FUELCELL ENERGY INC

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut, FuelCell Energy, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “FuelCell Energy,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a global leader in delivering environmentally responsible distributed baseload energy platform solutions through our proprietary fuel cell technology. Today, we offer commercial technology that produces clean electricity, heat, clean hydrogen, and water and is also capable of recovering and capturing carbon for utilization and/or sequestration, depending on product configuration and application. We also continue to invest in product development and commercializing technologies that are expected to add new capabilities to our platforms’ abilities to deliver hydrogen and long duration hydrogen-based energy storage through our solid oxide technologies, as well as further enhance our existing platforms’ carbon capture solutions.

FuelCell Energy is focused on advancing sustainable clean energy technologies that address some of the world’s most critical challenges around energy access, security, resilience, reliability, affordability, safety and environmental stewardship. As a leading global manufacturer of proprietary fuel cell technology platforms, FuelCell Energy is uniquely positioned to serve customers worldwide with sustainable products and solutions for industrial and commercial businesses, utilities, governments, municipalities, and communities.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 and results of operations as of and for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

On November 8, 2024, we effected a 1-for-30 reverse stock split, reducing the number of our common shares outstanding on that date from 611,278,662 shares to approximately 20,375,932 shares. The number of authorized shares of common stock remains unchanged at 1,000,000,000 shares and the number of authorized shares of preferred stock remains unchanged at 250,000 shares. The number of shares of common stock issuable upon settlement of outstanding restricted stock unit, performance stock unit and deferred stock unit awards were reduced proportionately in connection with the reverse stock split. Additionally, the conversion rate of our Series B Preferred Stock (as defined elsewhere herein), the exercise price of all outstanding options, the number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of all outstanding options, and the number of shares reserved for future issuance pursuant to our equity compensation plans and employee stock purchase plan were all adjusted proportionately in connection with the reverse stock split. All share and per share amounts, exercise prices, conversion rates and conversion prices presented herein that relate to dates, or were established, prior to the reverse stock split have been adjusted retroactively to reflect these changes.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The balance sheet as of October 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but it does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, which are contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K previously filed with the SEC. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

The unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect our accounts and operations and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. We use a qualitative approach in assessing the consolidation requirement for each of our variable interest entities ("VIEs"), which are tax equity partnerships further described in Note 3. “Tax Equity Financings.” This approach focuses on determining whether we have the power to direct those activities of the tax equity

partnerships that most significantly affect their economic performance and whether we have the obligation to absorb losses, or the right to receive benefits, that could potentially be significant to the tax equity partnerships. For all periods presented, we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary in all of our tax equity partnerships. We evaluate our tax equity partnerships on an ongoing basis to ensure that we continue to be the primary beneficiary.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, loss accruals on service agreements, excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventories, product warranty accruals, loss accruals on service agreements, share-based compensation expense, allowance for credit losses, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and in-process research and development intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets (including project assets), valuation of derivatives, and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods may differ from those estimates.

Liquidity

Our principal sources of cash have been proceeds from the sale of our products and projects, electricity generation revenues, research and development and service agreements with third parties, sales of our common stock through public equity offerings, and proceeds from debt, project financing and tax monetization transactions. We have utilized this cash to accelerate the commercialization of our solid oxide platforms, develop new capabilities to separate and capture carbon, develop and construct project assets, invest in capital improvements and expansion of our operations, perform research and development, pay down existing outstanding indebtedness, and meet our other cash and liquidity needs.

As of April 30, 2025, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $116.1 million compared to $148.1 million as of October 31, 2024. During the year ended October 31, 2024 and the six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company invested in United States (U.S.) Treasury Securities. The amortized cost of the U.S. Treasury Securities outstanding totaled $60.9 million as of April 30, 2025, compared to $109.1 million as of October 31, 2024 and is classified as Investments - short-term on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During the first six months of fiscal year 2025, the Company received the second annual funding from East West Bancorp, Inc. (“East West Bank”) under the tax equity financing transaction between the Company and East West Bank and, as a result, the Company received a $4.0 million contribution during the six months ended April 30, 2025 which is recorded as noncontrolling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

On April 10, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Open Market Sale Agreement, dated July 12, 2022 (the “2022 Sales Agreement”), with Jefferies LLC, B. Riley Securities, Inc., Barclays Capital Inc., BMO Capital Markets Corp., BofA Securities, Inc., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Loop Capital Markets LLC (each, an “Agent” and together, the “Agents”) (the 2022 Sales Agreement as amended, the “Amended Sales Agreement”), with respect to an at the market offering program under which the Company may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $300,000,000 (exclusive of any amounts previously sold under the 2022 Sales Agreement prior to its amendment). On December 27, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Amended Sales Agreement, which removed certain representations and warranties relating to the Company’s status as a well-known seasoned issuer. During the three months ended April 30, 2025, approximately 1.6 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.00 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $8.1 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $7.7 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $0.2 million and fees totaling approximately $0.2 million. During the first six months of fiscal year 2025, approximately 2.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $6.25 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $14.5 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $13.6 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $0.3 million and fees totaling approximately $0.6 million. See Note 12. “Stockholders’ Equity” for additional information regarding the 2022 Sales Agreement and the Amended Sales Agreement.

On December 27, 2024, the Company filed Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 and Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274971) (the “Registration Statement”), each including a base prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale by the Company of up to $405,000,000 of common stock, warrants and units (or any combination thereof) from time to time in one or more offerings and a prospectus supplement covering the offering, issuance and sale by the Company from time to time of up to $204,922,876.65 of the Company’s common stock, which was the amount remaining under the Amended Sales Agreement as of December 27, 2024. On March 5, 2025, the Company filed Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement to update certain information, to provide an updated consent of its independent registered public accounting firm, and to provide an update about the amount of shares then remaining available for offer and sale by the Company under the Amended Sales Agreement. The Registration Statement, as amended by the Post-Effective Amendments, was declared effective by the SEC on March 10, 2025. In the event that the Amended Sales Agreement is terminated, any portion of the aggregate amount of shares of common stock included in the prospectus supplement that is not sold pursuant to the Amended Sales Agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus and a corresponding prospectus supplement.

In addition, the Company has a universal shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-286842) that was declared effective by the SEC on May 8, 2025. Under this universal shelf Registration Statement, the Company may offer and sell from time to time in one or more offerings up to $200,000,000 in the aggregate of (1) shares of the Company’s common stock; (2) shares of the Company’s preferred stock; (3) debt securities; (4) warrants exercisable for common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, units, or other securities of the Company; and (5) units consisting of one or more shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, and/or warrants.

We believe that our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, expected receipts from our contracted backlog, funds received upon the maturity of U.S. Treasury Securities, and release of short-term restricted cash less expected disbursements over the next twelve months will be sufficient to allow the Company to meet its obligations for at least one year from the date of issuance of these financial statements.

To date, we have not achieved profitable operations or sustained positive cash flow from operations. The Company’s future liquidity, for the remainder of fiscal year 2025 and in the long-term, will depend on its ability to (i) timely complete current projects in process within budget, (ii) increase cash flows from its generation operating portfolio, including by meeting conditions required to timely commence operation of new projects, operating its generation operating portfolio in compliance with minimum performance guarantees and operating its generation operating portfolio in accordance with revenue expectations, (iii) obtain financing for project construction and manufacturing expansion, (iv) obtain permanent financing for its projects once constructed, (v) increase order and contract volumes, which would lead to additional product sales, service agreements and generation revenues, (vi) obtain funding for and receive payment for research and development under current and future Advanced Technologies contracts, (vii) successfully commercialize its solid oxide and hydrogen platforms (which may involve partnerships with third parties) and its carbon capture platforms, (viii) implement capacity expansion and potentially attract partnerships for solid oxide product manufacturing, (ix) implement the product cost reductions necessary to achieve profitable operations, (x) manage working capital and the Company’s unrestricted cash balance and (xi) access the capital markets to raise funds through the sale of debt and equity securities, convertible notes, and other equity-linked instruments.

We are continually assessing different means by which to accelerate the Company’s growth, enter new markets, commercialize new products, and enable capacity expansion. Therefore, from time to time, the Company may consider and enter into agreements for one or more of the following: negotiated financial transactions, minority investments, collaborative ventures, technology sharing, transfer or other technology license arrangements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions or other business transactions for the purpose(s) of geographic or manufacturing expansion and/or new product or technology development and commercialization, including hydrogen production through our carbonate and solid oxide platforms and storage and carbon capture, sequestration and utilization technologies.

Our business model requires substantial outside financing arrangements and satisfaction of the conditions of such arrangements to construct and deploy our projects to facilitate the growth of our business. The Company has invested capital raised from sales of its common stock to build out its project portfolio. The Company has also utilized and expects to continue to utilize a combination of long-term debt and tax equity financing (e.g., sale-leaseback transactions, partnership flip transactions and the monetization and/or transfer of eligible investment and production tax credits) to finance its project asset portfolio as these projects commence commercial operations. The Company may also seek to undertake private placements of debt securities to finance its project asset portfolio. The Company is also pursuing financing to support its commercial efforts, which include deployment of modules to the repowering opportunities in the

Korean market including the GGE project (as defined elsewhere herein). The proceeds of any such financing, if obtained, may allow the Company to reinvest capital back into the business and to fund other projects. We also expect to seek additional financing in both the debt and equity markets in the future. If financing is not available to us on acceptable terms if and when needed, or on terms acceptable to us or our lenders, if we do not satisfy the conditions of our financing arrangements, if we spend more than the financing approved for projects, if project costs exceed an amount that the Company can finance, or if we do not generate sufficient revenues or obtain capital sufficient for our corporate needs, we may be required to further reduce or slow planned spending, further reduce staffing, sell assets, seek alternative financing and take other measures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operations.

Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

There is no recently adopted accounting guidance.

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Effective

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the guidance enhances interim disclosure requirements, clarifies circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provides new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment and contains other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the guidance is to enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We will adopt this guidance in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending October 31, 2025, but, other than enhanced disclosure, we do not expect this guidance to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance to enhance income tax disclosures by providing information to better assess how an entity’s operations, related tax risks, tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. Additional disclosures will be required to the annual effective tax rate reconciliation including specific categories and further disaggregated reconciling items that meet the quantitative threshold. Additionally, disclosures will be required relating to income tax expense and payments made to federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact that the new guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued new guidance which requires enhanced disclosure of specified categories of expenses included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine its adoption approach and the impact on the presentation and disclosures of its consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company anticipates its processes will be enhanced to address the disaggregation and disclosure requirements, though it does not expect adoption to impact its overall results from operations.

Note 3. Tax Equity Financings

Derby Tax Equity Financing Transaction

Since the 14.0 megawatt (“MW”) Derby Fuel Cell Project and the 2.8 MW SCEF Fuel Cell Project, both located in Derby, Connecticut (collectively, the “Derby Projects”), became operational during the first quarter of fiscal year 2024, we have begun to allocate profits and losses to noncontrolling interests under the hypothetical liquidation at book value ("HLBV") method.

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, priority return distributions were made to Franklin Park 2023 FCE Tax Equity Fund, LLC (“Franklin Park”) of $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended April 30, 2024, priority return distributions were made to Franklin Park of $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

totaled $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2024, the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests totaled $6.1 million and $26.8 million, respectively.

Groton Tax Equity Financing Transaction

The Company closed on a tax equity financing transaction in August 2021 with East West Bank for the 7.4 MW fuel cell project (the “Groton Project”) located on the U.S. Navy Submarine Base in Groton, CT. East West Bank’s tax equity commitment totaled $15.0 million.

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, priority return distributions of $0.1 million and $0.2 million were made to East West Bank, respectively. There wereno priority return distributions in the three and six months ended April 30, 2024. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, the net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests for Groton Station FuelCell Holdco, LLC (the partnership that acquired the equity interests in the project company that owns the Groton Project) totaled $0.01 million and $(3.5) million, respectively. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2024, the net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests totaled $0.3 million and ($3.3) million, respectively.

Yaphank Tax Equity Financing Transaction

The Company closed on a tax equity financing transaction in November 2021 with Renewable Energy Investors, LLC (“REI”), a subsidiary of Franklin Park Infrastructure, LLC, for the 7.4 MW fuel cell project (the “LIPA Yaphank Project”) located in Yaphank Long Island. REI’s tax equity commitment totaled $12.4 million.

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, priority return distributions were made to REI of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended April 30, 2024, priority return distributions were made to REI of $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest for YTBFC Holdco, LLC (the partnership that acquired the equity interests in the project company that owns the LIPA Yaphank Project) totaled $0.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended April 30, 2024, net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest totaled $0.2 million and $(0.1) million, respectively.

Note 4. Revenue Recognition

Contract Balances

Contract assets as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 were $78.7 million ($33.3 million long-term) and $65.1 million ($28.3 million long-term), respectively. The contract assets relate to the Company’s rights to consideration for work completed but not yet billed. These amounts are included on a separate line item as Unbilled receivables, and balances expected to be billed later than one year from the balance sheet date are included within Other assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. We bill customers for power platform and power platform component sales based on certain contractual milestones being reached. We bill service agreements based on the contract price and billing terms of the contracts. Generally, our Advanced Technologies contracts are billed based on actual revenues recorded, typically in the subsequent month. Some Advanced Technologies contracts are billed based on contractual milestones or costs incurred.

Contract liabilities as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 were $7.1 million and $7.2 million, respectively. These amounts are included on a separate line item as Deferred revenue, and balances expected to be recognized as revenue beyond one year from the balance sheet date are included within Long-term deferred revenue on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The contract liabilities relate to the advance billings to customers for services that will be recognized over time and in some instances for deferred revenue relating to variable consideration for previously sold products. The net change in contract liabilities represents customer billings offset by revenue recognized.

Consideration Payable to a Customer

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had recorded $6.3 million ($6.0 million long-term) as consideration payable to Toyota Motor North America (“Toyota”), which is included within Accrued liabilities and Long-term debt and other liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company received payment for the sale of an investment tax credit with respect to the Toyota project at the Port of Long Beach during the year ended October 31, 2023. The net amount of $6.3 million is being recorded as a reduction to revenue during the period of measurement, which is the 20-year

term of the hydrogen production and power purchase agreement between Toyota and the Company (“Toyota HPPA”) that commenced in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. The balance was $6.0 million ($4.5 million long-term) as of each of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024.

Advanced Technologies Revenue – EMTEC Joint Development Agreement and Rotterdam Pilot Project Purchase Order

In May 2023, the Company entered into a second letter agreement with ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company (formerly known as ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company) (“EMTEC”), pursuant to which the parties agreed that the conditions to the Company’s agreement to invest in the future demonstration of the technology for capturing carbon at an ExxonMobil refinery located in Rotterdam, Netherlands (such demonstration, the “Rotterdam Project”) were met in April 2023 and, as a result, the Company recognized $2.5 million of the $5.0 million milestone payment received in fiscal year 2022 under the Company’s Joint Development Agreement with EMTEC as revenue across deliverables to EMTEC. Of this $2.5 million, the Company recognized aggregate revenue of $2.0 million during fiscal years 2024 and 2023 and the remaining $0.5 million during the six months ended April 30, 2025. The other $2.5 million of the $5.0 million milestone payment received in fiscal year 2022 under the Company’s Joint Development Agreement with EMTEC was applied during fiscal year 2023 to discount EMTEC’s purchase of the Company’s fuel cell module and detailed engineering design for the Rotterdam Project.

On January 31, 2024, the Company received a purchase order valued at $11.6 million from Esso Nederland B.V. (“Esso”), an affiliate of Exxon Mobil Corporation and EMTEC, for fuel cell modules as well as engineering, procurement, fabrication, testing and delivery services required for the construction and implementation of the modular point source carbon capture pilot plant at the Rotterdam Project. During the six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company and Esso executed two change orders totaling $4.0 million to the original purchase order, which increased the total purchase order value to $15.6 million. The Company expects that this pilot plant will be completed and commissioned in calendar year 2026.

On and effective as of March 31, 2024, the Company and EMTEC entered into Amendment No. 5 (“Amendment No. 5”) to the Joint Development Agreement between the Company and EMTEC (as amended, the “Joint Development Agreement”). In Amendment No. 5, the Company and EMTEC further extended the term of the Joint Development Agreement such that it will end on December 31, 2026 (unless terminated earlier), so that the Company and EMTEC may pursue continued work to allow for technical readiness of the Generation 2 Technology fuel cell module as well as additional continuous technology development. In parallel with the Joint Development Agreement, the Company and EMTEC will pursue pioneer commercial deployments of the Generation 2 Technology with third parties, with the Company as the fuel cell module manufacturer for such deployments. Amendment No. 5 also removed the cap on the maximum amount of research costs to be reimbursed by EMTEC, and instead includes an expected annual budget for the anticipated work through the remaining term of the Joint Development Agreement of at least$10.0 million per year, subject to approval by EMTEC.

In addition, Amendment No. 5 provides the Company with the ability to pursue new carbon capture projects with third parties for the remaining duration of the term of the Joint Development Agreement using Generation 1 Technology or Generation 2 Technology (provided that the use of Generation 2 Technology must be limited to the use of Generation 2 physical fuel cell properties and design elements in Generation 1 Technology modules), with any new sales of such activities, authorized work, and carbon capture projects, when summed together, having the capability of capturing no more than 250,000 tons of CO 2 on a cumulative annual basis. Under Amendment No. 5, following expiration of the term of the Joint Development Agreement, the Company will also have the opportunity to continue to service continuing obligations for such projects entered into during the term of the Joint Development Agreement (e.g., completion of contracted builds, service and repair/replacement of components, etc.). To allow the Company to pursue such projects, in Amendment No. 5, EMTEC also granted to the Company a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, irrevocable (during the term of the Joint Development Agreement), non-sub-licensable license to EMTEC’s Generation 1 Technology as well as to EMTEC’s Generation 2 Technology physical fuel cell properties and design elements.

Long-Term Service Agreement with Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.

On May 28, 2024, the Company and Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd. (“GGE”) entered into a long-term service agreement (the “LTSA”) with respect to GGE’s 58.8 MW fuel cell power platform in Hwaseong-si, Korea (the “GGE Platform”). The GGE Platform is comprised of 21 SureSource 3000 molten carbonate fuel cells (each a “Plant”). Each Plant is comprised oftwo 1.4-MW carbonate fuel cell modules. Pursuant to the LTSA, GGE and the Company have agreed

that (i) GGE will purchase from the Company 42 1.4-MW carbonate fuel cell modules to replace existing fuel cell modules at the GGE Platform, (ii) the Company will provide certain balance of plant replacement components if and to the extent the parties reasonably determine existing components should be replaced, and (iii) the Company will provide long term operations and maintenance services for the GGE Platform. The total amount payable by GGE under the LTSA for the 42 replacement fuel cell modules, balance of plant replacement components, and service is $159.6 million USD, with payments made and to be made over time as such replacement fuel cell modules are commissioned and the service obligations under the LTSA for such Plants commence.

Pursuant to the LTSA, the Company will provide various performance guarantees for each Plant related to power generation, fuel consumption, water consumption and heat production. If a Plant fails to achieve such performance requirements, the Company may be required to compensate GGE for such underperformance.

The Company’s service obligations under the LTSA commence with respect to individual Plants as the Company replaces each Plant’s existing fuel cell modules and commissions the replacement fuel cell modules. The term of the LTSA with respect to each Plant will continue forseven years from the date of commissioning of the replacement fuel cell modules for such Plant. Commissioning of the firstsix 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules was completed in the fall of calendar year 2024, and commissioning of an additional four 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules was completed in the three months ended April 30, 2025. An additional 16 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules are expected to be commissioned ratably throughout the course of fiscal year 2025, and the remaining 16 1.4-MW replacement fuel cell modules are expected to be commissioned in fiscal year 2026.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations are the aggregate amount of total contract transaction price that is unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied. As of April 30, 2025, the Company’s total remaining performance obligations were: $164.4 million for service agreements (expected to be recognized as revenue over approximately three tofifteen years which is based on the remaining term of the service agreements), $383.0 million for generation power purchase agreements (“PPAs”) (expected to be recognized as revenue over approximately nineteen totwenty years based on the PPA terms remaining), $7.9 million for Advanced Technologies contracts (expected to be recognized within approximatelytwo years) and $98.2 million for product purchase agreements (expected to be recognized within the next two fiscal years).

Note 5. Restructuring

In September and November 2024, the Company undertook restructuring actions, which included reductions in force that collectively represented approximately 17% of the Company’s global workforce and also included reduced spending for product development, overhead and other costs. The restructuring sought to reduce operating costs and better align the Company’s workforce with the needs of the Company’s business and its customers. The workforce was reduced across our global operations including Calgary, Canada and at our North American production facility in Torrington, Connecticut, at our corporate offices in Danbury, Connecticut and at other remote locations. Restructuring expense relating to severance for eliminated positions of $0.01 million and $1.5 million was recognized in the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, respectively, which has been presented under a separate caption in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of April 30, 2025, $1.4 million of restructuring expense which had yet to be paid out is included within Accrued liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes the activity in accrued severance costs (in thousands):

Note 6. Investments – Short-Term

The Company began to invest in U.S. Treasury Securities during fiscal year 2023. The outstanding U.S. Treasury Securities are classified as held-to-maturity and are recorded at amortized cost. The contractual maturities of investments as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 were within one year and the weighted average yield to maturity was 4.31% and 4.78%, respectively. The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis and fair value (based on quoted market prices) of U.S. Treasury Securities as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Note 7. Inventories

Inventories (current and long-term) as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

Raw materials consist mainly of various nickel powders and steels, various other components used in producing cell stacks and purchased components for balance of plant. Work-in-process inventory is comprised of material, labor, and overhead costs incurred to build fuel cell stacks and modules, which are subcomponents of a power platform.

Note 8. Project Assets

Project assets as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

The estimated useful lives of these project assets are 20 years for balance of plant and site construction, andfour toseven years for modules. Project assets as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 included twelve completed, commissioned installations generating power with respect to which the Company has a PPA with the end-user of power and site host with a net aggregate value of $228.1 million and $242.0 million as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively. Certain of these assets are the subject of sale-leaseback arrangements with Crestmark Equipment Finance (“Crestmark”).

Project assets as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 also include installations with carrying values of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, which are being developed and constructed by the Company in connection with a project for which we have entered into a PPA.

Project construction costs incurred for long-term project assets are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Note 9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

As of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024, the Company had goodwill of $4.1 million and intangible assets of $14.1 million and $14.8 million, respectively, that were recorded in connection with the Company’s 2012 acquisition of Versa Power Systems, Inc. (“Versa”) and the 2019 Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project acquisition.

The Versa acquisition intangible asset represents an indefinite-lived in-process research and development intangible asset for cumulative research and development efforts associated with the development of solid oxide fuel cell stationary power generation. Amortization expense for the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Project-related intangible asset for each of the three month periods ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0.3 million, and for each of the six month periods ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0.6 million.

The following tables summarize the carrying value of the Company’s intangible assets as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Note 10. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

Note 11. Leases

The Company enters into operating lease agreements for the use of real estate, vehicles, information technology equipment, and certain other equipment. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception, which is the date on which the terms of the contract are agreed to and the agreement creates enforceable rights and obligations. The impacts of accounting

for operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use assets, Operating lease liabilities, and Long-term operating lease liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company currently has no finance leases.

Operating lease expense for each of the three month periods ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0.3 million, and for each of the six month periods ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 was $0.7 million. As of April 30, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term (in years) was approximately 16 years and the weighted average discount rate was 8.0%. Lease payments made during the three months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 were $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Lease payments made during each of the six month periods ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 were $0.7 million.

Undiscounted maturities of operating lease liabilities as of April 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

Note 12. Stockholders’ Equity

2022 Open Market Sale Agreement and Amended Sales Agreement

On July 12, 2022, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the “2022 Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC, B. Riley Securities, Inc., Barclays Capital Inc., BMO Capital Markets Corp., BofA Securities, Inc., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Loop Capital Markets LLC(each, an “Agent” and together, the “Agents”)with respect to an at the market offering program under which the Company could, from time to time, offer and sell up to 3.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Pursuant to the 2022 Sales Agreement, the Company paid each Agent a commission equal to 2.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares made by such Agent under the 2022 Sales Agreement.

On April 10, 2024, the Company and the Agents entered into Amendment No. 1 to the 2022 Sales Agreement(as amended, the “Amended Sales Agreement”), with respect to an at the market offering program under which the Company may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to$300.0 million (exclusive of any amounts previously sold under the 2022 Sales Agreement prior to its amendment). On December 27, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Amended Sales Agreement, which removed certain representations and warranties relating to the Company’s status as a well-known seasoned issuer. Pursuant to the Amended Sales Agreement, the Company is required to pay and has paid each Agent a commission equal to 2.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares made by such Agent under the Amended Sales Agreement.

During the three months ended April 30, 2025, approximately 1.6 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of $5.00 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $8.1 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $7.7 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $0.2 million and fees totaling approximately $0.2 million. During the six months ended April 30, 2025, approximately 2.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock were sold under the Amended Sales Agreement at an average sale price of$6.25 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $14.5 million before deducting sales commissions and fees, and net proceeds to the Company of approximately $13.6 million after deducting sales commissions totaling approximately $0.3 million and fees totaling approximately $0.6 million.

As of April 30, 2025, approximately $190.4 million of shares remained available for sale under the Amended Sales Agreement.

Note 13. Redeemable Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 250,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, in one or more series, of which 105,875 shares were designated as 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) in March 2005.

Series B Preferred Stock

As of April 30, 2025, the Company had 105,875 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, with a liquidation preference of $1,000.00 per share, authorized for issuance. As of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024, there were 64,020 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with a carrying value of $59.9 million. Dividends of $0.8 million were paid in cash during each of the three month periods ended April 30, 2025 and 2024, and dividends of $1.6 million were paid in cash during each of the six month periods ended April 30, 2025 and 2024.

Note 14. Loss Per Share

The calculation of basic and diluted loss per share was as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

Note 15. Restricted Cash

As of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024, there was $63.1 million and $60.8 million, respectively, of restricted cash and cash equivalents pledged as performance security, reserved for future debt service requirements, and reserved for letters of credit for certain banking requirements and contracts. The allocation of restricted cash is as follows (in thousands):

Note 16. Debt

Debt as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

OpCo Financing Facility Interest Rate Swap – Fair Value Adjustment

The Company’s interest rate swap related to the OpCo Financing Facility (as defined elsewhere herein) is recorded at its fair value each reporting period, with the resulting gains/losses recorded to other income/expense. The interest rate swap is a Level 2 asset/liability since the value can be determined based on the observed values for underlying interest rates. The fair value adjustment for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 resulted in losses of $1.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively. The fair value adjustment for the three and six months ended April 30, 2024 resulted in a gain (loss) of $2.7 million and $(0.8) million, respectively. The Company has recorded a derivative liability within long-term debt and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which had an estimated fair value of $0.5 million as of April 30, 2025, and a derivative asset within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which had an estimated fair value of $0.3 million as of October 31, 2024, respectively.

Note 17. Benefit Plans

Long-Term Incentive Plans

The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and its Compensation and Leadership Development Committee periodically approve Long-Term Incentive Plans which include performance-based awards tied to the Company’s common stock price as well as time-vesting awards. None of the awards granted as part of Long-Term Incentive Plans include any dividend equivalent or other stockholder rights. To the extent the awards are earned, they may be settled in shares or cash of an equivalent value at the Company’s option.

Long-Term Incentive Plan Awards for Fiscal Year 2025:

On December 30, 2024, the Board and its Compensation and Leadership Development Committee approved certain awards to be made under the Company’s Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTI Plan”) for fiscal year 2025. The LTI Plan is a sub-plan consisting of awards made under the Company’s 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended and restated from time to time, the “2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan”). The participants in the LTI Plan are members of senior management. The awards under the LTI Plan consist of two components:

On December 30, 2024,186,507 PSUs and 186,501 time-based vesting RSUs were awarded to senior management under the LTI Plan.

PSUs are issued assuming participants achieve 100% target performance. The Company also reserves additional shares assuming the maximum performance targets are met. A portion of the PSUs awarded during the six months ended April 30, 2025 may be settled in cash in lieu of shares if actual performance achieved with respect to the PSUs is such that the number of PSUs earned exceeds the number of shares then available under the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

In addition to the awards granted to senior management, during the six months ended April 30, 2025, the Board also granted a total of 288,690 time-based vesting RSUs to certain salaried employees and 16,047 time-based vesting RSUs to certain hourly employees to promote ownership of the Company’s equity and retention. The time-based vesting RSUs granted during the six months ended April 30, 2025 vest at a rate of one-half of the total number of RSUs granted on each of the firsttwo anniversaries of the date of grant.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation was reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as follows (in thousands):

Restricted Stock Units Including Performance Share Units

The following table summarizes our RSU activity for the six months ended April 30, 2025:

Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies

Service Agreements

Under the provisions of its service agreements, the Company provides services to maintain, monitor, and repair customer power plants to meet minimum operating levels. Under the terms of such service agreements, the particular power plant must meet a minimum operating output during defined periods of the term. If minimum output falls below the contract requirement, the Company may be subject to performance penalties and/or may be required to repair or replace the customer’s fuel cell module(s).

Power Purchase Agreements

Under the terms of the Company’s PPAs, customers agree to purchase power from the Company’s fuel cell power plants at negotiated rates. Electricity rates are generally a function of the customers’ current and estimated future electricity pricing available from the grid. As owner or lessee of the power plants, the Company is responsible for all operating costs necessary to maintain, monitor and repair the power plants. Under certain agreements, the Company is also responsible for procuring fuel, generally natural gas or biogas, to run the power plants. In addition, under the terms of some of the PPAs, the Company may be subject to a performance penalty if the Company does not meet certain performance requirements.

Project Fuel Exposure

Certain of our PPAs for project assets in our generation operating portfolio expose us to fluctuating fuel price risks as well as the risk of being unable to procure the required amounts of fuel and the lack of alternative available fuel sources. We seek to mitigate our fuel risk using strategies including: (i) fuel cost reimbursement mechanisms in our PPAs to allow for pass through of fuel costs (full or partial) where possible, which we have done with our 14.9 MW operating project in Bridgeport, CT; (ii) procuring fuel under fixed price physical supply contracts with investment grade counterparties, which we have done fortwenty years for our Tulare BioMAT project, for the initial seven years of thetwenty year PPA for our LIPA Yaphank Project (through September 2028), forsix years of thetwenty year PPA for our 14.0 MW and 2.8 MW Derby Projects (through October 2029), and through May 2026 for thetwenty year Toyota HPPA; and (iii) potentially entering into future financial hedges with investment grade counterparties to offset potential negative market fluctuations. The Company does not take a fundamental view on natural gas or other commodity pricing and seeks commercially

available means to reduce commodity exposure. If the Company is unable to secure fuel on favorable economic terms, it may result in impairment charges.

The Company net settled certain natural gas purchases under previous normal purchase normal sale contract designations during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023 for one contract and in the second quarter of fiscal year 2024 for other contracts, which resulted in a change to mark-to-market accounting. The Company recorded a mark-to-market net loss of $0.8 million and a mark-to-market net gain of $1.1 million associated with the natural gas contract derivatives for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recorded mark-to-market net losses of $2.3 million and $4.2 million associated with the natural gas contract derivatives for the three and six months ended April 30, 2024, respectively. The Company recorded derivative assets within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which had an estimated fair value of $1.4 million and $1.2 million as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively. The Company recorded derivative liabilities within long-term debt and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which had an estimated fair value of $3.1 million and $4.0 million as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively. The natural gas contract derivatives are classified as Level 2 financial assets/liabilities since the values can be determined based on readily observable inputs for underlying natural gas forward prices.

Other

As of April 30, 2025, the Company had unconditional purchase commitments aggregating to $61.2 million for materials, supplies and services in the normal course of business.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is involved in legal proceedings, including, but not limited to, regulatory proceedings, claims, mediations, arbitrations and litigation, arising out of the ordinary course of its business (“Legal Proceedings”). Although the Company cannot assure the outcome of such Legal Proceedings, management presently believes that the result of such Legal Proceedings, either individually, or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and no material amounts have been accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements with respect to these matters.

Note 19. Subsequent Events

On June 4, 2025, the Board approved a global restructuring plan to further reduce operating costs, realign resources toward advancing the Company’s core carbonate technologies, and protect the Company’s competitive position amid slower-than-expected market investments in clean energy. This plan includes: (i) a workforce reduction of 122 employees, or approximately 22% of our workforce across the U.S., Canada and Germany (which reduction was implemented on June 5, 2025), (ii) a significant reduction of discretionary overhead spending, (iii) recalibration of the Torrington manufacturing facility production schedule to align with contracted demand, rather than forecasted demand, which, without continued growth in our closed order book, would result in a decrease in our annualized production rate, (iv) the deferral of certain compensation and benefit obligations, (v) the cessation of the majority of development efforts with respect to our solid oxide technology, and (vi) other targeted cost-saving measures. These steps reflect our commitment to strategic discipline and focus, with the goal of ensuring we continue to advance our most commercially viable technology while preserving the long-term optionality of our broader platform innovations.

The actions under this restructuring plan are expected to be substantially completed by the end of fiscal year 2025. In connection with this restructuring plan and workforce reduction, the Company estimates it will incur aggregate restructuring-related costs and charges of approximately $3.5 million to $4.5 million in cash costs related to severance payments and other employee termination benefits. The majority of these charges are expected to be recorded in the third quarter of fiscal year 2025.

In conjunction with this restructuring plan, the Company is evaluating certain assets for impairment including Goodwill and in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) intangible assets, with a net book value of $13.8 million as of April 30, 2025 related to the Company’s prior investments in solid oxide technology, related property, plant and equipment located in Calgary, Canada with a net book value of $38.8 million as of April 30, 2025 and solid oxide inventory with a net book value of $8.8 million as of April 30, 2025. As of June 6, 2025, the Company believes the likelihood of an impairment charge in the third quarter of fiscal year 2025 is more likely than not, but is unable to estimate the recovery value of such assets, if any, at this time.