Pioneer Bancorp, Inc./MD

June 30, 2025

**1.**NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Pioneer Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) is a mid-tier stock holding company whose wholly owned subsidiary is Pioneer Bank, National Association (the “Bank”).

The Company provides diversified financial services through the Bank and its subsidiaries, with 22 offices in the Capital Region of New York State. The Company, through its subsidiaries, offers a broad array of deposit, lending, and other financial services to individuals, businesses, and municipalities.

The interim financial data as of June 30, 2025 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, is unaudited and reflects all normal recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented in conformance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be achieved for the remainder of fiscal 2025 or any other period.

These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Transition Report on Form 10-KT, for the six months ended December 31, 2024. On October 15, 2024, the board of directors of the Company approved an amendment to Article VI, Section 5 of its Bylaws to change its fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31. Accordingly, the prior-period comparative financial information presented has been recast in this report to align with the Company’s new fiscal calendar.

**2.**SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank, and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ substantially from those estimates. The allowance for credit losses, valuation of securities and other financial instruments, the funded status and expense of employee benefit plans, legal proceedings and other contingent liabilities, and the realizability of deferred tax assets are particularly subject to change.

Reclassifications

Amounts in the prior period’s consolidated financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current period’s presentation.

Adoption of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09—Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to provide more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures. Specifically, the update requires enhancements to the rate reconciliation, including disclosure of specific categories and additional information for

reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold, and greater disaggregation of income tax disclosures related to income taxes paid. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Other than meeting the new disclosure requirements, the adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07 – Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to improve the reportable segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. In addition, the amendments enhanced interim disclosure requirements, clarified circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provided new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment and contained other disclosure requirements. The ASU did not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments or determines its reportable segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments in this ASU were effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Other than meeting the new disclosure requirements, the adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s reportable segments are determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is designated as the chief operating decision maker, based on information provided about the Company’s products and services offered. The Company’s operations are primarily in the community banking industry and includes retail and commercial banking services. The Company also sells commercial and consumer insurance products and employee benefit products and services through Pioneer Insurance Agency, Inc. and provides wealth management services through Pioneer Financial Services, Inc. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses that information to review performance of various components of the business. The chief operating decision maker will evaluate the financial performance of the Company’s business components such as by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results in assessing the Company’s segment and in the determination of allocating resources. The chief operating decision maker uses consolidated net income to benchmark the Company against its competitors. The benchmarking analysis along with monitoring budget to actual results are used in assessing performance. The financial information used for performance assessment by the chief operating decision maker is the same as the financial information included in the consolidated statements of condition and consolidated statements of operations.

Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this ASU require disclosure, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact this will have on the consolidated financial statements.

**3.**INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available for sale are as follows (dollars in thousands):

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of debt securities. Accrued interest receivable on available for sale debt securities totaled $1.2 million and $1.3 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and reported in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated statements of condition.

There wasno allowance for credit losses for securities available for sale as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities held to maturity are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Accrued interest receivable on held to maturity debt securities totaled $408,000 and $254,000 at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is reported in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated statements of condition.

There wereno held to maturity securities that were 30 days or more past due or classified as non-accrual as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses on securities held to maturity (dollars in thousands):

The estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses aggregated by security category and length of time such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Unrealized losses on securities available for sale have not been recognized into income because the issuers' debt securities are of high credit quality (rated AA or higher), management does not intend to sell, and it is likely that management will not be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery, and the decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach maturity.

The Company does not believe the available for sale securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which consisted of 35 and 52 individual securities, respectively, represented a credit loss impairment. Available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses at least quarterly. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the majority of the available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position consisted of debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises that carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, which are

widely recognized as “risk-free” and have a long history of zero credit losses. Total gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity.

None of the Company’s held to maturity debt securities were past due or on nonaccrual status as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. There wasno accrued interest reversed against interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, as all securities remained on accrual status. In addition, there were no collateral dependent held to maturity debt securities as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. An allowance for credit losses on held to maturity debt securities is recorded to account for expected lifetime credit losses.

The following table sets forth information with regard to contractual maturities of debt securities (dollars in thousands). Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

Maturities of mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are included based on their contractual lives. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

There wereno sales of securities available for sale for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

There wereno sales of securities held to maturity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company received$3.1 million in proceeds from the sale of equity securities.

At June 30, 2025, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of the Company’s equity. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of available for sale securities pledged to secure Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) advances and municipal deposits was $285.6 million and $313.6 million, respectively.

**4.**NET LOANS RECEIVABLE

A summary of net loans receivable is as follows (dollars in thousands):

Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $7.1 million and $6.3 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on loans is included in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of condition, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Net deferred loan costs totaled $10.7 million and $9.8 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included in net loans receivable.

The allowance for credit losses on loans estimate uses a four quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period based on economic forecast from the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) of the Federal Reserve's projections of civilian unemployment and year-over-year U.S. gross domestic product (“GDP”) growth. The forecast will revert to long-term economic conditions over a four quarter reversion period on a straight-line basis. A qualitative factor framework has been developed to adjust the quantitative loss rates for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date.

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands):

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for credit losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands):

Interest income on nonaccrual loans is recognized using the cost recovery method. Interest income on impaired loans that were on nonaccrual status and cash-basis interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was immaterial.

At various times, certain loan modifications are executed for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial condition that it would not otherwise consider resulting in a modified loan. Substantially all of these modifications include one or a combination of the following: extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; temporary reduction in the interest rate; change in scheduled payment amount including interest only; or extensions of additional credit for payment of delinquent real estate taxes or other costs.

The Company may occasionally make modifications to loans where the borrower is considered to be experiencing financial difficulty. Types of modifications considered include principal reductions, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delay, term extensions, or a combination. There were no modifications to loans where the borrower is considered to be experiencing financial difficulty for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

The following tables present the recorded investment in nonaccrual and loans past due over 90 days still on accrual by class of loans (dollars in thousands):

Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually evaluated loans.

A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans (dollars in thousands):

The following tables present the aging of the recorded investment in loans by class of loans as of (dollars in thousands):

The Company categorizes commercial loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes commercial loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention – Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard – Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Commercial loans not meeting the criteria above are considered to be pass rated loans.

The Company grades residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit and consumer loans as either non-performing or performing.

Non-performing – Loans that are over 90 days past due and still accruing interest or on nonaccrual.

Performing– Loans not meeting any of the above criteria are considered to be performing loans.

The following table presents loans summarized by segment and class, and the risk category (dollars in thousands):

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had pledged $719.4 million and $672.3 million respectively, of residential mortgage, home equity and commercial loans as collateral for FHLBNY borrowings and stand-by letters of credit.

**5.**DERIVATIVES

In the normal course of servicing our commercial customers, the Company acts as an interest rate swap counterparty for certain commercial borrowers. The Company manages its exposure to such interest rate swaps by entering into corresponding and offsetting interest rate swaps with third parties that match the terms of the interest rate swap with the commercial borrowers. These positions directly offset each other and the Company’s exposure is the fair value of the derivatives due to potential changes in credit risk of our commercial borrowers and third parties.

The notional amount of the interest rate swaps does not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the individual interest rate swap agreements. At June 30, 2025, the Company held derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, comprised of back-to-back interest rate swaps, with a total notional amount of $392.2 million, consisting of $196.1 million of interest rate swaps with commercial borrowers and $196.1 million of offsetting interest rate swaps with third-party counterparties on substantially the same terms. At December 31, 2024, the Company held derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, comprised of back-to-back interest rate swaps, with a total notional amount of $376.6 million, consisting of $188.3 million of interest rate swaps with commercial borrowers and $188.3 million of offsetting interest rate swaps with third-party counterparties on substantially the same terms.

The fair value of derivatives are classified as other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition. The estimated fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Under terms of the agreements with the third-party counterparties, the Company provides cash collateral to the counterparty, when required, for the initial trade. Subsequent to the trade, the margin is exchanged in either direction, based upon the estimated fair value of the underlying contracts. At June 30, 2025, the Company had received $8.7 million and deposited none as collateral for swap agreements with third-party counterparties. At December 31, 2024, the Company had received $13.7 million and deposited none as collateral for swap agreements with third-party counterparties.

**6.**OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income were as follows (dollars in thousands):

The balances and changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

The amounts of income tax expense (benefit) allocated to each component of other comprehensive income were as follows (dollars in thousands):

**7.**EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

The Company maintains a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan and a defined benefit post-retirement plan. Plan assets and obligations that determine the funded status are measured as of the end of the fiscal year.

Pension Plan

The Company maintains a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all of its full-time employees twenty-one years of age or older, with at leastone year of service hired before September 1, 2019. Through December 31, 2009, pensions were paid as an annuity using a pension formula of 2.0% of the average of thefive highest consecutive years of total compensation over the lastten years multiplied by credited service up tothirty years. Effective January 1, 2010, the plan was amended and service rendered thereafter is paid using a pension formula of 1.5%. Amounts contributed to the plan are determined annually on the basis of (a) the maximum amount allowable under Internal Revenue Service regulations and (b) the amount certified by a consulting actuary as necessary to avoid an accumulated funding deficiency as defined by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). The defined benefit pension plan was amended, effective August 31, 2019, to close the plan to new employees hired on or after September 1, 2019, therefore, no new employees hired on or after September 1, 2019 would be eligible to participate in the defined benefit pension plan.

Net periodic pension (income) cost included the following components (dollars in thousands):

The service cost component of the net periodic (income) cost is included in salaries and employee benefits and the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of net actuarial gain components are included in other noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

Contributions

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company madeno cash contributions to the plan.

Post-Retirement Healthcare Plan

The Company offers a defined benefit post-retirement plan which provides medical and life insurance benefits to employees meeting certain requirements. Effective October 1, 2006, the plan was amended so that there have been no new plan participants for medical benefits. The cost of post-retirement plan benefits is recognized on an accrual basis as employees perform services. Active employees are eligible for retiree medical coverage upon reaching agesixty with twenty-five or more years of service. Employees with a minimum of thirty years of service are eligible for individual and spousal coverage. Retirees are eligible to participate in any bank-sponsored health insurance programs. The Company’s contributions for retiree medical are limited to a monthly premium of $210 for individual coverage and $420 for employee and spousal coverage. The Company’s funding policy is to pay insurance premiums as they come due.

Net periodic post-retirement benefit cost included the following components (dollars in thousands):

The service cost component of the net periodic post-retirement benefit cost is included in salaries and employee benefits and the interest cost and amortization of net actuarial gain components are included in other noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan

On July 17, 2019, the Company established an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) to provide eligible employees the opportunity to own Company stock. The ESOP is a tax-qualified retirement plan for the benefit of Company employees. The Company granted loans to the ESOP for the purchase of 1,018,325 shares of the Company’s common stock at an average price of $13.40 per share. The loan obtained by the ESOP from the Company to purchase the common stock is payable annually over 20 years at a rate per annum equal to the Prime Rate. Loan payments are principally funded by cash contributions from the Bank. The loan is secured by the shares purchased, which are held in a suspense account for allocation among participants as the loan is repaid. The balance of the ESOP loan at June 30, 2025 was $10.6 million. Contributions are allocated to eligible participants on the basis of compensation, subject to federal tax limits. The number of shares committed to be released annually is 50,916 through the year 2038. Participants may receive the shares at the end of employment.

Shares held by the ESOP include the following:

Total compensation expense recognized in connection with the ESOP for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $146,000 and $294,000, respectively.

Total compensation expense recognized in connection with the ESOP for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $121,000 and $243,000, respectively.

**8.**COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Off-Balance-Sheet Financing and Concentrations of Credit

The Company is a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include the Company’s commitments to extend credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized on the consolidated statements of condition. The contract amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual notional amounts of those instruments which are presented in the tables below (dollars in thousands). The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and require payment of a fee. Since certain commitments are expected to expire without being fully drawn, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit-worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral, if any, required by the Company for the extension of credit is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer.

Commitments to extend credit may be written on a fixed rate basis thus exposing the Company to interest rate risk, given the possibility that market rates may change between commitment and actual extension of credit.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee payment on behalf of a customer or to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Since a portion of these instruments will expire unused, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer is evaluated individually for creditworthiness under the same underwriting standards used for commitments to extend credit and on-balance-sheet instruments. Bank policies governing loan collateral apply to standby letters of credit at the time of credit extension.

Certain residential mortgage loans are written on an adjustable basis and include interest rate caps which limit annual and lifetime increases in interest rates. Generally, adjustable rate mortgages have an annual rate increase cap of 2% to 5% and lifetime rate increase cap of 5% to 6% above the initial loan rate. These caps expose the Company to interest rate risk should market rates increase above these limits. At June 30, 2025, approximately $319.1 million of adjustable rate residential mortgage loans had interest rate caps. In addition, certain adjustable rate residential mortgage loans have a

conversion option whereby the borrower may elect to convert the loan to a fixed rate during a designated time period. At June 30, 2025, approximately $216,000 of the adjustable rate mortgage loans had conversion options.

The Company periodically sells residential mortgage loans to the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”). At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank hadno loans held for sale. In addition, the Bank hadno loan commitments with borrowers at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 with rate lock agreements which are intended to be held for sale, if closed. The Company generally determines whether or not a loan is held for sale at the time that loan commitments are entered into or at the time a convertible adjustable-rate mortgage loan converts to a fixed interest rate. In order to reduce the interest rate risk associated with the portfolio of loans held for sale, as well as loan commitments with locked interest rates which are intended to be held for sale if closed, the Company enters into agreements to sell loans in the secondary market. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company hadno commitments to sell loans to unrelated investors.

Concentrations of Credit

The Company primarily grants loans to customers located in the New York State counties of Albany, Greene, Rensselaer, Schenectady, Saratoga, and Warren. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of its debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent upon the real estate and construction-related sectors of the economy, and general economic conditions in the Company’s market area.

Legal Proceedings and Other Contingent Liabilities

In the ordinary course of business, the Company and the Bank are involved in a number of legal, regulatory, governmental and other proceedings, claims or investigations that could result in losses, including damages, fines and/or civil penalties, which could be significant concerning matters arising from the conduct of their business, including the matters described below. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, particularly where the claimants seek large or indeterminate damages, the Company generally cannot predict the eventual outcome of the pending matters, timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters, or eventual loss, fines or penalties related to each pending matter. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company will establish an accrued liability when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. The Company’s estimates of potential losses will change over time and the actual losses may vary significantly, and there may be an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts accrued. As a matter develops, management, in conjunction with any outside counsel handling the matter, evaluate on an ongoing basis whether such matter presents a loss contingency that is probable and estimable; or where a loss is reasonably possible, whether in excess of a related accrued liability or where there is no accrued liability, whether it is possible to estimate a range of possible loss. Once the loss contingency is deemed to be both probable and estimable, the Company establishes an accrued liability and records a corresponding amount of litigation-related expense. The Company continues to monitor the matters for further developments that could affect the amount of the accrued liability that has been previously established. Excluding legal fees and expenses, litigation-related expense of $0 was recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. For those matters for which a loss is reasonably possible and estimable, whether in excess of an accrued liability or where there is no accrued liability, the Company’s estimated range of possible loss is $0 to $54.4 million in excess of the accrued liability, if any, as of June 30, 2025. These estimates are based upon currently available information and are subject to significant judgment, a variety of assumptions and known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying the accrued liability and estimated range of possible losses are unpredictable and may change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly from the current estimate and accrual. The estimated range of possible loss does not represent the Company’s maximum loss exposure.

Information is provided below regarding the nature of the matters and associated claimed damages. The Company and the Bank are defending each of these matters vigorously, and the Company believes that it and the Bank have substantial defenses, including affirmative defenses, counterclaims and cross-claims to the various allegations that have been asserted. In light of the significant judgment, variety of assumptions and uncertainties involved in the matters described below, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and the large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters, or matters related to or resulting from the matters described below, could have an adverse material impact on the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or cause significant reputational harm and subject the Company to face civil litigation, significant fines, damage awards or other material regulatory consequences.

Mann Entities Related Fraudulent Activity

During the quarter ended September 30, 2019, the Company became aware of potentially fraudulent activity associated with transactions by an established business customer of the Bank. The customer and various affiliated entities (collectively, the “Mann Entities”) had numerous accounts with the Bank. The transactions in question related both to deposit and lending activity with the Mann Entities.

For the fraudulent activity related to the Mann Entities, the Bank’s potential monetary exposure with respect to its deposit activity was approximately $18.5 million. In the quarter ended September 30, 2019, the Bank exercised its rights pursuant to state and federal law and the relevant Mann Entity general deposit account agreements to take actions to set off/recover approximately $16.0 million from general deposit corporate operating accounts held by the Mann Entities at the Bank to partially cover overdrafts/negative account balances in Mann Entity general deposit corporate operating accounts that primarily resulted from another bank returning/calling back $15.6 million in checks on August 30, 2019, that the Mann Entities had deposited into and then withdrawn from their accounts at the Bank the day before. In the quarter ended September 30, 2019, the Bank recognized a charge to non-interest expense in the amount of $2.5 million based on the net negative deposit balance of the various Mann Entities’ accounts after the setoffs/overdraft recoveries. Through June 30, 2025, no additional charges to non-interest expense were recognized related to the deposit transactions with the Mann Entities.

With respect to the Bank’s lending activity with the Mann Entities, its potential exposure was approximately $15.8 million (which represents the Bank’s participation interest in the approximately $35.8 million commercial loan relationships for which the Bank was the originating lender). In the quarter ended June 30, 2019, the Bank recognized a provision for loan losses in the amount of $15.8 million, related to the charge-off of the entire principal balance owed to the Bank related to the Mann Entities’ commercial loan relationships. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and the quarter ended September 30, 2020, the Bank recognized partial recoveries in the amount of $1.7 million and $34,000, respectively, related to the charge-off of the Mann Entities’ commercial loan relationships, which were credited to the allowance for loan losses. Through June 30, 2025, no additional charges to the provision for credit losses andno additional recoveries related to the charge-off of the loans were recognized related to the loan transactions with the Mann Entities.

Several other parties and regulatory agencies have asserted claims against the Company and the Bank related to the series of transactions between the Company or the Bank, on the one hand, and the Mann Entities, on the other. The Company and the Bank continue to investigate these matters and it is possible that the Company and the Bank will be subject to similar legal, regulatory, governmental or other proceedings and additional liabilities. The ultimate timing and outcome of any such proceedings, involving the Company, or the Bank, cannot be predicted with any certainty. It also remains possible that other private parties or governmental bodies will pursue existing or additional claims against the Bank as a result of the Bank’s dealings with certain of the Mann Entities or as a result of the actions taken by the Company or the Bank. The Company’s and the Bank’s legal fees and expenses related to these actions are significant and are expected to continue being significant. In addition, costs associated with potentially prosecuting, litigating or settling any litigation, satisfying any adverse judgments, if any, or other proceedings, could be significant. These legal, regulatory, governmental and other proceedings, claims or investigations, costs, settlements, judgments, sanctions or other expenses could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business prospects, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows or cause significant reputational harm and subject the Company to face civil litigation, significant fines, damage awards or other material regulatory consequences. The Company is pursuing all available sources of recovery and other means of mitigating the potential loss, and the Company and the Bank are vigorously defending all claims asserted against them arising out of or otherwise related to the fraudulent activity of the Mann Entities. While the Bank has been reimbursed in the past by its insurer for certain legal fees and expenses associated with this matter, the Bank does not expect to recognize any such insurance recoveries in the future, as the applicable policy limits and deductibles have been exceeded. For a fuller recitation of the procedural history of each of the matters summarized below, please refer to the Company’s earlier periodic filings on Forms 10-Q and 10-K. The Pioneer Parties (as defined below) vigorously dispute the assertions and claims in each of the matters noted below.

Legal Proceedings

On October 31, 2019, Southwestern Payroll Services, Inc. (“Southwestern”) filed a complaint against the Company and the Bank (“Pioneer Parties”), Michael T. Mann, Valuewise Corporation, MyPayrollHR, LLC and Cloud Payroll, LLC

(collectively, the “Mann Parties”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. On April 10, 2023, the Court entered a memorandum decision and order granting Southwestern leave to file a third amended complaint adding Granite Solutions Groupe, Inc. (“Granite Solutions”) as a plaintiff and asserting claims against the Pioneer Parties for declaratory judgment, conversion, fraud, negligence/gross negligence, unjust enrichment/money had and received, violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) Act, aiding and abetting conversion, and aiding and abetting fraud. Southwestern and Granite Solutions filed the third amended complaint on April 26, 2023. The third amended complaint seeks a monetary judgment of at least $39.0 million, allegedly comprised of compensatory damages in excess of $13.0 million, penalties and interest, treble damages, and punitive damages. The Pioneer Parties filed their answer to the third amended complaint on May 12, 2023. In addition to denying that Southwestern or Granite Solutions is entitled to any of the relief sought in the third amended complaint, the Pioneer Parties asserted numerous affirmative defenses, as well as counterclaims against Southwestern and cross-claims against certain of the Mann Parties for common law fraud under New York law and violations of RICO. The Pioneer Parties contend that the actions of Southwestern and certain of the Mann Parties have resulted in damages to the Pioneer Parties comprised of compensatory damages, treble damages, and attorneys’ fees and costs. The Pioneer Parties seek to recover these damages jointly and severally against all counterclaim and cross-claim defendants. Southwestern filed its answer to the counterclaims on June 2, 2023. On June 3, 2024, the Pioneer Parties filed a motion for summary judgment on all claims asserted in the third amended complaint. On the same day, the plaintiffs filed a motion for partial summary judgment as to one of the Pioneer Parties’ affirmative defenses and on the counterclaims against Southwestern for violations of RICO. On June 14, 2024, the Pioneer Parties filed a separate motion to dismiss certain claims asserted in the third amended complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Briefing on the various motions was completed on August 28, 2024. On June 25, 2025, the court denied the Pioneer Parties’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The motions for summary judgment are pending before the court for decision.

On December 10, 2019, National Payment Corp. (“NatPay”) filed a motion to intervene as a plaintiff in Southwestern’s lawsuit against the Pioneer Parties and the Mann Parties as described above. On August 4, 2020, the magistrate judge issued a decision recommending that NatPay be allowed to intervene, which was subsequently accepted by the Court. NatPay filed its complaint in intervention on August 18, 2020. On April 10, 2023, the Court entered a memorandum decision and order granting NatPay leave to file an amended complaint asserting claims against the Pioneer Parties for declaratory judgment, conversion, fraud, negligence/gross negligence, unjust enrichment/money had and received, violations of RICO, aiding and abetting conversion, and aiding and abetting fraud. NatPay filed its amended complaint on April 13, 2023. The amended complaint seeks a monetary judgment of at least $11.4 million, allegedly comprised of compensatory damages in excess of $3.8 million, penalties and interest, treble damages, and punitive damages. The Pioneer Parties filed their answer to NatPay’s amended complaint on May 12, 2023. In addition to denying that NatPay is entitled to any of the relief sought in the third amended complaint, the Pioneer Parties asserted numerous affirmative defenses, as well as counterclaims against NatPay and cross-claims against certain of the Mann Parties for violations of RICO. The Pioneer Parties contend that the actions of NatPay and certain of the Mann Parties have resulted in damages to the Pioneer Parties comprised of compensatory damages, treble damages, and attorneys’ fees and costs. The Pioneer Parties seek to recover these damages jointly and severally against all counterclaim and cross-claim defendants. On June 23, 2023, NatPay filed a motion to dismiss the counterclaims and certain affirmative defenses of the Pioneer Parties. The Pioneer Parties filed their opposition to the motion on July 21, 2023, and the motion was fully briefed and submitted to the Court for decision on August 4, 2023. On December 21, 2023, the Court entered an order granting NatPay’s motion. On January 18, 2024, the Pioneer Parties filed a motion for reconsideration of the Court’s order and for leave to amend their answer and counterclaims. On April 3, 2024, the Court entered an order granting the Pioneer Parties leave to amend their answer and counterclaims. The Pioneer Parties thereafter filed their amended answer and counterclaims on April 15, 2024. NatPay filed its reply to amended counterclaims on April 29, 2024. On June 3, 2024, the Pioneer Parties filed a motion for summary judgment on all claims asserted in the amended complaint, as well as a separate motion to dismiss the amended complaint in its entirety for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. On the same day, NatPay filed a motion for partial summary judgment as to one of the Pioneer Parties’ affirmative defenses and on the counterclaims against NatPay for violations of RICO. Briefing on the various motions was completed on August 28, 2024. On June 25, 2025, the court denied the Pioneer Parties’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The motions for summary judgment are pending before the court for decision.

On January 21, 2020, Cachet Financial Services (“Cachet”), a third-party automated clearing house service provider, filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the Central District of California, Los Angeles Division (“Bankruptcy Court”). The Bank is not listed as a creditor in the bankruptcy proceedings. On January 20, 2022, Cachet filed an adversary proceeding complaint against the Pioneer Parties in the Bankruptcy Court. On February 16, 2023, Cachet filed an amended complaint in lieu of responding to the Pioneer Parties’ motion to dismiss. The amended complaint, like the initial complaint, alleges Michael T. Mann stole approximately $26.4 million from Cachet in August 2019 by manipulating Cachet’s “batch file specifications,” and that Mann subsequently caused approximately $8.5 million of those purportedly stolen funds to be deposited into accounts held by companies owned by Mann at Pioneer Bank. Cachet alleges Pioneer Bank refused Cachet’s request to return the approximately $8.5 million in purportedly stolen funds to Cachet. Cachet’s complaint asserts causes of action against the Pioneer Parties for avoidance and recovery of constructive fraudulent transfers, conversion, unjust enrichment, money had and received, violation of California Penal Code § 496(a), violations of RICO, aiding and abetting fraud, and declaratory relief. Cachet asserts “actual damages” of approximately $8.5 million, seeks three times its actual damages on its Section 496(a) claim (or approximately $25.6 million), and costs of suit and attorneys’ fees. Cachet also seeks “treble damages according to proof and attorneys’ fees,” and for its aiding abetting fraud claim, Cachet seeks “general, consequential and special damages in an amount to be proven at trial.” On April 28, 2023, the Pioneer Parties filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 6, 2023, the Court entered an order granting in part and denying in part the Pioneer Parties’ motion. In particular, the Court dismissed Cachet’s claims for violations of RICO, violation of California Penal Code § 496(a), aiding and abetting fraud and conversion, and for declaratory relief. The Court denied the Pioneer Parties’ motion as to the claims for conversion, unjust enrichment, and money had and received. The Court permitted Cachet to file a second amended complaint. On September 20, 2023, Cachet filed a motion for reconsideration of the Court’s Order. The Pioneer Parties filed their opposition on October 26, 2023, and Cachet filed its reply on November 2, 2023. On November 16, 2023, the Court entered an order granting the motion to the extent of clarifying certain rulings in the September 6, 2023 order relating to the denial of the motion to dismiss as to Cachet’s conversion claim and the dismissal of Cachet’s RICO claim. Cachet initially filed its second amended complaint on February 5, 2024, but pursuant to a stipulation and order entered on February 29, 2024, Cachet withdrew that version of the second amended complaint and filed a revised second amended complaint on April 8, 2024. The second amended complaint asserts claims for conversion, unjust enrichment, money had and received, violations of RICO, and aiding and abetting conversion and fraud. On May 8, 2024, the Pioneer Parties filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. Briefing on the motion was completed on June 27, 2024. A hearing on the motion was held by the Court on July 11, 2024. On August 28, 2024, the Court entered an order granting in part and denying in part the Pioneer Parties’ motion. In particular, the court dismissed with prejudice Cachet’s claims for aiding and abetting conversion and fraud and dismissed without prejudice Cachet’s RICO claims. The court denied the Pioneer Parties’ motion to dismiss the claims for conversion, unjust enrichment, and money had and received. On October 10, 2024, the Pioneer Parties filed an answer to the second amended complaint, as well as a motion to strike certain allegations in the second amended complaint relating to the dismissed claims. Briefing on the motion to strike was completed on November 7, 2024, and a hearing on the motion was held on November 14, 2024. On November 25, 2024, the Court entered an order granting in part and denying in part the motion to strike. This matter is currently in discovery.

On February 4, 2020, Berkshire Hills Bancorp Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiary Berkshire Bank (“Berkshire Bank”) filed a complaint against the Bank in the Supreme Court of the State of New York for Albany County resulting from Berkshire Bank’s participation interest in the commercial loan relationship to the Mann Entities. The complaint alleges that the Bank breached the amended and restated loan participation agreement between the Bank and Berkshire Bank dated as of June 27, 2018, breached the amended and restated loan participation agreement between the Bank and Berkshire Bank dated as of August 12, 2019, engaged in constructive fraud, engaged in fraudulent inducement, engaged in fraudulent concealment, and negligently misrepresented certain material information. The complaint seeks to recover $15.6 million and additional damages. On November 30, 2022, Berkshire Bank filed an amended complaint asserting substantially similar claims to those asserted in the original complaint, except that it excised the claim for negligent misrepresentation that the Court previously had dismissed, and included claims for breach of the loan participation agreement between the Bank and Berkshire Bank dated as of June 29, 2017 and separate claims for fraudulent inducement with respect to each of the three loan participation agreements. On January 30, 2023, the Bank filed its answer to the amended complaint and asserted counterclaims against Berkshire Bank for breach of the amended and restated loan participation agreement between the Bank and Berkshire Bank dated as of August 12, 2019, as well as a claim for a declaratory judgment that Berkshire Bank ratified the agreement and may not contest its validity. On June 6, 2025, Berkshire Bank filed a second amended complaint. The second amended complaint asserts the same causes of action as the first amended complaint, except that it also adds three new causes of action that seek a portion of the proceeds of the Bank’s settlement of the Bank’s

claims against outside auditors for alleged professional malpractice in auditing the annual consolidated financial statements of Valuewise Corporation and its subsidiaries for the fiscal years 2010 to 2018. On June 26, 2025, the Bank filed its answer to the second amended complaint and asserted counterclaims against Berkshire Bank for breach of the amended and restated loan participation agreement between the Bank and Berkshire Bank dated as of August 12, 2019, as well as a claim for a declaratory judgment that Berkshire Bank ratified the agreement and may not contest its validity. This matter is currently in discovery.

On February 4, 2020, Chemung Financial Corporation’s wholly owned subsidiary, Chemung Canal Trust Company (“Chemung”), filed a complaint against the Bank in the Supreme Court of the State of New York for Albany County resulting from Chemung’s participation interest in the commercial loan relationship to the Mann Entities. The complaint alleges that the Bank breached the participation agreement between the Bank and Chemung dated as of August 12, 2019, engaged in fraudulent activities, engaged in constructive fraud, and negligently misrepresented and omitted certain material information. The complaint seeks to recover $4.2 million and additional damages. On July 21, 2023, Chemung filed an amended complaint that asserts the same causes of actions as the original complaint (except that it excised the claim for negligent misrepresentation previously dismissed by the Court), but includes additional factual allegations. On September 19, 2023, the Bank filed its answer to the amended complaint and asserted counterclaims against Chemung for breach of the loan participation agreement between the Bank and Chemung dated as of August 12, 2019, as well as a claim for a declaratory judgment that Chemung ratified the agreement and may not contest its validity. On June 6, 2025, Chemung filed a second amended complaint. The second amended complaint asserts the same causes of action as the first amended complaint, except that it also adds three new causes of action that seek a portion of the proceeds of the Bank’s settlement of the Bank’s claims against outside auditors for alleged professional malpractice in auditing the annual consolidated financial statements of Valuewise Corporation and its subsidiaries for the fiscal years 2010 to 2018.On June 26, 2025, the Bank filed its answer to the second amended complaint and asserted counterclaims against Chemung for breach of the loan participation agreement between the Bank and Chemung dated as of August 12, 2019, as well as a claim for a declaratory judgment that Chemung ratified the agreement and may not contest its validity. This matter is currently in discovery.

On August 31, 2020, AXH Air-Coolers, LLC (“AXH”) filed a complaint against the Pioneer Parties, and unnamed employees of the Pioneer Parties in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. The complaint alleges that the Pioneer Parties wrongfully converted certain tax funds belonging to AXH, were unjustly enriched by the wrongful taking of tax funds belonging to AXH, and were grossly negligent in allowing AXH’s tax funds to be misappropriated, offset, converted, or stolen. The prayer for relief in AXH’s complaint seeks $336,000, plus penalties and interest, attorney’s fees, and punitive damages. The complaint relates to the same alleged taxes sought in the Southwestern, and NatPay complaints. On August 12, 2022, AXH filed an amended complaint asserting gross negligence, unjust enrichment, and accounting claims against the Pioneer Parties. The amended complaint seeks the same relief as in the original complaint. On August 26, 2022, the Pioneer Parties filed their answer to the amended complaint. Thereafter, discovery on the matter proceeded until the Court issued a stay of the action on June 30, 2024. The stay is expected to be in effect until at least January 12, 2026.

On May 14, 2021, the Bank filed a verified petition for a hearing, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(2), to adjudicate the validity of the Bank’s interest in approximately $14.9 million in cash and securities forfeited by Michael Mann pursuant to a preliminary order of forfeiture in U.S. v. Mann filed in United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. The Bank’s petition alleges that it has a valid security interest in the forfeited property, and that the forfeited property should thus be turned over to the Bank. On June 28, 2021, the government filed a motion to dismiss the Bank’s petition. On July 30, 2021, the Bank filed opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss the Bank’s petition. On August 13, 2021, the government filed a reply to the Bank’s opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss the Bank’s petition. On October 14, 2022, the magistrate judge assigned to the case entered a report and recommendation recommending the motion to dismiss the Bank’s petition be granted in part and denied in part. On October 28, 2022, the Bank filed an objection to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. The government filed its opposition to the Bank’s objection on November 21, 2022. On April 5, 2024, the district judge entered an order overruling the Bank’s objection and affirming the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. The court ordered the matter to proceed to a hearing but has not yet set a date for the hearing. On February 27, 2025, the magistrate judge assigned to the case denied the Bank’s motion to file an amended petition. This matter is currently in discovery. The court subsequently approved the Bank’s stipulation to the dismissal of its remaining claim without prejudice to the Bank’s right to appeal the court’s prior decisions on its other

claims at the appropriate time. This matter is currently in discovery between the government and another creditor, with a hearing currently set for that creditor’s claim on October 14, 2025.

On September 2, 2022, two substantially similar putative class action complaints were filed against the Pioneer Parties in the Supreme Court of the State of New York for Albany County. The first complaint was filed by Brandes & Yancy PLLC and Ricardo’s Restaurant, Inc., two alleged clients of Southwestern which seek to assert claims on behalf of all current or former Southwestern clients based on the same set of facts as the AXH, and Granite Solutions complaints as described above, and the alleged taxes sought in the Southwestern, and NatPay complaints. The second complaint was filed by O’Malley’s Oven LLC and Legat Architects, Inc., two alleged clients of MyPayrollHR.Com, LLC and ProData Payroll Services, Inc., affiliates of Cloud Payroll, LLC (collectively, “Cloud Payroll”). Similar to the first complaint described above, the two named plaintiffs in the second complaint seek to assert claims on behalf of all current or former Cloud Payroll clients based on the same set of facts as the AXH, and Granite Solutions complaints as described above, and the alleged taxes sought in the Southwestern, and NatPay complaints. Both complaints assert claims against the Pioneer Parties for conversion, gross negligence, unjust enrichment, money had and received, tortious interference with contract, aiding and abetting fraud, and a declaratory judgment. Both complaints also seek to recover compensatory and punitive damages, plus pre-judgment interest, costs, expenses, disbursements, and reasonable attorneys’ fees. The Pioneer Parties acknowledged service of the complaints as of December 30, 2022. On February 28, 2023, the Pioneer Parties filed motions to dismiss the complaints. On April 7, 2023, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints that assert the same causes of action but include additional allegations. On April 27, 2023, the Pioneer Parties elected to withdraw their pending motions to dismiss and file renewed motions to dismiss the amended complaints. The Pioneer Parties filed renewed motions to dismiss on June 26, 2023. On August 25, 2023, plaintiffs in both putative class actions filed their responses to the renewed motions to dismiss filed by the Pioneer Parties. On October 6, 2023, the Pioneer Parties filed their reply to the response of the plaintiffs. On February 1, 2024, the court entered an order, on its own motion, staying both actions pending the outcome of the ongoing, earlier-filed federal litigation described above. On January 31, 2025, the parties submitted a joint written update to the court concerning the status of the federal litigation. These actions remain stayed pending the outcome of that litigation.

The Company and the Bank have received inquiries and requests for information from regulatory agencies relating to some of the entities and events that are the subjects of certain lawsuits described above. This has resulted in, or may in the future result in, regulatory agency investigations, litigation, subpoenas, enforcement actions, and related sanctions or costs. The Company and the Bank continue to cooperate with inquiries and respond to requests as appropriate.

The New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NYSDFS”) made requests for production of documents, conducted interviews with Bank employees, and took other investigatory actions with respect to the Bank’s practices associated with the Mann Parties. The Bank has complied with these requests, producing responsive, non-privileged documents to the NYSDFS. In Summer 2021, NYSDFS informed the Bank that if the parties could not reach a negotiated resolution related to NYSDFS’s findings arising from the Bank’s practices associated with the Mann Parties, NYSDFS would proceed to an administrative hearing on the issue. NYSDFS did not further pursue negotiations of the matter in or around the second part of 2023. Thereafter, the Bank converted from a New York chartered savings bank to a national bank, with the approval ofthe Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”), as of April 1, 2024. As a result of the conversion, the OCC has now assumed the regulatory oversight responsibilities previously held by NYSDFS.

**9.**FAIR VALUE

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The fair values of securities are determined by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1 inputs) or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs).

The fair value of interest rate swaps are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date (Level 2). The fair value of derivatives are classified as a component of other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition.

The fair value of individually evaluated loans are valued at the lower of cost or fair value. Individually evaluated loans carried at fair value have been partially charged-off or receive a specific allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is generally based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) are measured at fair value, less costs to sell. Fair values are based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may use a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below (dollars in thousands):

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below (dollars in thousands):

Loans individually evaluated for credit losses where the amortized cost was adjusted to fair value had a carrying amount of $850,000 with a valuation allowance of $108,000 resulting in an estimated fair value of $742,000 as of June 30, 2025. There wereno loans individually evaluated for credit losses where the amortized cost was adjusted to fair value as of December 31, 2024.

The Company hadno OREO at December 31, 2024.

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value (dollars in thousands):

The carrying and estimated fair values of financial assets and liabilities were as follows (dollars in thousands):