Select Water Solutions Inc

Select Water Solutions, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “Select,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading provider of sustainable water-management solutions to the energy industry in the U.S. As a leader in the water management industry, we place the utmost importance on safe, environmentally responsible management of water throughout the lifecycle of a well. Additionally, we believe that responsibly managing water resources through our operations to help conserve and protect the environment in the communities in which we operate is paramount to our continued success.

With a diverse geographic footprint across the U.S., we operate through three primary segments: Water Infrastructure, Water Services and Chemical Technologies.

Our Water Infrastructure segment develops, builds, and operates permanent and semi-permanent infrastructure solutions to support full life cycle water management and waste treatment solutions. These solutions incorporate both new oil and gas well development and ongoing production activity, including recycling and disposal of flowback and produced water and the associated logistics. As our customers transition from appraisal to full-field development, and also transition to treated produced water to complete new wells, our fixed infrastructure networks can provide environmental benefits by reducing the demand for water disposal, water hauling by truck and fresh water demand, while at the same time enabling economies of scale that help reduce customer capital expenditures and lease operating expenses over the life of the field. These water networks can also help balance water supply across regions and customers to promote greater water reuse.

Our Water Infrastructure operations are underpinned by a growing portfolio of long-term contractual agreements, and accompanying customer commitments, that encompass the delivery of water needed for the near-term development of new oil and gas wells but also provide the long-term solutions that manage produced water over the entire production life of a well. These agreements, which commonly entail higher operating margins over a longer contractual term, underscore our commitment to our customers and our role as primary environmental steward for these operations. Our infrastructure networks facilitate for the gathering and takeaway of produced water, as well as the treatment, reuse and delivery of treated produced water. Our infrastructure assets include permanent pipeline infrastructure, semi-permanent pipeline infrastructure, fixed and mobile treatment and recycling facilities, water storage facilities, saltwater disposal wells (“SWDs”) and landfill facilities.

We are actively expanding our portfolio of water recycling facilities across multiple regions, emphasizing water recycling opportunities as a cornerstone of our operations. We recognize produced water as an invaluable, sustainable non-potable water source, naturally generated from ongoing oil and/or gas production. Through our dedicated efforts in recycling, we aim to progressively reduce the proportion of produced water being reinjected into SWDs over time, thereby diminishing the industry’s reliance on fresh water and reinforcing our commitment to responsible resource management.

Additionally, we are pursuing recycling solutions beyond traditional reuse for oil and gas operations that could enable the beneficial reuse of produced water for non-energy applications. This could enable substitution of treated produced water in general industry and agriculture, or other stewardship-oriented applications such as wildlife rehabilitation, carbon capture and sequestration, or drought mitigation, among other opportunities. Further advancements could preserve substantial fresh water sources and enable the industry to become a contributor to the water lifecycle.

Our Water Services segment provides the complex services needed to support new well completions as well as ongoing production over the life of the well, including water transfer, water sourcing, flowback and well testing, water containment, fluids hauling, water monitoring and water network automation, as well as various on-site rental equipment and accommodation offerings. Through our patented WaterONE™ automation services and our proprietary AquaView® software platform, our Water Services segment provides extensive technology solutions that enable 24/7 monitoring and visibility for our customers into all of their water-related operations, including hydrographic mapping, water volume and quality monitoring, remote pit and tank monitoring, leak detection, asset and fuel tracking and automated-equipment services. We believe these technologies help our customers lower their operating costs, improve well productivity, increase safety, reduce the risk of spills and reduce the environmental footprint of their operations.

Our Chemical Technologies segment develops, manufactures, manages logistics and provides a full suite of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, stimulation, cementing, pipelines and well completions. Our completion chemicals are sold primarily to leading integrated and independent E&P companies and pressure-pumping service companies in the U.S. to support well stimulation and completion. We also provide customized water treatment and flow assurance solutions across the completion and production lifecycle. Additionally, through our FluidMatch™ solutions, we provide comprehensive testing and analysis of our customers’ application conditions, product chemistry and key performance requirements for oil and gas well completion fluid-system design. This process may include water profiling, application and fluid assessment, treatment assessment, product selection, optimization and customization.

Industry and Company Overview

Over the past two decades, advancements in horizontal drilling and completions technologies have led to significant and sustained growth in oil and natural gas production in the United States. Advances in drilling and completion technology have propelled shale oil production in the U.S. from about 500,000 barrels per day in 2010 to approximately 9 million barrels per day currently, which accounts for approximately 9% of the total global oil supply. Additionally, U.S. shale gas production has increased from about 15 billion cubic feet per day in 2010 to approximately 85 billion cubic feet per day as of December 2024, or nearly 80% of U.S. natural gas production and nearly 20% of global natural gas supply. This growth has dramatically impacted fundamental global supply and demand dynamics and has resulted in a generally balanced to over-supplied market in recent years. While demand for oil and natural gas has

generally increased over the last fourteen years, demand is cyclical and subject to many factors. For example, demand in the energy industry has been impacted by global geopolitical conflicts, including the Russia-Ukraine war and hostilities in the Middle East. Demand for our services is influenced by the level of drilling and completion activity by E&P companies in the U.S., which in turn depends largely on the current and anticipated profitability of developing oil and natural gas reserves, as well as the ongoing production of existing wells.

Water is essential to the development and completion of unconventional oil and gas wells, where oil and gas producers rely on hydraulic fracturing to stimulate the production of oil and gas from subsurface rock formations with low permeability. The modern hydraulic fracturing process involves the high-pressure injection of large volumes of water and proppant, together with chemicals, through a cased and cemented wellbore into targeted subsurface formations thousands of feet below ground to fracture the surrounding rock. Modern hydraulic fracturing involves complex, engineered solutions to produce oil and gas from tight geological formations in a cost-effective manner.

The volume of water required to economically produce tight oil and gas reserves in the U.S. has grown in recent years and water and water-related services comprise a meaningful portion of our customers’ drilling and completion budgets. For example, in 2010, the completion of a typical horizontal well could require roughly 75,000 barrels of water, but today, current horizontal well completion designs can call for in excess of 750,000 barrels for a single well. Our customers’ current multi-well pad development plans can require in excess of five million barrels to complete all of the wells on the pad. Furthermore, in recent years and in the pursuit of further efficiencies, operators have advanced the development of “zipper fracturing,” “simul-fracturing” and “trimul-fracturing” operations. Zipper fracturing results in two wells being stimulated on the same pad at the same time. This significantly reduces the amount of time needed to complete operations on a single pad. With simul-fracturing or trimul-fracturing operations, operators can even further eliminate idle time on the remaining wells on a single pad by making forward progress across all the wells on a pad. For example, on a four-well pad, with simul-fracturing operations, the operator can pump down two wells, while perforating the other two, allowing it to complete more lateral footage in the same amount of time compared to standard zipper-fracturing operations where two of the wells would remain idle during the stimulation phase of the first two wells. While this does not increase the overall water consumption on a per-site basis, this does significantly increase the volumetric flow rates required to the wellsite at any given time and the sophistication of the logistics required for delivery, while concurrently decreasing the overall number of days spent on a single location. Significant mechanical, logistical, environmental and safety issues related to the sourcing, transfer, storage and treatment of such large volumes of water and the rate of delivery have increased both the total cost of water and related services and the complexity and importance of the services required. This trend has shifted many of our customers’ operational focus away from legacy small, local water service providers, to larger regional and national players like us, who have the expertise, technology and scale to provide high-quality, reliable, comprehensive and environmentally responsible water-management solutions for the full extent of the water lifecycle.

Delivering these comprehensive and environmentally responsible water management solutions requires significant logistical expertise to overcome the challenges of gathering, treating, blending, and delivering significant volumes of produced water or treated produced water. These logistical challenges are typically met through a combination of temporary and permanent solutions utilizing pipe and hose infrastructure to deliver water across the broad geographic areas in which we operate. These logistical solutions significantly reduce the cost and environmental footprint compared to legacy solutions such as tank truck and frac tank operations. For a single representative multi-well pad that requires five million barrels of water, we can utilize our pipe and hose infrastructure solutions and eliminate the approximate equivalent of 38,500 tank truck loads from the roads. This significantly reduces the capital and operating expenditure costs for our customers while dramatically improving the safety of our operations. Importantly, these solutions also reduce the environmental impact and carbon footprint of our customers’ operations by limiting spills and diesel exhaust emissions, as well as reducing the social impact of heavy vehicle traffic in the communities in which we operate.

We also develop and source water treatment and completion chemicals that are a critical part of the U.S. energy industry. Water treatment chemicals enable a barrel of water to be used in ongoing operations while completion chemicals are blended with water to improve the transport and placement of proppant in targeted zones within the producing geological formations. The induced fractures near the wellbore allow hydrocarbons to flow into the wellbore for extraction. Our team of chemists and research and development personnel work directly with our customers to

support the optimization of water quality and their fracturing fluid systems through our FluidMatch™ solutions. Through laboratory and application experience, we apply our expertise in chemistry to develop, manufacture and supply a wide range of specialized and customizable products to our customers for their well completion fluid systems.

Up to fifty percent of the water pumped into the well during the hydraulic fracturing process returns as “flowback” water during the first several weeks following the well completion process, and a large percentage of the remainder, plus naturally occurring water in the producing formation, is recovered as produced water over the life of the well. The total volumes of flowback and produced water are significantly greater than the volumes used for new well completions. By some estimates, the U.S. oil and gas industry today produces over 24 billion barrels of water per year and this volume is likely to grow, relative to the demand for volumes for new well completions of approximately six billion barrels per year. This flowback and produced water must be captured, contained and then either treated and recycled for reuse in subsequent fracturing jobs or disposed of in an environmentally-responsible manner. We provide services that support the operator’s management of flowback and produced water for either reuse or disposal. Additionally, our customized chemical treatment programs help improve well productivity and reduce production costs, thereby extending the economic life of our customers’ oil and gas wells.

As produced water volumes have significantly grown in recent years, logistical advancements similar to those seen in the delivery of source water volumes for new well completions have been developed for managing these produced water volumes. Increasingly, the transportation of these produced water volumes has shifted away from traditional tank truck operations and onto gathering pipeline infrastructure for disposal or recycling and reuse. Recycling produced water through dedicated infrastructure for reuse significantly reduces the lease operating costs for our customers over the life of a well, while also reducing the environmental impact and carbon footprint of our customers’ operations by limiting diesel exhaust emissions and reducing truck traffic in our local communities.

Ultimately, our customers are required to manage more than 24 billion barrels of produced water annually, and we are focused on how we can create the most beneficial resource out of what has historically been viewed solely as a waste stream. We believe the industry will increasingly turn to specialized water solutions companies like us to help cost-effectively manage produced water in an environmentally responsible manner. Select intends to play an important role in the advancement of water and chemical solutions that are designed to meet the sustainability goals of all stakeholders.

Mergers and Acquisitions - 2024 Year-in-Review

During 2024, we executed a number of strategic business combinations and asset acquisitions, totaling approximately $163 million in the aggregate. These transactions included the acquisition of Tri-State Water Logistics, LLC and certain of its affiliates (the “Tri-State Acquisition”) for approximately $58.3 million, which strengthened our fluids and solids treatment and disposal assets and operations in the Haynesville region; the acquisition of Trinity Acquisition Holdings, LLC (d/b/a Trinity Environmental Services) and related entities (the “Trinity Acquisition”) for approximately $30.8 million, which added strategic saltwater disposal wells and pipelines in the Permian Basin; the acquisition of certain disposal assets, operations and disposal and recycling permits in the Rockies region (the “Rockies Infrastructure Acquisition”) for approximately $18.1 million which strengthened our water disposal assets in the region; the acquisition of equity interests from certain subsidiaries of Buckhorn Waste Services, LLC and Buckhorn Disposal, LLC (the “Buckhorn Acquisition”) for approximately $18.8 million, adding to our solids waste management capabilities in the Bakken; the acquisition of substantially all of the assets and operations of Iron Mountain Energy, LLC (the “Iron Mountain Acquisition”) for approximately $14.0 million, expanding our fluids and solids treatment and disposal operations in the Haynesville region; the acquisition of equity interests of certain subsidiaries of Bobcat SWIW Holdings, LLC for approximately $8.1 million (the “Bobcat Acquisition”), strengthening our Marcellus/Utica disposal operations; and the acquisition of certain assets and related liabilities in the Permian Basin and Northeast Ohio for approximately $14.6 million (the “2024 Asset Acquisitions”), enhancing our current and future water infrastructure capabilities. These business combinations and asset acquisitions further expand our focus on investing in water infrastructure projects.

Industry Observations & Looking Ahead

The oil and gas industry in 2024 continued to navigate a complex landscape shaped by global economic factors, geopolitical tensions, and evolving energy policies. Despite volatility, oil prices have remained relatively stable year-over-year, with WTI crude oil remaining flat at around $77 per barrel. However, natural gas prices hit a historic lower price, averaging near $2 per MMBtu. Despite a decrease in natural gas prices, this price environment has supported steady drilling and completion activities in most basins in which we have strategically positioned our operations.

The industry's focus on capital discipline and operational efficiency has intensified, driving demand for integrated water management solutions that optimize costs and enhance environmental performance. This trend aligns well with our strategy of providing comprehensive water infrastructure and chemical solutions. As operators prioritize free cash flow generation and responsible development practices, our services become increasingly vital to their operations.

Looking ahead to 2025, we anticipate a continued emphasis from our customers on sustainable production growth, with operators balancing output increases against market demand and environmental considerations. While we expect regulatory tailwinds to be supportive of increased drilling and completion activities, the ongoing energy transition is likely to accelerate water management challenges, as produced water volumes increase with well maturity and other growing industrial demand increases stress on overall water resources. This scenario presents significant opportunities for our water recycling and disposal capabilities, particularly in regions facing water scarcity or stringent regulatory environments.

Energy demand projections remain resilient, supporting a cautiously optimistic outlook for oil and gas activity levels. However, potential headwinds include inflationary pressures, supply chain constraints and international economic concerns. We continue to monitor the evolving regulatory landscapes, especially concerning emissions and water management. Our diversified service offerings and strategic infrastructure investments, including recent acquisitions and new recycling and pipeline projects, position us well to adapt to these challenges and capitalize on emerging opportunities in this dynamic market environment.

Recent market conditions, including the war between Russia-Ukraine, hostilities in the Middle East, the U.S. presidential election and elevated interest rates and levels of inflation, have created volatility in the markets in which we and our customers operate. During 2024, the West Texas Intermediate spot price for oil ranged from a low of $66.73 per barrel in September to a high of $87.69 per barrel in April, and the Henry Hub spot price for natural gas ranged from a low of $1.21 per MMBtu in November to a high of $13.20 per MMBtu in January.

Sustainability

We are committed to a corporate strategy that supports the long-term viability of our business model in a manner that focuses on all stakeholders, including our people, our customers, the environment, and the communities in which we operate. We believe this focus will help us and our customers achieve their short-term and long-term strategic goals, help us attract and retain top talent, and further our efforts to generate superior investor returns. We believe our commitment to foster a culture of corporate responsibility is an important part of being a company with operations spanning the contiguous U.S. Further, we believe being a good corporate steward is strategic to our growth in the energy industry and will better allow us to develop solutions that both address the needs of our customers and contribute to sustainable business practices. Our commitment to these principles is exemplified through our sustainability-linked credit facility, which incorporates certain key performance indicator targets related to growing produced water recycling volumes and maintaining market-leading employee safety performance. Additionally, as a customer-oriented company, we compete with other providers based on various factors, including safety and operational performance, technological innovation, process efficiencies and reputational awareness. We have identified the following four priorities as part of our comprehensive corporate responsibility initiative: Environmental Consciousness, Health and Safety, Human Capital Management and Community Outreach. We believe there is a strong link between these corporate responsibility initiatives and our ability to provide value to our stakeholders.

Environmental Consciousness

We are one of the few public companies whose primary focus is on the management of water and water logistics in the energy industry with a focus on driving efficient, environmentally responsible, and economic solutions that lower costs throughout the lifecycle of the well. We believe water is a valuable resource and understand that the energy industry, other industries, and the general public are competing for this resource. We continue to provide access to water as demanded by our customers and have significantly increased our focus on the recycling and reuse of produced water, as well as assessing other industrial water sources, to meet the industry’s water demand and align our operations with the goals of our customers. We have invested significantly in the development and acquisition of fixed and mobile recycling facilities that support the advancement of commercialized produced water reuse solutions. By doing so, we strive to reduce the amount of produced water being reinjected into SWDs and to reduce our usage of fresh water as well as that of our customers. By implementing our innovative approach to end-to-end water solutions, we have become a leader in recycling produced water to be reused for energy production. See Part I, Item 1. “Business – Competitive Strengths” and “**—**Description of Business Segments” for more discussion on our operating capabilities and expertise around advancing sustainable water and chemical solutions.

Safety & Well-being

Safety Culture: We maintain a culture of safety, committed to the protection of the health and the safety of our employees, as well as preserving the environment and our relationships with the communities in which we operate. We place a strong emphasis on the safe execution of our operations, including safety training for our employees and the development of a variety of safety programs designed to make us a market leader in safety standards and performance. We have a comprehensive approach to formulating and managing training requirements for all of our operational employees. This includes mandatory participation in monthly, quarterly, and annual environmental, health and safety meetings, a combination of live in-person training and computer-based training tailored to specific job-duties and operational activities, and comprehensive safety reference material. We also empower operational personnel with stop-work authority (“SWA”) as a tool to advance our safety culture. Our SWA policy empowers our employees to stop work whenever they identify unsafe work conditions.

Safety Recognition Program (SRP): The investment and creation of our SRP in 2016 has had a profound impact on our organization. By acknowledging and rewarding employees for their commitment to safety, we have witnessed a significant improvement in overall workplace safety culture. Employees are more vigilant, proactive, and engaged in promoting a safe working environment. Incidents and accidents have seen a noticeable decline, reflecting the program's success in fostering a collective sense of responsibility for safety. Additionally, the positive reinforcement from the recognition program has boosted employee morale and teamwork, creating a ripple effect that extends beyond safety practices, contributing to a healthier and more productive workplace overall.

Human Capital Management

Attracting, retaining, and developing the talent needed to address current and future business needs is a key component of our human capital strategy. We invest in our workforce by offering competitive wages and benefits, continually working to create a strong company culture, and engaging our talent. We have an industry-leading safety program that makes our Company an attractive place to work. As of December 31, 2024, we had more than 3,700 employees. Our human capital measures and objectives focus on several areas including, but not limited to, culture, safety and well-being, employee retention, human rights and social responsibility, and operational execution.

Culture: Culture is an integral part of our operations because of its profound impact on recruitment, job satisfaction, work performance and morale and begins with our mission and core values. We are all connected by WATER: our values –Working Safe, Accountability, Teamwork, Excellence, Respect.** These **are the foundation for how we strive to accomplish our mission to deliver operational excellence and develop sustainable water and chemistry solutions every day. Our employees put our core values into action daily to improve operational excellence, safety, and the customer experience. To help build a strong company culture, we developed an employee recognition program to acknowledge and celebrate employees who live our values through their work and interactions. At Select, we know that many drops of excellence can create a wave of impact. Drop of Excellence is our highest recognition award for our employees, and the

recipients of such recognition represent the best of the best across the Company. Drop of Excellence nominations are submitted by executive leadership and recognize individuals that have made significant contributions to our success and serving our customers. Our strong company culture includes commitments to all stakeholders, and we aim to create a work environment that fosters a diverse and inclusive company culture. Additionally, we prioritize safety in our operations through rigorous training, structured protocols and ongoing automation of our operations. Our prioritization of safety includes a commitment to safeguarding the communities in which we operate. See Part I, Item 1. “Business—Human Capital” and Part I, Item 1. “Business—Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health Matters” for more discussion on our efforts on safety, training, employee culture and other stakeholder engagement.

Management Alignment: We believe that proper alignment of our management and our board of directors with our shareholders is critical to creating long-term value, including the alignment of management compensation and incentive structures and the continued leadership of an experienced, diverse and independent board of directors. See Part III, Item 10. “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” and Part III, Item 11 “Executive Compensation” for additional discussion on our governance and compensation structures.

Benefits: To support the ongoing health and well-being of our employees, we offer a competitive benefits package for regular, full-time employees, such as medical, dental and vision, life and accident insurance, and an employee assistance program to support employees and their families’ mental well-being through life’s changing circumstances. We’re also proud to offer the Select Family Fund as a resource to employees. Established in 2020, the Family Fund assists employees in crisis situations. The program is funded by employee donations via payroll deductions with an annual company match.

Employee Retention: From organizational announcements to quarterly leadership updates and employee initiatives, a strong cadence of communication helps our employees to be successful and informed in their roles and to be equipped to lead their teams through change. Communications and change management will continue to play a key role for how employees and leaders are developed for their role. Employee development is encouraged through regular, constructive dialogue, including semi-annual one-on-one conversations about well-being, performance, and growth, facilitated by a formal feedback program. This approach ensures our core values are integrated into daily operations, fostering a culture of continuous improvement and alignment with our strategic goals. Our approach to employee development encourages managers and supervisors to engage in constructive dialogue with their direct reports, focusing on performance, continuous improvement, and growth opportunities. Through these initiatives, we aim to maintain a culture of development, operational excellence, and commitment to our employees’ well-being and professional growth.

Succession Planning: We also recognize the importance of intentional development through succession planning, and the long-term benefit of improved engagement. We maintain an online employee job portal that allows employees to apply for open positions quickly and easily within the Company, whether it be a change of location, a promotion, or a new position in a different service line. In some service lines where career progression can be easily mapped, job progression is outlined allowing an employee to visualize the path necessary to achieve job competency, mastery, and promotion. We offer trainings from senior leadership to our field operations to support the roll out of new initiatives and skills required for growth.

Human Rights & Social Responsibility:** **We recognize the many benefits of having a diverse workforce and are committed to conducting business in a manner that respects all human rights. We are committed to promoting and encouraging respect for people and fundamental freedoms for all without distinctions of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, or political or other opinions. We demonstrate this commitment in our employment practices, through our Code of Conduct, our Equal Employment Opportunity Employer Policy, and our Anti-Harassment Policy, as well as through our policies on safety and security for our employees. We provide several ways for individuals to raise concerns anonymously via our Ethics Reporting System or Environmental Health & Safety Hotline.

Community Outreach

Being a Good Neighbor: As** **a company operating in various communities throughout the United States, we value the hospitality of the local communities we call home. We are dedicated to being an exemplary neighbor by adhering to strict environmental standards, promoting workplace safety, and contributing to the communities where we operate. We

collaborate with numerous non-profit organizations and industry groups centered on environmental and social causes. By dedicating our time and resources, we actively contribute to the development of strong communities and create an improved environment for our employees, customers, and communities at large. In today’s world, where the demands for high-performance solutions are more crucial than ever, we recognize the importance of meeting these demands while actively embracing environmentally responsible practices within the communities we serve. We steadfastly maintain our commitment to delivering solutions that align with these principles.

Proactive Engagement: We also believe in taking a proactive role to create dialogue with landowners, communities, operators, local agencies, and state agencies in areas where oil and gas activities occur. We view each of these constituents as a partner to our Company and have identified the following areas of focus as we foster these partnerships: minimize our footprint; drive top-level performance while holding our team to a higher standard; strengthen our partnerships with landowners and customers in the areas in which we operate; minimize downtime and disruption; and cultivate long-term relationships with landowners and our customers to expedite resolution of issues in an efficient manner.

Operational Execution: It is critical that all of our employees that serve our customers are qualified and trained for their roles, understand our policies and work procedures, and receive the work direction necessary to operate safely. Site managers create daily, weekly and monthly plans to coordinate tasks and personnel. Our employees use standard operating procedures and best practices to standardize effective and consistent execution. Our experienced employees often operate in a mentor capacity to provide guidance and instruction to less experienced employees and use videos to train and develop our operational personnel.

Description of Business Segments

We offer our services through the following three reportable segments: (i) Water Infrastructure, (ii) Water Services and (iii) Chemical Technologies.

Water Infrastructure Segment

Our Water Infrastructure segment provides recycling, gathering, transferring and disposal of water. Water Infrastructure operations are provided through or enabled by a network of permanent pipeline infrastructure, semi-permanent pipeline infrastructure, water recycling facilities, earthen pits, water sources and SWDs.

Water Infrastructure Service Lines

Our Water Infrastructure segment is divided into the following service lines:

Since 2022, we have invested substantially in developing produced water recycling infrastructure, commencing operations in both the Delaware and Midland Basin portions of the Permian Basin and DJ Basin portion of the Rockies Region. Our combined mobile and fixed recycling operations now include a consolidated daily throughput capacity of approximately 3.2 million barrels per day of active produced water recycling capacity and 21 million barrels of produced water storage. Our recycling process involves treating water by removing contaminants, sediments, and chemicals from water used during drilling and

completions, enabling its reuse in further completion operations. This approach significantly reduces freshwater consumption and minimizes wastewater disposal, supporting environmental sustainability in oil and gas operations.

In 2024, we experienced organic growth in our recycling operations due to several factors, including the commercial success of our business development team in securing long-term projects and increased activity levels from existing asset bases. We expanded our recycling system infrastructure, particularly in the Permian Basin. We anticipate further growth ahead with planned expansions and new recycling infrastructure, especially in the Permian Basin. These developments, along with new long-term contracts, are supporting our continued organic growth and enhancing our capacity to provide sustainable water management solutions to the energy industry.

management capabilities in the Bakken region. Select also operates a solids treatment facility in Ohio within the Marcellus/Utica basin. This facility treats up to 3,000 barrels per day of liquids-equivalent contaminated and residual solids, offers tank cleanout and lab services, and connects via pipeline to a Select wastewater disposal facility.

Water Infrastructure Geographic Areas of Operation

We provide our Water Infrastructure offerings in most of the major unconventional shale plays in the continental U.S., as illustrated by a “✓” in the chart below.* *

Water Infrastructure Customers

Our Water Infrastructure customers primarily include major integrated and independent U.S. and international oil and gas producers.

Water Infrastructure Competition

While our customers typically award contracts after a competitive bidding process, the presence of existing infrastructure in an acreage position can be critical in realizing economic value. In addition to the reach and capacity of existing area networks, track record, the skill and competency of our people, pricing, safety, the ability to move sufficient volumes at scale and environmental performance are key factors in the bid evaluation. Equipment availability, location, and technical specifications can also be significant considerations. We have a successful track record of utilizing our infrastructure to obtain various long-term contracts such as areas-of-mutual-interest, acreage dedications, well bore dedications, minimum volume commitments and take-or-pay agreements, while maintaining operational capacity for short-term work that may emerge.

Certain large midstream companies offer some water-oriented and infrastructure services, though these are generally ancillary to their core businesses of gathering and transporting oil and gas volumes. There are also public water-midstream-focused competitors. Additionally, certain of our E&P customers have invested in water infrastructure for their own operations. As a result, the water infrastructure competitive landscape is highly fragmented and our main competitors, aside from E&P companies, can often be private water midstream companies that focus on a more limited geographic area or service offering. We seek to differentiate ourselves from our competitors through our expansive scale and by delivering high-quality solutions throughout the sourcing, recycling and disposal elements of the water lifecycle, coupled with extensive regulatory expertise, well-trained people and a commitment to superior execution and a safe working environment. Additionally, we believe our ability to couple our water infrastructure with our water services and oilfield chemicals expertise provides an advantage relative to our competition.

Water Services Segment

Our Water Services segment consists of our services businesses, including water transfer, flowback and well testing, water sourcing, fluids hauling, water monitoring, water containment and water network automation, primarily serving E&P companies. Additionally, this segment includes the operations of our accommodations and rentals business.

Water Services Service Lines

Our Water Services segment is divided into the following service lines:

We install layflat hose as part of a flexible water transfer solution that can be customized to fit a specific project. Our layflat hose allows for quick, cost-effective deployment and removal of transfer assets with limited environmental disturbance and can be quickly redeployed for new projects, including projects in different geographic regions. Layflat hose has a significantly lower risk of spills than most other types of temporary jointed pipe as a result of the strength and durability of the hose as well as the secure nature of any coupling joints used to connect multiple sections of hose. Our layflat hose consists primarily of 12-inch diameter segments, powered by mobile pumps. Historically, this equipment has been powered by diesel; however, we are actively developing and deploying electric pumping units, which should decrease emissions and further reduce the environmental impact of our operations. Depending on the requirements of a project, layflat hose may run from a water source directly to a containment area, such as an above-ground pit or storage tank, or to a wellsite. Water can also be transferred from one containment area to another as part of managing a larger supply network. Our customers generally prefer layflat hose to alternative temporary piping options due to the cost-effectiveness, limited environmental impact, customizability and reduced risk of spills.

Transfer services. A 40,000 barrel AST can be delivered by three trucks and installed in a single day, replacing the equivalent of 80 trucks delivering individual 500-barrel mobile storage tanks. This reduction in truck traffic provides a significant reduction in traffic congestion in local communities as well as the associated emissions from the transportation of mobile storage tanks. Our modular tank design allows for twenty different tank configurations to meet each customer’s individual needs. We also offer assorted secondary containment solutions, from drive-over to raised barriers and multi-ringed nested AST solutions, that are designed to reduce the risk and environmental impact of potential spills.

Some of our operations are governed by the Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA”) emissions regulations. For example, we offer green completions through our mobile production facilities, which is a collaborative process that attempts to safely contain and combust flare gas, reducing emissions at the wellsite. This provides our customers with enhanced emissions reduction solutions to help meet their sustainability targets and initiatives without the need for an external power supply, further reducing the environmental impact.

Water Services Geographic Areas of Operation

We provide our Water Services offerings in most of the major unconventional shale plays in the continental U.S., as illustrated by a “✓” in the chart below.

Water Services Customers

Our Water Services customers primarily include major integrated and independent U.S. and international oil and gas producers.

Water Services Competition

Our industry is highly competitive. Our customers typically award contracts after a competitive bidding process. Operational track record, the skill and competency of our people, pricing, safety, technology and environmental performance are key factors in the bid evaluation. Equipment availability, location, service breadth and technical specifications can also be significant considerations.

Certain large domestic and international oilfield services companies offer some water-oriented and environmental services, though these are generally ancillary to their core businesses. As a result, the water solutions industry is highly fragmented and our main competitors are typically smaller and often private service providers that focus on water solutions and logistical services across a narrow geographic area or service offering. We seek to differentiate ourselves from our competitors by delivering comprehensive, high-quality services and equipment supported in many regions by fixed infrastructure networks, coupled with well-trained people and a commitment to sustainability, superior execution and a safe working environment.

Chemical Technologies Segment

Within our Chemical Technologies segment, we develop, manufacture, manage logistics and provide a full suite of completion chemical products utilized in hydraulic fracturing, stimulation, cementing and related well completion processes. We sell chemicals and provide services primarily to leading E&P operators and pressure-pumping service companies in the U.S. We also provide customized water treatment and flow assurance solutions to our customers throughout the lifecycle of a well.

Chemical Technologies Service Lines

Our Chemical Technologies segment is made up of the following service lines:

location for our customers with fully automated processes from raw materials to finished goods. We are among the largest manufacturers of friction reducers to the energy industry, producing anionic, cationic and viscosifying friction reducers. Our manufacturing is supported by in-house logistics and comprehensive lab services.

Chemical Technologies Geographic Areas of Operation

We provide Chemical Technologies services in most of the major unconventional shale plays in the continental U.S. In the chart below, a “✓” indicates that we offer the service line in the indicated geographic region.

Chemical Technologies Customers

Our Chemical Technologies customers primarily include pressure pumpers, and major integrated and independent U.S. and international oil and gas producers.

Chemical Technologies Competition

The Chemical Technologies business is highly competitive. Our competitors include both large manufacturers and companies that are pure distributors of commodities and specialty chemicals. We believe that the principal competitive factors in the markets we serve are technical expertise, manufacturing capacity, workforce competency, efficiency, safety record, reputation, experience and price. Additionally, projects are often awarded on a bid basis, which tends to create a highly competitive environment. We seek to differentiate ourselves from our competitors by delivering high-quality services and solutions paired with water treatment expertise through our FluidMatch™ design solutions, coupled with superior execution and operating efficiency in a safe working environment. Additionally, many of our competitors focus on serving multiple industries outside of oil and gas, and therefore we believe our dedicated focus on the oil and gas industry and in-basin manufacturing capabilities provides a competitive advantage. We also believe our expertise in water management provides a competitive advantage that allows us to assess and optimize our chemical solutions in a unique manner.

Segment Synergies

The expansion of our Water Infrastructure segment directly enhances the revenue-generating potential of our Water Services segment by creating synergies between physical assets and service operations. New pipeline and recycling systems trigger increased demand for Water Transfer work, as customers rely on comprehensive solutions to efficiently move water to and from operational sites. Similarly, additional disposal facilities lead to greater opportunities for Fluids Hauling, leveraging preferred access and cost efficiencies associated with handling higher volumes. By integrating advanced infrastructure with flexible service capabilities, the Company maximizes value for clients, drives operational efficiency, and unlocks new opportunities for long-term contracts and increased market share. Our recycling operations use emulsion polymers manufactured by our Chemical Technologies segment for water treatment. The emulsion polymers help separate the solids from the liquids in the water.

Significant Customers

There were no** **customers that accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Sales and Marketing

We direct our sales activities through a network of sales representatives and business development personnel, which allows us to support our customers at both the field and corporate level. Our sales representatives work closely with local operations managers to target potential opportunities through strategic focus and regular customer interaction. We track the drilling and completion activities of our current and potential new customers. Our operations managers meet with our sales team several times a week, and monitor sales activity via daily reporting. To support our sales strategy, we have developed a proprietary database that integrates market information such as current rig, completion crew and permit activity and the location of our strategic water sources and networks.

Our marketing activities are performed by an internal marketing group with input from key executives. We intend to build and maintain a well-recognized brand in the oil and gas industry through multiple media outlets, including our website and social media accounts, print and billboard advertisements, presenting at and participating in various industry-specific conferences, case studies, publications and lectures.

Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health Matters

Our water-related operations in support of energy development and production activities pursued by our customers are subject to stringent and comprehensive federal, tribal, state and local laws and regulations in the U.S. governing occupational safety and health, the discharge of materials into the environment and environmental protection. Numerous governmental entities, including the EPA, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) and analogous state agencies, have the power to enforce compliance with these laws and regulations and the permits

issued under them, often requiring difficult and costly actions. These laws and regulations may, among other things (i) require the acquisition of permits or other approvals to take fresh water from surface water and groundwater, construct pipelines or containment facilities, drill wells and other regulated activities; (ii) restrict the types, quantities and concentration of various substances that can be released into the environment or injected into non-producing belowground formations; (iii) limit or prohibit our operations on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands and other protected areas; (iv) require remedial measures to mitigate pollution from former and ongoing operations; (v) impose specific safety and health criteria addressing worker protection; and (vi) impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations. Any failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of sanctions, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of investigatory, remedial or corrective action obligations or the incurrence of capital expenditures; the occurrence of restrictions, delays or cancellations in the permitting, performance or expansion of projects; and the issuance of orders enjoining performance of some or all of our operations in a particular area.

Our business activities present risks of incurring significant environmental costs and liabilities, including costs and liabilities resulting from our handling of oilfield and other wastes, because of potential air emissions and wastewater discharges related to our operations, and due to historical oilfield industry operations and waste disposal practices. Our businesses include the operation of oilfield waste disposal injection wells that pose risks of environmental liability, including leakage from the wells to surface or subsurface soils, surface water or groundwater. In addition, private parties, including the owners of properties upon which we perform services and facilities where our wastes are taken for reclamation or disposal, also may have the right to pursue legal actions to enforce compliance as well as to seek damages for non-compliance with environmental laws and regulations or for personal injury or property or natural resource damages. Some environmental laws and regulations may impose strict liability, which means that in some situations we could be exposed to liability as a result of our conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred or the conduct of, or conditions caused by, prior operators or other third parties.

The trend in U.S. environmental regulation is typically to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may affect the environment. Moreover, accidental releases or spills may occur in the course of our operations, and we cannot assure you that we will not incur significant costs and liabilities as a result of such releases or spills, including any third-party claims for damage to property, natural resources or persons. Historically, our environmental compliance costs in the U.S. have not had a material adverse effect on our results of operations; however, there can be no assurance that such costs will not be material in the future or that such future compliance will not have a material adverse effect on our business and operational results. Our customers may also incur increased costs or restrictions, delays or cancellations in permitting or operating activities as a result of more stringent environmental laws and regulations, which may result in curtailment of exploration, development or production activities that would reduce the demand for our services. Any new laws and regulations, amendment of existing laws and regulations, reinterpretation of legal requirements or increased governmental enforcement that result in more stringent and costly construction, completion or water-management activities, waste handling, storage transport, disposal, or remediation requirements or increased climate-related restrictions on our customers’ operations could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. We may be unable to pass on such increased compliance costs to our customers.

The following is a summary of the more significant existing environmental and occupational safety and health laws in the U.S., as amended from time to time, to which our operations are subject and for which compliance may have a material adverse impact on our capital expenditures, results of operations or financial position.

Hazardous substances and wastes. The federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), and comparable state statutes regulate the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal and cleanup of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. Pursuant to rules issued by the EPA, the individual states administer some or all of the provisions of RCRA, sometimes in conjunction with their own, more stringent requirements. Drilling fluids, produced waters, and most of the other wastes associated with the exploration, development, and production of oil or gas, if properly handled, are currently exempt from regulation as hazardous waste under RCRA, and instead are regulated under RCRA’s less stringent non-hazardous waste provisions, state laws or other federal laws. However, it is possible that certain oil and gas drilling and production wastes now classified as non-hazardous could be classified as hazardous wastes in the future. Any loss of the RCRA exclusion for drilling fluids, produced waters and related wastes could result in an increase in our and our oil and gas producing customers’ costs to manage and dispose of generated wastes, which

could have a material adverse effect on our and our customers’ results of operations and financial position. In the course of our operations, we generate some amounts of ordinary industrial wastes, such as paint wastes, waste solvents and waste oils that may be regulated as hazardous wastes.

Wastes containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (“NORM”) may also be generated in connection with our operations. Certain processes used to produce oil and gas may enhance the radioactivity of NORM, which may be present in oilfield wastes. NORM is subject primarily to individual state radiation control regulations. In addition, NORM handling and management activities are governed by regulations promulgated by the OSHA. These state and OSHA regulations impose certain requirements concerning worker protection, the treatment, storage and disposal of NORM waste, the management of waste piles, containers and tanks containing NORM, as well as restrictions on the uses of land with NORM contamination.

The federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), also known as the Superfund law, and comparable state laws impose liability, without regard to fault or legality of conduct, on classes of persons considered to be responsible for the release of a “hazardous substance” into the environment. These persons include the current and past owner or operator of the site where the hazardous substance release occurred and anyone who disposed or arranged for the disposal of a hazardous substance released at the site. Under CERCLA, such persons may be subject to joint and several, strict liability for the costs of cleaning up the hazardous substances that have been released into the environment, for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. CERCLA also authorizes the EPA and, in some instances, third parties to act in response to threats to the public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur. In addition, neighboring landowners and other third parties may file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. We generate materials in the course of our operations that may be regulated as hazardous substances.

We currently own, lease, or operate numerous properties that have been used for activities supporting oil and gas exploration, development and production for a number of years. Although we believe that we have utilized operating and waste disposal practices that were standard in the industry at the time, hazardous substances, wastes, or petroleum hydrocarbons may have been released on, under or from the properties owned or leased by us, or on, under or from other locations, including off-site locations, where we conduct services for our customers or where such substances have been taken for treatment or disposal. In addition, some of our properties have been operated by third parties or by previous owners or operators whose treatment and disposal of hazardous substances, wastes, or petroleum hydrocarbons was not under our control. These properties and the substances disposed or released on, under or from them may be subject to CERCLA, RCRA and analogous state laws. Under such laws, we could be required to undertake response actions or corrective measures, which could include removal of previously disposed substances and wastes, cleanup of contaminated property or performance of remedial operations to prevent future contamination, the costs of which could be material.

Water discharges and use. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the Clean Water Act (“CWA”), and analogous state laws, impose restrictions and strict controls with respect to the discharge of pollutants, including spills and leaks of oil and hazardous substances, into state waters and waters of the U.S. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or an analogous state agency. Spill prevention, control and countermeasure plan requirements imposed under the CWA require appropriate containment berms and similar structures to help prevent the contamination of navigable waters in the event of a petroleum hydrocarbon tank spill, rupture or leak. In addition, the CWA and analogous state laws require individual permits or coverage under general permits for discharges of stormwater runoff from certain types of facilities.

The CWA also prohibits the discharge of dredge and fill material in regulated waters, including wetlands, unless authorized by permit. There continues to be uncertainty on the federal government’s applicable jurisdictional reach under the CWA over waters of the U.S., including wetlands, as the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (“Corps”) under the Obama, Trump and Biden Administrations have pursued multiple rulemakings since 2015 in an attempt to determine the scope of such reach. Most recently, following legal action on a January 2023 final rule, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision inSackett v. EPA, and the enactment of a subsequent September 2023 rule, the implementation of the definition “waters of the United States” (“WOTUS”) is split based on jurisdiction, with the new

rule enjoined in 27 states and being implemented in the remaining 23. Additionally, the Trump Administration may seek to take additional action with respect to these regulations, though the substance and timing of such action cannot be predicted. To the extent that any new final rule or rules issued by the EPA and Corps expands the scope of the CWA’s jurisdiction in areas where we or our customers conduct operations, such developments could increase compliance expenditures or mitigation costs, contribute to delays, restrictions, or cessation of the development of projects, and also reduce the rate of production of natural gas or crude oil from operators with whom we have a business relationship and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with discharge permits or other requirements of the CWA and analogous state laws and regulations.

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA”) amends the CWA and sets minimum standards for prevention, containment and cleanup of oil spills in waters of the U.S. The OPA applies to vessels, offshore facilities, and onshore facilities, including E&P facilities that may affect waters of the U.S. Under OPA, responsible parties including owners and operators of onshore facilities may be held strictly liable for oil cleanup costs and natural resource damages as well as a variety of public and private damages that may result from oil spills. The OPA also currently limits the liability of a responsible party for economic damages, excluding all oil spill response costs, to $137.7 million; although this limit does not apply if the spill was caused by gross negligence or willful misconduct, resulted from a violation of a federal safety, construction or operating regulation, or if the party failed to report a spill or cooperate fully in the cleanup. The OPA also requires owners or operators of certain onshore facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans for responding to a worst-case discharge of oil into waters of the U.S.

Saltwater disposal wells and induced seismicity. Saltwater disposal via underground injection is regulated pursuant to the Underground Injection Control (“UIC”) program established under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act (the “SDWA”) and analogous state and local laws and regulations. The UIC program includes requirements for permitting, testing, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting of injection well activities, as well as a prohibition against the migration of fluid containing any contaminant into underground sources of drinking water. State regulations require a permit from the applicable regulatory agencies to operate underground injection wells. Although we monitor the injection process of our wells, any leakage from the subsurface portions of the injection wells could cause degradation of fresh groundwater resources, potentially resulting in suspension of our UIC permit, issuance of fines and penalties from governmental agencies, incurrence of expenditures for remediation of the affected resource and imposition of liability by third parties claiming damages for alternative water supplies, property and personal injuries. A change in UIC disposal well regulations or the inability to obtain permits for new disposal wells in the future may affect our ability to dispose of produced waters and other substances, which could affect our business.

Furthermore, in response to seismic events in the past several years near underground disposal wells used for the disposal by injection of produced water resulting from oil and gas activities, federal and some state agencies are investigating whether such wells have caused increased seismic activity, and some states have restricted, suspended or shut down the use of such disposal wells in certain areas prone to increased seismic activity. Developing research suggests that the link between seismic activity and wastewater disposal may vary by region and that only a very small fraction of the tens of thousands of injection wells have been suspected to be, or have been, the likely cause of induced seismicity. In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey identified six states with the most significant hazards from induced seismicity, including Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico and Arkansas. As a result of these concerns, regulators in some states have imposed, or are considering imposing, additional requirements in the permitting of produced water disposal wells or otherwise to assess any relationship between seismicity and the use of such wells. For example, Oklahoma has issued rules for wastewater disposal wells that imposed certain permitting and operating restrictions and reporting requirements on disposal wells in proximity to faults. The Texas Railroad Commission adopted similar rules in Texas. States such as Texas and Oklahoma have, from time to time, suspended hydraulic fracturing or injection disposal operations or called for reduced volumes in response to seismic activity, including most recently in December 2023 in Texas, and similar actions may be taken by these states or others in the future.

An additional consequence of this seismic activity is lawsuits alleging that disposal well operations have caused damage to neighboring properties or otherwise violated state and federal rules regulating waste disposal. The adoption and implementation of any new laws, regulations or directives that restrict our ability to dispose of wastewater gathered

from our customers by limiting volumes, disposal rates, disposal well locations or otherwise, or requiring us to shut down disposal wells, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Hydraulic fracturing activities. Hydraulic fracturing involves the injection of water, sand or other proppants and chemical additives under pressure into targeted geological formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is typically regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions or similar agencies. However, the practice continues to be controversial in certain parts of the country, resulting in increased scrutiny and regulation of the hydraulic fracturing process, including by federal agencies that have asserted regulatory authority or pursued investigations over certain aspects of the hydraulic fracturing process. For example, the EPA has asserted regulatory authority pursuant to the SDWA UIC program over hydraulic fracturing activities involving the use of diesel and issued guidance covering such activities, as well as published an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking regarding Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”) reporting of the chemical substances and mixtures used in hydraulic fracturing. While this notice was subsequently withdrawn, certain chemical disclosures are required on the state level in some states, and the EPA could seek further rulemaking under TSCA in the future.

In late 2016, the EPA released its final report on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources, concluding that “water cycle” activities associated with hydraulic fracturing may impact drinking water resources under some circumstances. The Biden Administration has also called for revisions and restrictions to the leasing and permitting programs for oil and gas development on federal lands and, for a time, suspended federal oil and gas leasing activities. In April 2024, the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) finalized a rule that limits flaring from well sites on federal lands, as well as require operators to submit a methane waste minimization plan or a self-certification statement committing the operator to capturing 100% of the gas produced from a well, and to pay royalties on lost gas as a part of the permit application process. The rule is currently subject to litigation and its implementation has been halted in North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and it is uncertain what actions the Trump Administration may take with respect to this rule, if any. Additionally, the BLM finalized a rule to update the fiscal terms of federal oil and gas leases according to provisions in the IRA 2022, increasing fees, rents, royalties, and bonding requirements.

Moreover, some state and local governments have adopted, and other governmental entities are considering adopting, regulations that could impose more stringent permitting, disclosure and well-construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations, including states where we or our customers operate. For example, Texas, Oklahoma, California, Ohio, Pennsylvania and North Dakota, among others, have adopted regulations that impose stringent permitting, disclosure, disposal and well-construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations. States could also elect to place certain prohibitions on hydraulic fracturing. In addition to state laws, local land use restrictions, such as city ordinances, may restrict drilling in general and/or hydraulic fracturing in particular, as certain local governments in California have done. Other states, such as Texas, Oklahoma and Ohio have taken steps to limit the authority of local governments to regulate oil and gas development.

In the event that new federal, state or local restrictions or bans on the hydraulic fracturing process are adopted in areas where we or our customers conduct business, we or our customers may incur additional costs or permitting requirements to comply with such requirements that may be significant in nature and our customers could experience added costs, restrictions, delays or cancellations in their exploration, development, or production activities, which would in turn reduce the demand for our services and have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, consolidated results of operations, and consolidated financial condition.

Air Emissions. The U.S. Clean Air Act (“CAA”) and comparable state laws restrict the emission of air pollutants from many sources through air emissions standards, construction and operating permit programs and the imposition of other compliance standards. These laws and regulations may require us to obtain pre-approval for the construction or modification of certain projects or facilities expected to produce or significantly increase air emissions, obtain and strictly comply with stringent air permit requirements or utilize specific equipment or technologies to control emissions of certain pollutants. The need to obtain permits has the potential to delay our projects as well as our customers’ development of oil and gas projects. Over the next several years, we or our customers may incur certain capital expenditures for air pollution control equipment or other air emissions-related issues. For example, in 2015, the EPA issued a final rule under the CAA, making the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (“NAAQS”) for

ground-level ozone more stringent. Since that time, the EPA has issued attainment/nonattainment designations with respect to ground-level ozone and in December 2020, the EPA under the Trump Administration published a final action that, upon conducting a periodic review of the ozone standard in accord with CAA requirements, elected to retain the 2015 ozone NAAQS without revision on a going-forward basis. The EPA’s review of this standard is ongoing. State implementation of the revised NAAQS could also result in the imposition of more stringent requirements. Compliance with the NAAQS requirements or other air pollution control and permitting requirements has the potential to delay the development of oil and gas projects and increase our or our customers’ costs of development and production, which costs could reduce demand for our services and have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Climate Change. The issue of climate change continues to attract considerable attention from the public and policymakers in the U.S. and around the world. As a result, numerous proposals have been made, and more are likely forthcoming at the international, national, regional and state levels of government to monitor and limit existing emissions of greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) as well as to restrict or eliminate such future emissions. As a result, our operations as well as the operations of our oil and natural gas exploration and production customers are subject to a series of regulatory, political, litigation, and financial risks associated with the production and processing of fossil fuels and emission of GHGs.

In the U.S., no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. Federal regulatory initiatives have focused on, among other things, establishing construction and operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, requiring the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources, and reducing methane emissions from oil and gas production and natural gas processing and transmission operations through limitations on venting and flaring and the implementation of enhanced emission leak detection and repair requirements. However, on his first day in office, President Trump signed several Executive Orders rescinding many of the previous administration’s climate-related initiatives. Although we cannot predict what additional actions the Trump Administration may take with respect to these matters, in recent years, there has been considerable uncertainty surrounding regulation of methane emissions. In December 2023, the EPA finalized a rule that established more stringent Quad Ob new source and Quad Oc first-time existing source standards of performance for methane and volatile organic compound (“VOC”) emissions in the crude oil and natural gas source category. Under the final rule, states will have two years to prepare and submit their plans to impose methane emission controls on existing sources. The presumptive standards under the final rule are generally the same for both new and existing sources, including enhanced leak detection using optical gas imaging and subsequent repair requirements, reduction of emissions by 95% through capture and control systems, zero-emission requirements, operations and maintenance requirements, and so-called green well completion requirements. The rule also revises requirements for fugitive emissions monitoring and repair as well as equipment leaks and the frequency of monitoring surveys, establishes a “super-emitter” response program to timely mitigate emissions events as detected by governmental agencies or qualified third parties, triggering certain investigation and repair requirements, and provides additional options for the use of advanced monitoring to encourage the deployment of innovative technologies to detect and reduce methane emissions.

In August 2022, the IRA 2022 was signed into law. This law, among other provisions, amends the CAA to establish the first federal fee on methane emissions from sources required to report their GHG emissions to the EPA, including certain oil and gas operations. The methane emissions charge started in calendar year 2024 at $900 per ton of methane, increased to $1,200 in 2025, and is set at $1,500 for 2026 and subsequent years. Calculation of the methane fee is based on certain thresholds established in the IRA 2022. The IRA 2022 additionally appropriates significant federal funding for renewable energy initiatives. The methane emissions fee could increase our and our customers’ operating costs, and the funding and incentives established for renewable energy sources could accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels, which could in turn reduce demand for our products and services and adversely affect our business and results of operations. However, we cannot predict whether, how, or when the Trump Administration might take action to revise or repeal the methane charge or the finalized EPA rules related to methane emissions. Additionally, Congress may take actions to repeal or revise the IRA 2022, including with respect to the methane charge, which timing or outcome similarly cannot be predicted.

Separately, various states and groups of states have adopted or are considering adopting legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that are focused on such areas as GHG cap and trade programs, carbon taxes, reporting and tracking programs, and restriction of emissions. For example, Colorado has begun to increasingly regulate oil and gas

operations with consideration towards GHG emissions and cumulative impacts of oil and gas development. In January 2024, the Colorado Energy and Carbon Management Commission (formerly the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission) adopted final rules that would apply increased scrutiny to the cumulative impacts of GHG emissions of oil and gas development and set GHG emissions intensity targets for oil and gas operators.

At the international level, there exists a non-binding agreement, the United Nations-sponsored “Paris Agreement,” which is a non-binding agreement among participating nations to limit their GHG emissions through individually-determined reduction goals every five years after 2020. President Biden announced in April 2021 a new, more rigorous nationally determined emissions reduction level of 50-52% reduction from 2005 levels in economy-wide net GHG emissions by 2030. Subsequent United Nations climate conferences have called for additional action to transition away from fossil fuels and control or otherwise reduce GHG emissions; although none have been legally binding. On January 20, 2025, President Trump signed an Executive Order once again withdrawing the United States from the Paris Agreement. The United States’ participation in future United Nations climate-related conferences, the impacts of these orders, pledges, agreements and any legislation or regulation promulgated to fulfill the U.S. commitments under the Paris Agreement, any Conference of the Parties, or other international conventions cannot be predicted at this time.

Litigation risks related to climate change are also increasing, as a number of states, municipalities and other plaintiffs have sought to bring suit against the largest oil and natural gas exploration and production companies in state or federal court, alleging, among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to global warming effects, such as rising sea levels, and therefore are responsible for roadway and infrastructure damages as a result, or alleging that the companies have been aware of the adverse effects of climate change for some time but defrauded their investors by failing to adequately disclose those impacts.

Moreover, access to capital by fossil fuel producers as well as other companies supporting the oil and gas industry may be impacted by climate change policies. Stockholders and bondholders currently invested in fossil fuel energy companies but concerned about the potential effects of climate change may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into non-fossil fuel energy related sectors. Institutional investors who provide financing to fossil fuel energy companies have also focused on sustainability lending practices that favor “clean” power sources such as wind and solar and some of these investors may elect not to provide funding for carbon-intensive energy companies. Many of the largest U.S. banks have made “net zero” carbon emission commitments, while some of the commitments may be in flux, certain of the banks have announced that they will be assessing financed emissions across their portfolios and taking steps to quantify and reduce those emissions. These and other developments in the financial sector could lead to some lenders restricting access to capital for or divesting from certain industries or companies, including the oil and natural gas sector, or requiring that borrowers take additional steps to reduce their GHG emissions. Additionally, there is the possibility that financial institutions will be required to adopt policies that limit funding to the fossil fuel sector, including as a result of the Federal Reserve joining the Network for Greening the Financial System, which focuses on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector. While we cannot predict what policies may result from this, a material reduction in the capital available to the fossil fuel industry could make it more difficult to secure funding for exploration, development, production, transportation, and processing activities, which could reduce demand for our services.

In addition, the SEC has finalized a rule that would require registrants to make certain climate-related disclosures in registration statements and annual reports, including their governance of climate-related risks, material climate-related impacts on strategy, outlook and business model, climate risk management, Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions, and if the registrant has set them, climate-related targets and goals. The rule’s implementation is currently paused pending litigation, and the SEC is expected to repeal or further modify the rule; however, the timeline for any repeal, if at all, is subject to uncertainty and may face additional legal challenges. Some states have enacted or are otherwise considering disclosure requirements for certain climate-related risks. Enhanced climate-related disclosure requirements could increase our operating costs and lead to reputational or other harm with customers, regulators, or other stakeholders to the extent our disclosures do not meet their own standards or expectations. Consequently, we are also exposed to increased litigation risks relating to alleged climate-related damages resulting from our operations, statements alleged to have been made by us or others in our industry regarding climate change risks, or in connection with any future disclosures we may make regarding reported emissions, particularly given the inherent uncertainties and estimations with respect to calculating and reporting GHG emissions. Separately, the SEC has from time to time applied

additional scrutiny to existing climate-change related disclosures in public filings, and there is the potential for enforcement if the SEC were to allege that an issuer’s existing climate disclosures were misleading or deficient.

Finally, increasing concentrations of GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, floods, rising sea levels and other climatic events, as well as chronic shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns. These climatic developments have the potential to cause physical damage to our assets and thus could have an adverse effect on our operations. Additionally, changing meteorological conditions, particularly temperature, may result in changes to the amount, timing, or location of demand for energy or our solutions. While our consideration of changing climatic conditions and inclusion of safety factors in design is intended to reduce the uncertainties that climate change and other events may potentially introduce, our ability to mitigate the adverse impacts of these events depends in part on the effectiveness of our facilities and our disaster preparedness and response and business continuity planning, which we may not have considered or be prepared for every eventuality.

Endangered Species. The federal Endangered Species Act (the “ESA”) restricts activities that may affect endangered or threatened species or their habitats. Similar protections are offered to migratory birds under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act (the “MBTA”). To the degree that species listed under the ESA or similar state laws, or are protected under the MBTA, live in the areas where we or our oil and gas producing customers operate, our and our customers’ abilities to conduct or expand operations and construct facilities could be limited or be forced to incur material additional costs. Moreover, our customers’ drilling activities may be delayed, restricted, or cancelled in protected habitat areas or during certain seasons, such as breeding and nesting seasons. Some of our operations and the operations of our customers are located in areas that are designated as habitats for protected species. In addition, the FWS may make determinations on the listing of unlisted species as endangered or threatened under the ESA. For example, recent listings of the dunes sagebrush lizard and lesser prairie chicken as threatened or endangered may impact our or our customers’ operations. The designation of previously unidentified endangered or threatened species could indirectly cause us to incur additional costs, cause our or our oil and gas producing customers’ operations to become subject to operating restrictions or bans and limit future development activity in affected areas. The FWS and similar state agencies may designate critical or suitable habitat areas that they believe are necessary for the survival of threatened or endangered species. Such a designation could materially restrict use of or access to federal, state, and private lands.

Chemical Safety. We are subject to a wide array of laws and regulations governing chemicals, including the regulation of chemical substances and inventories, such as TSCA in the U.S. These laws and regulations change frequently and have the potential to limit or ban altogether the types of chemicals we may use in our products, as well as result in increased costs related to testing, storing, and transporting our products prior to providing them to our customers. For example, the TSCA requires all chemicals in commerce to undergo a safety review and also requires safety findings before a new chemical can enter the market. Any new restrictions on the development of new products, increases in regulation, or disclosure of confidential, competitive information could have an adverse effect on our operations and our cost of doing business.

Furthermore, governmental, regulatory and societal demands for increasing levels of product safety and environmental protection could result in increased pressure for more stringent regulatory control with respect to the chemical industry. These concerns could influence public perceptions regarding our products and operations, the viability of certain products, our reputation, the cost to comply with regulations, and the ability to attract and retain employees. Moreover, changes in environmental, health and safety regulations could inhibit or interrupt our operations, or require us to modify our facilities or operations. Accordingly, environmental or regulatory matters may cause us to incur significant unanticipated losses, costs or liabilities, which could reduce our profitability.

Occupational Safety and Health and other legal requirements. We are subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act and comparable state statutes whose purpose is to protect the health and safety of workers. In addition, the OSHA’s hazard communication standard, the EPA’s Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act and comparable state regulations and any implementing regulations require that we organize and/or disclose information about hazardous materials used or produced in our operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local governmental authorities and citizens. We have an internal program of inspection designed to monitor and enforce compliance with worker safety requirements.

In addition, as part of the services we provide, we operate as a motor carrier and therefore are subject to regulation by the U.S. Department of Transportation (“U.S. DOT”) and analogous state agencies. These regulatory authorities exercise broad powers, governing activities such as the authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, regulatory safety, and hazardous materials labeling, placarding and marking. There are additional regulations specifically relating to the trucking industry, including testing and specification of equipment and product handling requirements. The trucking industry is subject to possible regulatory and legislative changes that may affect the economics of the industry by requiring changes in operating practices or by changing the demand for common or contract carrier services or the cost of providing truckload services. From time to time, various legislative proposals are introduced, including proposals to increase federal, state or local taxes on motor fuels, among other things, which may increase our costs or adversely impact the recruitment of drivers. We cannot predict whether, or in what form, any increase in such taxes applicable to us will be enacted.

Seasonality

Our results of operations have historically been adversely affected by seasonal declines in the activity levels of our customers, typically in the fourth quarter, related to holidays, inclement winter weather and in some years the exhaustion of our customers’ annual drilling and completions capital expenditure budgets.

Intellectual Property

Protection of our products and processes is important to our businesses. We own numerous patents and, where appropriate, we file patent applications for new products and technologies. For example, we use our AquaView® technology to quantify volumes and flow rates to verify current and potential water availability and volumes when analyzing a new water source. We also currently own multiple U.S. patents relating to completions technology including borate cross-linkers, slurry monitoring systems and others. We also have a robust program to seek patents on new developments.

We have a meaningful backlog of pending patents, including a proprietary water analytics and automation tool, as well as creating fracturing fluids with produced water, evaporation methodologies, cross-linker/breaker mechanisms and liquid distribution metering systems. While a presumption of validity exists with respect to issued U.S. patents, we cannot assure that any of our patents will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable. Furthermore, we cannot assure the issuance of any pending patent application, or that if patents do issue, that these patents will provide meaningful protection against competitors or against competitive technologies. Additionally, our competitors or other third parties may obtain patents that restrict or preclude our ability to lawfully produce or sell our products in a competitive manner.

We also rely upon continuing technological innovation and trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. There can be no assurance that confidentiality and other agreements into which we enter and have entered will not be breached, that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, or that adequate remedies will be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of such trade secrets and know-how. In addition, there can be no assurance that others will not obtain knowledge of these trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means.

We also own a number of trademarks, which we use in connection with our businesses. In addition to protections through federal registration, we also rely on state common law protections to protect our brand. There can be no assurance that the trademark registrations will provide meaningful protection against the use of similar trademarks by competitors, or that the value of our trademarks will not be diluted.

Because of the breadth and nature of our intellectual property rights and our business, we do not believe that any single intellectual property right (other than certain trademarks for which we intend to maintain the applicable registrations) is material to our business. Moreover, we do not believe that the termination of intellectual property rights expected to occur over the next several years, either individually or in the aggregate, will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risk Management and Insurance

Our operations are subject to hazards inherent in the oil and gas industry, including accidents, blowouts, explosions, craterings, fires, oil spills and hazardous materials spills. These conditions can cause:

In addition, claims for loss of oil and gas production and damage to formations can occur in the well services industry. If a serious accident were to occur at a location where our equipment and services are being used, it could result in us being named as a defendant in lawsuits asserting large claims.

Because our business involves the transportation of heavy equipment, freight and materials, we may also experience traffic accidents, which may result in spills, property damage and personal injury.

Despite our efforts to maintain high safety standards, including the installation of vehicle surveillance systems, from time to time we have suffered accidents, and there is a risk that we will experience accidents in the future. In addition to the property and personal losses from these accidents, the frequency and severity of these incidents affect our operating costs and insurability, and our relationship with customers, employees and regulatory agencies. In particular, in recent years many of our large customers have placed an increased emphasis on the safety records of their service providers. Any significant increase in the frequency or severity of these incidents, or the general level of compensatory payments, could adversely affect the cost of, or our ability to obtain, workers’ compensation and other forms of insurance, and could have other material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain insurance coverage of types and amounts that we believe to be customary in the industry, including workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, sudden & accidental pollution, umbrella, directors & officers, comprehensive commercial general liability, business automobile and property, cybersecurity and equipment physical damage insurance. Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover our liabilities. In addition, we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable and commercially justifiable or on terms as favorable as our current arrangements.

We enter into master service agreements (“MSAs”) with most of our customers. Our MSAs delineate our and our customer’s respective indemnification obligations with respect to the services we provide. Generally, under our MSAs, including those relating to our Water Services, Water Infrastructure, Chemical Technologies product sales, accommodations and rentals and completion and construction services, we assume responsibility for pollution or contamination originating above the surface from our equipment or handling of the equipment of others. However, our customers generally assume responsibility for all other pollution or contamination that may occur during operations, including that which may generally result from seepage or any other uncontrolled flow of drilling fluids. The assumed responsibilities include the control, removal and cleanup of any pollution or contamination. In such cases, we may be exposed to additional liability if we are grossly negligent or commit willful acts causing the pollution or contamination. Generally, our customers also agree to indemnify us against claims arising from the personal injury or death of the customers’ employees or those of the customers’ other contractors, in the case of our hydraulic fracturing operations, to the extent that such employees are injured by such operations, unless the loss is a result of our gross negligence or willful misconduct. Similarly, we generally agree to indemnify our customers for liabilities arising from personal injury to or death of any of our employees or employees of any of our subcontractors, unless resulting from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of our customer. The same principles apply to mutual indemnification for loss or destruction of customer-owned property or equipment, except such indemnification is not limited in an instance of gross negligence or willful misconduct. Losses arising from catastrophic events, such as blowouts, are generally the responsibility of the customer. However, despite this general allocation of risk, we may be unsuccessful in enforcing contractual terms, incur an unforeseen liability that is not addressed by the scope of the contractual provisions or be

required to enter into an MSA with terms that vary from our standard allocations of risk, as described above. Consequently, we may incur substantial losses that could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Available Information

We file or furnish annual, quarterly and current reports and other documents with the SEC under the Exchange Act. The SEC also maintains an internet website atwww.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC.

We also make available free of charge through our website,www.selectwater.com, electronic copies of certain documents that we file with the SEC, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.