Ready Capital Corp
For the period ended Dec 31, 2023. Filed Feb 28, 2024.
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FY2023 · Filed Feb 28, 2024
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Item 1. Business
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we refer to Ready Capital Corporation and its subsidiaries as “we,” “us,” “our,” or “our Company” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise.
General
We are a multi-strategy real estate finance company that originates, acquires, finances, and services LMM loans, SBA loans, residential mortgage loans, construction loans and, to a lesser extent, MBS collateralized primarily by LMM loans, or other real estate-related investments. Our loans range in original principal amounts generally up to $40 million and are used by businesses to purchase real estate used in their operations or by investors seeking to acquire multi-family, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders primarily through dividends, as well as through capital appreciation. In order to achieve this objective, we continue to grow our investment portfolio and believe that the breadth of our full-service real estate finance platform will allow us to adapt to market conditions and deploy capital to asset classes and segments with the most attractive risk-adjusted returns.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Board approved a plan to strategically shift our Company’s core focus to LMM commercial real estate lending and government backed small business loans, which contemplates the disposition of assets and liabilities of our residential mortgage banking activities. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2023, our Residential Mortgage Banking segment met the criteria to be classified as held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets, presented as discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of income, and excluded from continuing operations for all periods presented in this annual report on Form 10-K. Item 1. “Business” in this annual report on Form 10-K has been adjusted to exclude discontinued operations unless otherwise noted. We report our activities in the following two operating segments:
| ● | LMM Commercial Real Estate. We originate LMM loans across the full life-cycle of an LMM property including construction, bridge, stabilized and agency loan origination channels through our wholly-owned subsidiary, ReadyCap Commercial, LLC (“ReadyCap Commercial”). These originated loans are generally held-for-investment or placed into securitization structures. As part of this segment, we originate and service multi-family loan products under the Freddie Mac SBL program. These originated loans are held for sale, and subsequently sold to Freddie Mac. We provide construction and permanent financing for the preservation and construction of affordable housing, primarily utilizing tax-exempt bonds through Red Stone and its affiliates (“Red Stone”), a wholly owned subsidiary. In addition, we acquire LMM loans as part of our business strategy. We hold performing LMM loans to term and seek to maximize the value of the non-performing LMM loans acquired by us through borrower-based resolution strategies. We typically acquire non-performing loans at a discount to their unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) when we believe that resolution of the loans will provide attractive risk-adjusted returns. |
| ● | Small Business Lending. We acquire, originate and service owner-occupied loans guaranteed by the SBA under its SBA Section 7(a) Program through our wholly-owned subsidiary, ReadyCap Lending, LLC (“ReadyCap Lending”). We hold an SBA license as one of only 17 non-bank Small Business Lending Companies (“SBLCs”) and have been granted preferred lender status by the SBA. These originated loans are either held-for-investment, placed into securitization structures or sold. We also acquire purchased future receivables through Knight Capital LLC (“Knight Capital”), which is a technology-driven platform that provides working capital to small and medium sized businesses across the U.S. |
To qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) we are required to annually distribute dividends equal to at least 90% of our net taxable income, excluding capital gain, to stockholders. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain, or distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our “REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be required to pay regular U.S. federal corporate income tax on the undistributed amount. We are organized in a traditional umbrella partnership REIT (“UpREIT”) format pursuant to which we serve as the general partner of, and conduct substantially all of our business through, Sutherland Partners, LP (our “operating partnership”). We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to be excluded from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Our Manager
We are externally managed and advised by Waterfall, an SEC registered investment adviser. Formed in 2005, Waterfall specializes in acquiring, managing, servicing and financing LMM and residential mortgage loans, as well as asset backed securities (“ABS”) and MBS. Waterfall has extensive experience in performing and non-performing loan acquisition, resolution and financing strategies. Waterfall’s investment committee is chaired by Thomas Capasse, who serves as our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, and Jack Ross, who serves as our President. Messrs. Capasse and Ross, who are co-founders of Waterfall, each have over 30 years of experience in managing and financing a range of financial assets, including having executed the first public commercial real estate asset-backed securitization for performing loans and liquidating trusts for non-performing loans purchased from the Resolution Trust Corporation in 1993, through a variety of credit and interest rate environments. Messrs. Capasse and Ross have worked together in the same organization for more than 30 years. They are supported by a team of approximately 170 investment and other professionals with extensive experience in commercial mortgage credit underwriting, distressed asset acquisition and financing, LMM loan originations, commercial property valuation, capital deployment, financing strategies and legal and financial matters impacting our business.
We rely on Waterfall’s expertise to establish investment strategies and in identifying loan acquisitions and origination opportunities. Waterfall uses the data and analytics developed through its experience as an owner of LMM loans and in implementing loss mitigation actions to support our origination activities and to develop our loan underwriting standards. Waterfall makes decisions based on a variety of factors, including expected risk-adjusted returns, credit fundamentals, liquidity, availability of financing, borrowing costs and macroeconomic conditions, as well as maintaining our REIT qualification and our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Our Investment Strategy and Market Opportunities Across Our Operating Segments
Our investment strategy is to opportunistically expand our market presence in our acquisition and origination platforms and to further grow our LMM securitization capabilities which serve as a source of attractively priced, match-term financing. Capitalizing on our experience in underwriting and managing commercial real estate loans, we have grown our LMM and SBA origination and acquisition capabilities and selectively complemented our LMM strategy with acquisitions of future receivables. This is reflected in the growth of our balance sheet over the last five years; our book value grew from $536 million as of December 31, 2017 to approximately $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2023 and our total assets grew at a 30% compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) between 2017 and 2023. As such, we have become a full-service real estate finance platform and we believe that the breadth of our business allows us to adapt to market conditions and deploy capital in our asset classes with the most attractive risk-adjusted returns.
Our acquisition strategy complements our origination strategy by increasing our market intelligence in potential origination geographies, providing additional data to support our underwriting criteria and offering securitization market insight for various product offerings. The proprietary database on the causes of borrower default, loss severity, and market information that we developed from our LMM loan acquisition experience has served as the basis for the development of our LMM and SBA loan origination programs. Additionally, our origination strategy complements our acquisition strategy by providing additional captive refinancing options for our borrowers and further data to support our investment analysis while increasing our market presence with potential sellers of LMM assets.
The table below presents information with respect to our two business segments.
| | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| · · December 31, 2023 | |||||
| (in thousands, except personnel) | | LMM Commercial Real Estate | | Small Business Lending | |
| Coordinating Affiliate/ Manager | | Waterfall, ReadyCap Commercial and Red Stone | | ReadyCap Lending and Knight Capital | |
| Strategy | | LMM loan originations and acquisitions | | SBA loan originations, acquisitions and servicing | |
| Gross Assets | $10,282,531 | $1,395,687 | | ||
| Loan Portfolio Allocation | | 87.9% | | 12.1% | |
| Equity Allocation | | 92.1% | | 4.8% | |
| Distributable Earnings | $253,823 | $56,628 | | ||
| Distributable Earnings Allocation | | 79.5% | | 17.7% | |
| Personnel | | 128 | | 246 | |
The commercial mortgage market is largely bifurcated by loan size between “large balance” loans and “small balance” loans. Large balance commercial loans typically include those loans with original principal balances of at least $40 million and are primarily financed by insurance companies and commercial mortgage backed securities (“CMBS”) conduits. LMM loans typically include those loans with original principal amounts of between $500,000 and $40 million and are primarily financed by community and regional banks, specialty finance companies and loans guaranteed under the SBA loan programs.
LMM loans are used by small businesses to purchase real estate used in their operations or by investors seeking to acquire small multifamily, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. LMM loans represent a special category of commercial mortgage loans, sharing both commercial and residential mortgage loan characteristics. LMM loans are typically secured by first mortgages on commercial properties or other business assets, but because LMM loans are often correlated to local housing markets and economic environments, aspects of residential mortgage credit analysis are utilized in the underwriting process. Most LMM loans are amortizing on a schedule of up to 30 years.
Our investment decisions with respect to allocation of capital are dependent on prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our equity that will be invested in any particular asset or strategy at any given time.
The table below presents our historical pre-tax income growth, net income to assets, distributable earnings and return on equity for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income to distributable earnings.
Our Loan Portfolio
As of December 31, 2023, our loan portfolio was $10.7 billion (excluding PPP loans) and was comprised of approximately 5,500 loans diversified across 50 states and Europe, 98% of which were secured by senior liens and the remaining 2% of which were secured by subordinated liens.
The table below presents a summary of our loan assets.
| | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| · · December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| (in thousands) · Segment · UPB · % of Total · CarryingValue · % of Total | |||||||||
| Bridge | LMM Commercial Real Estate | $6,837,816 | 62.8% | $6,815,021 | 62.8% | ||||
| Fixed Rate/CMBS | LMM Commercial Real Estate | | 1,032,641 | 9.5 | | | 1,037,544 | 9.6 | |
| Construction | LMM Commercial Real Estate | | 1,212,526 | 11.1 | | | 1,207,783 | 11.1 | |
| Freddie Mac | LMM Commercial Real Estate | | 30,448 | 0.3 | | | 30,455 | 0.3 | |
| Other | LMM Commercial Real Estate | | 457,825 | 4.2 | | | 454,599 | 4.2 | |
| Paycheck Protection Program | Small Business Lending | | 35,802 | 0.3 | | | 34,597 | 0.3 | |
| SBA 7(a) | Small Business Lending | | 1,286,728 | 11.8 | | | 1,269,287 | 11.7 | |
| Total | | $10,893,786 | 100.0% | $10,849,286 | 100.0% | ||||
| ● | The loan carrying value includes loan assets of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and excludes both specific and general allowance for loan losses. |
| ● | Loans with the “Other” classification are generally LMM acquired loans that have nonconforming characteristics for the Fixed rate, Bridge, Construction, or Freddie Mac classifications due to loan size, rate type, collateral or borrower criteria. |
| ● | Real estate, held for sale loans and mortgage servicing rights (“MSR”) are excluded. |
Loan origination leads come directly through our relationships with commercial real estate brokers, bank loan officers and mortgage brokers who refer leads to our loan officers. To a lesser extent, we also source loan leads through commercial real estate realtors, trusted advisors such as financial planners, lawyers, and certified public accountants and through direct-to-the-borrower transactions.
LMM Commercial Real Estate
As noted above, our LMM Commercial Real Estate segment (formerly our SBC Lending and Acquisitions segment) consists of our LMM loan origination and acquisition platforms.
LMM Originations.* *We operate our LMM loan originations through ReadyCap Commercial. ReadyCap Commercial is a specialty-finance nationwide originator focused on originating commercial real estate mortgage loans through its agency multifamily and bridge loan programs. ReadyCap Commercial has been approved by Freddie Mac as one of 12 originators and servicers for multifamily loan products under the Freddie Mac program. We also offer construction and permanent financing for the preservation and construction of affordable housing, primarily utilizing tax-exempt bonds through Red Stone. Our conservative approach to credit has resulted in less than 5 basis points of losses incurred on new originations since our inception.
We originate LMM commercial loans generally ranging in initial principal amount of between $500,000 and $40 million, and typically with an average duration of approximately two to six years at origination. Our origination platform, which focuses on first mortgage loans, provides conventional LMM mortgage financing for the full life-cycle of LMM properties nationwide through the following programs and allocates capital across four products:
| ● | Construction. Origination of loans and ownership of construction and pre-construction development loans that typically have a short-term maturity profile. |
| ● | Bridge. Loans for the acquisition of properties requiring more substantial expenditures for stabilization, secured by multifamily, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. The loans are generally interest-only and have a typical initial maturity profile of two to four years. |
| ● | Fixed rate. Loans for the acquisition or refinancing of stabilized properties secured by multifamily, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. The loans are typically amortizing and have maturities of five to 20 years. |
| ● | Freddie Mac. Origination of loans in initial principal amounts ranging from $1 million to $7.5 million secured by multifamily properties under the Freddie Mac SBL program and loans for developers/owners of multi-family affordable rental housing utilizing streamlined tax-exempt and taxable financing solutions. We sell qualifying loans to Freddie Mac, which, in turn, sells such loans to securitization structures. |
The following table summarizes the loan features by product types.
As of December 31, 2023, we have originated approximately $17.9 billion in LMM loans since Ready Capital’s inception. As of December 31, 2023, the loans we originated had a 17.6% 10-year CAGR based on origination volume.
The chart below summarizes our annual LMM loan originations since 2019.
Originated LMM loans held in our portfolio had a UPB of $8.0 billion and carrying value of $7.9 billion as of December 31, 2023. Such loans, substantially all of which are performing loans (with only 7.2% of our originated LMM loans being more than 60 days delinquent as of December 31, 2023), represented approximately 73.1% of the UPB and 73.2% of the carrying value of our total loan portfolio.
The below chart presents our loan losses by vintage as a percentage of carrying value.
We finance our LMM loans primarily through term-match securitizations.
The table below summarizes our originated LMM loan securitization activities.
| | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | | | December 31, 2023 |
| (in millions) | Asset Class | Issuance | | Bonds Issued | Weighted Average Debt Cost | | Outstanding Balance |
| RCMT 2014-1 | LMM Originated Conventional | September 2014 | $181.7 | 3.2% | $— | ||
| RCMT 2015-2 | LMM Originated Conventional | November 2015 | | 218.8 | 4.0% | | 27.2 |
| FRESB 2016-SB11 | Originated Agency Multi-family | January 2016 | | 110.0 | 2.8% | | 14.1 |
| FRESB 2016-SB18 | Originated Agency Multi-family | July 2016 | | 118.0 | 2.2% | | 14.1 |
| RCMT 2016-3 | LMM Originated Conventional | November 2016 | | 162.1 | 3.4% | | 35.4 |
| FRESB 2017-SB33 | Originated Agency Multi-family | June 2017 | | 197.9 | 2.6% | | 51.0 |
| RCMF 2017-FL1 | LMM Originated Bridge | August 2017 | | 198.8 | L + 139 bps | | — |
| FRESB 2018-SB45 | Originated Agency Multi-family | January 2018 | | 362.0 | 2.8% | | 107.1 |
| RCMT 2018-4 | LMM Originated Conventional | March 2018 | | 165.0 | 3.8% | | 66.6 |
| RCMF 2018-FL2 | LMM Originated Bridge | June 2018 | | 217.1 | L + 121 bps | | — |
| FRESB 2018-SB52 | Originated Agency Multi-family | September 2018 | | 505.0 | 2.9% | | 245.5 |
| FRESB 2018-SB56 | Originated Agency Multi-family | December 2018 | | 507.3 | 3.6% | | 276.5 |
| RCMT 2019-5 | LMM Originated Conventional | January 2019 | | 355.8 | 4.1% | | 125.8 |
| RCMF 2019-FL3 | LMM Originated Bridge | April 2019 | | 320.2 | L + 133 bps | | — |
| RCMT 2019-6 | LMM Originated Conventional | November 2019 | | 430.7 | 3.2% | | 248.9 |
| RCMF 2020-FL4 | LMM Originated Bridge | June 2020 | | 405.3 | L + 290 bps | | — |
| KCMT 2020-S3 | LMM Originated Conventional | September 2020 | | 263.2 | 5.3% | | 243.8 |
| RCMF 2021-FL5 | LMM Originated Bridge | March 2021 | | 628.9 | SOFR + 140 bps | | 391.6 |
| RCMF 2021-FL6 | LMM Originated Bridge | August 2021 | | 652.5 | SOFR + 120 bps | | 527.1 |
| RCMF 2021-FL7 | LMM Originated Bridge | November 2021 | | 927.2 | SOFR + 150 bps | | 760.0 |
| RCMF 2022-FL8 | LMM Originated Bridge | March 2022 | | 1,135.0 | SOFR + 250 bps | | 1,030.0 |
| RCMT 2022-7 | LMM Originated Conventional | April 2022 | | 276.8 | 4.1% | | 268.2 |
| RCMF 2022-FL9 | LMM Originated Bridge | June 2022 | | 754.2 | SOFR + 341 bps | | 653.0 |
| RCMF 2022-FL10 | LMM Originated Bridge | October 2022 | | 860.1 | SOFR + 326 bps | | 857.3 |
| RCMF 2023-FL11 | LMM Originated Bridge | February 2023 | | 586.0 | SOFR + 277 bps | | 576.0 |
| RCMF 2023-FL12 | LMM Originated Bridge | June 2023 | | 648.6 | SOFR + 314 bps | | 647.1 |
| Total | | | $11,188.2 | 6.9% | $7,166.3 |
We believe that we have significant opportunity to originate LMM loans at attractive risk-adjusted returns compared to many banks that have restrictive credit guidelines for target assets. In addition, large banks are not focused on the LMM market and smaller banks only lend in specific geographies. We believe this fragmented market, combined with the portfolio expertise required to manage these loans, provides attractive origination and acquisition opportunities and limits competition. We see an opportunity to earn an attractive risk spread premium by lending to borrowers that do not fit the credit guidelines of many banks. We believe that increased demand, coupled with the fragmentation of the LMM lending market, provides us with opportunities to originate loans to borrowers with strong credit profiles and real estate collateral that supports ultimate repayment of the loans.
We expect to continue to source LMM loan originations through the following loan origination channels:
| ● | Direct and indirect lending relationships. We generate loan origination leads directly through our relationships with commercial real estate brokers, bank loan officers and mortgage brokers that refer leads to our loan officers. To a lesser extent, we also source loan leads through commercial real estate realtors, trusted advisors such as financial planners, lawyers, and certified public accountants and through direct-to-the-borrower transactions. |
| ● | Other direct origination sources. From time to time, we may enter into strategic alliances and other referral programs with servicers, sub-servicers, strategic partners and vendors targeted at the refinancing of LMM loans. |
LMM Acquisitions.* *Our LMM Commercial Real Estate segment also includes our acquisition platform, representing our investments in acquired LMM loans. We hold LMM loans to term, and we seek to maximize the value of the non-performing LMM loans acquired by us through proprietary loan reperformance programs. Where this is notpossible, we seek to effect property resolution through the use of borrower based resolution alternatives to foreclosure.
Waterfall specializes in acquiring LMM loans that are sold by banks, including as part of bank recapitalizations or mergers, and from other financial institutions such as thrifts and non-bank lenders. Other sources of LMM loans include special servicers of large balance LMM ABS and CMBS trusts, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), as receiver for failed banks, servicers of non-performing SBA Section 7(a) Program loans, and Community Development Companies originating loans under the SBA 504 program, GSEs, and state economic development authorities. Over the last several years, our Manager has developed relationships with many of these entities, primarily banks and their advisors. In many cases, we are able to acquire LMM loans through negotiated transactions, at times partnering with acquiring banks or private equity firms in bank acquisitions and recapitalizations. We believe that Waterfall’s experience, reputation and ability to underwrite LMM loans make it an attractive buyer for this asset class, and that its network of relationships will continue to produce opportunities for it to acquire LMM loans on attractive terms.
Competition for LMM loan asset acquisitions has been limited due to the special servicing expertise required to manage LMM loan assets due to the small size of each loan, the uniqueness of the real properties that collateralize the loans, licensing requirements, the high volume of loans needed to build portfolios, and the need to utilize residential mortgage credit analysis in the underwriting process. These factors have limited institutional investor participation in LMM loan acquisitions, which has allowed us to acquire LMM loans with attractive risk-adjusted return profiles.
Acquired LMM loans held in our portfolio had a UPB and carrying value of $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2023. Such loans represented approximately 14.8% of both the UPB and carrying value of our total loan portfolio.
The table below presents information on our acquired loan portfolio by delinquency status.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| (in thousands) · UPB · · % of Total · · Carrying Value (1) · · % of Total · | ||||||||||
| Current | $1,173,552 | | 72.8% | $1,170,000 | | 72.9% | ||||
| 30 - 59 days past due | | 53,985 | | 3.4 | | | 53,917 | | 3.4 | |
| 60 + days past due | | 383,353 | | 23.8 | | | 380,136 | | 23.7 | |
| Bankruptcy / Foreclosure | | 714 | | — | | | 717 | | — | |
| Total | $1,611,604 | | 100.0% | $1,604,770 | | 100.0% | ||||
| (1) Includes loan assets of consolidated VIEs and excludes specific and general allowance for loan losses | ||||||||||
The table below presents our acquired loan securitization activities.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2023 |
| (in millions) · Asset Class · · Issuance · · Bonds Issued · · Weighted Average Debt Cost · · Outstanding Balance | ||||||||||
| WVMT 2011-SBC1 | LMM Acquired Loans - NPL | | February 2011 | $40.5 | | 7.0% | $— | |||
| WVMT 2011-SBC2 | LMM Acquired Loans | | March 2011 | | 97.7 | | 5.1 | | | — |
| WVMT 2011-SBC3 | LMM Acquired Loans - NPL | | October 2011 | | 143.4 | | 6.4 | | | — |
| SCML 2015-SBC4 | LMM Acquired Loans - NPL | | August 2015 | | 125.4 | | 4.0 | | | — |
| SCMT 2017-SBC6 | LMM Acquired Loans | | August 2017 | | 154.9 | | 3.5 | | | 16.8 |
| SCMT 2018-SBC7 | LMM Acquired Loans | | November 2018 | | 217.0 | | 4.7 | | | — |
| SCMT 2019-SBC8 | LMM Acquired Loans | | June 2019 | | 306.5 | | 2.9 | | | 132.1 |
| SCMT 2020-SBC9 | LMM Acquired Loans | | June 2020 | | 203.6 | | 3.7 | | | — |
| SCMT 2021-SBC10 | LMM Acquired Loans | | May 2021 | | 232.6 | | 1.6 | | | 102.1 |
| Total | | | | $1,521.6 | | 3.8% | $251.0 | |||
Small Business Lending
We operate our SBA loan origination, acquisition, and servicing platforms through ReadyCap Lending. We originate owner-occupied and other business loans guaranteed by the SBA under the SBA Section 7(a) Program through ReadyCap Lending’s license, one of only 17 licensed non-bank SBLCs. Only banks and approved non-bank lenders are eligible to originate loans in the SBA Section 7(a) Program, resulting in a highly fragmented market. We believe investor demand for pass-through securities backed by the guaranteed portions of SBA Section 7(a) Program loans has been strong because the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. For this reason, we believe that SBA participating lenders that have sold the guaranteed portions of SBA Section 7(a) Program loans in recent years have been able to recognize attractive gains.
The SBA was created out of the Small Business Act in 1953. The SBA’s function is to protect the interests of small businesses. The SBA classifies a small business as a business that is organized for profit and is independently owned and operating primarily within the United States with less than $15 million in tangible net worth and not more than $5 million in average after-tax net income. The SBA supports small businesses by administering several programs that provide loan guarantees against default on qualified loans made to eligible small businesses.
The SBA Section 7(a) Program is the SBA’s primary program for providing financing for start-up and existing small businesses. The SBA typically guarantees 75% of qualified loans over $150,000. While the eligibility requirements of the SBA Section 7(a) Program vary depending on the industry of the borrower and other factors, the general eligibility requirements include the following: (i) gross sales of the borrower cannot exceed size standards set by the SBA (e.g., $40.0 million for limited service hospitality properties) or, alternatively, average net income cannot exceed $5.0 million for the most recent two fiscal years and tangible net worth of the borrower must be less than $15.0 million, (ii) desired credit is not available for non-federal, non-state, or non-local government sources without SBA assistance, (iii) the borrower must be a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident and (iv) the maximum aggregate SBA loan guarantees to a borrower and its affiliates cannot exceed $3.75 million.
SBA Section 7(a) Program key features include:
| ● | The use of proceeds on fixed assets, working capital, real estate, business start-up costs, purchase an existing business or refinancing business debt. |
| ● | Maximum loan amount of $5 million; |
| ● | Real estate loans have a 25 year maturity while all other loan purposes have a ten year maturity; |
| ● | Interest rates are negotiated between applicant and lender and are subject to maximums. The current maximums are Prime Rate plus 2.25% for maturities fewer than seven years and Prime Rate plus 3.00% for maturities of seven years or longer. Spreads on loans with an initial UPB below $50,000 have higher maximums; |
| ● | The guaranty fee is based on the loan’s maturity and dollar amount guaranteed. The lender initially pays the guaranty fee and has the option to pass the expense on to the borrower at closing. For loans with a maturity of 12 months or less, the upfront guaranty fees are: i) For loans of $1,000,000 or less: 0.00% ii) For loans greater than $1,000,000: 0.25% of the guaranteed portion. For loans with a maturity that exceeds 12 months, the upfront guaranty fees are: i) For loans of $1,000,000 or less: 0.00% ii) For loans of $1,000,001 to $2,000,000: 1.45% of the guaranteed portion of the loan up to and including $1,000,000 plus 1.70% of the guaranteed portion of the loan over $1,000,000 iii) For loans of $2,000,001 and greater: 3.50% of the guaranteed portion of the loan up to and including $1,000,000 plus 3.75% of the guaranteed portion of the loan over $1,000,000; |
| ● | The annual service fee will be i) For loans of $1,000,000 and less: 0.00%. ii) For loans of $1,000,001 up to and including $5,000,000: 0.55% of the guaranteed portion of the outstanding balance of the loan; and |
| ● | A personal guarantee is required from all owners of 20% or more of the equity of the business. Lenders can require personal guarantees of owners with less than 20% ownership. |
The illustration below presents our return on equity related to the SBA Section 7(a) Program generated through the retained yield on the unguaranteed principal balance and sale premium and retained servicing on the guaranteed principal balance.
We have originated approximately $2.3 billion in SBA loans since our program’s inception in mid-2015. Our acquired and originated SBA loans held in our loan portfolio had both a UPB and carrying value of $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2023.
The table below presents our SBA Section 7(a) Program loan portfolio by delinquency status.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| (in thousands) · UPB · · % of Total · · Carrying Value (1) · · % of Total · | ||||||||||
| Current | $1,255,439 | | 97.5% | $1,240,042 | | 97.7% | ||||
| 30 - 59 days past due | | 9,247 | | 1.2 | | | 8,904 | | 1.2 | |
| 60 + days past due | | 22,042 | | 1.3 | | | 20,341 | | 1.1 | |
| Total | $1,286,728 | | 100.0% | $1,269,287 | | 100.0% | ||||
| (1) Includes loan assets of consolidated VIEs and excludes specific and general allowance for loan losses. | ||||||||||
The table below presents information on our sales of originated SBA loans.
| | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (in thousands) · · Proceeds Received for Sale of Guaranteed Portion of Loans · UPB Sold · Net Proceeds · Weighted Average Sales Premium (1) | |||||||||
| Q1 2021 | | $41,197 | $36,496 | $4,701 | 12.9% | ||||
| Q2 2021 | | | 115,999 | | 102,517 | | 13,482 | 13.2 | |
| Q3 2021 | | | 122,568 | | 109,203 | | 13,365 | 12.2 | |
| Q4 2021 | | | 93,818 | | 84,146 | | 9,672 | 11.5 | |
| Q1 2022 | | | 67,257 | | 60,323 | | 6,934 | 11.5 | |
| Q2 2022 | | | 109,287 | | 99,827 | | 9,460 | 9.5 | |
| Q3 2022 | | | 105,351 | | 97,025 | | 8,326 | 8.6 | |
| Q4 2022 | | | 109,874 | | 101,956 | | 7,918 | 7.8 | |
| Q1 2023 | | | 81,315 | | 74,252 | | 7,063 | 9.5 | |
| Q2 2023 | | | 106,825 | | 97,879 | | 8,946 | 9.1 | |
| Q3 2023 | | | 98,868 | | 90,965 | | 7,903 | 8.7 | |
| Q4 2023 | | | 107,273 | | 98,525 | | 8,748 | 8.9 | |
| Total | | $1,159,632 | $1,053,114 | $106,518 | 10.1% | ||||
| (1) Weighted average sales premiums are net after sharing any premiums above 10% with the SBA | |||||||||
The table below presents our securitization activities on the unguaranteed retained portion of our SBA Section 7(a) Program loans.
| | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | | | December 31, 2023 |
| (in millions) · Asset Class · Issuance · Bonds Issued · Weighted Average Debt Cost · · Outstanding Balance | |||||||
| RCLT 2015-1 | SBA 7(a) Loans | June 2015 | $189.5 | Lesser of L + 125 bps or Prime - 150 bps | $— | ||
| RCLT 2019-2 | SBA 7(a) Loans | December 2019 | | 131.0 | SOFR + 250 bps | | 32.2 |
| RCLT 2023-3 | SBA 7(a) Loans | July 2023 | | 132.0 | Lesser of 30 day Avg SOFR or Prime + 0.07% | | 121.5 |
In addition, we actively participated in the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) through the Treasury and SBA prior to its termination in May 2021. PPP loans have: (a) an interest rate of 1.0%, (b) a five-year loan term to maturity for loans made on or after June 5, 2020 (loans made prior to June 5, 2020 have a two-year term, however, borrowers and lenders may mutually agree to extend the maturity for such loans to five years); and (c) principal and interest payments deferred for six months from the date of disbursement. The SBA guaranteed 100% of the PPP loans made to eligible borrowers. The entire principal amount of the borrower’s PPP loan, including any accrued interest, was eligible to be reduced by the loan forgiveness amount under the PPP. These loans also earned an origination fee of 1% to 5%, depending on the loan size.
FINANCING STRATEGY
We use prudent leverage to increase potential returns to our stockholders. We finance the loans we originate primarily through securitization transactions, as well through other borrowings.
Waterfall’s extensive experience in securitization strategies across asset classes has enabled us to complete several securitizations of LMM and SBA Section 7(a) Program loan assets since January 2011. LMM securitization structures are non-recourse and typically provide debt equal to 50% to 90% of the cost basis of the assets. Non-performing LMM ABS involve liquidating trusts with liquidation proceeds used to repay senior debt. Performing LMM ABS involve longer-duration trusts with principal and interest collections allocated to senior debt and losses on liquidated loans to equity and subordinate tranches. Our strategy includes continuing to finance our assets through the securitization market, which will allow us to match fund the LMM loans pledged as collateral in an effort to secure these securitizations on a long-term non-recourse basis.
We anticipate using other borrowings as part of our financing strategy, including re-securitizations, repurchase agreements, warehouse facilities, bank credit facilities (including term loans and revolving facilities), and equity and debt issuances.
Our financing agreements require us to maintain a debt-to-equity leverage ratio at certain levels. The amount of leverage we may employ for particular assets will depend upon the availability of particular types of financing and Waterfall's assessment of the credit, liquidity, price volatility and other risks of those assets and financing counterparties. We currently target a total debt-to-equity leverage ratio between 4:1 to 4.5:1 and a recourse debt-to-equity leverage ratio between 1:1 to 1.5:1. We believe that these target leverage ratios are conservative for these asset classes and exemplify the conservative levels of borrowings we intend to use over time. We intend to use leverage for the primary purpose of financing our portfolio and not for the purpose of speculating on changes in interest rates. We may, however, be limited or restricted in the amount of leverage we may employ by the terms and provisions of any financing or other agreements that we may enter into in the future, and we may be subject to margin calls as a result of its financing activity.
As of December 31, 2023, we had a total leverage ratio of 3.3x and recourse leverage ratio of 0.8x. Our operating segments have different levels of recourse debt according to the differentiated nature of each segment. Our LMM Commercial Real Estate and Small Business Lending segments have recourse leverage ratios of 0.3x and 0.6x, respectively. The remaining recourse leverage ratio is from our corporate debt offerings.
HEDGING STRATEGY
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we may use derivative financial instruments (or hedging instruments), including interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, options on interest rate swaps, or swaptions, financial futures, structured credit indices, and options in an effort to hedge the interest rate and credit spread risk associated with the financing of our portfolio. Specifically, we attempt to hedge our exposure to potential interest rate mismatches between the interest we earn on our assets and our borrowing costs caused by fluctuations in short-term interest rates, and we intend to hedge our LMM loan originations from the date the interest rate is locked until the loan is included in a securitization. We also use derivative instruments to limit our exposure to changes in currency rates in respect of certain investments denominated in foreign currencies.
In utilizing leverage and interest rate hedges, our objectives include, where desirable, locking in, on a long-term basis, a spread between the yield on our assets and the cost of our financing in an effort to improve returns to our stockholders. We aim to hedge our originated loan inventory pending securitization with respect to changes in securitization liability cost resulting from both changes in benchmark treasuries and credit spreads. Hedges are periodically re-balanced to match expected duration of the securitization and are closed at securitization issuance with the resulting gain or loss allocated to the retained basis in the securitization with the objective of protecting the yield for the aforementioned changes in securitization liabilities.
COMPETITION
We compete with numerous regional and community banks, specialty-finance companies, savings and loan associations and other entities, and we expect that others may be organized in the future. Additional REITs and other institutions may increase competition for the available supply of LMM and SBA assets suitable for purchase, which may cause the price for such assets to rise. Additionally, greater originations and supply of LMM and SBA loans by our competitors may result in a reduction of interest rates on these loans. In the face of this competition, we expect Waterfall’s professionals and their industry expertise to provide us a competitive advantage in sourcing transactions and help us assess acquisition and origination risks and determine appropriate pricing for potential assets. Additionally, we believe that we are currently one of only a handful of active market participants in the secondary LMM loan market. Due to the special servicing expertise needed to effectively manage these assets, the small size of each loan, the uniqueness of the real properties that collateralize the loans and the need to bring residential mortgage credit analysis into the underwriting process, we expect a restrained competitive demand for these assets. We seek to manage credit risk through our loan-level pre-origination or pre-acquisition due diligence and underwriting processes, which aims to mitigate the amount of potential realized losses. However, we may not be able to achieve our business goals or expectations due to competitive risks. For additional information concerning these competitive risks, see “Item 1A - Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business – New entrants in the market” for risks related to LMM loans that could adversely impact our ability to acquire loans at attractive prices and originate LMM loans at attractive risk-adjusted returns.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Our Board has adopted guidelines which addresses processes and procedures used to manage company affairs and includes the structure and balance of power between management and the Board. These Corporate Governance Guidelines include the composition of our Board, its functions and responsibilities, its standing committees, director qualification standards,
access to management and independent advisors, director compensation, management succession, director orientation and continuing education and the annual performance evaluation and review of our Board and committees. In accordance with NYSE’s independence standards, a majority of the directors serving on our Board are independent. The Audit, Nominating and Corporate Governance and Compensation Committees of our Board are composed exclusively of independent directors.
We strive to maintain a workplace with the highest ethical standards of professional conduct in all business relationships which include:
| ● | Adopting a Code of Conduct and Ethics policy, which covers a wide range of business practices and procedures, that applies to our officers, directors, employees, if any, and independent contractors, to Waterfall and Waterfall’s officers and employees, and to any of our affiliates or affiliates of Waterfall, and such affiliates’ officers and employees, who provide services to us or Waterfall with respect to our Company. |
| ● | Implementing a Whistleblowing Procedures for Accounting and Auditing Matters and Code of Conduct and Ethics Violations (the “Whistle-blower Policy”) that set forth procedures by which any Covered Persons (as defined in the Whistle-blower Policy) may raise, on a confidential basis, concerns regarding, among other things, any questionable or unethical accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and any potential violations of the Code of Conduct and Ethics with our Audit Committee or the Chief Compliance Officer. |
| ● | Adopting an Insider Trading Policy for Trading in the Securities of our Company (the “Insider Trading Policy”), that governs the purchase or sale of our securities by any of our directors, officers, and associates (as defined in the Insider Trading Policy), if any, and independent contractors, as well as officers and employees of Waterfall and our officers, employees and affiliates, and that prohibits any such persons from buying or selling our securities on the basis of material non-public information. |
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
We are managed by Waterfall pursuant to the management agreement. Our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Credit Officer are dedicated exclusively to us, along with several of Waterfall’s accounting professionals and an information technology professional who are also dedicated primarily to us. We or Waterfall may in the future hire additional personnel that may be dedicated to our business. Waterfall is not obligated under the management agreement to dedicate any of its personnel exclusively to our business, other than our Chief Financial Officer and an accounting professional, nor is it or its personnel obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our business. Accordingly, with the exception of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Credit Officer, our executive officers are not required to devote any specific amount of time to our business. We are responsible for the costs of our own employees. In our recruitment efforts, we strive to have a diverse group of candidates to consider for roles and aim to both attract and retain exceptionally skilled employees though a culture designed to foster and encourage performance, integrity, and inclusion. Waterfall and our Company invest heavily in developing and supporting our employees throughout their careers and are committed to ensuring that they are engaged both professionally and socially as we believe our people are the foundation of our success. We encourage the professional development of our employees through regular in-person trainings and online learning resources and strive to maintain a work environment that fosters professionalism, high standards of business ethics, teamwork and cooperation. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 374 full-time employees, excluding employees related to our discontinued operations. The majority of our Company’s employees are employed by our Company’s subsidiaries. We do not have, or expect to have, our own employees, as our management team is designated by Waterfall. Our corporate headquarters are located at 1251 Avenue of the Americas, 50 th Floor, New York, NY 10020, and our telephone number is (212) 257-4600.
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Set forth below are the name, age, positions with our Company and Waterfall and certain biographical information for our executive officers and other key personnel.
Thomas E. Capasse, 66 is our Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer. He is a Manager and co-founder of Waterfall. Prior to founding Waterfall, Mr. Capasse managed the principal finance groups at Greenwich Capital from 1995 until 1997, Nomura Securities from 1997 until 2001, and Macquarie Securities from 2001 until 2004. Mr. Capasse has significant and long-standing experience in the securitization market as a founding member of Merrill Lynch’s ABS Group (1983 – 1994) with a focus on MBS transactions (including the initial Subprime Mortgage and Manufactured Housing ABS) and experience in many other ABS sectors. Mr. Capasse began his career as a fixed income analyst at Dean Witter and Bank of Boston. Mr. Capasse received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Bowdoin College in 1979.
Jack J. Ross, 66is our President and a member of our Board. He is a Manager and co-founder of Waterfall. Prior to founding Waterfall in January 2005, Mr. Ross was the founder of Licent Capital, a specialty broker/dealer for intellectual property securitization. From 1987 until 1999, Mr. Ross was employed by Merrill Lynch where he managed the real estate finance and ABS groups. Mr. Ross began his career at Drexel Burnham Lambert where he worked on several of the early ABS transactions and at Laventhol & Horwath where he served as a senior auditor. Mr. Ross received a Master of Business Administration degree in Finance with distinction from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business in 1984 and a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting, cum laude, from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1978.
Andrew Ahlborn, 40 is our Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Ahlborn joined Waterfall in 2010 and was previously our Controller. Prior to joining Waterfall, he worked in Ernst & Young, LLP's Financial Services Office. Mr. Ahlborn received a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from Fordham University's Gabelli School of Business and a Master of Business Administration through Columbia Business School. He is a licensed Certified Public Accountant in New York.
Gary T. Taylor,64is our Chief Operating Officer. Prior to joining our Company, Mr. Taylor served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Newtek Business Credit from May 2015 to March 2019. From 2013 to 2015, Mr. Taylor was Managing Director at Brevet Capital Management, and before that he was Chief Operating Officer of CIT Small Business Lending from 2007 to 2013. Earlier in his career, Mr. Taylor held numerous roles within the financial services industry including Lehman Brothers, Moody's Investor Service, AT&T Capital Corporation, Resolution Trust Corporation, First Chicago Bank & Trust, and Chase Manhattan Bank. Mr. Taylor received a Bachelor of Science degree, with Honors, in Business from Florida A&M University.
Adam Zausmer, 46 is our Chief Credit Officer. Prior to joining Waterfall in 2013, Mr, Zausmer was a Senior Underwriter with JPMorgan Chase’s Commercial Term Lending business. Prior to JPMorgan Chase, he was a Vice President on the Credit Risk Management team at Credit Suisse. Mr. Zausmer began his career as a Management Associate within Citigroup’s Global Shared Services division and transitioned to the Residential Real Estate business as a Senior Credit Risk Analyst. Mr. Zausmer received a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from the University of Buffalo in 1999 and a Master of Science degree in Real Estate from New York University in 2007.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Board approved a plan to strategically shift the Company’s core focus to LMM commercial real estate lending and government backed small business loans, which contemplates the disposition of assets and liabilities of the Company’s residential mortgage banking activities. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2023, the Residential Mortgage Banking segment met the criteria to be classified as held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets, presented as discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of income, and excluded from continuing operations for all periods presented in this annual report on Form 10-K. We expect to consummate this transaction in the first half of 2024. As of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K, we have not entered into any definitive agreement with any potential purchaser and there can be no assurance that we will enter into such an agreement in the future or that the contemplated transaction will be completed.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
We maintain a website at www.readycapital.com and will make available, free of charge, on our website (a) our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K (including any amendments thereto), proxy statements and other information (collectively, “Company Documents”) filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such documents are so filed or furnished, (b) our Corporate Governance Guidelines, (c) our Director Independence Standards, (d) our Code of Conduct and Ethics and (e) written charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our Board. Company Documents filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available for review and copying by the public at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. We provide copies of our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Conduct and Ethics, free of charge, to stockholders who request such documents. Requests should be directed to Jacques Cornet, ICR, Inc., at 685 Third Avenue, 2 nd Floor, New York, NY 10017.
The text of this filing, as the company filed it with the SEC, without its images or exhibits. This is not investment advice.