Mayville Engineering Company Inc

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Mayville Engineering Company, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Mayville Engineering Company, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established inInternal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 6, 2025, expressed an adverse opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting because of a material weakness.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

**Inventory –**Refer to Notes 1 and 3 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

As of December 31, 2024, the Company holds inventory across a large number of manufacturing facilities dispersed throughout the United States. Inventories are primarily comprised of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods that are physically located at the Company's facilities. The Company’s processes to track and determine consolidated inventory relies on a perpetual inventory system that varies by facility based in part upon the information technology (IT) system relevant to the facility.

Auditing the existence of inventory requires significant effort, the involvement of IT specialists due to the integration of IT systems that track physical inventory quantities by facility, and auditor judgment in testing due to the disaggregation of inventory across the facilities and the processes and controls in place. Our auditor judgment includes assessing whether we have obtained sufficient audit evidence, including determining the number of facilities to visit.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the existence of inventory included the following, among others:

/s/Deloitte & Touche LLP

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

March 6, 2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Mayville Engineering Company, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Mayville Engineering Company, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established inInternal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness identified below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as of the “financial statements”), of the Company and our report dated March 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.** **

Material Weakness

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management's assessment:

Management identified deficiencies in the design and operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting related to the review and approval of journal entries. Management determined controls were not adequately designed or operating effectively to ensure that journal entries were reviewed and approved.

This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company, and this report does not affect our report on such financial statements.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

March 6, 2025

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share amounts)

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands, except share amounts and per share data)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except share amounts and per share data)

Note 1. Nature of business and summary of significant accounting policies

Mayville Engineering Company, Inc. (MEC) is a leading U.S.-based, vertically-integrated, value-added manufacturing partner providing a full suite of manufacturing solutions from concept to production, including design, prototyping and tooling, fabrication, aluminum extrusion, coating, assembly and aftermarket components. Our customers operate in diverse end markets, including heavy- and medium-duty commercial vehicles, construction & access equipment, powersports, agriculture, military and other end markets. Founded in 1945 and headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, we are a leading Tier I U.S. supplier of highly engineered components to original equipment manufacturer (OEM) customers with leading positions in their respective markets. The Company operates 23 facilities, of which 22 are in operation, located in Arkansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Our engineering expertise and technical know-how allow us to add value through every product redevelopment cycle (generally every three tofive years for our customers).

Ourone operating segment focuses on producing metal components that are used in a broad range of heavy- and medium-duty commercial vehicles, construction & access equipment, powersports, agricultural, military and other products.

In December 1985, the Company formed the Mayville Engineering Company, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). The ESOP is a tax qualified retirement plan and is designed to invest primarily in the Company’s common stock which is held in a trust. From January 2003 until the Company’s initial public offering of common stock (IPO) in May 2019, the ESOP owned 100% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock which have been fully allocated to active or retired eligible employees. In connection with the IPO, the Company initially sold 6,250,000 shares of common stock into the public market, reducing ESOP ownership to approximately 67%. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 28% of all outstanding shares were held by the ESOP or within the Company’s 401(k) plan.

Basis of presentation and consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). They include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less to be cash and cash equivalents.

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of bank balances above the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurability limits of $250 per official custodian. The Company has not experienced any losses on these accounts and management believes the Company is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash.

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable are generally uncollateralized customer obligations due under normal trade terms requiring payment within 30 to 60 days from the invoice date. Management periodically reviews past due balances and established an allowance for doubtful accounts of $248 and $685 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for probable uncollectible amounts based on its assessment of the current status of individual accounts. The estimated valuation allowance results in a reduction to sales and the accounts are written-off through a charge to the valuation allowance and a credit to accounts receivable after the Company has used all reasonable collection efforts.

As the Company's customer base is principally made up of blue-chip OEMs with high credit ratings and our trade receivables are due within one year or less, the Company does not have a reserve for credit losses.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined on the first-in, first-out method (FIFO), or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Work-in-process and finished goods are valued at production cost consisting of material, labor and overhead. The Company maintains a reserve for obsolete and slow-moving inventory of $2,307 and $2,527 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which is based upon the aging of current inventory as well as assumptions on future demand and market conditions.

Tooling in progress

The Company has agreements with its customers to provide production tooling which will be used to produce specific parts for its customers. The costs to design, engineer, and manufacture the tooling are charged to tooling in progress as incurred and based on when control of the tooling is transferred to the customer under contract or when the customer signs off through the Product Part Approval Process (PPAP) or other documented customer acceptance, either at a point in time or over a period of time is when revenue is recognized. The Company may also provide production tooling that is not sold to customers but is capitalized in property, plant and equipment. To the extent that estimated costs exceed expected reimbursement from the customer, the Company recognizes a loss. Tooling in progress was $4,761 and $5,457 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for additions and improvements are capitalized while replacements, maintenance and repairs which do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed as incurred. Properties sold, or otherwise disposed of, are removed from the property accounts, with gains or losses on disposal credited or charged to the results of operations. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, using the straight-line depreciation method for financial reporting purposes and begins when the asset is placed into service.

Business combinations

The Company accounts for all business combinations in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805,Business Combinations. In connection with a business combination, the acquiring company must allocate the cost of the acquisition to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on fair values as of the acquisition date. Any excess or shortage of amounts assigned to assets and liabilities over or under the purchase price is recorded as goodwill or a gain on bargain purchase price, respectively. Transaction costs associated with acquisitions are expensed as incurred within selling, general and administrative expenses.

Goodwill

We test goodwill for impairment annually, or more frequently if triggering events occur indicating that there may be an impairment. We have recorded goodwill and perform testing for potential goodwill impairment at a reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business unit one level below an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available, and for which management regularly reviews the operating results. Additionally, components within an operating segment can be aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. We have concluded we haveone reporting unit.

We determine the fair value of our reporting unit using an income approach. Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of the reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. The income approach is dependent on several key management assumptions, including estimates of future sales, gross margins, operating costs, interest expense, income tax rates, capital expenditures, changes in working capital requirements and the weighted average cost of capital or the discount rate. Discount rate assumptions include an assessment of the risk inherent in the future cash flows of the reporting unit. Expected cash flows used under the income approach are developed in conjunction with our budgeting and forecasting process.

We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had goodwill with a carrying amount of $92,650, with the fair value of our reporting unit substantially exceeding the carrying value.

If the market valuation of our common shares or operating results of our reporting unit significantly decline beyond current levels, we may again need to conduct an evaluation of the fair value of our goodwill, which may result in an impairment change.

Changes to management assumptions and estimates utilized in the income approach could negatively impact the fair value conclusions for our reporting units resulting in goodwill impairment. All key assumptions and valuations are determined by and are the responsibility of management. The factors used in the impairment analysis are inherently subject to uncertainty. We believe that the estimates and assumptions are reasonable to determine the fair value of our reporting unit, however, if actual results are not consistent with these estimates and assumptions, goodwill and other intangible assets may be overstated which could result in an impairment charge.

Intangible assets, net

The Company’s primary other intangible assets are customer relationships and contracts, trade names, non-compete agreements, developed technology and patents acquired in business combinations. Intangible assets are initially valued using a methodology commensurate with the intended use of the asset. The costs of amortizable intangible assets are recognized over their expected useful lives using the straight-line method. Intangible assets that are subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment using a process similar to that used to evaluate long-lived assets described below. Intangible assets not subject to amortization are assessed for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that an asset may be impaired. The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying amount. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset.

Fair value of financial instruments

Financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and long-term debt. The carrying amount of all significant financial instruments approximates fair value due to either the short maturity or the existence of variable interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates. Cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are classified as Level 1 fair value inputs as further described in Note 13 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Long-term debt is classified as a Level 2 fair value input.

Impairment of long-lived assets and gain on contracts

When events or conditions warrant, the Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets and considers whether these assets are impaired. The Company assesses the recoverability of these assets based on several factors, including management’s

intention with respect to these assets and their projected undiscounted cash flows. If projected undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the respective assets, the Company adjusts the carrying amounts of such assets to their estimated fair value. To the extent that the carrying value of the net assets of an asset group is greater than the estimated fair value, the Company may be required to record impairment charges. The Company records intangible asset impairment charges as a reduction to intangible assets. The Company records other long-lived asset impairment charges as a reduction to property, plant and equipment and an increase in other current liabilities for loss contracts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company records a gain on sale of a previously impaired asset and a reversal of a loss contract within impairment of long-lived assets and gain on contracts.

Deferred financing costs

Loan issuance costs and discounts are capitalized upon the issuance of long-term debt and amortized over the life of the related debt. Loan issuance costs associated with revolving debt arrangements are presented as a component of other assets. Loan issuance costs incurred in connection with revolving debt arrangements are amortized using the straight-line method over the life of the credit agreement. Loan issuance costs and discounts incurred in connection with term debt are amortized using the effective interest method. Amortization of deferred loan issuance costs and discounts are included in interest expense.

During 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $0 and $1,205, respectively, of deferred financing costs associated with its long-term debt and line of credit arrangements. Amortization expense associated with the deferred debt issuance costs and discounts in 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $282, $309 and $336, respectively. Accumulated amortization was $423 and $141 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amendments made to existing debt in 2023 and 2022 resulted in the write-off of $216 and $0, respectively, of unamortized costs associated with the debt that was replaced. There wereno amendments to the Company’s existing debt agreements in 2024.

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the goods or services are transferred to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company enters into supply agreements and purchase orders that include both free on board (FOB) origin and FOB destination shipping terms. Depending on the terms of the agreement, the customer takes ownership at shipment or at delivery, and this is when control transfers. Sales are supported by documentation such as supply agreements and purchase orders, which specify certain terms and conditions including product specifications, quantities, fixed prices, delivery dates and payments terms. Revenue related to services is recognized in the period services are performed, thus the Company recognizes revenue at a point in time.

There are many customers where the Company designs, engineers and builds production tooling, which is purchased by the customer. Tooling revenue is recognized at the point the customer signs off on the product through PPAP or other documented customer acceptance and control of the tooling promised under a contract is transferred to the customer at a point in time. Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the tooling.

The Company offers certain customers discounts for early payments. These discounts are recorded against net sales in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not offer any other customer incentives, rebates or allowances.

Shipping and handling

The shipping and handling costs incurred by the Company are included in cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. These costs are generally comprised of salaries and wages, shipping supplies and warehouse costs. Inbound freight costs, which mostly relate to raw materials, are included in cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Outbound freight costs, which mostly relate to sales, are included in net sales on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company does not charge customers nor recognize revenue for shipping and handling. The Company’s OEM customers arrange and pay the freight for delivery.

Advertising

The Company expenses the costs of advertising when incurred. Advertising expense was $105, $141 and $169 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising costs are charged to selling, general and administrative expenses.

Income taxes

Income taxes and uncertain tax positions are accounted for in accordance with ASC 740,Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred income taxes are provided for the differences between the bases of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax purposes. The Company measures deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse and recognizes the effect of a change in enacted rates in the period of enactment. Tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured pursuant to the guidance set forth in ASC 740. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. See Note 8 – Income Taxes of these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Earnings per share

The Company computes basic earnings per share by dividing net income available to shareholders by the actual weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. The dilutive impact to basic earnings per share considers the impact to earnings if all convertible securities were exercised or outstanding that do not have an antidilutive impact on earnings per share.

Treasury stock

Treasury stock purchases are accounted for under the cost method whereby the entire cost of the acquired stock is recorded as treasury stock. Subsequent reissuance of shares to the 401(k) Plan or ESOP are recorded as a reduction to treasury stock and as ESOP expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Updated (ASU) 2024-03,* Expense Disaggregation Disclosures,*amending ASC 220,*Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income.*The amendment requires an entity to provide a disclosure within the financial statement footnotes showing the disaggregation of certain expenses included in relevant expense captions on the consolidated income statement, with a qualitative description of the amounts that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The guidance also requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The guidance is applied on a prospective basis, with a retrospective option and allows for early adoption. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,* Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures*, amending ASC 740,*Income Taxes.*The amendment is intended to enhance the transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments require that on an annual basis, entities disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, the amendments require that entities disclose additional information about income taxes paid as well as additional disclosures of pretax income and income tax expense and remove the requirement to disclose certain items that are no longer considered cost beneficial or relevant. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07,Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, amending ASC 280,Segment Reporting. The amendment is intended to improve reportable segment disclosures, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment and contain other disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2023 and for interim periods after December 15, 2024, may be applied prospectively or retrospectively and allows for early adoption. The Company adopted the new standard for the period ended December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 12 – Segments in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Note 2. Acquisitions

On July 1, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of Mid-States Aluminum (MSA). The acquisition was consummated in accordance with terms and conditions of the certain Unit Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2023, among the Company and shareholders of MSA. The purchase price of the acquisition was $95,945, subject to adjustments for the amount of cash, indebtedness, net working capital and certain expenses of MSA as of the closing. At the closing of the acquisition, the Company applied an estimate of the adjustments and paid total net consideration of $90,002. The Company financed the acquisition by borrowing under its amended and restated credit agreement, as described in Note 4 – Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Located in Fond du Lac, WI, MSA is an industry leading, vertically-integrated manufacturer of custom aluminum extrusions and fabrications that also offers related services including design, engineering, anodizing and finishing, assembly and packaging. The acquisition enables MEC to secure an attractive entry point within light-weight materials fabrication, while providing significant new cross-selling opportunities with both new and existing customers.

The aggregate purchase price has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The estimate of the excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of net tangible assets acquired was allocated to identifiable intangible assets and goodwill. The Company engaged an independent third party to assist with the identification and valuation of these intangible assets. Management makes significant estimates and assumptions when determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. These estimates include, but are not limited to, discount rates, projected future net sales, projected future expected cash flows, useful lives, attrition rates, royalty rates and growth rates. These measures are based on significant Level 3 inputs (see Note 13) not observable in the market.

The following table is a summary of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and net cash consideration paid for MSA during 2023:

Inventory was valued at its estimated fair value, which is defined as expected sales price, less costs to sell, plus a reasonable margin for selling effort. The valuation resulted in an inventory fair value step-up of $891 and was fully expensed and reflected in cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

Property, plant and equipment was valued at its estimated fair value using the cost, market and sales comparison approaches. The valuation resulted in a property, plant and equipment fair value step-up of $21,157. Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the respective assets.

The Company also recorded $17,700 of customer relationships intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 17 years and $4,900 of developed technology intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 7 years. The purchase price allocated to these assets was based on management’s forecasted cash inflows and outflows and using a relief from royalty method for developed technologies and the multi-period excess earnings method for customer relationships. Amortization expense related to these intangible assets is recorded on a straight-line basis and reflected in amortization of intangible expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The purchase price of MSA exceeded the preliminary estimated fair value of identifiable net assets and accordingly, the difference was allocated to goodwill, which is not tax deductible.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company finalized the net working capital adjustment in conjunction with the fair value estimates for assets acquired, liabilities assumed, identifiable assets and the net income tax provision. Since its preliminary estimates, the Company adjusted the purchase price by ($1,084) related to working capital adjustments. The offsetting adjustment was primarily related to goodwill. As of June 30, 2024, the Company finalized the estimates of assets and acquired liabilities assumed.

Pro Forma** **Financial Information (Unaudited)

In accordance with ASC 805, the following unaudited pro forma combined results of operations have been prepared and presented to give effect to the MSA acquisition as if it had occurred on January 1, 2022, the beginning of the comparable period, applying certain assumptions and pro forma adjustments. These pro forma adjustments primarily relate to the estimated depreciation expense associated with the fair value of the acquired property, plant and equipment, amortization of identifiable intangible assets, interest expense related to additional debt needed to fund the acquisition, and the tax impact of these adjustments. Additionally, the pro forma adjustments include non-recurring expenses related to transaction costs, a one-time bonus payment and the sale of stepped-up inventory. The unaudited pro forma consolidated results are provided for illustrative purposes only, are not indicative of the Company’s actual consolidated results of operations or consolidated financial position and do not reflect any revenue and operating synergies or cost savings that may result from the acquisition.

Note 3. Select balance sheet data

Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined on the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Work-in-process and finished goods are valued at production costs consisting of material, labor, and overhead.

Inventories as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consist of:

The MSA inventory fair value step-up of $891 was fully expensed and included within cost of goods sold in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consist of:

Depreciation expense was $30,655, $27,338 and $22,359 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the Company was able to cancel $2,257 of purchase commitments for property, plant and equipment relating to the former fitness customer that had previously been recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as an impairment of long-lived assets and loss on contracts as of December 31, 2021. The cancellation of loss contracts has resulted in the reversal of these amounts from other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as an impairment of long-lived assets and gain on contracts.

Throughout the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold $5,097 of machinery and equipment originally intended to support production for the former fitness customer, resulting in a gain on the sale of the assets of $2,089. The gain on the sale of assets is classified in impairment of long-lived assets and (gain) on contracts on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as of December 31, 2022. As a result of the impairment of long-lived assets recorded as of December 31, 2021, these assets had been written down to fair value at December 31, 2021.

During fourth quarter of the current period, the Company completed the closure of its Wautoma, WI manufacturing facility. The net amount of property, plant and equipment associated with the facility was $1,402, which is classified in assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Goodwill

We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. Our annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of fiscal years 2024 and 2023 did not indicate an impairment existed. There wereno changes to the goodwill balance of $92,650 between December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024.

Intangible Assets

The following is a listing of intangible assets, the useful lives in years (amortization period) and accumulated amortization as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Additionally, the Company reported an indefinite lived non-amortizable brand name asset with a balance of $3,811 for the twelve months ended December 2024 and 2023. Non-amortizable brand name is tested annually during the fourth quarter for impairment, or more frequently if triggering events occur indicating there may be impairment. There has beenno impairment recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Changes in intangible assets between December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2024 consist of:

Amortization expense was $6,933, $7,742 and $6,952, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Future amortization expense is expected to be as followed:

Note 4. Debt

On June 28, 2023, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the Credit Agreement) with certain lenders and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (the Agent). The Credit Agreement provides for a $250,000 revolving credit facility, with a letter of credit sub-facility, and a swingline facility in an aggregate amount of $25,000. The Credit Agreement also provides the availability of incremental facilities to the greater of $100,000 and 125% of the Company’stwelve month trailing Consolidated EBITDA through an accordion feature. All amounts borrowed under the credit agreement mature on June 28, 2028.

The Credit Agreement contains usual and customary negative covenants for agreements of this type, including, but not limited to, restrictions on our ability to, subject to certain exceptions, create, incur or assume indebtedness; create, incur, assume or suffer to exist liens; make certain investments; allow our subsidiaries to merge or consolidate with another entity; make certain asset dispositions; pay certain dividends or other distributions to shareholders; enter into transactions with affiliates; enter into sale leaseback transactions; and exceed the limits on annual capital expenditures. The Credit Agreement also requires us to satisfy certain financial covenants, including a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio of 3.00 to 1.00 as well as a consolidated total leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00.

The Company incurred deferred financing costs of $1,248 associated with executing the Credit Agreement, which has been recorded as an other long-term asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and will be amortized over the duration of the agreement.

At December 31, 2024, our consolidated total leverage ratio was 1.28 to 1.00 as compared to a covenant maximum of 3.50 to 1.00 under the Credit Agreement.

At December 31, 2024, our consolidated interest coverage ratio was 4.62 to 1.00 as compared to a covenant minimum of 3.00 to 1.00 under the Credit Agreement.

Under the Credit Agreement, interest is payable quarterly at the adjusted secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) plus an applicable margin based on the current consolidated total leverage ratio. The interest rate was 6.55% and 7.71% as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Additionally, the agreement has a fee on the average daily unused portion of the aggregate unused revolving commitments. This fee was 0.25% as of December 31, 2024 and 0.30% as of December 31, 2023.

Prior to June 28, 2023, the Company maintained a credit agreement (Former Credit Agreement) with certain lenders and the Agent. The Former Credit Agreement provided for a $200,000 revolving credit facility, with a letter of credit sub-facility in an aggregate amount not to exceed $5,000, and a swingline facility in an aggregate amount of $20,000. The Former Credit Agreement also provided for an additional $100,000 of debt capacity through an accordion feature.

The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants of its credit agreements as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The amount borrowed on the revolving credit notes was $79,725 and $147,493 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Other Debt

Additionally, the Company has a Fond du Lac County and Fond du Lac Economic Development Corporation term note (Fond du Lac Term Note). The Fond du Lac Term Note is secured by a security agreement, payable in annual installments of $500 plus interest at 2.00% and is due in full in December 2028. The balance outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $1,875 and $2,375, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the short-term and long-term balance was $500 and $1,375, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the short-term and long-term balance was $500 and $1,875, respectively. These balances are recorded in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 5. Leases

The Company has real property operating leases for office and manufacturing space. Operating leases for the Company’s personal property consist of leases for office equipment, vehicles, forklifts and storage tanks for bulk gases. The Company recognizes a right-of-use (ROU) asset and a lease liability for operating leases based on the net present value of future minimum lease payments. Lease expense for the Company’s operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including renewal periods that are considered reasonably certain. The Company has not elected to recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less.

The Company has finance leases for equipment used throughout its office and manufacturing facilities. The Company recognizes an ROU asset and a lease liability for finance leases based on the net present value of future minimum lease payments. Lease expense for the Company’s finance leases is comprised of the amortization of the ROU asset and interest expense recognized based on the effective interest method.

Variable lease expense is related to certain of the Company’s real property leases and personal property leases, and it generally consists of property tax and insurance components that are for the benefit of the lessor (real property leases) and variable overage fees (personal property leases) that are remitted as part of the Company’s lease payments.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

The table below represents ROU asset balances by type of lease:

Maturities of lease liabilities at December 31, 2024 and minimum lease payments under ASC 842 having initial or remaining non-cancellable terms in excess of one year were as follows:

Lease related supplemental cash flow information:

ROU assets are assessed for impairment in accordance with the Company’s long-lived asset policy. The Company reassesses lease classification and remeasures ROU assets and lease liabilities when a lease is modified, and that modification is not accounted for as a separate new lease or upon certain other events that require reassessment in accordance with ASC 842.

Note 6. Employee stock ownership plan

Under the ESOP, the Company can make annual discretionary contributions to the trust for the benefit of eligible employees in the form of cash or shares of common stock of the Company subject to the Board of Directors’ approval. For each of the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recordedno ESOP expense.

As of January 1, 2023, the Company amended the plan reducing the distribution period from five years tothree years. Additionally, as of January 1, 2025, the Company amended the plan reducing the distribution period from three years to a full distribution on the annual distribution date of the year following separation from the Company.

As of January 1, 2025, the in-service diversification percentage allowed increased from 25% at age 50 with 10 years of service to 50% and at age 55 with 10 years of service, the percentage allowed increased from 50% to 75%.

At various times following death, disability, retirement, termination of employment or the exercise of diversification rights, an ESOP participant is entitled to receive their ESOP account balance in accordance with various distribution methods as permitted under the policies adopted by the ESOP.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the ESOP shares consisted of 3,474,467 and 4,062,583 in allocated shares, respectively.

Note 7. Retirement plans

The Mayville Engineering Company, Inc. 401(k) Plan (the 401(k) Plan) covers substantially all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. The 401(k) Plan is a defined contribution plan and is intended for eligible employees to defer tax-free contributions to save for retirement. Employees may contribute up to 50% of their eligible compensation to the 401(k) Plan, subject to the limits of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code.

As of January 1, 2023, the Company implemented an employer match program to the 401(k) Plan. The Company now provides a 50% match for employee contributions, up to 6%. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s employer match expense was $3,380 and $3,232, respectively. Additionally, the 401(k) Plan provides for employer discretionary profit-sharing contributions and the Board of Directors may authorize discretionary profit-sharing contributions (which are usually approved at the end of each calendar year). For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s estimated discretionary profit-sharing expense was $0, $0 and $2,500, respectively.

Note 8. Income taxes

Income taxes are included in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 as below:

A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax provision to the income tax provision from continuing operations provided for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are presented below:

The Company hasno remaining federal net operating loss carryforwards. The Company has state net operating loss carryforwards of$741, certain of which begin to expire in 2038.

Uncertain Tax Positions

Based on the Company’s evaluation, there is one unrecognized tax benefit requiring recognition in its financial statements as of December 31, 2024. The Company does not anticipate that there will be a material change in the balance of the unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months. Any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recorded in income tax expense. The entire balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate.

The Company files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and in various state and local jurisdictions. Federal tax returns for tax years beginning January 1, 2021, and state tax returns beginning January 1, 2020 are open for examination.

Details of Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The following is a reconciliation of beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:

Note 9. Commitments and contingencies

Litigation

On August 4, 2022, the Company filed a lawsuit against Peloton Interactive, Inc. (“Peloton”) in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County. The lawsuit arose from a March 2021 Supply Agreement between the parties, pursuant to which MEC was to manufacture and supply custom component parts for Peloton’s exercise bikes (the “Manufacturing Project”). In the lawsuit, the Company originally assertedtwo claims (1) breach and anticipatory repudiation of contract and (2) breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing (pleaded in the alternative). In January 2023, in response to Peloton’s motion to dismiss, the court allowed the first claim to proceed and dismissed the alternative claim. In the remaining claim, MEC asserted that Peloton breached and anticipatorily repudiated the Supply Agreement by unilaterally cancelling the Manufacturing Project, and refusing to pay MEC certain monthly fixed revenue payments owed under the terms of the Supply Agreement. The parties cross-appealed the court’s order on the motion to dismiss – Peloton appealed the portion of the order that denied the motion to dismiss the claim for breach and anticipatory repudiation of contract and MEC appealed the portion of the order that dismissed the claim for breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing. On April 11, 2024, the First Department, Appellate Division issued a decision and order affirming the court’s order on the motion to dismiss and affirming the court’s dismissal of the alternate claim of good faith and fair dealing. On November 3, 2023, Peloton filed a counterclaim alleging that Peloton was induced by fraud to enter into the Supply Agreement and seeking recission of the Supply Agreement and damages, among other forms of relief. On November 22, 2023, the Company answered Peloton’s counterclaim, denying the allegations in the counterclaim.

On October 28, 2024, the Company and Peloton entered into a formal Settlement Agreement (the “Agreement”) to resolve this lawsuit. Under the terms of the Agreement, MEC and Peloton agreed to dismiss the lawsuit and exchange mutual releases, and MEC received a gross payment of $25,500 from Peloton in the fourth quarter of the current year, with no admission of liability by either party.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in various claims and lawsuits, both for and against the Company, arising in the normal course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, in management’s opinion, either the likelihood of loss is remote, or any reasonably possible loss associated with the resolution of such proceedings is not expected to have a material adverse impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Note 10. Deferred compensation

The Mayville Engineering Company Deferred Compensation Plan is available for certain employees designated to be eligible to participate by the Company and approved by the Board of Directors. Eligible employees may elect to defer a portion of their compensation for any plan year and the deferral cannot exceed 50% of the participant’s base salary and may include the participant’s annual short-term cash incentive up to 100%. The participant’s election must be made prior to the first day of the plan year.

An employer contribution will be made for each participant to reflect the amount of any reduced allocations to the ESOP and/or 401(k) employer contributions due solely to the participant’s deferral amounts, as applicable. In addition, a discretionary amount may be awarded to a participant by the Company.

Deferrals are assumed to be invested in an investment vehicle based on the options made available to the participant (which does not include Company stock).

The deferred compensation plan provides benefits payable upon separation of service or death. Payments are to be made 30 days after date of separation from service, either in a lump-sum payment or up to five annual installments as elected by the participant when the participant first elects to defer compensation.

The deferred compensation plan is non-funded, and all future contributions are unsecured in that the employees have the status of a general unsecured creditor of the Company and the agreements constitute a promise by the Company to make benefit payments in the future. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, eligible employees elected to defer compensation of $626, $490 and $117, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the short-term portion accrued for all benefit years less than 12 months under this plan was $251 and $289, respectively, which is included within other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the long-term portion accrued for all benefit years greater than 12 months under this plan was$4,718 and $3,816. These amounts include the initial deferral of compensation and were adjusted for changes in the value of investment options chosen by the participants. Total expense (credit) for the deferred compensation plan for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $524, $942 and ($3,051), respectively. These expenses (credits) are included in profit sharing, bonuses and deferred compensation on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Additionally, the Company made distributions of $286, $18,520 and $1,048 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 11. Self-Funded insurance

The Company is self-funded for the medical benefits provided to its employees and their dependents. Healthcare costs are expensed as incurred and are based upon actual claims paid, reinsurance premiums, administration fees and estimated unpaid claims. The Company has an aggregate stop loss limit to mitigate risk. Expense related to this contract were $24,014, $20,292 and $17,146 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. An estimated accrued liability of $1,184 and $1,018 was recorded as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, for estimated unpaid claims and is included within other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 12. Segments

The Company operates as a single reporting unit and single reporting segment, and that is managed on a consolidated basis. The Company derives revenue from its customers by providing value-added manufacturing solutions ranging from concept to production, including prototyping and tooling, production fabrication, coating, assembly and aftermarket components. The accounting policies of the Company's one operating segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) is regularly provided with and assesses performance for its one operating segment with only the consolidated expenses and net income as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The CODM uses these performance measures to evaluate the Company's profitability, deciding whether to reinvest profits into the segment or into other parts of the entity, such as acquisitions or to buy back Company common stock and monitor budget versus actual results.

All sales are generated and all assets are located within the United States and the business activities are managed at a consolidated level.

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the CODM.

Note 13. Fair value of financial instruments

Fair value provides information on what the Company may realize if certain assets were sold or might pay to transfer certain liabilities based upon an exit price. Financial assets and liabilities that are measured and reported at fair value are classified into a three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation process. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is based on the observability and objectivity of the pricing inputs, as follows:

The following table lists the Company’s financial assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value by the fair value hierarchy:

Fair value measurements for the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are classified based upon Level 1 measurements because such measurements are based upon quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets.

Accounts receivable, accounts payable, long-term debt and accrued liabilities are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at cost and approximate fair value.

Deferred compensation liabilities are recorded at amounts due to participants at the time of deferral. Deferrals are invested in an investment vehicle based on the options made available to the participant, considered to be Level 1 or Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy, with the current balance all as Level 1. The change in fair value is recorded in the profit sharing, bonuses, and deferred compensation line item on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The short-term and long-term balances due to participants are reflected on the current portion of deferred compensation and deferred compensation, less current portion line items, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company’s non-financial assets such as goodwill, intangible assets and property, plant, and equipment are re-measured at fair value when there is an indication of impairment and adjusted only when an impairment charge is recognized. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, there was no impairment recognized for the year.

Note 14. Revenue recognition

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

The Company has contract assets and contract liabilities, which are included in tooling in progress and other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. Contract assets primarily consist of capitalized costs related to customer-owned tooling contracts, wherein the Company has not yet met performance obligations. Contract liabilities include deferred tooling revenue, where the performance obligation was not met. The performance obligation is satisfied when the tooling is completed and the customer signs off through the PPAP or other documented customer acceptance. Cost of goods sold is recognized and released from the balance sheet when control of the tooling promised under contract is transferred to the customer.

The Company’s contracts with customers are short-term in nature; therefore, revenue is typically recognized, billed and collected within a 12-month period. The following table reflects the changes in our contract assets and liabilities during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Revenue recognized from deferred revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of the fiscal year was $2,559, $4,856 and $1,252 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Disaggregated Revenue

The following tables represents a disaggregation of revenue by product category and end market:

Note 15. Common equity

At December 31, 2024, the authorized stock of the Company consisted of 75,000,000 shares of common stock without par value.

Changes in outstanding common shares are summarized as follows:

Note 16. Earnings per share

The Company computes earnings per share in accordance with ASC Topic 260*, Earnings per Share*. In accordance with ASC 260, outstanding options will be considered to have been exercised and outstanding as of the beginning of the period if the average market price of the common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of the options (they are “in the money”), and the assumed exercise of the options do not have an anti-dilutive impact on earnings per share.

A reconciliation of basic and diluted net income per share attributable to the Company were as follows:

There wereno options in the money that were excluded in the computation of diluted earnings per share for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 that had an anti-dilutive impact on earnings per share.

Note 17. Concentration of major customers

The following customers accounted for 10% or greater of the Company’s recorded net sales and net trade receivables:

Note 18. Stock-based compensation

The Mayville Engineering Company, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan provided the Company the ability to grant monetary payments based on the value of its common stock, up to 2,000,000 shares.

On April 20, 2021, shareholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan increasing the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance by 2,500,000 shares.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation using the fair value provisions prescribed by ASC 718,Compensation – Stock Compensation. Our stock-based compensation consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance stock units (PSUs). The total number of shares of the Company’s common stock still available for issuance under the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2024 is 1,785,643.

Cancellations and forfeitures are accounted for as incurred. The Company recognizes expense for all stock-based compensation on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the entire award.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $5,186, $4,485 and $3,759, respectively.

Stock Options

Stock option grants to employees vest equally over atwo-year period beginning the subsequent year to the anniversary of the grant date and expire 10 years subsequent to the grant date.

The Company did not grant employees stock options in 2024. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options is calculated by estimating the fair value of non-qualified stock options at the time of grant and is amortized over the stock options’ vesting period. The Company recognized $1,125, $1,484 and $1,269 of compensation expense with stock options for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The activity for stock options is summarized as follows:

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, options exercised were 879,388 and 13,080 respectively, with a weighted average strike price of $9.85 and $8.49, respectively, resulting in 264,247 and 7,814, respectively, of Company issued shares.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 74,136,89,829,156,252,101,294 and 12,407 options issued and outstanding at exercise prices of $17.00, $14.01, $10.32, $16.22 and $14.12 per share, respectively, with a remaining weighted average contractual life of 7.13 years. The intrinsic values of these outstanding options were $0, $1.71, $5.40, $0 and $1.60, respectively, based on the Company’s stock price as of December 31, 2024.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate the fair value of stock options which were $9.28 and $5.36 for those options granted during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company utilized the following assumptions in determining these fair values:

The Company does not have historical option exercise data to estimate the expected term. For options granted, the Company utilizes the simplified method prescribed by Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) Topic 14 to estimate the expected term, which is calculated as the average of the vesting term and the contractual term. The option grants have a contractual life of 10 years and a requisite service period, or vesting term, of 2 years with 50% vesting on the annual anniversary dates. Applying the simplified method, the Company calculated the expected terms of each tranche to be 5.5 years and 6.0 years resulting in an average expected term of 5.75 years for these awards. The Company will continue to employ the simplified method until more relevant detailed information becomes available from which to make this estimate.

Restricted Stock Units

The Company granted 427,171 and 295,109 RSUs inclusive of non-employee director awards in 2024 and 2023, respectively. A total of 55,962 and 60,271 RSUs were granted to non-employee directors in 2024 and 2023, respectively, which vested the subsequent year to the grant date. The Company recognized $3,686, $3,001 and $2,490 of compensation expense associated with RSUs during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

With the exception of the non-employee director grants, RSUs are earned based on service over the vesting period. RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over atwo- orthree-year period beginning the subsequent year to the anniversary of the grant date. The expense is based on the fair value of the Company's shares which is equivalent to the adjusted closing stock price at the date of the grant.

The activity for RSUs is summarized as follows:

Performance Share Units

The Company granted 110,710 of PSUs in 2024. The PSUs are earned based on the achievement of pre-determined financial performance goals at the end of athree-year performance measurement period. The Company recognized $375 of compensation expense associated with performance share units during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024.

The performance goals for the PSUs granted in 2024 are weighted 50% on the 3-year average of the Company’s Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) from 2024 to 2026 and 50% on the Company’s 2026 adjusted EBITDA target. ROIC represents net operating profit after taxes divided by invested capital for the represented period. Adjusted EBITDA represents net income before interest expense, provision for income taxes, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation expense, legal costs due to the former fitness customer and adjusted for items to be determined unusual in nature or infrequent in occurrence for the performance period, as approved by the Compensation Committee. The number of earned PSUs can range from 50% (threshold) to 200% (maximum) of the target award, with no PSUs earned for performance below the threshold level.

The activity for performance share units is summarized as follows:

The Company uses the Monte Carlo valuation model to determine fair value of the PSU grants.

A roll-forward of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is displayed in the table below. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of December 31, 2024 will be expensed over the remaining requisite service period from which individual award values relate, up to August 20, 2027.

Note 19. Restructuring

On November 2, 2023, as part of our efforts to optimize our operations, the Company restructured its operations team, eliminating the position of Chief Operating Officer (COO). For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred severance costs of $855 which were recognized within cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as of December 31, 2023. The operations team reorganization was finalized during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023.

Additionally, as a result of the market demand environment, we introduced a series of cost rationalization initiatives, including, the Company announcing the closure of its Wautoma, WI facility on September 12, 2024. The facility closure was finalized during the fourth quarter of 2024 with all customer components re-distributed amongst other MEC manufacturing facilities. All customer relationships and manufactured components were maintained through this transition without disruption to our customers.

Costs associated with the closure are being accounted for in accordance with ASC 420,Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations.

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company incurred $492 of total costs associated with the facility closure and restructuring. These costs were recognized in the cost of sales and other selling, general and administrative expense line items of the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, including $267 for severance and retention bonuses, while the remainder primarily related to costs to close the facility and relocate equipment to other MEC facilities.

The Wautoma facility has a net book value of $1,402 and is classified as assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024, as the facility has met the requirements in ASC 360.

The Company does not expect to incur additional costs to complete the closure and restructuring in 2025.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the separation with the Company’s former COO and restructuring of its Wautoma, WI manufacturing facility through December 31, 2024:

Note 20. Valuation and qualifying accounts