Franklin BSP Realty Trust Inc

Note 1 - Organization and Business Operations

Franklin BSP Realty Trust, Inc., (the "Company") is a real estate finance company that primarily originates, acquires and manages a diversified portfolio of commercial real estate debt investments secured by properties located within and outside the United States. The Company is a Maryland corporation and has made tax elections to be treated as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes since 2013.

The Company believes that it has qualified as a REIT and intends to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. Substantially all of the Company's business is conducted through Benefit Street Partners Realty Operating Partnership, L.P. (the “OP”), a Delaware limited partnership. The Company is the sole general partner and directly or indirectly holds all of the units of limited partner interests in the OP. In addition, the Company, through one or more subsidiaries which are treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary (a “TRS”), is indirectly subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes.

The Company hasno employees. Benefit Street Partners L.L.C. serves as the Company's advisor (the "Advisor") pursuant to an advisory agreement, as amended on August 18, 2021 (the "Advisory Agreement"). The Advisor, an investment adviser registered with the SEC, is a credit-focused alternative asset management firm.

Established in 2008, the Advisor's credit platform manages funds for institutions and high-net-worth investors across various credit funds and complementary strategies including high yield, levered loans, private/opportunistic debt, liquid credit, structured credit and commercial real estate debt. These strategies complement each other as they all leverage the sourcing, analytical, compliance, and operational capabilities that encompass the platform. The Advisor manages the Company's affairs on a day-to-day basis. The Advisor receives compensation fees and reimbursements for services related to the investment and management of the Company's assets and the operations of the Company. The advisor is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc., which together with its various subsidiaries operates as "Franklin Templeton.”

The Company primarily focuses on originating, acquiring and asset managing commercial real estate debt investments, including first mortgage loans, subordinated mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and participations in such loans. Secondarily, the Company's real estate securities business focuses on investing in and asset managing real estate securities. Historically this business has focused primarily on commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"), commercial real estate collateralized loan obligation bonds and single asset single borrower bonds (collectively "CMBS bonds"), collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs") and other securities. The Company also originates conduit loans which the Company intends to sell through its TRS into CMBS securitization transactions. The Company also owns real estate that was either acquired by the Company through foreclosure, deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or that was purchased for investment.

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Accounting

The Company's consolidated financial statements and related footnotes have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10-K and Regulation S-X, as appropriate.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year balances have been reclassified in order to conform to the current period presentation.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, $3.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively, related to rental income was reclassified from Prepaid expenses and other assets to Straight line rental income in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Use of Estimates

GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reported periods. Changes in the economic environment, financial markets and any other parameters used in determining these estimates could cause actual results to differ materially.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the OP and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In determining whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in a joint venture and the requirement to consolidate the accounts of that entity, management considers factors such as ownership interest, authority to make decisions and contractual and substantive participating rights of the other partners or members, as well as whether the entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE") for which the Company is the primary beneficiary.

The Company has determined the OP is a VIE of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Substantially all of the Company's assets and liabilities are held by the OP.

The Company consolidates all entities that it controls through either majority ownership or voting rights. In addition, the Company consolidates all VIEs of which the Company is considered the primary beneficiary. VIEs are entities in which equity investors (i) do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest and/or (ii) do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The entity that consolidates a VIE is its primary beneficiary and is generally the entity with (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits from the VIE or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Non-controlling interest represents the equity of consolidated joint ventures that are not owned by the Company.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs") issued and securitized by wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. The Company has determined the CLOs are VIEs of which the Company's subsidiary is the primary beneficiary. The assets and liabilities of the CLOs are consolidated in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation.

Acquisition Expenses

For commercial mortgage loans, held for investment the Company capitalizes certain direct costs relating to loan origination activities. The cost is amortized over the life of the loan and recognized in Interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition expenses paid on future funding amounts are expensed within the Acquisition expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consists of amounts deposited with high quality financial institutions. These deposits are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Company up to an insurance limit. Cash equivalents include short-term, liquid investments in money market funds with original maturities of 90 days or less when purchased. Cash and cash equivalent balances may, at a limited number of banks and financial institutions, exceed insurable amounts. The Company believes it mitigates risk by investing in or through major financial institutions and primarily in funds that are currently U.S. federal government insured up to applicable account limits.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of cash pledged as margin on repurchase agreements and derivative transactions. The duration of this restricted cash generally matches the duration of the related repurchase agreements or derivative transaction.

Commercial Mortgage Loans

Held for Investment -Commercial mortgage loans that are held for investment purposes and are anticipated to be held until maturity, are carried at cost, net of unamortized acquisition expenses, discounts or premiums and unfunded commitments. Commercial mortgage loans, held for investment purposes, are carried at amortized cost less an allowance for credit losses. Interest income is recorded on the accrual basis and related discounts, premiums and acquisition expenses on investments are amortized over the life of the investment using the effective interest method. Amortization or accretion is reflected as an adjustment to interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Guaranteed loan commitment fees payable by the borrower upon maturity are accreted over the life of the investment using the effective interest rate method. The accretion of guaranteed loan commitment fees is recognized in Interest income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Held for Sale -Commercial mortgage loans that are intended to be sold in the foreseeable future are reported as held for sale and are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value with changes recorded through the statements of operations. Unamortized loan origination costs for commercial mortgage loans held for sale that are carried at the lower of cost or fair value are capitalized as part of the carrying value of the loans and recognized upon the sale of such loans. Amortization of origination costs ceases upon transfer of commercial mortgage loans to held for sale.

Held for Sale, Measured at Fair Value -The fair value option provides an option to irrevocably elect fair value as an alternative measurement for selected financial assets, financial liabilities, and written loan commitments. The Company has elected to measure commercial mortgage loans held for sale in the Company's TRS under the fair value option. These commercial mortgage loans are included in the Commercial mortgage loans, held for sale, measured at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income received on commercial mortgage loans, held for sale, measured at fair value is recorded on the accrual basis of accounting and is included in Interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Costs to originate these investments are expensed when incurred.

Real estate owned

The Company classifies its real estate owned as long-lived assets held for investment or as long-lived assets held for sale. Held for investment assets are stated at cost, as adjusted for any impairment loss, less accumulated depreciation. Held for sale assets are stated at fair value, less costs to sell.

The Company continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of the real estate and related intangible assets may not be recoverable. When indicators of potential impairment are present, management assesses whether the respective carrying values will be recovered from the undiscounted future operating cash flows expected from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition for assets held for use, or from the estimated fair values, less costs to sell, for assets held for sale. In the event that the expected undiscounted future cash flows for assets held for use or the estimated fair value, less costs to sell, for assets held for sale do not exceed the respective asset carrying value, management adjusts such assets to the respective estimated fair values and recognizes an impairment loss. Estimated fair values are calculated based on the following information, depending upon availability, in order of preference: (i) recent market prices from third-party purchasers (ii) market prices for comparable properties, or (iii) the present value of undiscounted cash flows, including estimated sales value (which is based on key assumptions such as estimated market rents, lease-up periods, estimated lease terms, and capitalization and discount rates) less estimated selling costs.

Real estate owned, held for investment -Amounts capitalized to real estate owned, held for investment consist of the cost of acquisition or construction, any tenant improvements or major improvements, betterments that extend the useful life of the related asset, and transaction costs associated with the acquisition of the asset. All repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Additionally, the Company capitalizes interest while the development, or redevelopment, of a real estate owned asset is in progress. No developments or redevelopments of real estate owned assets are in progress as of December 31, 2024.

The Company’s real estate owned, held for investment assets are depreciated or amortized using the straight-line method over the following useful lives:

Real estate owned, held for sale -Real estate owned is classified as held for sale in the period in which the following six criteria under ASC Topic 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment" are met: (i) we commit to a plan and have the authority to sell the asset; (ii) the asset is available for sale in its current condition; (iii) we have initiated an active marketing plan to locate a buyer for the asset; (iv) the sale of the asset is both probable and expected to qualify for full sales recognition within a period of 12 months; (v) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reflective of its current fair value; and (vi) we do not anticipate changes to our plan to sell the asset. Held for sale assets are carried at the lower of depreciated cost or estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell.

Real estate owned assets are not depreciated or amortized while they are classified as held for sale. Interest and other expenses attributable to the liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale continue to be accrued. Upon the disposition of a real estate owned asset, the Company calculates realized gains and losses as net proceeds received less the carrying value of the real estate owned asset. Net proceeds received are net of direct selling costs associated with the disposition of the real estate owned asset.

Intangible Lease Assets and Liabilities of Acquired Properties

The estimated fair values of above-market and below-market in-place leases are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of market rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining terms of the leases, taking into consideration the probability of renewals for any below-market leases. The capitalized above-market and below-market lease values are recorded as intangible lease assets or liabilities and amortized as an adjustment to rental revenues over the remaining terms of the respective leases.

The estimated fair values of in-place leases include an estimate of the direct costs associated with obtaining the acquired or "in place" tenant and estimates of opportunity costs associated with lost rentals that are avoided by acquiring an in-place lease. The amount capitalized as direct costs associated with obtaining a tenant include commissions, tenant improvements, and other direct costs and are estimated based on management’s consideration of current market costs to execute a similar lease. These direct lease origination costs are included in deferred lease costs in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are amortized over the remaining terms of the respective leases. The value of opportunity costs is calculated using the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases over a market absorption period for a similar lease. These lease intangibles are included in intangible lease assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are amortized over the remaining terms of the respective leases.

Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses, required under ASU 2016-13, is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans that are held-to-maturity in the consolidated balance sheets.

General allowance for credit losses

The general allowance for credit losses for the Company’s financial instruments carried at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures, such as loans held for investment and unfunded loan commitments represents a lifetime estimate of expected credit losses. Factors considered by the Company when determining the general provision for credit losses reserve include loan-specific characteristics such as loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio, vintage year, loan term, property type, occupancy and geographic location, financial performance of the borrower, expected payments of principal and interest, as well as internal or external information relating to past events, current conditions and forward looking information through the use of projected macroeconomic scenarios over the reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The general allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist for multiple financial instruments. If similar risk characteristics do not exist, the Company measures the general allowance for credit losses on an individual instrument basis. The determination of whether a particular financial instrument should be included in a pool can change over time. If a financial asset’s risk characteristics change, the Company evaluates whether it is appropriate to continue to keep the financial instrument in its existing pool or evaluate it individually.

In measuring the general allowance for credit losses for financial instruments such as loans held for investment and unfunded loan commitments that share similar risk characteristics, the Company primarily applies a probability of default (“PD”)/loss given default (“LGD”) model for instruments that are collectively assessed, whereby the provision for credit losses is calculated as the product of PD, LGD and exposure at default (“EAD”). The Company’s model to determine the general allowance for credit losses principally utilizes historical loss rates derived from a commercial mortgage backed securities database with historical losses from 2002 to 2021 provided by a reputable third party, forecasting the loss parameters based on a projected macroeconomic scenario using a probability-based statistical approach over a reasonable and supportable forecast period of twelve months, followed by an immediate reversion to average historical losses.

Specific allowance for credit losses

For financial instruments where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Company’s assessment at the reporting date and the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the Company may elect to use as a practical expedient the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when determining the provision for credit losses.

For loans held for investment which the Company identifies reasonable doubt as to whether the collection of contractual components can be satisfied, a loan specific allowance for credit losses analysis is performed. Determining whether a specific allowance for credit losses for a loan is required entails significant judgment from management and is based on several factors including (i) the underlying collateral performance, (ii) discussions with the borrower, (iii) borrower events of default, and (iv) other facts that impact the borrower’s ability to pay the contractual amounts due under the terms of the loan. If a loan is determined to have a specific allowance for credit losses, the specific allowance for credit losses is recorded as a component of our Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") reserve by applying the practical expedient for collateral dependent loans. The CECL reserve is assessed on an individual basis for such loans by comparing the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less costs to sell, to the book value of the respective loan. The estimated fair value of the underlying collateral requires judgments, which include assumptions regarding capitalization rates, discount rates, leasing, creditworthiness of major tenants, occupancy rates, availability and cost of financing, exit plans, loan sponsorship, actions of other lenders, and other factors deemed relevant by the Company. Actual losses, if any, could ultimately differ materially from these estimates. The Company only expects to write-off specific provisions if and when such amounts are deemed non-recoverable. Non-recoverability is generally determined at the time a loan is settled, or in the case of foreclosure, when the underlying asset is sold. Non-recoverability may also be concluded if, in the Company's determination, it is deemed certain that all amounts due will not be collected. If a loan is determined to be impaired based on the above considerations, management records a write-off through a charge to the allowance for credit losses and the respective loan balance.

Risk Rating

In developing the provision for credit losses for its loans held for investment, the Company performs a comprehensive analysis of its loan portfolio and assigns risk ratings to loans that incorporate management's current judgments about their credit quality based on all known and relevant internal and external factors that may affect collectability, using similar factors as those in developing the provision for credit losses. This methodology results in loans being segmented by risk classification into risk rating categories that are associated with estimated probabilities of default and principal loss. Risk rating categories range from "1" to "5" with "1" representing the lowest risk of loss and "5" representing the highest risk of loss with the ratings updated quarterly. At the time of origination or purchase, loans held for investment are ranked as a “2” and will move accordingly going forward based on the ratings which are defined as follows:

1. Very Low Risk- Investment exceeding fundamental performance expectations and/or capital gain expected. Trends and risk factors since time of investment are favorable.

2. Low Risk- Performing consistent with expectations and a full return of principal and interest expected. Trends and risk factors are neutral to favorable.

3. Average Risk- Performing investments requiring closer monitoring. Trends and risk factors show some deterioration.

4. High Risk/Delinquent/Defaulted/Potential for Loss- Underperforming investment with the potential of some interest loss but still expecting a positive return on investment. Trends and risk factors are negative.

5. Impaired/Loss Likely- Underperforming investment with expected loss of interest and some principal.

The Company also considers qualitative and environmental factors, including, but not limited to, economic and business conditions, nature and volume of the loan portfolio, lending terms, volume and severity of past due loans, concentration of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations in its determination of the provision for credit losses.

Changes in the provision for credit losses for the Company’s financial instruments are recorded in(Provision)/benefit for credit losses in the consolidated statements of operations with a corresponding offset to the financial instrument’s amortized cost recorded in the consolidated balance sheets, or as a component of Accounts payable and accrued expenses for unfunded loan commitments.

The Company has elected to not measure a provision for credit losses for accrued interest receivable as balances are written off in a timely manner when loans, real estate securities or preferred equity investments are designated as non-performing and placed on non-accrual or cost recovery status within 90 days of becoming past due.

Non-performing status

The Company designates loans as non-performing when (i) full payment of principal and coupon interest components become 90-days past due ("non-accrual status") or (ii) the Company has reasonable doubt as to whether the collection of contractual components can be satisfied ("cost recovery status"). When a loan is designated as non-performing and placed on non-accrual status, interest is only recognized as income when payment has been received. Loans designated as non-performing and placed on non-accrual status are removed from their non-performing designation when collection of principal and coupon interest components have been satisfied. When a loan is designated as non-performing and placed on cost recovery status, the cost-recovery method is applied to which receipt of principal or coupon interest is recorded as a reduction to the amortized cost until collection of all contractual components are reasonably assured.

Real Estate Securities

Available For Sale

The Company’s real estate securities are classified as available for sale ("AFS") and carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of available for sale real estate securities are recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Related discounts, premiums and acquisition expenses on investments are amortized or accreted over the life of the investment using the effective interest method. Amortization and accretion are reflected as an adjustment to interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company uses the specific identification method in determining the cost relief for real estate securities sold. Realized gains and losses from the sale of available for sale securities are included in the consolidated statements of operations.

AFS real estate securities which have experienced a decline in the fair value below their amortized cost basis (i.e., impairment) are evaluated each reporting period to determine whether the decline in fair value is due to credit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, while credit-related impairment is recognized as an allowance in the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding adjustment in the consolidated statements of operations. If the Company intends to sell an impaired real estate security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis.

The Company analyzes the AFS real estate securities portfolio on a periodic basis for credit losses at the individual security level using the same criteria described above for those amortized cost financial assets subject to a provision for credit losses including, but not limited to: performance of the underlying assets in the security, borrower financial resources and investment in collateral, collateral type, credit ratings, project economics and geographic location as well as national and regional economic factors.

The non-credit loss component of the unrealized loss within the Company’s AFS portfolio is recognized as an adjustment to the individual security’s asset balance with an offsetting entry to Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in the consolidated balance sheets.

Equity Method Investments

The Company's investments are accounted for under the equity method when (i) requirements for consolidation are not met, and (ii) we have significant influence over the operations of the investee. Under this method, the investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for the Company's share of net income or loss and cash contributions or distributions made during the reporting period.

Net income or loss is allocated based on the ownership interest that is controlled by the Company. The agreements may designate different percentage allocations among investors for profits and losses; however, our recognition generally follows the entity’s distribution priorities, which may change upon the achievement of certain investment return thresholds.

Repurchase Agreements

Commercial mortgage loans and real estate securities sold under repurchase agreements have been treated as collateralized financing transactions because the Company maintains effective control over the transferred securities. Commercial mortgage loans and real estate securities financed through repurchase agreements remain in the consolidated balance sheets as an asset and cash received from the purchaser is recorded as a liability. Interest paid in accordance with repurchase agreements is recorded in Interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Deferred Financing Costs

The deferred financing costs related to the Company's various Master Repurchase Agreements as well as certain prepaid subscription costs are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred financing cost on the Company's CLO are netted against the Company's CLO payable in Collateralized loan obligations in the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred financing costs are amortized over the terms of the respective financing agreement using the effective interest rate method and included in Interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Unamortized deferred financing costs are generally realized in Realized gain/(loss) on extinguishment of debtin the consolidated statements of operations when the associated debt is refinanced or repaid before maturity.

Offering and Related Costs

The Company has from time to time offered, shares of the Company’s common stock or one or more series of its preferred stock, in private placements exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. In connection with these offerings, the Company incurred various offering costs. These offering costs include but are not limited to legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees, and diligence expenses of broker-dealers. Offering costs for the common stock are recorded in the Company’s stockholders’ equity. Offering costs for the preferred stock were expensed in the consolidated statement of operations.

Equity Incentive Plan

The Company maintains the Franklin BSP Realty Trust, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Incentive Plan”), pursuant to which the Company has granted and may grant in the future, from time to time, equity awards to the Company’s directors, officers and employees (if it ever has employees), employees of the Advisor and its affiliates, or certain of the Company’s consultants, advisors or other service providers to the Company or an affiliate of the Company. The 2021 Incentive Plan, which is administered by the Compensation Committee of the board of directors, provides for the grant of awards of share options, share appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted share units, deferred share units, unrestricted shares, dividend equivalent rights, performance shares and other performance-based awards, other equity-based awards, long-term incentive plan units and cash bonus awards.

Since 2022, the Company has been issuing annual awards of restricted stock units ("RSUs") under the 2021 Incentive Plan to its officers, and certain other personnel of the Advisor who provide services to the Company. These awards are service-based and vest in equal annual installments beginning on the anniversary of the date of grant over a period ofthree years for RSUs. One share of the Company’s common stock is issued for each RSU that vests. In addition, the Company issues annual awards of restricted stock under the 2021 Incentive Plan to its directors, which vest in full on the earlier of the first anniversary of the grant date and the date immediately prior to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders in the subsequent year, subject to continuing service. The RSUs grant non-forfeitable dividend equivalent rights equal to the cash dividend paid in the ordinary course on a common share to the Company's common shareholders, while holders of restricted stock receive cash dividends in the ordinary course in the same manner as other common shares. Upon termination for any reason, all unvested RSUs and restricted stock will be forfeited by the grantee, who will be given no further rights to such awards. The fair value of the RSUs and restricted stock are expensed over the vesting period and included in Share-based compensation in the consolidated statements of operations.

Distribution Reinvestment Plan

The Company maintains a dividend reinvestment plan ("DRIP") pursuant to which stockholders may reinvest dividends into shares of the Company's common stock. Shares of common stock purchased through the DRIP for dividend reinvestments are supplied either directly by the Company as newly issued shares or via purchases by the DRIP administrator of shares of common stock on the open market, at the Company’s option. If the shares are purchased in the open market, the purchase price is the average price per share of shares purchased; if the shares are purchased directly from the Company, the purchase price is generally the average of the daily high and low sales prices for a share of common stock reported by the NYSE on the dividend payment date authorized by the Company’s board of directors. The Company may suspend, modify or terminate the DRIP at any time in its sole discretion.

Income Taxes

The Company has conducted its operations to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 2013. As a REIT, if the Company meets certain organizational and operational requirements and distributes at least 90% of its "REIT taxable income" (determined before the deduction of dividends paid and excluding net capital gains) to its stockholders in a year, it will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of the income that it distributes. However, even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it may be subject to certain state and local taxes on income in addition to U.S. federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed income. The Company, through its TRSs, is indirectly subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. The Company’s TRSs are not consolidated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but are instead taxed as C corporations. For financial reporting purposes, the TRSs are consolidated and a provision for current and deferred taxes is established for the portion of earnings recognized by the Company with respect to its interest in its TRS. Total income tax (provision)/benefit for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $(1.1) million, $2.8 million, and $0.4 million, respectively.

The Company uses a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition and derecognition of tax positions taken or to be taken in a tax return. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open tax years beginning with December 31, 2017 and concluded that there were no uncertainties to be recognized. The Company’s accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties related to tax uncertainties is to classify these amounts as provision for income taxes.

The Company utilizes the TRSs to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax and to avoid penalty for the holding of assets not qualifying as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests. Any income associated with a TRS is fully taxable because the TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes as a domestic C corporation based upon its net income.

Derivatives and Hedging Activities

In the normal course of business, the Company is exposed to the effect of interest rate changes and may undertake a strategy to limit these risks through the use of derivatives. The Company uses derivatives primarily to economically hedge against interest rates, CMBS spreads and macro market risk in order to minimize volatility. The Company may use a variety of derivative instruments that are considered conventional, including but not limited to: Treasury note futures and credit derivatives on various indices including CMBX and CDX.

The Company recognizes all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The Company does not designate derivatives as hedges to qualify for hedge accounting for financial reporting purposes and therefore any net payments under, or fluctuations in the fair value of these derivatives have been recognized currently in Unrealized (gain)/loss on derivative instruments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company records derivative asset and liability positions on a gross basis with any collateral posted with or received from counterparties recorded separately within Restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheets. Certain derivatives that the Company has entered into are subject to master netting agreements with its counterparties, allowing for netting of the same transaction, in the same currency, on the same date.

Per Share Data

The Company’s Series H convertible preferred stock (the"Series H Preferred Stock")and Series I convertible preferred stock (the"Series I Preferred Stock") (when it was outstanding) are each considered a participating security and the Company calculates basic earnings per share using the two-class method. The Company’s dilutive earnings per share calculation is computed using the more dilutive result of the treasury stock method, assuming the participating security is a potential common share, or the two-class method, assuming the participating security is not converted. The Company calculates basic earnings per share by dividing net income applicable to common stock for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur from shares outstanding if potential shares of common stock with a dilutive effect have been issued in connection with the 2021 Incentive Plan or upon conversion of the outstanding shares of the Company’s Series H Preferred Stock and Series I Preferred Stock(when it was outstanding), except when doing so would be anti-dilutive.

Reportable Segments

The Company has determined that it hasfour reportable segments based on how the chief operating decision maker reviews and manages the business. Thefour reporting segments are as follows:

•The real estate debt business focuses on originating, acquiring and asset managing commercial real estate debt investments, including first mortgages, subordinate mortgages, mezzanine loans and participations in such loans.

•The real estate securities business focuses on investing in and asset managing real estate securities. Historically this business has focused primarily on CMBS, CMBS bonds, CDO notes, and other securities.

•The commercial real estate conduit business operated through the Company's TRS, which is focused on generating risk-adjusted returns by originating and subsequently selling fixed-rate commercial real estate loans into the CMBS securitization market at a profit. The TRS may also hold certain mezzanine loans that don't qualify as good REIT assets due to any potential loss from foreclosure.

See Note 16 - Segment Reporting for further information regarding the Company's segments.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company’s outstanding classes of redeemable convertible preferred stock are classified outside of permanent equity in the consolidated balance sheets.

Series H Preferred Stock

The Series H Preferred Stock ranks senior to our common stock and on parity with the Company’s 7.50% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock ("Series E Preferred Stock") with respect to priority in dividends and in the distribution of assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company. The liquidation preference of each share of Series H Preferred Stock is the greater of (i) $5,000 plus accrued and unpaid dividends, and (ii) the amount that would be received upon a conversion of the Series H Preferred Stock of the common stock.

Dividends on the Series H Preferred Stock, which are typically declared and paid quarterly, accrue at a rate equal to the greater of (i) an annual amount equal to 4.0% of the liquidation preference per share and (ii) the dividends that would have been paid had such share of Series H Preferred Stock been converted into a share of common stock on the first day of such quarter, subject to proration in the event the share of Series H preferred stock is not outstanding for the full quarter. Dividends are paid in arrears. Dividends will accumulate and be cumulative from the most recent date to which dividends had been paid.

On January 16, 2025, the Articles Supplementary relating to the Series H Preferred Stock was amended such that the mandatory conversion date was extended by one year, to January 21, 2026. Unless earlier converted, the Series H Preferred Stock will automatically convert into common stock at a rate of 299.2 shares of common stock per share of Series H Preferred Stock (subject to adjustments as described in the Articles Supplementary for the Series H Preferred Stock) on January 21, 2026. The holder of the Series H Preferred Stock has the right to convert up to 4,487 shares of Series H Preferred Stock one time in each calendar month through December 2025, upon 10 business days’ advance notice to the Company.

Holders of the Series H Preferred Stock (voting as a single class with holders of common stock) are entitled to vote on each matter submitted to a vote of the stockholders of the Company upon which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote. The number of votes applicable to a share of outstanding Series H Preferred Stock will be equal to the number of shares of common stock a share of Series H Preferred Stock could have been converted into as of the record date set for purposes of such stockholder vote (rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares of common stock). In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series H Preferred Stock, voting as a single class with other shares of parity preferred stock, is required to approve the issuance of any equity securities senior to the Series H Preferred Stock and to take certain actions materially adverse to the holders of the Series H Preferred Stock.

Series I Preferred Stock

On January 19, 2023, all of the 1,000 outstanding shares of the Series I Preferred Stock converted by their terms into 299.2 shares of common stock per share of Series I Preferred Stock.

Perpetual Preferred Stock—Series E Preferred Stock

The Series E Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption. The Series E Preferred Stock ranks, with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon its liquidation, dissolution or winding up, senior to the common stock and on a parity with the Series H Preferred Stock. The liquidation preference is $25.00 per share, plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid dividends.

Holders of shares of the Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when, as and if authorized by our board of directors and declared by the Company, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends, cumulative cash dividends at the rate of 7.50% of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference per annum (equivalent to $1.875 per annum per share). Dividends on the Series E Preferred Stock are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.

Dividends on the Series E Preferred Stock will accumulate whether or not the Company has earnings, whether or not there are funds legally available for the payment of those dividends and whether or not those dividends are declared.

The Company may, at its option, upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ written notice, redeem the Series E Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon to, but not including, the date fixed for redemption. Upon a change of control of the Company, in the event the Company does not redeem the Series E Preferred Stock, a holder of Series E Preferred Stock will have the right to convert to common stock upon the terms set forth in the applicable Articles Supplementary.

The Series E Preferred Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FBRT PRE.”

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” or ASU 2023-07. ASU 2023-07 enhances the disclosures required for reportable segments on an annual and interim basis. The amendments require expanded disclosures around significant segment expenses and identification of the Company's chief operating decision maker. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company adopted and implemented the amendments and related disclosure requirements. Refer to Note 16 - Segment Reporting for details.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” or ASU 2023-09. ASU 2023-09 requires additional disaggregated disclosures on the entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation and additional details on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU, 2024-01 “Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards,” or ASU 2024-01. ASU 2024-01 improves clarity and operability without changing the guidance. ASU 2024-01 is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2024-01 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02 “Codification Improvements — Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements,” or ASU 2024-02. ASU 2024-02 amended certain definitions in the FASB guidance. ASU 2024-02 is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2024-02 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 - Commercial Mortgage Loans

The following table presents a summary of the Company's commercial mortgage loans, held for investment, carrying values by class (dollars in thousands):

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the activity in the Company's commercial mortgage loans, held for investment carrying values, was as follows (dollars in thousands):

(1)Other items primarily consist of purchase discounts or premiums and deferred origination expenses.

(2)In February 2024, the Company, through deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, acquired a multifamily property located in San Antonio, TX, and assumed the senior mortgage note which the Company originated in November 2021. At the time of the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, the amortized cost of the loan was $42.2 million and contractual interest was satisfied. Subsequently thereafter, the property was sold to a third party. In connection with the sale, the senior mortgage note was assumed by the buyer and immediately modified, resulting in a $5.9 million principal paydown. As a result, the modification was accounted for as a new loan for GAAP purposes and the sale of the real estate owned transaction resulted in a net gain of $6.0 thousand recorded in Gain/(loss) on other real estate investments in the consolidated statement of operations.

(3)For additional details on properties obtained through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure see Note 5 - Real Estate Owned.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's total commercial mortgage loan, held for investment, portfolio was comprised of 155 and 144 loans, respectively.

Loan Portfolio by Collateral Type and Geographic Region

The following tables presents the composition by loan collateral type and region of the Company's commercial mortgage loans, held for investment, portfolio (dollars in thousands):

(1)Represents loans secured by a portfolio of properties located in various regions of the United States.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents the changes in the Company's allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Specific Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company elected to apply a practical expedient for collateral dependent assets in which the allowance for credit losses is calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated cost to sell, and the amortized cost basis of the loan. As such, these loans receivable are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using significant unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 3 assets in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined using the market approach, the income approach, or a combination thereof. The significant unobservable input used for the income approach is the exit capitalization rate assumptions, which ranged from 5.00% to 9.50%. The significant unobservable input used for the market approach is the estimated fair value less cost to sell based on a negotiated price from an anticipated buyer.

In June 2022, the Company originated a first mortgage loan with a commitment of $60.8 million secured bytwo multifamily properties in North Carolina. The loan was identified by management as non-performing and placed on non-accrual status, with an amortized cost of $58.0 million as of March 31, 2024. The Company recorded a specific allowance for credit losses of $0.7 million on this loan for the quarter ended March 31, 2024. In May 2024, the Company, through deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, acquired the properties which are recorded in Real estate owned, held for sale in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 5 - Real Estate Owned for additional details.

In March 2021, the Company originated a first mortgage loan with a commitment of $48.5 million secured by an office property in Colorado. The loan was identified by management as non-performing and placed on cost recovery status, with an amortized cost of $43.7 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company recorded a specific allowance for credit losses of $26.7 million on this loan for the year ended December 31, 2024.

In December 2019, the Company originated a first mortgage loan with a commitment of $33.0 million secured by an office property in Georgia. The loan was identified by management as non-performing and placed on cost recovery status, with an amortized cost of $22.8 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company recorded a specific allowance for credit losses of $1.3 million on this loan for the year ended December 31, 2024.

In July 2019, the Company originated a first mortgage loan with a commitment of $20.9 million secured by a hospitality property in Texas. During the third quarter of 2024, the loan was paid off resulting in a loss of $0.4 million. The Company recorded a specific allowance for credit losses of $0.4 million during the third quarter of 2024, and subsequently wrote off this specific allowance for credit losses in the same quarter.

In November 2021, the Company originated a first mortgage loan with a commitment of $66.7 million secured by a multifamily property in Texas. The loan was identified by management as non-performing and placed on cost recovery status, with an amortized cost of $66.7 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company recorded a specific allowance for credit losses of $3.2 million on this loan for the year ended December 31, 2024.

General Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company recorded a decrease in its general allowance for credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2024 of $0.3 million. The primary driver for the lower reserve balance is due to a more favorable macro-economic outlook since the end of the prior year. The Company recorded an increase in its general allowance for credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2023 of $21.4 million. The primary driver for the higher reserve balance is due to a more pessimistic and conservative macro-economic outlook since the end of the prior year slightly offset by a decrease in the overall portfolio of commercial mortgage loans, held for investment as of December 31, 2023. Changes in the provision for credit losses for the Company’s financial instruments are recorded in(Provision)/benefit for credit losses in the consolidated statements of operations with a corresponding offset to the financial instrument’s amortized cost recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, or as a component of Accounts payable and accrued expensesfor unfunded loan commitments.

Past Due Status

The following table presents a summary of the loans amortized cost basis as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

(1)Comprised of four mortgage loans, two of which were collateralized by office properties and the other two by multifamily properties. Both office properties have been designated as non-performing and placed on cost recovery status.

Non-performing Status

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our non-performing loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(1) As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company hadthree andtwo loans, respectively, designated as non-performing. As of December 31, 2024, the three non-performing loans were placed on cost recovery status, two of which were collateralized by office properties with a specific allowance for credit losses of $26.7 million and $1.3 million, and the other by a multifamily property with a specific allowance for credit losses of $3.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, the two non-performing loans were placed on non-accrual status and were collateralized by multifamily properties. No specific allowances for credit losses were determined for the two loans designated as non-performing as of December 31, 2023.

Loan Credit Characteristics, Quality and Vintage

As part of the Company's process for monitoring the credit quality of its commercial mortgage loans, excluding those held for sale, measured at fair value, it performs a quarterly loan portfolio assessment and assigns risk ratings to each of its loans. The loans are scored on a scale of 1 to 5 as described in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Commercial mortgage loans, held for investment in the consolidated balance sheets, are assigned an initial risk rating of 2. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the weighted average risk rating of loans was 2.3 and 2.3, respectively.

The following tables present the par value and amortized cost of our commercial mortgage loans, held for investment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by the Company’s internal risk rating and year of origination (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Mortgage Loans, Held for Sale, Measured at Fair Value

As of December 31, 2024, the contractual principal balance outstanding of commercial mortgage loans, held for sale, measured at fair value was $87.3 million which was comprised of three loans. As of December 31, 2024, none of the Company's commercial mortgage loans, held for sale, measured at fair value were in default or greater than ninety days past due. As of December 31, 2023 the Company didnot hold any commercial mortgage loans, held for sale, measured at fair value.

The following tables present the composition by loan collateral type and region of the Company's commercial mortgage loans, held for sale, measured at fair value (dollars in thousands):

Note 4 - Investment Securities

Real Estate Securities, Available For Sale, Measured at Fair Value

The following is a summary of the Company's real estate securities, available for sale, measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

The Company classified its CMBS bonds as available for sale and reports them at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table shows the amortized cost, unrealized gain/(loss) and fair value of the Company's CMBS bonds by investment type as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, the Company held 11 CMBS bonds with an amortized cost basis of $202.9 million and a net unrealized gain of $0.1 million, four of which were held in a gross unrealized loss position of $0.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company held seven CMBS bonds with an amortized cost basis of $243.3 million and a net unrealized loss of $0.7 million, five of which were held in a gross unrealized loss position of $0.8 million. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, zero positions had an unrealized loss for a period greater than twelve months. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the Company's CMBS bonds that were in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months was $50.3 million and $184.2 million, respectively.

Note 5 - Real Estate Owned

Real Estate Owned, Held for Investment

The following table summarizes the Company's real estate owned, held for investment assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

See notes below.

(1) The Company and an affiliate of the Company entered into a joint venture agreement and formed a joint venture entity, Jeffersonville Member, LLC (the “Jeffersonville JV”) to acquire a triple net lease property in Jeffersonville, GA. Refer to Note 11 - Related Party Transactions and Arrangements for details.

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $2.7 million and $3.3 million, respectively.

Real Estate Owned, Held for Sale

The following table summarizes the Company's Real estate owned, held for sale assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(1)In November 2022, the Company and an affiliate of the Company entered into a joint venture agreement and formed a joint venture entity, BSPRT Walgreens Portfolio, LLC (the “Walgreens JV”) to assume a group of 24 retail properties with various locations throughout the United States (the “Walgreens Portfolio”). Refer to Note 11 - Related Party Transactions and Arrangements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a loss of $10.7 million related to the portfolio, consisting of a $9.7 million write-down of assets and a $1.0 million loss on the sale of 19 properties. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's real estate owned, held for sale assets include the remaining four retail properties in the Walgreens Portfolio. The respective write-downs and losses on sale are recorded within Gain/(loss) on other real estate investments in the Company's consolidated financial statements of operations.

(2)During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company obtained 11 multifamily properties, in various locations throughout the United States, through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure and subsequently sold three of the properties. The Company recognized a net gain of $2.7 million included within Gain/(loss) on other real estate investments in the Company's consolidated financial statements of operations related to the foreclosure and sale of these properties. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's real estate owned held for sale assets includes eight multifamily properties that previously collateralized five commercial mortgage loans.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has designated certain properties included within the real estate owned business segment as held for sale in accordance with ASC 360. The properties are currently being marketed and sales are probable to occur within one year.

Note 6 - Leases

Intangible Lease Assets and Liabilities, Held for Investment

The following table summarizes the Company's identified intangible lease assets (primarily in-place leases) and liabilities (primarily below-market leases) recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Rental Income

Rental income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled$22.8 million and $17.9 million, respectively. Rental income is included in Revenue from real estate owned in the consolidated statements of operations.

The following table summarizes the Company's schedule of future minimum rents on its real estate owned, held for investment properties, to be received under the lease (dollars in thousands):

Amortization Expense

Intangible lease assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining term of the lease. The weighted average life of the intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 is approximately 13.8 years. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $3.0 million and $3.8 million, respectively.

Amortization of acquired below (above) market leases, net of acquired above-market leases, resulted in a decrease to rental revenues of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the Company's expected amortization of other identified intangible assets, net over the next five years, exclusive of intangible assets that are held for sale, assuming no further acquisitions or dispositions (dollars in thousands):

Note 7 - Debt

Below is a summary of the Company's Repurchase facilities and revolving credit facilities - commercial mortgage loans (“Repo and Revolving Credit Facilities”), Mortgage note payable, Other financing and Unsecured debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

See notes below.

(1) Represents year to date expense and includes amortization of deferred financing costs.

(2) The Company may pledge one or more mortgage loans to the financing entity in exchange for funds typically at an advance rate of between 60% to 75% of the principal amount of the mortgage loan being pledged. These loans are all floating rate at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus an applicable spread. Additionally, the Repo and Revolving Credit Facilities generally provide that in the event of a decrease in the value of the Company's collateral, the lenders can demand additional collateral. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company is in compliance with all debt covenants.

(3)There aretwo one-year extension options.

(4) On January 4, 2024, the Company extended the maturity date to January 5, 2026, with aone-year extension option. Additionally, the committed financing was decreased from $600 million to $350 million.

(5)Relates to a mortgage note payable in Jeffersonville JV, a consolidated joint venture. The loan has a principal amount of $112.7 million of which $88.7 million of the loan is owned by the Company and was eliminated in our consolidated financial statements (see Note 5 - Real Estate Owned). On October 1, 2024, the Company extended the maturity date to October 25, 2025, with aone-year extension option remaining.

(6)Comprised of one andtwo note-on-note financings via participation agreements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. From inception of the loan, the Company's outstanding loans could increase as a result of future fundings, leading to an increase in amount outstanding via the participation agreement. The weighted average contractual maturity date of these loans for the year ended December 31, 2023 was August 2025.

(7)The notes are currently redeemable, in whole or in part, without penalty, at the Company’s option. Interest paid on unsecured debt totaled $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively.

(8)On September 19, 2024, the Company extended the maturity date to September 19, 2026, with aone-year extension option. Additionally, the committed financing was decreased from $250 million to $100 million.

(9)As of December 31, 2024, there are two one-year extension options. On February 21, 2025, the Company extended the maturity date to March 14, 2028, with a one-year extension option remaining.

Repurchase Agreements - Real Estate Securities

The Company has entered into various Master Repurchase Agreements (the “MRAs”) that allow the Company to sell real estate securities while providing a fixed repurchase price for the same real estate securities in the future. The repurchase contracts on each security under an MRA generally mature in 30-90 days and terms are adjusted for current market rates as necessary.

Below is a summary of the Company's MRAs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(1) Includes $75.4 million and $27.9 million of CMBS notes, held by the Company, which is eliminated through consolidation of the related CLOs on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Collateralized Loan Obligation

The following tables represent the terms of the notes issued by 2021-FL6 Issuer, 2021-FL7 Issuer, 2022-FL8 Issuer, 2022-FL9 Issuer, 2023-FL10 Issuer and 2024-FL11 Issuer (collectively the “CLOs”), as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

(1) Loan assets may be pledged towards one or multiple CLO pool.

(2) Excludes $532.4 million and $495.0 million, respectively, of CLO notes, held by the Company, which are eliminated in Collateralized loan obligations in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(3)During the first quarter of 2024, the Company sold the BSPRT FL10 AS retained tranche with a principal balance of $27.9 million.

(4) On March 5, 2021, the Financial Conduct Authority of the U.K. (the “FCA”) announced that LIBOR tenors relevant to 2019-FL5 Issuer, 2021- FL6 Issuer, and 2021-FL7 Issuer would cease to be published or no longer be representative after June 30, 2023. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”) interpreted this announcement to constitute a benchmark transition event. The benchmark index of 1M LIBOR interest rate converted from LIBOR to compounded SOFR, plus a benchmark adjustment of 11.448 basis points with a lookback period equal to the number of calendar days in the applicable interest accrual period plus two SOFR business days, conforming with the indenture agreement and recommendations from the ARRC. Compounded SOFR for any interest accrual period shall be the “30-Day Average SOFR” as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on each benchmark determination date. On July 13, 2023, the Company converted the indices for 2021-FL6 Issuer and 2021-FL7 Issuer to 1M Term SOFR +11.448 basis points and the applicable spreads remain unchanged.

On September 26, 2024, BSPRT 2024-FL11 Issuer, LLC, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, entered into an indenture with the OP, as advancing agent, U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee and note administrator, and U.S. Bank National Association, as custodian and in other capacities, which governs the issuance of approximately $1.0 billion principal balance secured floating rate notes, of which $886.2 million were purchased by third party investors and $138.3 million were purchased by a wholly-owned subsidiary of the OP. In addition, concurrently with the issuance of the notes, BSPRT 2024-FL11 Issuer, LLC also issued 72,995 preferred shares, par value of $0.001 per share and with an aggregate liquidation preference and notional amount equal to $1,000 per share, which were not offered as part of closing the indenture. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, BSPRT 2024-FL11 Issuer, LLC is a disregarded entity.

The below table reflects the total assets and liabilities of the Company's outstanding CLOs. The CLOs are considered VIEs and are consolidated into the Company's consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The Company is the primary beneficiary of the CLOs because (i) the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits from the VIEs or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIEs that could be significant to the VIE. The VIE’s are non-recourse to the Company.

(1) Includes $157.0 million and $55.1 million of cash held by the servicer related to CLOs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2) The balance is presented net of allowance for credit losses of $34.5 million and $32.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(3) Includes $532.4 million and $495.0 million of CLO notes, held by the Company, which are eliminated in Collateralized loan obligation in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(4) The balance is presented net of deferred financing cost and discount of $28.8 million and $30.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The deferred financing costs are amortized over the expected lifetime of each CLO.

Note 8 - Earnings Per Share

The Company uses the two-class method in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share. Net income/(loss) is allocated between our common stock and other participating securities based on their participation rights. Diluted net income per share has been computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and other dilutive securities. The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations and the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data):

(1) The effect of the weighted average dilutive shares excluded restricted shares and restricted stock units for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 of 253,436,191,324, and 476,653, respectively, as the effect was anti-dilutive. Additionally, the effect of the weighted average dilutive shares excluded the common equivalent of convertible preferred shares for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 of 5,370,498,5,385,254, and 17,521,845 shares respectively, as the effect was anti-dilutive.

Note 9 - Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Equity Transactions

The following table presents the summary of the Company's outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and common stock as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

(1)As declared by the Company's board of directors.

(2)On January 16, 2025, the Series H Preferred Stock was amended such that the mandatory conversion date was extended byone year, to January 21, 2026. Unless earlier converted, the Series H Preferred Stock will automatically convert into common stock at a rate of 299.2 shares of common stock per share of Series H Preferred Stock (subject to adjustments as described in the Articles Supplementary for the Series H Preferred Stock) on January 21, 2026. The holder of the Series H Preferred Stock has the right to convert up to 4,487 shares of Series H Preferred Stock one time in each calendar month through December 2025, upon 10 business days’ advance notice to the Company.

(3)Common stock includes shares issued pursuant to the Company's DRIP and unvested restricted shares.

(4)During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 391,863 shares of common stock at a net average price of $12.42 per share, for a total of $4.9 million. All of these shares were retired upon settlement, reducing the total outstanding shares as of December 31, 2024. See discussion in the "Stock Repurchases" section below.

During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company paid an aggregate of $117.9 million and $118.0 million, respectively, of common stock distributions comprised of quarterly common dividends of $0.355 per share.

Stock Repurchases

The Company’s board of directors has authorized a $65 million share repurchase program of the Company’s common stock. The Company’s share repurchase program authorizes share repurchases at prices below the most recently reported book value per share as determined in accordance with GAAP. Repurchases made under the program may be made through open market, block, and privately negotiated transactions, including Rule 10b5-1 plans, as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements. The timing, manner, price and amount of any purchases by the Company will be determined by the Company in its reasonable business judgment and consistent with the exercise of its legal duties and will be subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock. The Company's share repurchase program will remain open until at least December 31, 2025, or until the capital committed to the applicable repurchase program has been exhausted, whichever is sooner. Repurchases under the Company’s share repurchase program may be suspended from time to time at the Company’s discretion without prior notice. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $31.1 million remaining under the share repurchase program.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s repurchase activity of its common stock during the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands, except share amounts):

(1)For the year ended December 31, 2024, the net average purchase price was 12.42 per share.

(2)Amount includes commissions paid associated with share repurchases.

Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan

The Company has adopted a dividend reinvestment and direct stock purchase plan ("DRIP") under which we registered and reserved for issuance, in the aggregate,63,000,000 shares of common stock. Under the dividend reinvestment component of this plan, the Company's common stockholders can designate all or a portion of their cash dividends to be reinvested in additional shares of common stock. The direct stock purchase component allows stockholders, subject to the Company's approval, to purchase shares of common stock directly from us. For the year ended December 31, 2024,0 and 163,952 shares of common stock were issued by the Company and purchased in the open market, respectively, by the DRIP administrator and allocated to DRIP participants. under the dividend reinvestment component of DRIP.

At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On November 8, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to the sales agreement dated April 14, 2023 as amended the ("Sales Agreement") establishing its $200 million at-the-market offering program (the "ATM program") with a financial syndicate as sales agents (the "Agents"). Pursuant to the Sales Agreement, the Company may offer and sell shares of the Company's common stock, from time to time, and at various prices, through the Agents. Sales of the common stock, if any, made through the Agents may be made in "at the market" offerings (as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended), by means of ordinary brokers' transactions on the New York Stock Exchange or otherwise, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, in block transactions, in negotiated transactions, in any manner permitted by applicable law or as otherwise as may be agreed by the Company and any Agent.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not sold any shares of common stock under the ATM program, and common stock with an aggregate sales price of $200 million remains available for issuance.

Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies

Unfunded Commitments Under Commercial Mortgage Loans

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had the below unfunded commitments to the Company's borrowers (dollars in thousands):

(1)The balance relates tofour loans that were subject to modification as of December 31, 2023.

The borrowers are generally required to meet or maintain certain metrics in order to qualify for the unfunded commitment amounts.

Litigation and Regulatory Matters

The Company is not presently named as a defendant in any material litigation arising outside the ordinary course of business. However, the Company is involved in routine litigation arising in the ordinary course of business, none of which the Company believes, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition, operating results or cash flows.

Note 11 - Related Party Transactions and Arrangements

Advisory Agreement Fees and Reimbursements

Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, the Company is required to make the following payments and reimbursements to the Advisor:

•The Company reimburses the Advisor’s costs of providing services pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, except the salaries and benefits paid by the Advisor to the Company’s executive officers.

•The Company pays the Advisor, or its affiliates, a monthly asset management fee equal to one-twelfth of 1.5% of stockholders' equity as calculated pursuant to the Advisory Agreement.

•The Company will pay the Advisor an annual subordinated performance fee calculated on the basis of total return to stockholders, payable monthly in arrears, such that for any year in which total return on stockholders’ capital (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) exceeds 6.0% per annum, our Advisor will be entitled to 15.0% of the excess total return; provided that in no event will the annual subordinated performance fee payable to our Advisor exceed 10.0% of the aggregate total return for such year.

•The Company reimburses the Advisor for insourced expenses incurred by the Advisor on the Company's behalf related to selecting, evaluating, originating and acquiring investments in an amount up to 0.5% of the principal amount funded by the Company to originate or acquire commercial mortgage loans and up to 0.5% of the anticipated net equity funded by the Company to acquire real estate securities investments.

The table below shows the costs incurred due to arrangements with our Advisor and its affiliates during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and the associated payable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(1) Total acquisition fees and expenses paid during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $10.0 million, $5.8 million and $11.7 million respectively, of which $9.0 million, $4.6 million and $10.3 million were capitalized in Commercial mortgage loans, held for investment and Real estate securities, available for sale, measured at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

(2) These are related to reimbursable costs incurred related to the increase in loan origination activities and are included in Other expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

(3) As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related party payables include $2.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of payments made by the Advisor to third party vendors on behalf of the Company.

The payables as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 in the table above are included in Due to affiliates in the consolidated balance sheets.

Other Transactions

In the third quarter of 2021, the Company and an affiliate of the Company entered into the Jeffersonville JV to acquire a $139.5 million triple net lease property in Jeffersonville, GA. The Company has a 79% interest in the Jeffersonville JV, while the affiliated fund has a 21% interest. The Company invested a total of $109.8 million, made up of $88.7 million in debt and $21.1 million in equity, representing 79% of the ownership interest in the Jeffersonville JV. The affiliated fund made up the remaining $29.8 million composed of a $24.0 million mortgage note payable and $5.8 million in non-controlling interest. The Company has majority control of Jeffersonville JV and, therefore, consolidates the accounts of Jeffersonville JV in its consolidated financial statements. The Company's $88.7 million mortgage note payable to Jeffersonville JV is eliminated in consolidation (see Note 7 - Debt).

Pursuant to the Company's 2021 Incentive Plan, in the first quarter of 2024, the Company issued awards of restricted stock units to its officers and certain other personnel of the Advisor who provide services to the Company under the Advisory Agreement.

As of December 31, 2024, our commercial mortgage loans, held for investment, includes an aggregate of $39.6 million carrying value of loans to affiliates of our Advisor. The Company recognized $7.5 million and $10.0 million in interest income from these loans for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively, in the consolidated statements of operations.

In the second quarter of 2022, the Company fully funded a $149.7 million first mortgage consisting of the Walgreens Portfolio:24 retail properties with various locations throughout the United States. The Company entered into a joint venture agreement and formed the Walgreens JV to acquire 75.618% ownership interest in the Walgreens Portfolio, while the affiliated fund has 24.242% interest.

On December 20, 2024, the Company, three affiliates of the Company, and an unrelated third party entered into the 55 Riverwalk Aker/BSP Venture LLC (the "55 Riverwalk JV") to acquire a $158.5 million mixed use development property consisting of a multifamily apartment complex and retail shopping stores located in West New York, NJ. The Company has a 21.01% interest in the 55 Riverwalk JV while the affiliated funds and the unrelated third party have 73.99% and 5.00% interest, respectively.

Note 12 - Share-Based Compensation

Share Plans

The Company's 2021 Incentive plan provides the Company with the ability to grant equity-based awards to its directors, officers and employees (if the Company ever has employees), employees of the Advisor and its affiliates, or certain of the Company's consultants, employees of entities that provide services to the Company, directors of the Advisor or of entities that provide services to the Company, the Advisor and its affiliates.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 3,706,994 shares of common stock remaining available for issuance under the Company's 2021 Incentive Plan. The Board may amend, suspend or terminate the 2021 Incentive Plan at any time; provided that no amendment, suspension or termination may impair rights or obligations under any outstanding award without the participant’s consent or violate the 2021 Incentive Plan’s prohibition on repricing.

Service-based Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

In accordance with the 2021 Incentive Plan, the Company issued awards of RSUs to its officers and certain other personnel of the Advisor who provide services to the Company under the Advisory Agreement.

Restricted Stock and RSU activity issued under the 2021 Incentive Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized below:

The Company recognized compensation expense associated with equity awards of $8.2 million, $4.8 million, and $2.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively, which is included in Share-based compensation in the consolidated statements of operations. Unrecognized estimated compensation expense for these awards totaled $9.7 million as of December 31, 2024 that will be expensed over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.

Restricted Stock and RSUs granted in 2024 and 2023 had a weighted average grant date fair value of $13.20 and $14.20, respectively. The fair value of Restricted Stock and RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $5.0 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

Note 13 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GAAP establishes a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on the observability of inputs used in measuring financial instruments at fair values. GAAP establishes market-based or observable inputs as the preferred source of values, followed by valuation models using management assumptions in the absence of market inputs. The three levels of the hierarchy are described below:

•Level I - Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

•Level II - Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level I) are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level III - Unobservable inputs that reflect the entity's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of the asset or liability and are consequently not based on market activity, but rather through particular valuation techniques.

The determination of where an asset or liability falls in the above hierarchy requires significant judgment and factors specific to the asset or liability. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company evaluates its hierarchy disclosures each quarter and depending on various factors, it is possible that an asset or liability may be classified differently from quarter to quarter.

The Company has implemented valuation control processes to validate the fair value of the Company's financial instruments measured at fair value including those derived from pricing models. These control processes are designed to assure that the values used for financial reporting are based on observable inputs wherever possible. In the event that observable inputs are not available, the control processes are designed to assure that the valuation approach utilized is appropriate and consistently applied and the assumptions are reasonable.

Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

CMBS bonds, recorded in Real estate securities, available for sale, measured at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are valued utilizing both observable and unobservable market inputs. These factors include projected future cash flows, ratings, subordination levels, vintage, remaining lives, credit issues, and recent trades of similar real estate securities. Depending upon the significance of the fair value inputs used in determining these fair values, these real estate securities are classified in either Level II or Level III of the fair value hierarchy. The Company obtains third party pricing for determining the fair value of each CMBS investment, resulting in a Level II classification.

Commercial mortgage loans, held for sale, measured at fair value in the Company's TRS are initially recorded at transaction price, which are considered to be the best initial estimate of fair value. The Company engages the services of a third party independent valuation firm to determine fair value of certain investments held by the Company. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model that primarily considers changes in interest rates and credit spreads, weighted average life and current performance of the underlying collateral. Commercial mortgage loans held for sale, measured at fair value that are originated in the last month of the reporting period are held and marked to the transaction price. The Company classified the commercial mortgage loans held for sale, measured at fair value as Level III.

Other real estate investments, measured at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are valued using unobservable inputs. The Company engaged the services of a third party independent valuation firm to determine fair value of certain investments, including preferred equity investments, held by the Company. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model that primarily considers changes in interest rates and credit spreads, weighted average life and current performance of the underlying collateral. The Company generally classifies its other real estate investments, measured at fair value as Level III.

Derivative instruments, measured at fair value

Treasury note futures trade on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”) and are made up of contracts of a variety of recently issued 5-year and 10-year U.S. Treasury notes. The future contracts are liquid and are centrally cleared through the CBOT and are valued using market prices. Treasury note futures are categorized as Level I.

Credit default swaps, interest rate swaps and options can be traded over the counter (“OTC”) or on the exchange. Exchange-traded derivatives are generally valued using market prices while OTC derivative transaction valuations are derived using pricing models that are widely accepted by marketplace participants. The pricing models take into account multiple inputs including specific contract terms, interest rate yield curves, interest rates, credit curves, recovery rates, and/or current credit spreads obtained from counterparties and other market participants. Most inputs into the models are not subjective as they are observable in the marketplace or set per the contract. The valuation is primarily determined by the difference between the contract spread and the current market spread. The contract spread (or rate) is generally fixed and the market spread is determined by the credit risk of the underlying debt or reference entity. If the underlying indices are liquid and the OTC market for the current spread is active, the derivatives are categorized in Level II of the fair value hierarchy. If the underlying indices are illiquid and the OTC market for the current spread is not active, the derivatives are categorized in Level III of the fair value hierarchy. The Company's option contracts are exchange-traded, and therefore categorized as Level I. The Company classified its credit default swaps as Level II.

A review of the fair value hierarchy classification is conducted on a quarterly basis. Changes in the type of inputs may result in a reclassification for certain assets or liabilities. The Company's policy with respect to transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy is to recognize transfers into and out of each level as of the beginning of the reporting period. There were no material transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the Company's financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets by its level in the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands). The Company did not have any liabilities carried at fair value as of December 31, 2023.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level III category. The following table summarizes the valuation method and significant unobservable inputs used for the Company’s financial instruments that are categorized within Level III of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands). The Company didnot hold any applicable positions as of December 31, 2023.

(1) In determining certain inputs, the Company evaluates a variety of factors including economic conditions, industry and market developments, market valuations of comparable companies and company specific developments including exit strategies and realization opportunities. The Company has determined that market participants would take these inputs into account when valuing the investments.

Increases or decreases in any of the above unobservable inputs in isolation would result in a lower or higher fair value measurement for such assets. The following table presents additional information about the Company’s financial instruments which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 for which the Company has used Level III inputs to determine fair value (dollars in thousands):

(1) There were no transfers in or out of Level III as of December 31, 2024.

(1) There were no transfers in or out of Level III as of December 31, 2023.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are measured using observable quoted market prices, or Level I inputs and their carrying value approximates their fair value. The fair value of borrowings under repurchase agreements approximate their carrying value in the consolidated balance sheets due to their short-term nature and are measured using Level III inputs.

Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Real Estate Owned, held for sale, on the consolidated balance sheets are valued at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820 and are classified as Level III investments. At the time of acquisition, we determined the fair value of the net real estate assets, using either the market approach, the income approach, or a combination thereof.

As of December 31, 2024, the Walgreens Portfolio was written down to estimated fair value less cost to sell for impairment purposes using either the market approach or the income approach. In addition, the Company determined the fair value of itseight multifamily properties, obtained through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, based on a combination of the market approach and the income approach. The significant unobservable input used for the income approach is the exit capitalization rate assumptions, which ranged from 5.00% -7.88%. The significant unobservable input used for the market approach is the estimated fair value less cost to sell based on a negotiated price from an anticipated buyer.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company's Real estate owned, held for sale assets and liabilities, had a fair value of $221.6 million, net, that represented the remaining four retail properties in the Walgreens Portfolio andeight multifamily properties. As of December 31, 2023 the Company's real estate owned, held for sale assets and liabilities, had a fair value of $91.4 million, net, representing the remaining 23 retail properties in the Walgreens Portfolio and four multifamily properties.

Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The Company's financial assets and liabilities that are not reported at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are reported below as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(1) The carrying value is gross of $78.1 million and $47.2 million of allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2) Depending upon the significance of the fair value inputs utilized in determining these fair values, our collateralized loan obligations are classified in either Level II or Level III of the fair value hierarchy. Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, the transfers from Level III to Level II were a result of the availability of current and reliable market data provided by third party pricing services or other valuation techniques which utilized observable inputs.

Repurchase agreements - commercial mortgage loans of $329.8 million and $299.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and repurchase agreements - real estate securities of $236.6 million and $174.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are not carried at fair value and do not include accrued interest, which are presented in Note 7 – Debt. For these instruments, carrying value generally approximates fair value and are classified as Level III.

The fair value of the commercial mortgage loans, held for investment is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis, based on the Advisor's experience with similar types of investments. The Company estimates the fair value of the collateralized loan obligations using external broker quotes. The mortgage note payable was recorded at transaction proceeds, which are considered to be the best initial estimate of fair value. The fair value of the other financings is generally estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis. The fair value of the unsecured debt is based on discounted cash flows using Company estimates for market yields on similarly structured debt instruments.

Note 14 - Derivative Instruments

The Company uses derivative instruments primarily to manage the fair value variability of fixed rate assets caused by interest rate fluctuations and overall portfolio market risk.

The following derivative instruments were outstanding as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands): As of December 31, 2023, there were no derivative instruments outstanding.

The following table indicates the net realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivatives, by primary underlying risk exposure, as included in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Interest rate swap agreements are measured at fair value on a recurring basis primarily using Level II Inputs in accordance with ASU 2010-06, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (Topic 820). In determining fair value estimates for swaps, the Company utilizes the standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted future variable cash receipts which are based on expected future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves. The Company also incorporates both its own nonperformance risk and its counterparties’ nonperformance risk in determining fair value. In considering the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company considered the impact of netting and credit enhancements, such as collateral postings and guarantees, and has concluded that counterparty risk is not significant to the overall valuation.

Note 15 - Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The Company's consolidated balance sheets used a gross presentation of repurchase agreements and collateral pledged. The table below provides a gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of the Company's derivative instruments and repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

(1)As of December 31, 2023, there were no assets which were presented gross within the scope of ASC 210-20, Balance Sheet—Offsetting.

(2) Included in Restricted cash in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Note 16 - Segment Reporting

The Company conducts its business through the following segments:

•The real estate debt business focuses on originating, acquiring and asset managing commercial real estate debt investments, including first mortgages, subordinate mortgages, mezzanine loans and participations in such loans.

•The real estate securities business focuses on investing in and asset managing real estate securities. Historically this business has focused primarily on CMBS, CMBS bonds, CDO notes, and other securities.

•The commercial real estate conduit business operated through the Company's TRS, which is focused on generating risk-adjusted returns by originating and subsequently selling fixed-rate commercial real estate loans into the CMBS securitization market at a profit. The TRS may also hold certain mezzanine loans that don't qualify as good REIT assets due to any potential loss from foreclosure.

The segments are based on financial information presented to the President of Commercial Real Estate, and the Chief Financial Officer / Chief Operating Officer of the Company, who are determined to jointly be the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The CODM oversees activities and operations of the business, which includes assessing performance, liquidity, and profit or loss on each operating segment. Profit or loss on segment operations is measured by net income/(loss) included in the consolidated statements of operations. The CODM uses net income/(loss) to measure return on equity to assess the liquidity associated with equity that is allocated to each business based on the Company’s investment objectives and strategies.

The following table represents the Company's operations by segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

(1) For each reportable segment, other segment items category includes:

Real Estate Debt - specific and general allowance for credit losses, and gains/(losses) associated with debt extinguishment.

Real Estate Securities - gains/(losses) associated with sales of CMBS bonds and divestment of trading securities.

TRS - gains/(losses) associated with fair value measurements and securitizations or sales of held for sale loans, fair value measurements and terminations of derivative instruments, and (provisions)/benefits on taxable income.

Real Estate Owned - gains/(losses) associated with other real estate investments resulting from foreclosure or sale.

(2)Stock compensation expense is allocated to each segment based on total income per segment and included within other segment items.

For the purposes of the table above, management fees have been allocated to the business segments using an agreed upon percentage of each respective segment's prior period equity. Administrative fees are derived from an agreed upon reimbursable amount based on employee time charged and allocated to the business segments.

Note 17 - Income Taxes

The Company has conducted its operations to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 2013. As a REIT, if the Company meets certain organizational and operational requirements and distributes at least 90% of its "REIT taxable income" (determined before the deduction of dividends paid and excluding net capital gains) to its stockholders in a year, it will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of the income that it distributes. However, even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it may be subject to certain state and local taxes on income in addition to U.S. federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed income. The Company, through its TRSs, is indirectly subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. The Company’s TRSs are not consolidated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but is instead taxed as a C corporations. For financial reporting purposes, the TRSs are consolidated and a provision for current and deferred taxes is established for the portion of earnings recognized by the Company with respect to its interest in its TRSs. Total (provision)/benefit for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $(1.1) million, $2.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, our taxable REIT subsidiaries have an estimated $15.2 million of federal net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards and $3.5 million of state and local NOL carryforwards. The NOL carryforwards are subject to certain limitations. The Company has analyzed and determined that future earnings of the Company's TRS are sufficient to support a conclusion that valuation allowance is not necessary as of December 31, 2024.

The Company uses a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition and derecognition of tax positions taken or to be taken in a tax return. The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open tax years beginning with December 31, 2018 and concluded that there were no uncertainties to be recognized. The Company’s accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties related to tax uncertainties is to classify these amounts as provision for income taxes.

Components of the provision for income taxes consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

The tax characteristics of $1.42 distributions per share of common stock declared during 2024 was $1.42 ordinary income. The tax characteristics of the $1.88 per share of Series E Preferred Stock declared during 2024 was $1.88 ordinary income. The tax characteristics of the $424.86 per share of Series H Preferred Stock declared during 2024 was $424.86 ordinary income. The ordinary income per share of each stockholder represents the ordinary dividend that may be eligible for the 20% deduction applicable to qualified REIT dividends under Internal Revenue Code Section 199A.

The tax characteristics of $1.42 distributions per share of Common Stock declared during 2023 was $1.42 ordinary income. The tax characteristics of the $1.88 per share of Series E Preferred Stock declared during 2023 was $1.88 ordinary income. The tax characteristics of the $424.86 per share of Series H Preferred Stock declared during 2023 was $424.86 ordinary income. The ordinary income per share of each stockholder represents the ordinary dividend that may be eligible for the 20% deduction applicable to qualified REIT dividends under Internal Revenue Code Section 199A.

The Company utilizes the TRSs to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax and to avoid penalty for the holding of assets not qualifying as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests. Any income associated with a TRS is fully taxable because the TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes as a domestic C corporation based upon its net income.

Note 18 - Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following activity took place subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2024:

Investment Activity: We obtained, through foreclosure, two multifamily properties, both located in Texas. The loans had a combined amortized cost basis of $104.9 million as of December 31, 2024. One of these two properties was subsequently sold on February 12, 2025 for a purchase price of $63.8 million and was financed with a loan originated by the Company.

We also sold a previously foreclosed multifamily property, located in North Carolina, for a purchase price of $12.9 million.

Conduit Activity: We soldtwo of our commercial mortgage loans, held for sale into the CMBS securitization market. The loans had a fair value of $82.3 million as of December 31, 2024.