ATN International, Inc.

**1.**ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS

The Company is a leading provider of digital infrastructure and communications services with a focus on rural and remote markets in the United States and internationally, including Bermuda and the Caribbean region.

The Company has developed significant operational expertise and resources that it uses to augment its capabilities in its local markets. With this support, the Company’s operating subsidiaries can improve their quality of service with greater economies of scale and expertise than would typically be available in the size markets the Company operates in. The Company provides management, technical, financial, regulatory and marketing services to its operating subsidiaries and typically receives a management fee calculated as a percentage of their revenues, which is eliminated in consolidation. The Company also actively evaluates investment opportunities and other strategic transactions, both domestic and international, and generally looks for those that it believes fit its profile of telecommunications businesses while keeping a focus on generating excess operating cash flows over extended periods of time. The Company uses the cash generated from its operations to maintain an appropriate ratio of debt and cash on hand and to re-invest in organic growth, fund capital expenditures, return value to its stockholders through dividends or stock repurchases and make strategic investments or acquisitions.

For further information about the Company’s financial segments see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company offered the following types of services to its customers:

Through June 30, 2025, the Company identifiedtwo operating segments to manage and review its operations, as well as to support investor presentations of its results. These two operating segments are as follows:

The following chart summarizes the operating activities of the Company’s principal subsidiaries, the segments in which it reports its revenue and the markets it served during the three months ended June 30, 2025:

In 2024, the Company undertook a rebranding of its retail services in its International Telecom segment to “One Communications” in Guyana and completed the brand implementation in the US Virgin Islands during the second quarter of 2025. The Company intends to utilize the GTT and Viya brands for legacy voice services in certain markets for a period of time.

For further information about the Company’s financial segments and geographical information about its operating revenues and assets, see Note 12 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

Assets held for sale

The Company reclassified $7.8 million of telecommunication licenses, net, included within our US Telecom segment, to assets held for sale in its June 30, 2025 balance sheet. As of that date, the Company has entered into a sale agreement and received regulatory approval to complete the transaction, and the Company expects to complete the transfer of the licenses in stages during the second half of 2025 and recognize a pre-tax gain of approximately$6.0 million on the transaction.

Restructuring and reorganization expense

The Company engages in restructuring and reorganization activities from time to time. These activities are primarily reduction in force costs incurred to increase operational efficiency and improve the Company’s operating margins. The Company’s 2024 reorganization plan began in July 2024 and was completed in December 2024. As of June 30, 2025, the 2024 reorganization plan is complete and all amounts are expensed and paid. The Company’s 2025 reorganization plan began in January 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the Company recorded$6.7 million of costs under the 2025 reorganization plan and of that amount $3.0 million was accrued and payable. The Company expects the 2025 reorganization plan to end in the second half of 2025 and to incur approximately$2 million of additional costs under the plan. A summary of the restructuring and reorganization costs is below (in thousands).

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rulesand regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The financial information included herein is unaudited; however, the Company believes such information and the disclosures herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading and reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that are necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position and results of operations for the periods described therein. The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Results of interim periods may not be indicative of results for the full year. These condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 17, 2025.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries in which the Company holds controlling interests and certain entities which are consolidated in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) authoritative guidance on the consolidation of variable interest entities, since it is determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of these entities.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB released ASU 2023-09, titled "Enhancements to Income Tax Disclosures," with the aim of improving the clarity and usefulness of income tax disclosures. The update focuses primarily on enhancing disclosures related to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for annual reporting periods starting after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. While the changes prescribed by ASU 2023-09 are implemented prospectively, retrospective application is also allowed. The Company has chosen not to early adopt this standard and is currently assessing its potential impact on our consolidated financial statements and accompanying disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Disaggregation of Income Statements Expenses (DISE)” (ASU 2024-03), which requires that a public entity provide additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement. The new standard requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with retrospective application. The standard allows early adoption of these requirements, and the Company is currently evaluating the disclosure impacts of adoption.

3. REVENUE RECOGNITION AND RECEIVABLES

The Company records revenue in accordance with ASC 606 from contracts with customers and ASC 842 from lease agreements, as well as government grants. Lease revenue recognized under ASC 842 is disclosed in Note 4 and government support revenue is disclosed in Note 8.

Timing of Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognized consisted of the following for the periods presented below (in thousands):

Contract Assets and Liabilities

In July 2019, the Company entered into a Network Build and Maintenance Agreement with AT&T Mobility, LLC (“AT&T”) that was subsequently amended through March 31, 2025 (the “FirstNet Agreement”). In connection with the FirstNet Agreement, the Company is building a portion of AT&T’s network for the First Responder Network Authority in or near the Company’s current operating areas in the western United States (the “FirstNet Transaction”). The FirstNet Transaction includes construction and service performance obligations. The current portion of receivables under this agreement is recorded in customer receivable and the long-term portion is recorded in customer receivable long-term on the Company’s balance sheet.

Contract assets and liabilities consisted of the following (amounts in thousands):

The decrease in the Company’s net contract liability was due to the timing of customer prepayments, contract billings, and recognition of deferred revenue. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized revenue of$22.8 million related to its December 31, 2024 contract liability and amortized $2.1 million of the December 31, 2024 contract asset to revenue. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized revenue of$22.2 million related to its December 31, 2023 contract liability and amortized $2.5 million of the December 31, 2023 contract asset to revenue.

Contract Acquisition Costs

The June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 balance sheets include contract acquisition costs of $11.3 million and $10.7 million, respectively, in other assets. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company amortized $1.7 million and $3.5 million, respectively, of contract acquisition costs. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company amortized$1.7 million and $3.3 million, respectively, of contract acquisition costs.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations of certain multiyear Mobility and Fixed communication services contracts, Managed Services contracts, and the Company’s Carrier Services construction and service contracts. The transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations was$580 million at June 30, 2025. The Company expects to satisfy approximately 44% of the remaining performance obligations and recognize the transaction price within 24 months and approximately $60 million annually from 2027 through 2032. The Company omits performance obligations with a duration of one year or less and variable consideration under the right to invoice or wholly unsatisfied performance obligation practical expedients from this disclosure.

Disaggregation

The Company's revenue is presented on a disaggregated basis in Note 12 based on an evaluation of disclosures outside the financial statements, information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision makers for evaluating the financial performance of operating segments and other information that is used for performance evaluation and resource allocations. This includes revenue from Communication Services, Construction, and Other revenue.

Communication Services revenue is further disaggregated into business and consumer Mobility, business and consumer Fixed, Carrier Services, and Other services. Other revenue is further disaggregated into Managed Services revenue.

Receivables

The Company records an estimate of future credit losses in conjunction with revenue transactions based on the information available including historical experience and management’s expectations of future conditions. Those estimates are updated as additional information becomes available. The Company’s allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable is based on management’s assessment of the collectability of assets pooled together with similar risk characteristics.

The Company had gross accounts receivables of $104.0 million and $98.8 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company also recorded allowances for credit losses against these receivables of$14.1 million and $15.1 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

In addition, the Company has also recorded a receivable under the FirstNet Agreement totaling $47.2 million as of June 30, 2025 of which $8.2 million was current and $39.0 million was long-term and had a receivable under that same agreement of $49.0 million as of December 31, 2024, of which $8.0 million was current and $41.0 million was long-term. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has recorded$41.3 million of receivables under certain government support agreements which include $32.7 million under the Replace and Remove Program and $8.6 million related to the Company’s participation in other government support programs. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had recorded$50.5 million of receivables under certain government support agreements which included $37.7 million under the Replace and Remove Program and $12.8 million under the Company’s participation in other government support programs (refer to Note 8).

The Company monitors receivables through the use of historical operating data adjusted for the expectation of future performance as appropriate. Activity in the allowance for credit losses is below (in thousands):

4. LEASES

Lessee Disclosure

The Company has operating and financing leases for towers, land, corporate offices, retail facilities, and data transport capacity. Thelease terms are generally between three and 10 years, some of which include additional renewal options.

Supplemental lease information

The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company paid $13.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively, for operating lease liabilities. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded $13.1 million and $5.7 million, respectively, of operating lease liabilities arising from right of use assets.

At June 30, 2025, finance leases with a net book value of $26.2 million were included in fixed assets, net. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company paid $1.0 million of financing cash flows and $0.2 million of operating cash flows for finance lease liabilities. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company paid$0.9 million of financing cash flows and $0.2 million of operating cash flows for finance lease liabilities. At June 30, 2025, finance leases had a lease liability of$4.4 million, of which $0.9 million was current.

At December 31, 2024, finance leases with a net book value of $29.6 million were included in fixed assets, net.

The weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are noted in the table below:

Maturities of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

As of June 30, 2025, the Company did not have any material operating or finance leases that have not yet commenced.

Lessor Disclosure

The Company is the lessor in agreements to lease the use of its network assets including its wireless cell sites and buildings. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded$4.0 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of lease income from agreements in which the Company is the lessor. Lease income is classified as Carrier Services revenue in the statement of operations.

The following table presents the maturities of future undiscounted lease payments for the periods indicated (in thousands):

5. USE OF ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The most significant estimates relate to revenue recognition, goodwill and long-lived intangible assets, income taxes, and contingencies. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

6. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS AND INVESTMENTS

In accordance with the provisions of fair value accounting, a fair value measurement assumes that a transaction to sell an asset or transfer a liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability, and defines fair value based upon an exit price model.

The fair value measurement guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The guidance describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Assets and liabilities of the Company measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

Other Investments

The Company holds investments in equity securities consisting of noncontrolling investments in privately held companies. Historically, the investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative for investments without a readily determinable fair value, or fair value. The fair value investments are valued using Level 3 inputs and the Company used the income approach to fair value the investment. The inputs consisted of a discount rate and future cash flows calculated based on the investment attributes. As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s investments are all accounted for under the measurement alternative for investments without a readily determinable value. A roll forward of the investments is below (in thousands):

These investments are included with other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Redeemable Common Units and Warrants

The Company has issued redeemable common units, and warrants to purchase additional common units, in consolidated subsidiaries of the Company. The instruments are redeemable at the option of the holder. The common units are recorded at the higher or historical cost or fair value and the warrants to purchase common units are recorded at fair value in the Company’s financial statements. The common units are recorded in redeemable noncontrolling interest and the warrants are recorded in other liabilities on the Company’s balance sheets. The put options for the Alloy redeemable common units begin in November 2026. The put options for the Alaska Communications redeemable common units begin the earlier of a public offering or July 2028. The fair value of the Alaska Commun Units waszero at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The fair value of the warrants to purchase Alaska common units waszero and $(0.2) million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Alloy common units were carried at historical cost at of$10.0 million and $10.6 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which exceeded its fair value. The Company calculates the fair value of the instruments using a combination of market and discounted cash flows approaches with Level 3 inputs.

Other Fair Value Disclosures

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values because of the relatively short-term maturities of these financial instruments.

The fair value of long-term debt is estimated using Level 2 inputs. At June 30, 2025, the fair value of long-term debt, including the current portion, was $590.4 million and its book value was $583.4 million. At December 31, 2024, the fair value of long-term debt, including the current portion, was $564.4 million and its book value was $557.4 million.

The fair value of the customer receivable credit facility is estimated using Level 2 inputs. At June 30, 2025, the fair value of the customer receivable credit facility, including the current portion, was $39.9 million and its book value was $40.2 million. At December 31, 2024, the fair value of the customer receivable credit facility, including the current portion, was$42.7 million and its book value was $44.2 million.

7. LONG-TERM DEBT

2023 CoBank Credit Facility

On July 13, 2023, the Company, along with certain of its subsidiaries as guarantors, entered into a Credit Agreement with CoBank, ACB and a syndicate of other lenders (as may be amended from time to time, the “2023 CoBank Credit Facility”). On July 10, 2024, the Company amended the 2023 CoBank Credit Facility to add certain subsidiaries as guarantors and to provide further flexibility in order to accept certain grant and government program obligations.

The 2023 CoBank Credit Facility provides for afive-year $170 million revolving credit facility (the “2023 CoBank Revolving Loan”) and asix-year $130 million term loan facility (the “2023 CoBank Term Loan”). The Company may use (i) up to $25 million under the 2023 CoBank Revolving Loan for letters of credit, and (ii) up to $20 million under a swingline sub-facility. Upon the closing of the 2023 CoBank Credit Facility, the Company drew all of the 2023 CoBank Term Loan and approximately $13.6 million of the 2023 CoBank Revolving Loan. These borrowings were used to repay all of the $139.5 million of debt outstanding under a previously held credit facility, upon close.

The 2023 CoBank Term Loan has scheduled quarterly principal payments in the amounts set forth below, with the outstanding principal balance maturing on July 13, 2029. The 2023 CoBank Revolving Loan may be repaid at any time on or prior to its maturity on July 13, 2028. All amounts outstanding under the 2023 CoBank Credit Facility will be due and payable upon the earlier of the maturity date or the acceleration of the loans and commitments upon an event of default.

Amounts borrowed under the 2023 CoBank Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) the secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (SOFR) plus an applicable margin ranging between 2.00% to 3.75% for the 2023 CoBank Term Loan and 1.75% to 3.50% for Revolving Loans or (ii) a base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 1.00% to 2.75% for the Term Loan and 0.75% to 2.50% for the 2023 CoBank Revolving Loans. Swingline loans bear interest at the base rate plus the applicable margin for base rate loans. The base rate is equal to the higher of (i)1.00% plus the one-month SOFR rate (ii) the federal funds effective rate (as defined in the 2023 CoBank Credit Agreement) plus 0.50% per annum; or (iii) the prime rate (as defined in the 2023 CoBank Credit Agreement). The applicable margin is determined based on the ratio (as further defined in the 2023 CoBank Credit Agreement) of the Company’s maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio. Under the terms of the 2023 CoBank Credit Agreement, the Company must also pay a fee ranging from 0.25% to 0.50% on the average daily unused portion of the 2023 CoBank Credit Facility over each calendar quarter.

The 2023 CoBank Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant (as further defined in the 2023 CoBank Credit Agreement) that imposes a maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio, as well as customary representations, warranties and covenants, including covenants limiting additional indebtedness, liens, guaranties, mergers and consolidations, substantial asset sales, investments and loans, sale and leasebacks, transactions with affiliates and fundamental changes. The maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio is measured each fiscal quarter and is required to be less than or equal to 3.25 to 1.0. The 2023 CoBank Credit Agreement provides for events of default customary for credit facilities of this type, including but not limited to non-payment, defaults on other debt, misrepresentation, breach of covenants, representations and warranties, insolvency and bankruptcy.

The Company capitalized $4.5 million of fees associated with the 2023 CoBank Credit Facility which are being amortized over the life of the debt and $2.9 million were unamortized as of June 30, 2025.

The Company had $124.3 million outstanding under the 2023 CoBank Term Loan as of June 30, 2025. Under the 2023 CoBank Revolving Loan, the Company had $76.6 million outstanding and $93.4 million of availability as of June 30, 2025. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants as of June 30, 2025.

In October 2023, the Company entered into atwo year, forward starting 1-month floating to fixed SOFR interest rate swap agreement. The swap was effective November 13, 2023 in a non-amortizing notional amount of$50.0 million, has a fixed SOFR rate of 4.896% and matures on November 13, 2025. The swap agreement had a fair value of$0.1 million and $(0.3) million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Letter of Credit Facility

On November 14, 2022, the Company entered into a General Agreement of Indemnity to issue performance Standby Letters of Credit on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2025,$34.8 million of Standby Letters of Credit had been issued under this agreement.

2024 Alaska Credit Facility

On August 29, 2024, Alaska Communications (the “Borrower”) entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2024 Alaska Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders (the “2024 Alaska Credit Facility”), to provide debt financing in the form of a $300 million, five-year secured term loan facility (the “2024 Alaska Term Facility”) and a $90 million revolving facility (the “2024 Alaska Revolving Facility”).

The 2024 Alaska Term Facility proceeds were used (a) to refinance Alaska Communications’ outstanding indebtedness under the 2022 Alaska Credit Facility, as defined below, in the amount of approximately $279 million plus accrued and unpaid interest, (b) to pay fees and expenses associated with the completion of this transaction, and (c)for general corporate purposes. As of June 30, 2025,$300.0 million was outstanding under the 2024 Alaska Term Facility.

Proceeds from the 2024 Alaska Revolving Facility are to be used, subject to certain limitations, (a) to issue letters of credit to replace or backstop existing letters of credit of Alaska Communications and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, and (b) for working capital purposes, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. As of June 30, 2025, $5.0 million was outstanding under the 2024 Alaska Revolving Facility and $1.0 million of letters of credit were issued. As a result,$84.0 million was available under the 2024 Alaska Revolving Facility as of June 30, 2025.

The 2024 Alaska Credit Facility also provides for incremental term loans (“Incremental Term Loans”) up to an aggregate principal amount of the greater of $91 million and Alaska Communications’ trailing consolidated twelve-month EBITDA (as defined in the 2024 Alaska Credit Agreement), subject to the Borrower meeting certain conditions.

In connection with the 2024 Alaska Credit Facility, the Company incurred $6.9 million of fees and rolled over $2.1 million of fees for the 2022 Alaska Credit Facility to be amortized over the life of the debt. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had$7.5 million of unamortized fees, which are being amortized over the life of the debt, associated with the 2024 Alaska Credit Facility.

The maturity date for the 2024 Alaska Credit Facility is August 29, 2029.

Amounts outstanding under the 2024 Alaska Credit Facility bear an interest rate of the following:

Principal payments on the 2024 Alaska Term Facility are due quarterly commencing in the fourth quarter of 2026 in quarterly amounts as follows: from the fourth quarter of 2026 through the third quarter of 2027, $1,875,000; and from the fourth quarter of 2027 through the second quarter of 2029, $3,750,000. The remaining unpaid balance is due on the final maturity date. Payments on any principal amount outstanding under the Incremental Term Loans will be made in installments, on the dates and in the amounts set forth in the applicable amendment for such Incremental Term Loans. The Borrower may prepay all revolving loans under the 2024 Alaska Revolving Facility at any time without premium or penalty (other than any customary SOFR breakage costs), subject to certain notice requirements and balance restrictions.

The Borrower is required to maintain financial ratios, based on a calculation of EBITDA defined in the 2024 Alaska Credit Agreement, including (a) a maximum Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio of 4.75:1.00, stepping down to 4.50:1.00 beginning with the third quarter of 2027, and stepping down to 4.25:1.00 beginning with the third quarter of 2028; and (b) a minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.25:1.00. Customary covenants restricting the incurrence or assumption of debt, granting or assuming liens, declaring dividends and making other restricted payments, making investments, dispositions, engaging in transactions with affiliates, changes to the nature of business, modifying organizational documents and material agreements, entering into sale and leaseback transactions, amending or making prepayments on certain subordinated debt, and entering into mergers and acquisitions.

The 2024 Alaska Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the personal property and certain material real property owned by Alaska Communications Systems Holdings, the parent company of Alaska Communications (“Holdings”), the Borrower, and its wholly owned subsidiaries, excluding, among other things, certain federal and state licenses where a pledge is prohibited by applicable law or is permitted only with the consent of a governmental authority that has not been obtained.

The 2024 Alaska Credit Agreement contains usual and customary affirmative and negative covenants of the parties for credit facilities of this type or as otherwise deemed appropriate by the administrative agent, subject to customary exceptions and materiality standards.

The Company is not a guarantor under the 2024 Alaska Credit Agreement, and the lenders have no recourse against the Company in the event of an occurrence of an “Event of Default.”

2022 Alaska Credit Facility

On December 23, 2022, Alaska Communications entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2022 Alaska Credit Facility”) with Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and a syndicate of lenders to provide a Revolving Credit Commitment of $75.0 million (the “2022 Alaska Revolving Facility”) and Term Loan Commitment of $230.0 million (the “2022 Alaska Term Loan”).

The key terms and conditions of the 2022 Alaska Credit Facility included the following:

On August 29, 2024, all outstanding amounts under the 2022 Alaska Credit Facility were repaid in full using the proceeds received upon the completion of the 2024 Alaska Credit Facility.

Alaska Term Facility

On June 15, 2022, Holdings entered into a secured lending arrangement with Bristol Bay Industrial, LLC (the “Alaska Term Facility”).

The Alaska Term Facility provided for a secured delayed draw term loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $7.5 million and the proceeds were used to pay certain invoices from a contractor for work performed in connection with a fiber build. Interest on the Alaska Term Facility accrued at a fixed rate of 4.0% and scheduled quarterly payments of principal commenced on March 31, 2023. The Alaska Term Facility was repaid in full during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Alaska Interest Rate Swap Agreements

In November 2023, Alaska Communications entered intotwo forward starting 1-month floating to fixed SOFR interest rate swap agreements. The total non-amortizing notional amount of the agreements is $200.0 million, with fixed SOFR rates of 4.8695% and 4.8980% and both agreements mature on June 30, 2025. The swap agreement had a fair value of $(0.5) million as of December 31, 2024, and matured on June 30, 2025.

FirstNet Receivables Credit Facility

On March 26, 2020, Commnet Finance, a wholly owned subsidiary of Commnet Wireless, entered into a receivables credit facility with Commnet Wireless, and CoBank, ACB (the “Receivables Credit Facility”).

The Receivables Credit Facility provides for a senior secured delayed draw term loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million and the proceeds may be used to acquire certain receivables from Commnet

Wireless. The receivables to be financed and sold under the Receivables Credit Facility, which provides the loan security, relate to the obligations of AT&T under the FirstNet Agreement.

On December 27, 2024, CoBank amended the Receivables Credit Facility and extended the delayed draw period to December 31, 2025.

The maturity date for each loan will be set by CoBank and will match the weighted average maturity of the certain receivables financed.

Interest on the loans accrue at a fixed annual interest rate to be quoted by CoBank.

The Receivables Credit Facility contains customary events of termination, representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and events of default customary for facilities of this type.

As of June 30, 2025, Commnet Wireless had $40.5 million outstanding, of which $8.2 million was classified as being current and $32.3 million as long-term on the Company’s balance sheet, and $9.2 million of availability under the Receivables Credit Facility. Commnet Wireless capitalized$0.8 million in fees associated with the Receivables Credit Facility which are being amortized over the life of the debt and $0.3 million were unamortized as of June 30, 2025.

OneGY Credit Facilities

On October 12, 2022, OneGY entered into a $2.9 million term facility and a $5.7 million overdraft facility (the “Guyana Credit Facilities”) with Republic Bank (Guyana) Limited. The OneGY Credit Facilities were secured by real estate assets and carried a fixed interest rate of 7.5%. On November 29, 2024, the overdraft facility and term facility were canceled at the request of OneGY.

IDB Credit Facilities

On May 8, 2025, OneGY entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2025 IDB Credit Facilities”) with Inter-American Investment Corporation (“IDB Invest”) to provide a Revolving Credit Commitment of $10.0 million (the “2025 IDB Revolving Facility”) and Term Loan Commitment of up to $30.0 million (the “2025 IDB Term Loan”). The debt is secured by certain assets of OneGY and is not guaranteed by the Company.

Each disbursement under the 2025 IDB Revolving Facility requires an established repayment date. Amounts may be prepaid with prior notice to IDB Invest.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2027, the 2025 IDB Term Loan must be repaid in quarterly principal payments in the amounts set forth below, with the outstanding principal balance maturing on the tenth anniversary of the effective date. The 2025 IDB Revolving Loan may be repaid at any time on or prior to its maturity of 360 days after the first disbursement date.

Amounts borrowed under the 2025 IDB Credit Facilities bear interest at a rate equal to the applicable secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (SOFR) plus an applicable margin of 2.4% for the Revolving Facility and 3.0% for the Term Loans. In the case of the IDB Term Loan, there is a prepayment fee equal to 1% until the first anniversary from the effective date,0.5% until the second anniversary from the effective date, and 0.0% thereafter.

The 2025 IDB Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant that imposes on OneGY a maximum Net Financial Debt to EBITDA Ratio and a maximum Debt to Equity ratio and a minimum EBITDA to Net Financial Expense Ratio, as well as customary representations, warranties and covenants The 2025 IDB Credit Agreement provides for events of default customary for credit facilities of this type, including but not limited to non-payment, defaults on other debt, misrepresentation, breach of covenants, representations and warranties, insolvency and bankruptcy.

As of June 30, 2025, OneGY had $5.0 million outstanding under the 2025 IDB Revolving Facility. There wereno outstanding borrowings under the 2025 IDB Term loan as of that date.

Sacred Wind Term Debt

The Sacred Wind Term Debt with the United States of America, acting through the Administrator of the Rural Utilities Service (“RUS”) which provides financial assistance in the form of loans under the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 to furnish or improve telecommunications and/or broadband services in rural areas, is secured by substantially all of the assets of Sacred Wind and is an underlying mortgage to the United States of America. These mortgage notes are to be repaid in equal monthly installments covering principal and interest beginning after date of issue and expiring by 2035.

The Sacred Wind Term Debt contains certain restrictions on the declaration or payment of dividends, redemption of capital stock or investment in affiliated companies without the consent of the RUS noteholders. The agreements also contain a financial covenant which Sacred Wind was not in compliance with as of December 31, 2024. Sacred Wind submitted a corrective action plan to comply with the financial covenant by December 31, 2028. The corrective action plan was accepted by the RUS and, as of June 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with that corrective action plan.

As of June 30, 2025, $23.2 million was outstanding under the Sacred Wind Term Debt. Of that amount,$3.4 million was current and $19.8 million was long term.

The mortgage notes carry fixed interest rates ranging from 0.88% to 5.0%.

OneVI Debt

The Company, and certain of its subsidiaries, have entered into a $60.0 million loan agreement (the “OneVI Debt”) with National Cooperative Services Corporation (“NCSC”). The OneVI Debt agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants (including limitations on additional debt, guaranties, sale of assets and liens) and a financial covenant that limits the maximum ratio of indebtedness to annual operating cash flow of 3.5 to 1.0 (the “Net Leverage Ratio”). This covenant is tested on an annual basis at the end of each fiscal year. Interest is paid quarterly at a fixed rate of 4.0% per annum and principal repayment is not required until maturity on July 1, 2026. Prepayment of the OneVI Debt may be subject to a fee under certain circumstances. The debt is secured by certain assets of the OneVI subsidiaries and is guaranteed by the Company.

The Company paid a fee of $0.9 million in 2016 to lock the interest rate at 4% per annum over the term of the OneVI Debt. The fee was recorded as a reduction to the OneVI Debt carrying amount and is being amortized over the life of the loan.

As of June 30, 2025, $60.0 million of the OneVI Debt remained outstanding.

On May 5, 2022, the Net Leverage Ratio was amended to 7.0 to 1.0 through the maturity date of July 1, 2026. The Ratio is tested annually, and the Company was in compliance with the Net Leverage Ratio as of December 31, 2024.

On July 17, 2025, NCSC issued a commitment letter to amend and extend the maturity date of the loan to July 1, 2035. The interest rate will be reset on the original loan maturity date of July 1, 2026. On July 1, 2026, the loan will be subject to a quarterly repayment schedule. The covenants tested on an annual basis will change as of December 31, 2026.

Debt Maturity

The table below summarizes the annual maturities of the Company’s debt instruments (amounts in thousands).

8. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND SPECTRUM MATTERS

Universal Service Fund and Other Domestic Funding Programs

The Company recognizes revenue from several government funded programs including but not limited to, as follows:

committed to deploy voice and broadband service to covered areas within six years and to provide service in those areas for ten years. As of June 2025, the Company transferred $1.3 million of the annual awards to other providers and returned $0.7 million of the annual awards to the FCC; and

As of June 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance in all material respects with its requirements associated with such funding.

Additionally, in 2024, the Company recognized revenue from the FCC’s Affordable Connectivity Program (“ACP”) and the Emergency Connectivity Fund (“ECF”) that expired in the second quarter of 2024. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 the Company recorded a loss of $1.9 million related to the transfer of RDOF awards. This loss is recorded in Loss on disposition of assets and transfers in the Company’s income statement. The Company has a liability of $5.1 million accrued related to transferring its RDOF awards as of June 30, 2025. The Company expects to complete the transfers in the second half of 2025.

Revenue recognized from the USF High Cost Program, including the CAF II, ACF, E-ACAM, and RDOF programs, is recognized as revenue from government grants. Revenue from other programs is recognized in accordance with ASC 606.

The Company recorded the amounts below as communication services revenue for the reported periods (in thousands):

Construction Grants

The Company has also been awarded construction grants to build network connectivity for eligible communities. The funding of these grants, used to reimburse the Company for its construction costs, is generally distributed upon completion of a project. Completion deadlines begin in 2025 and once these projects are constructed, the Company is obligated to provide service to the participants. In June of 2025, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (“NTIA”) rescinded previously awarded Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment Program grants. The Company was awarded $51 million of grants under this program which are presented below in Transferred and rescinded grants. The Company expects to meet all requirements associated with these grants. A roll forward of the Company’s grant awards is below (in thousands).

In addition, the Company partners with tribal governments to obtain grants under various government grant programs including, but not limited to, the Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program ("TBCP") and the Rural Development Broadband ReConnect Program (“ReConnect”). These programs are administered by United States government agencies to deploy broadband connectivity in certain underserved areas. The Company was identified as a sub recipient of grants under these programs totaling$239 million as of June 30, 2025. Under these grants the Company expects to enter into agreements to construct and operate the networks for the grant recipient. Once construction is complete the Company will hold a long-term lease to operate the network. The operating agreement will require the Company to meet certain minimum service requirements. Through June 30, 2025, the Company has received$23.5 million of funding under these programs and spent $25.4 million on construction obligations. These amounts are recorded as operating cash flows in the Company’s statement of cash flows.

Replace and Remove Program

In July 2022, the Company was approved to participate in the Federal Communication Commission’s Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program (the “Replace and Remove Program”), designed to reimburse providers of advanced communications services for reasonable costs incurred in the required removal, replacement, and disposal of communications equipment and services in their networks that has been deemed to pose a national security risk. Pursuant to the Replace and Remove Program, our eligible subsidiaries were initially allocated up to approximately $207 million to replace, remove and securely destroy such communications equipment and services in the Company’s networks in the western United States and in the US Virgin Islands, however, in December 2024 this program was fully funded for an increased allocation to the Company of an aggregate amount of approximately $517 million. The Replace and Remove Program requires each of the Company’s participating subsidiaries to complete the project no later than a specified deadline, which was recently extended to the second quarter of 2026.

A summary of the amounts spent and reimbursed under the Replace and Remove Program is below (in thousands):

At June 30, 2025, $17.0 million of the capital expenditures spent under the Replace and Remove Program were accrued and unpaid. The Company expects to be reimbursed, within the next twelve months, for all amounts spent to date. Amounts identified as capital are recorded as investing cash flows and amounts identified as operating are recorded as operating cash flows in the Company’s statement of cash flows.

9. RETIREMENT PLANS

Multi-employer Defined Benefit Plan

Pension benefits for substantially all of the Company’s Alaska-based employees are provided through the Alaska Electrical Pension Fund (“AEPF”). The Company pays a contractual hourly amount based on employee classification or base compensation to the AEPF. As a multi-employer defined benefit plan, the accumulated benefits and plan assets are not determined for, or allocated separately to, the individual employer. This plan was not in endangered or critical status during the plan year.

Defined Benefit Plan

The Company has noncontributory defined benefit pension and noncontributory defined medical, dental, vision, and life benefit plans for eligible employees who meet certain eligibility criteria. The majority of benefits under the plans are frozen and the plans no longer allow new participants to join.

The Company recorded the net periodic benefit cost identified below (in thousands):

The Company was not required to make contributions to its pension plans during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. However, the Company periodically evaluates whether to make discretionary contributions. The Company funds its postretirement benefit plans as claims are made and did not make contributions to its pension plans during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

10. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was 29.0% and 1.8% respectively.

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $3.8 million in relation to a pretax loss of $13.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, (ii) net expense related to valuation allowances placed on certain deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized based on the weight of positive and negative evidence, and (iii) discrete items including a$4.9 million benefit from the reversal of an unrecognized tax position due to a statute of limitations expiration, a $0.6 million expense for interest on prior years uncertain tax positions, and a $1.0 million benefit from the release of a capital loss carryover

valuation allowance based on the Company’s conclusion that it was more likely than not that this deferred tax asset would be realized in the future.

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $0.2 million in relation to a pretax loss of $11.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2024 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, (ii) net expense related to valuation allowances placed on certain deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realizable based on the weight of positive and negative evidence and (iii) discrete items including a $2.4 million expense associated with the gain on sale of land in a foreign jurisdiction, a $3.7 million benefit from the reversal of an unrecognized tax position due to a statute of limitations expiration and a $0.8 million expense for interest on unrecognized tax positions.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was 16.1% and 35.0%, respectively.

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $4.0 million in relation to a pretax loss of $24.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily impacted by the following items: (i) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which we operate, (ii) net expense related to valuation allowances placed on certain deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized based on the weight of positive and negative evidence, and (iii) discrete items including a$4.9 million benefit from the reversal of an unrecognized tax position due to a statute of limitations expiration, a $1.2 million expense for interest on prior years uncertain tax positions, a $0.5 million expense associated with stock option shortfalls, and a $1.0 million benefit from the release of a capital loss carryover valuation allowance based on the Company’s conclusion that it was more likely than not that this deferred tax asset would be realized in the future.

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $1.8 million in relation to a pretax income of $5.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was primarily impacted by the following items (i) the mix of income generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, (ii) net expense related to valuation allowances placed on certain deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realizable based on the weight of positive and negative evidence and (iii) discrete items including a $2.4 million expense associated with the gain on sale of land in a foreign jurisdiction, a $3.7 million benefit from the reversal of an unrecognized tax position due to a statute of limitations expiration, a $1.5 million expense to record an unrecognized tax position for the current year, and a $1.5 million expense for interest on unrecognized tax positions.

The Company’s effective tax rate is based upon estimated income before provision for income taxes for the year, composition of the income in different countries, and adjustments, if any, in the applicable quarterly periods for potential tax consequences, benefits and/or resolutions of tax contingencies. The Company’s consolidated tax rate will continue to be impacted by any transactional or one-time items in the future and the mix of income in any given year generated among the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. While the Company believes it has adequately provided for all tax positions, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could materially differ from the Company’s accrued positions as a result of uncertain and complex application of tax law and regulations. Additionally, the recognition and measurement of certain tax benefits include estimates and judgments by management. Accordingly, the Company could record additional provisions or benefits for US federal, state, and foreign tax matters in future periods as new information becomes available.

11. EARNINGS PER SHARE AND REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS

Earnings Per Share

The following table reconciles the numerator and denominator in the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands):

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

In connection with certain acquisitions, the Company accounts for third-party non-controlling minority investments as redeemable noncontrolling interests, which consist of both redeemable common and, in some instances, preferred units, in its consolidated financial statements.

The common units contain put options allowing the holder to sell at a future date, the common units to a subsidiary of the Company at the then fair market value. The common units participate in the earnings and losses of the subsidiaries and are allocated their applicable share of earnings and losses. After the allocation of earnings and losses, the Company estimates the fair value of the common units and records the common units at the higher of the book value or the estimated fair value of the common units.

The preferred units contain put options allowing the holder to sell at a future date, the preferred units to a subsidiary of the Company at a fixed price equal to face value of the units plus unpaid dividends. The preferred units hold a distribution preference over common units and carry a fixed dividend rate.

The put options for both the common and preferred units, if any, are nonrecourse to the Company. The put options for the Alloy common units are exercisable beginning in 2026 and the put options for the Alaska Communications common and preferred units are exercisable at the earlier of a future initial public offering of the subsidiary or July 2028.

For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company allocated losses of $5.1 million and $2.7 million, respectively, to the redeemable common units representing their proportionate share of operating losses. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company allocated$8.7 million and $6.2 million, respectively, to the redeemable common units representing their proportionate share of operating losses. The fair value of the Alaska common units waszero at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Alloy common units were carried at historical cost of$10.0 million and $10.6 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which exceeded its fair value.

The following table provides a roll forward of the activity related to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

12. SEGMENT REPORTING

Through June 30, 2025, the Company has the followingtwo reportable and operating segments: (i) International Telecom and (ii) US Telecom.

Operating income is the segment measure of profit or loss reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing the segments' performance and making capital allocation decisions. The Company believes operating income is a useful measure of its operating results as it provides relevant and useful information to investors and other users of its financial data in evaluating the effectiveness of its operations and underlying business trends in a manner that is consistent with management's evaluation of business performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer.

The following tables provide information for each operating segment (in thousands):

Selected balance sheet data for each of the Company’s segments as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consists of the following (in thousands):

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company spent $87.9 million and $108.0 million, respectively, on capital expenditures relating to its telecommunications networks and business support systems of which $45.9 million and $46.2 million, respectively, are reimbursable under various government programs. The following notes the Company’s capital expenditures, by operating segment, for these periods (in thousands).

13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Regulatory and Litigation Matters

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory and legal proceedings and other claims arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which involve claims for damages and taxes that are substantial in amount. Historically, the Company’s subsidiary, OneGY, has been subject to other long-standing litigation proceedings and disputes in Guyana that have not yet been resolved. It has been OneGY’s practice to make payments of undisputed spectrum and license fees as amounts are invoiced by the Telecommunications Authority (“TA”) and to accrue for a reasonable determination of any amounts that are disputed or not invoiced by the TA. The Company believes that, except for the items discussed below, for which the Company is currently unable to predict the final outcome, the

disposition of matters currently pending will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Beginning in 2006, the National Frequency Management Unit (now the Telecommunications Agency, or the “NFMU”) and OneGY have been engaged in discussions regarding the amount of and methodology for calculation of spectrum fees payable by OneGY in Guyana. Since that time, OneGY has made payments of undisputed spectrum, license and other fees when invoiced by the NFMU, and to its successor, the TA. OneGY continues to dispute in good faith the methodology used for calculation and has reached out for further discussion on the subject of a revised spectrum fee methodology with the TA.

OneGY has filed several lawsuits in the High Court of Guyana asserting that, despite its denials, Digicel is engaged in international bypass in violation of OneGY’s exclusive license rights, the interconnection agreement between the parties, and the laws of Guyana. Digicel filed counterclaims alleging that OneGY has violated the terms of the interconnection agreement and Guyana laws. These suits, filed in 2010 and 2012, are currently pending in the Court of Appeals in Guyana, however, the Company cannot accurately predict at this time when the consolidated suit will reach a court of final determination.

OneGY is also involved in several legal claims regarding its tax filings with the Guyana Revenue Authority (the “GRA”) dating back to 1991 regarding the deductibility of intercompany advisory fees as well as other tax assessments. OneGY has maintained that it has no unpaid corporation tax due to the GRA and that any liability OneGY might be found to have with respect to the disputed tax assessments would be offset in part by the amounts claimed with respect to rights ATN has pursuant to its agreement with the government of Guyana. OneGY’s position has been upheld by various High Court rulings made in its favor, and while all matters have been appealed by the GRA, onlyone remains pending for determination by the High Court.

In February 2020, the Company’s Alaska Communications subsidiary received a draft audit report from USAC in connection with USAC’s inquiry into Alaska Communications’ funding requests under the Rural Health Care Support Program for certain customers for the time period of July 2012 through June 2017. Alaska Communications also received a Letter of Inquiry on March 18, 2018, and subsequent follow up information requests, from the FCC Enforcement Bureau requesting historical information regarding Alaska Communications’ participation in the FCC’s Rural Health Care Support Program. On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a Consent Decree with the FCC Enforcement Bureau, regarding both the USAC and FCC Enforcement Bureau’s investigation and agreed to (i) pay a settlement amount of approximately $6.3 million, and (ii) enter into athree-year compliance agreement in connection with Alaska Communication’s continued participation in the RHC Program. At this time, the Company believes that it can comply with all of the terms of the compliance agreement. The settlement amount of $6.3 million consists of a $5.3 million cash payment and the $1.0 million forgiveness of certain receivables, both of which have been accrued on the Company’s balance sheet as of June 30, 2025. As such, this settlement will not impact the statement of operations in future periods.

With respect to all of the foregoing unresolved matters, the Company believes that some adverse outcome is probable and has accordingly accrued $15.3 million as of June 30, 2025 for these and other potential liabilities arising in various claims, legal actions and regulatory proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company also faces contingencies that are reasonably possible to occur that cannot currently be estimated. It is the Company’s policy to expense costs associated with loss contingencies, including any related legal fees, as they are incurred.

14. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act was signed into law in the U.S. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the bill and any potential impacts on its financial position and operations, but does not anticipate any material impacts to its financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025.