolidated financial statement amounts.

18. Fair Value Measurements

The fair value of a financial instrument is the expected amount that would be received if an asset were to be sold or the expected amount that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The degree of judgment used in measuring the fair value of financial instruments generally correlates with the level of pricing observability. Financial instruments with quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and less judgment is used in measuring fair value. Conversely, financial instruments traded in other-than-active markets or that do not have quoted prices have less observability and are measured at fair value using valuation models or other pricing techniques that require more judgment. An other-than-active market is one in which there are few transactions, the prices are not current, price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers, or little information is released publicly for the asset or liability being valued. Pricing observability is affected by a number of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is listed on an exchange, traded over-the-counter, or is new to the market and not yet established, the characteristics specific to the transaction, and general market conditions. See Note 2 for a discussion of the accounting policies related to fair value measurements, which includes the valuation process and the inputs used to develop our fair value measurements.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy of the estimated fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

*Other assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 primarily consists of finance receivables held for sale.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS — RECURRING BASIS

The following tables present information about our assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the fair value hierarchy based on the levels of inputs we utilized to determine such fair value:

Due to the insignificant activity within the Level 3 assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we have omitted the additional disclosures relating to the changes in Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the quantitative information about Level 3 unobservable inputs.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS — NON-RECURRING BASIS

We measure the fair value of certain assets on a non-recurring basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Net impairment charges recorded on assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS — VALUATION METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS

We use the following methods and assumptions to estimate fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents in mutual funds include positions in money market funds with weighted average maturity within three months. Money market funds are reported at their current carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments and are categorized as Level 1 within the fair value table.

Cash equivalents in securities includes highly liquid investments with a maturity within three months of purchase. The carrying amount of these cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the short time between the purchase and expected maturity of these securities. Cash equivalents in securities are categorized as Level 2 within the fair value table.

Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents

The carrying amount of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents approximates fair value.

Investment Securities

We utilize third-party valuation service providers to measure the fair value of our investment securities, which are classified as available-for-sale or other securities and consist primarily of bonds. Whenever available, we obtain quoted prices in active markets for identical assets at the balance sheet date to measure investment securities at fair value. We generally obtain market price data from exchange or dealer markets.

We estimate the fair value of fixed maturity investment securities not traded in active markets by referring to traded securities with similar attributes, using dealer quotations and a matrix pricing methodology, or discounted cash flow analyses. This methodology considers such factors as the issuer’s industry, the security’s rating and tenor, its coupon rate, its position in the capital structure of the issuer, yield curves, credit curves, composite ratings, bid-ask spreads, prepayment rates and other relevant factors. For fixed maturity investment securities that are not traded in active markets or that are subject to transfer restrictions, we adjust the valuations to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability. Such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used.

The fair value of certain investment securities is based on the amortized cost, which is assumed to approximate fair value.

Finance Receivables

The fair value of net finance receivables, less allowance for finance receivable losses, is primarily determined using discounted cash flow methodologies. The application of these methodologies requires us to make certain judgments and estimates based on our perception of market participant views related to the economic and competitive environment, the characteristics of our finance receivables, and other similar factors. The most significant judgments and estimates relate to prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severity, and discount rates. The degree of judgment and estimation applied is significant in light of the current capital markets and, more broadly, economic environments. Therefore, the fair value of our finance receivables could not be determined with precision and may not be realized in an actual sale. Additionally, there may be inherent limitations in the valuation methodologies we employed, and changes in the underlying assumptions used could significantly affect the results of current or future values.

Long-term Debt

We either receive fair value measurements of our long-term debt from market participants and pricing services or we estimate the fair values of long-term debt using projected cash flows discounted at each balance sheet date’s market-observable implicit-credit spread rates for our long-term debt.

We estimate the fair values associated with variable rate secured term funding and revolving lines of credit to be equal to par.