John Marshall Bancorp Inc

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise stated)

Note 1— Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Banking Activities

John Marshall Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”), headquartered in Reston, Virginia, became the registered bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 for its wholly-owned subsidiary, John Marshall Bank (the “Bank”), on March 1, 2017. This reorganization was completed through a one-for-one share exchange in which the Bank’s shareholders received one share of voting common stock of the Company in exchange for each share of the Bank’s voting common stock. The Company was formed on April 21, 2016 under the laws of the Commonwealth Virginia. The Bank was formed on April 5, 2005 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia and was chartered as a bank on February 9, 2006, by the Virginia Bureau of Financial Institutions. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and is subject to the rules and regulations of the Virginia Bureau of Financial Institutions, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Bank opened for business on April 17, 2006 and provides banking services to its customers primarily in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.

Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of John Marshall Bancorp, Inc. conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and reflect practices of the banking industry. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial reporting and with applicable quarterly reporting regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). They do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. As such, these consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and the Bank have been eliminated. In preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan credit losses.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations in these financial statements, have been made. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. All amounts and disclosures included in this quarterly report as of December 31, 2023, were derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements. Certain items in the prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or shareholders’ equity.

Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates

Application of the principles of GAAP and practices within the banking industry requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements may reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain policies inherently rely more extensively on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and as such may have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported.

The Company's significant accounting policies followed in the preparation of the unaudited consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 1 of the audited financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 and are contained in the

Company's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to the application of significant accounting policies since December 31, 2023.

Note 2— Investment Securities

Available-for-Sale

Each of the securities in the Company’s available-for-sale investment portfolio is either covered by the explicit or implied guarantee of the United States government or one of its agencies or rated investment grade or higher. All available-for-sale securities were current withno securities past due or on nonaccrual as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The Company did not sell or recognize any gain or loss for any securities for the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold available-for-sale securities with a total par value of $12.0 million resulting in a gross pre-tax loss of $202 thousand.

Available-for-sale securities having a market value of $68.8 million and $90.3 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required by law. These securities had an amortized cost of $74.0 million and $95.8 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following tables summarize the fair value of securities available-for-sale at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized losses. Management uses the valuations as of month-end in determining when securities are in an unrealized loss position. Therefore, a security’s market value could have exceeded its amortized cost on other days during the prior twelve-month period.

The Company had 156 and 158 securities in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company has evaluated available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position for credit related impairment at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and concluded no impairment existed based on a combination of factors, which included: (1) the securities are of high credit quality, (2) unrealized losses are primarily the result of market volatility and increases in market interest rates, (3) the contractual terms of the investments do not permit the issuer(s) to settle the securities at a price less than the par value of each investment, (4) issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments, and (5) the Company does not intend to sell any of the investments and the accounting standard of “more likely than not” has not been met for the Company to be required to sell any of the investments before recovery of its amortized cost basis. As such, there wasno allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities at March 31, 2024.

The table below summarizes the contractual maturities of our available-for-sale investment securities as of March 31, 2024. Issuers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations, and as such, the expected maturities of our securities may differ from the scheduled contractual maturities presented below.

In the prevailing rate environments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s available-for-sale investment portfolio had an estimated weighted average remaining life of approximately 3.0 years and 3.0 years, respectively.

Held-to-Maturity

Each of the securities in the Company’s held-to-maturity investment portfolio is either covered by the explicit or implied guarantee of the United States government or one of its agencies or rated investment grade or higher. All held-to-maturity securities were current with no securities past due or on nonaccrual as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of securities held-to-maturity and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized losses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Held-to-maturity securities having a market value of $34.4 million and $36.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required by law. These securities had an amortized cost of $40.7 million and $42.3 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Company evaluates the credit risk of its held-to-maturity securities on at least a quarterly basis. The Company estimates expected credit losses on held-to-maturity securities on an individual basis based on a probability of default/loss given default methodology primarily using security-level credit ratings. The primary indicators of credit quality for the Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio are security type and credit rating, which is influenced by a number of factors including obligor cash flow, geography, seniority, and others. The Company’s held-to-maturity securities with credit risk were comprised of municipal bonds and had a credit rating of AA or better as of March 31, 2024. All other held-to-maturity securities are covered by the explicit or implied guarantee of the United States government or one of its agencies. The Company did not have an allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The table below summarizes the contractual maturities of our held-to-maturity investment securities as of March 31, 2024. Issuers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations and as such, the expected maturities of our securities are likely to differ from the scheduled contractual maturities presented below.

In the prevailing rate environments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s held-to-maturity investment portfolio had an estimated weighted average remaining life of approximately 6.5 years and 6.7 years, respectively.

Restricted Securities

The table below summarizes the carrying amount of restricted securities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Equity Securities

The Company held equity securities with readily determinable fair values totaling $3.0 million and $2.8 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These securities consist of mutual funds held in a trust and were obtained for the purpose of economically hedging changes in the Company’s nonqualified deferred compensation liability. Changes in the fair value of these securities are reflected in earnings. Gains of $124 thousand and $89 thousand were recorded in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively.

Note 3— Loans

The following table presents the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Portfolio Segments

The Company currently manages its loan products and the respective exposure to credit losses by the following specific portfolio segments which are levels at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for loan credit losses attributable to each respective portfolio segment. These segments are:

Note 4— Allowance for Loan Credit Losses

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for loan credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

There wereno collateral dependent or individually evaluated loans as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Delinquency Information

The following tables present a summary of past due and nonaccrual loans by segment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company assesses credit quality indicators based on internal risk rating of loans. Each loan is evaluated at least annually with more frequent evaluation of more severely criticized loans. The indicators represent the rating for loans as of the date presented is based on the most recent credit review performed. Internal risk rating definitions are:

Pass: These include satisfactory loans that have acceptable levels of risk.

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that requires close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. These credits do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant further adverse classification.

Substandard: A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard asset with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss: Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be received in the future.

The Company has a portfolio of smaller homogenous loans that are not individually risk rated and include residential permanent and construction mortgages, home equity lines of credit, and consumer installment loans. For these loans, management uses payment status as the primary credit quality indicator. The payment status of these loans is then translated into an internal risk rating. The following table summarizes the translation of past due status to risk rating for loans that are not individually risk rated.

The following table presents the Company’s recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicator by year of origination as of March 31, 2024.

Modifications with Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The allowance for loan credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for loan credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. As part of the Company’s loan modification program to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, the Company may provide concessions to minimize the economic loss and improve long-term loan performance and collectability. The Company did not make any loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

Unfunded Commitments

The Company maintains an allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded balances for existing lines of credit, commitments to extend future credit, as well as both standby and commercial letters of credit when there is a contractual obligation to extend credit and when this extension of credit is not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for (or recovery of) credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur, which is based on a historical funding study derived from internal information, and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life, which are the same loss rates that are used in computing the allowance for loan credit losses. The allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments of $717 thousand and $620 thousand at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, is separately classified within Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The provision for credit losses recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in unfunded commitments.

The following table presents the balance and activity in the allowance for credit losses for unfunded loan commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

Note 5— Derivatives

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements (“swaps”) with commercial loan customers to provide a facility for customers to manage their interest rate risk. These swaps are matched in exact offsetting terms with swaps that the Company enters into with an independent third party. These swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments.

The following tables summarize the Company’s swaps at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The estimated fair value of the swaps at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were recorded in other assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The associated net gains and losses on the swaps are recorded in other income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Note 6— Deposits and Borrowings

The following tables show the components of the Company’s funding sources.

The Company obtains certain deposits through the efforts of third-party brokers. Brokered deposits totaled $306.1 million and $320.6 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and were included primarily in time deposits on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. At March 31, 2024, there wereno depositors that represented 5% or more of the Company’s total deposits.

The Company completed a private placement of a $25.0 million fixed-to-floating subordinated note on June 15, 2022. Subject to limited exceptions permitting earlier redemption, the note is callable, in whole or in part, commencing July 1, 2027. Unless redeemed earlier, the note will mature on July 1, 2032. The note bears interest at a fixed rate of 5.25% to but excluding July 1, 2027, and will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 245 basis points thereafter. The note is carried at its principal amount, less unamortized issuance costs.

The Company from time to time uses FHLB advances as a source of funding and to manage interest rate risk. FHLB advances are secured by a blanket floating lien on all real estate mortgage loans secured by 1-to-4 family residential, multi-family and commercial real estate properties. At March 31, 2024, the Company did not have any outstanding FHLB advances. Available borrowing capacity based on collateral value amounted to approximately $452.8 million as of March 31, 2024.

The Company also has the capacity to borrow up to $111.9 million at the Federal Reserve discount window of which $0 had been drawn upon at March 31, 2024. The Bank had loans pledged at the Federal Reserve discount window totaling $138.9 million as of March 31, 2024.

On March 12, 2023, the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (“Reserve Bank”) made available the Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”), which enhances the ability of banks to borrow against the par value of certain high-quality, unencumbered investments. In January 2024, the Company refinanced its $54.0 million advance and advanced an additional $23.0 million from the BTFP. The $77 million BTFP advance has a term ofone year, bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.76% and can be prepaid without penalty prior to maturity. At March 31, 2024, the Company had pledged as collateral for the BTFP advance investment securities with an amortized cost and fair value of $77.9 million and $62.6 million, respectively.

The Company also has federal funds lines of credit with correspondent banks available for overnight borrowing of $110.0 million, of which $0 had been drawn upon at March 31, 2024.

The following table shows the carrying amount of the Company’s time deposits by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2024.

Note 7— Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is party to financial instruments with off balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments.

The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on balance sheet instruments.

The following table summarizes the contract or notional amount of the Company’s exposure to off-balance sheet risk as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property and equipment, income-producing commercial properties, and other real estate properties.

Unfunded commitments under lines of credit are commitments for possible future extensions of credit to existing customers. Those lines of credit may not be drawn upon to the total extent to which the Company is committed.

Standby letters of credit written are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing, and similar transactions. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.

Note 8— Fair Value Measurements

Determination of Fair Value

The Company determines the fair values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established by Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820 –Fair Value Measurement, which defines fair value as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market and in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The fair value measurements and disclosures topic specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

In accordance with this guidance, the Company groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 1 assets and liabilities generally include debt and equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Valuation is based on inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. The valuation may be based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 - Valuation is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

In accordance with ASC Topic 820, the following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain financial assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements.

Securities Available-for-sale and Equity Securities

Securities available-for-sale and equity securities with readily determinable fair values are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data (Level 2). If the inputs used to provide the evaluation for certain securities are unobservable and/or there is little, if any, market activity then the security would fall to the lowest level of the hierarchy (Level 3).

The Company’s investment portfolio is primarily valued using fair value measurements that are considered to be Level 2. The Company has contracted with a third party portfolio accounting service vendor for valuation of its portfolio of debt securities. The vendor’s primary source for security valuation is ICE Data Services, which evaluates securities based on market data. ICE Data Services utilizes evaluated pricing models that vary by asset class and include available trade, bid, and other market information. Generally, the methodology includes broker quotes, proprietary models, vast descriptive terms and conditions databases, as well as extensive quality control programs.

The vendor utilizes proprietary valuation matrices for valuing all municipals securities. The initial curves for determining the price, movement, and yield relationships within the municipal matrices are derived from industry benchmark curves or sourced from a municipal trading desk. The securities are further broken down according to issuer, credit support, state of issuance and rating to incorporate additional spreads to the industry benchmark curves.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

Interest rate swap agreements are measured by alternative pricing sources using a discounted cash flow method that incorporates current market interest rates. Based on the complex nature of interest rate swap agreements, the markets these instruments trade in are not as efficient and are less liquid than that of the more mature Level 1 markets. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Loan Servicing Rights

Under the U.S Small Business Administration (“SBA”) 7(a) program, the Bank can sell in the secondary market the guaranteed portion of its SBA 7(a) loans and retain the related unguaranteed portion of these loans, as well as the servicing on such loans, for which it is paid a fee. The loan servicing spread is generally a minimum of 1.00% on all SBA 7(a) loans. The Company generally offers SBA 7(a) loans within a range of $50,000 to $2.0 million. The Company holds rights to service the guaranteed portion of SBA loans sold in the secondary market. Loan servicing rights are capitalized at estimated fair value when acquired through the origination of loans that are subsequently sold with the servicing rights retained. Loan servicing rights are amortized to servicing income on loans sold approximately in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. The value of loan servicing rights at the date of the sale of loans is estimated based on the discounted present value of expected future cash flows using key assumptions for servicing income and costs and expected prepayment rates on the underlying loans. The estimated fair value is periodically evaluated for impairment by comparing actual cash flows and estimated future cash flows from the loan servicing assets to those estimated at the time that the loan servicing assets were originated. Fair values are estimated using expected future discounted cash flows based on current market rates of interest. For purposes of measuring impairment, the loan servicing rights must be stratified by one or more predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans. The Company stratifies its capitalized loan servicing rights based on product type and term of the underlying loans. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount, if any, by which the amortized cost of the loan servicing rights exceeds their fair value. Impairment, if deemed temporary, is recognized through a valuation allowance to the extent that fair value is less than the recorded amount. Under the SBA 7(a) program, the loans carry an SBA guaranty for up to 85% of the loan. Typical maturities for this type of loan vary but can be up to ten years. SBA 7(a) loans are fixed or adjustable rate loans based on the Prime Rate.

At March 31, 2024, the Bank’s SBA 7(a) loan servicing portfolio, which is not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, totaled $2.8 million. At March 31, 2024, SBA servicing rights of $47 thousand were recorded in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The SBA servicing rights' fair values were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses with an average discount rate of 11.32% and average conditional prepayment rates of 12.16%. There wasno valuation allowance on loan servicing rights at March 31, 2024.

The following tables summarize the fair value of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Under certain circumstances, the Company makes adjustments to fair value for assets and liabilities although they are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis. The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis in the financial statements:

Collateral Dependent Loans

In accordance with ASC 326, loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. The Company designates individually evaluated loans on nonaccrual status as collateral dependent loans, as well as other loans that management of the Company designates as having higher risk and loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The measurement of loss associated with collateral dependent loans can be based on either the observable market price of the loan or the fair value of the collateral. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the Company’s collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing a market valuation approach based on an appraisal, of one year or less, conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser using observable market data (Level 2). However, if the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction, or if an appraisal of the property is more than one-year-old and not solely based on observable market comparables, or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value, then a Level 3 valuation is considered to measure the fair value. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal, of one year or less, if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’s financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3). Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for credit losses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company hadno collateral dependent loans with a recorded reserve as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”)

OREO is carried at the lower of cost or fair value less selling costs. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value using observable market data, the Company records the property as Level 2. When an appraised value using observable market data is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the Company records the property as Level 3 valuation. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred and expensed against current earnings. The Company hadno OREO as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The following tables present the carrying value and estimated fair value, including the level within the fair value hierarchy, of the Company’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Note 9— Earnings per Common Share

Earnings per common share is calculated in accordance with ASC 260 -Earnings Per Share, which provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method.

Under the two-class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common stock by the weighted-average number of voting common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of stock compensation using the treasury stock method.

The following table summarizes the computation of earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

Outstanding options to purchase common stock were considered in the computation of diluted earnings per share for the periods presented. All stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were included in computing diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively, asnone had anti-dilutive effects.

Note 10— Stock Based Compensation Plan

The Company’s share-based compensation plan, approved by stockholders and effective April 28, 2015 (the “2015 Plan”), provides for the grant of share-based awards in the form of incentive stock options, non-incentive stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units to directors and employees. The Company has reserved 976,211 shares of voting common stock for issuance under the 2015 Plan, which will remain in effect until April 28, 2025. The Company’s Compensation Committee administers the 2015 Plan and has the authority to determine the terms and conditions of each award thereunder. As of March 31, 2024,277,529 shares are available to grant in future periods under the 2015 Plan.

The Company’s previous share-based compensation plan, the 2006 Stock Option Plan (the “2006 Plan”), provided for the grant of share-based awards in the form of incentive stock options and non-incentive stock options to directors and employees. As amended, the 2006 Plan provided for awards of up to 1,490,700 shares. In April 2015, the 2006 Plan was terminated and replaced with the 2015 Plan. Options outstanding prior to April 28, 2015 were granted under the 2006 Plan and shall be subject to the provisions of the 2006 Plan.

To date, options granted under the 2015 Plan typically vest over five years and expire 10 years from the grant date. Under the 2015 Plan, the exercise price of options may not be less than 100% of fair market value at the grant date with a maximum term for an option award of 10 years from the grant date.

The table below provides a summary of the stock options activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options in the table above represents the total amount by which the current market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option that would have been received by the Company had all option holders exercised their options on March 31, 2024. The intrinsic value of options exercised was $455 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $363 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2023. These amounts and the intrinsic values noted in the table above change based on changes in the market value of the Company’s voting common stock.

The table below provides a summary of the stock options outstanding and exercisable as of March 31, 2024.

There wereno options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or March 31, 2023.

The Company didnot record any share-based compensation expense applicable to the Company’s share-based compensation plans for stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or March 31, 2023.

The Company doesnot have any unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to nonvested options as of March 31, 2024.

The table below provides a summary of the restricted stock awards granted under the 2015 plan for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Compensation expense for restricted stock grants is recognized over the vesting period of the awards based on the fair value of the Company’s voting common stock at issue date. The fair value of the stock was determined using the closing stock price on the day of grant. The restricted stock grants vest overtwo tofive years. The Company didnot award any restricted stock grants during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Share-based compensation expense applicable to the Company’s share-based compensation plans for restricted stock grants was $132 thousand and $197 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. The total fair value of the shares, which vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, was $48 thousand and $139 thousand, respectively.

Unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock grants amounted to $922 thousand as of March 31, 2024. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

Note 11— Regulatory Capital

The Company is a bank holding company with less than $3 billion in assets and does not (i) have significant off balance sheet exposure, (ii) engage in significant non-banking activities, or (iii) have a material amount of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). As a result, the Company qualifies as a small bank holding company under the Federal Reserve’s Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement and is currently not subject to consolidated regulatory capital requirements.

The Bank is subject to capital adequacy standards adopted by the Federal Reserve, including the capital rules that implemented the Basel III regulatory capital reforms developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory – possibly additional discretionary – actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. Management believes that the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it was subject as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets, and Tier 1 capital to average assets.

In addition to the minimum regulatory capital required for capital adequacy purposes, the Bank is required to maintain a minimum capital conservation buffer above those minimums in the form of common equity. The capital conservation buffer, which was phased in ratably over a four year period beginning January 1, 2016, is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and discretionary compensation paid to certain officers, based on the amount of the shortfall. The capital conservation buffer was 2.5% at March 31, 2024, and is applicable for the common equity Tier 1, Tier 1, and total capital ratios.

As of March 31, 2024, the most recent notification from the Reserve Bank categorized the Bank as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the institution must maintain minimum total risk-based, common equity Tier 1, Tier 1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. There are no conditions or events since the notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

The table below provides a summary of the Bank’s capital ratios as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(1)Including capital conservation buffer.

Note 12— Revenue

Certain of the Company’s non-interest revenue streams are derived from short-term contacts associated with services provided to deposit account holders as well as other ancillary services, which are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606 –Revenue Recognition. For most of these revenue streams, the duration of the contract does not extend beyond the services performed. Due to the short duration of most customer contracts that generate non-interest income, no significant judgments must be made in the determination of the amount and timing of revenue recognized.

The following table shows the components of non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

As previously disclosed, the Company surrendered all of its Bank Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”) policies in July 2023.

A description of the Company’s revenue streams accounted for under ASC 606 follows:

Service charges on deposit accounts

Service charges on deposit accounts consist of overdrawn account fees and account service fees. Overdrawn account fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Account service fees consist primarily of account analysis and other maintenance fees and are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts.

Other service charges and fees

Other service charges and fees are primarily comprised of interchange income and other charges and fees. Interchange income is earned whenever the Company’s debit and credit cards are processed through card payment networks such as Visa. Other charges and fees include revenue from processing wire transfers, cashier’s checks, and other transaction based services. The Company’s performance obligation for these charges and fees are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month.

Net gains (losses) on premises and equipment

The Company records a gain or loss on the disposition of premises and equipment when control of the property transfers or is involuntarily converted to a monetary asset (e.g., insurance proceeds). This income is reflected in other operating income on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

Insurance commissions

The Company performs the function of an insurance intermediary by introducing the policyholder and insurer and is compensated in the form of a commission for placement of an insurance policy based on a percentage of premiums issued and maintained during the period. Revenue is recognized when received.

Note 13— Other Operating Expenses

The following table shows the components of other operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

Note 14— Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), by category, net of tax for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

The Company did not have any items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net income during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net income during the three months ended March 31, 2023 consisted of losses on securities classified as available-for-sale. The losses on these transactions totaled $202 thousand and the related tax benefit was $42 thousand. Losses are included in the “Losses on sale of available-for-sale securities” line item and the related tax is presented in the “Income tax expense” line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income.