FIRST HAWAIIAN INC

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of

First Hawaiian, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Hawaiian, Inc. and subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 28, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the US federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)—Refer to Notes 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company’s methodology leverages two quantitative models: a one variable forward-looking macroeconomic model that estimates the impact of management’s economic outlook and a transition probability matrix that estimates expected losses over the long run. The quantitative estimation is overlaid with qualitative adjustments to account for current conditions and forward-looking factors not captured in the quantitative model. Qualitative adjustments that are considered include adjustments for regulatory determinants, model limitations, and other current or anticipated events that are not captured in the Company’s historical loss experience.

Determining the appropriate economic forecast and level of qualitative overlays is inherently subjective and relies on significant judgment. Given the magnitude of the impact of the economic forecast and qualitative overlays and significant amount of judgment required by management in developing these estimates, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of the ACL required a high degree of auditor judgment, an increased extent of audit effort, and the need to involve more experienced audit professionals.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the economic forecast adjustment and qualitative overlays included the following procedures, among others:

Goodwill – Refer to Notes 1 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

Goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units by using valuation methods based on the market and income approaches. The market approach primarily involves the calculation of valuation multiples of comparable public companies and then applies a control premium to arrive at the estimated fair value on a controlling basis. The key assumptions with respect to this method are the selected multiples and control premium. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method to value a company on a going concern basis. The DCF method is based on the present value of multi-period projections of free cash flows and a terminal value. The key assumptions with respect to this method are the determination of the free cash flows, discount rate and terminal value.

Estimating the fair value of a reporting unit requires significant judgment and often involves the use of estimates and assumptions that could have a significant effect on whether or not an impairment charge is recorded and the magnitude of such a charge.

Given the significant judgments made by management to estimate the fair value of its reporting units and the difference between the fair value and carrying value, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to the selection of the discount rates and forecasts of future net interest income and net income, required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the discount rates and forecasts of future net interest income and net income for each reporting unit included the following procedures, among others:

/s/DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

February 28, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

First Hawaiian, Inc. (“FHI” or the “Parent”), a bank holding company, owns 100% of the outstanding common stock of First Hawaiian Bank (“FHB” or the “Bank”). FHB is a state-chartered bank that is not a member of the Federal Reserve System. FHB, the oldest financial institution in Hawaii, was established as Bishop & Company in 1858. As of December 31, 2023, FHB was the largest bank in Hawaii in terms of total assets, loans and leases, deposits, and net income. FHB has 50 branches located throughout the State of Hawaii, Guam and Saipan, and offers a comprehensive suite of banking services to consumer and commercial customers including loans, deposit products, wealth management, insurance, trust, retirement planning, credit card and merchant processing services.

The accounting and reporting principles of First Hawaiian, Inc. and Subsidiary (the “Company”) conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the financial services industry. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Transition to an Independent Public Company

Prior to FHI’s initial public offering in August 2016 (“IPO”), the Company was an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of BNP Paribas (“BNPP”), a global financial institution based in France.

On April 1, 2016, BNPP effected a series of transactions (“Reorganization Transactions”) pursuant to which FHI, which was then known as BancWest Corporation (“BancWest”), contributed Bank of the West (“BOW”), its subsidiary at the time, to BancWest Holding Inc. (“BWHI”), a newly formed bank holding company and a wholly owned subsidiary of BancWest. Following the contribution of BOW to BWHI, BancWest distributed its interest in BWHI to BNPP, and BWHI became a wholly owned subsidiary of BNPP. As part of these transactions, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to change its name to First Hawaiian, Inc., with First Hawaiian Bank remaining its only direct wholly owned subsidiary.

On July 1, 2016, we became an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of BNP Paribas USA, Inc. (“BNP Paribas USA”), BNPP’s U.S. intermediate holding company. As part of that reorganization, the Company became a direct wholly owned subsidiary of BancWest Corporation (“BWC”), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of BNP Paribas USA.

In August 2016, FHI completed its IPO and shares of FHI’s common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) under the ticker symbol “FHB” on August 4, 2016.

In 2017, 2018 and 2019, BNPP, acting through BWC, sold all of the shares of FHI common stock that it beneficially owned in underwritten public offerings and share repurchases by the Company. FHI didnot receive any of the proceeds from the sales of shares of FHI common stock in any such offering or the IPO. As a result of the completion of the February 1, 2019 public offering, BNPP (through BWC, the selling stockholder)fully exited its ownership interest in FHI common stock.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Variable Interest Entities

A variable interest entity (“VIE”) is a legal entity that lacks the ability to financially support its activities or whose equity investors lack the ability to control its activities or absorb profits and losses proportionately with their investment in the entity. The primary beneficiary consolidates the VIE. The primary beneficiary is defined as the enterprise that has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the VIE.

The Company has a limited partnership interest or is a member in a limited liability company (“LLC”) in several low-income housing partnerships. These partnerships or LLCs provide funds for the construction and operation of apartment complexes that provide affordable housing to that segment of the population with lower family income. If these developments successfully attract a specified percentage of residents falling in that lower income range, state and/or federal income tax credits are made available to the partners or members. The tax credits are generally recognized over 5 or 10 years. In order to continue receiving the tax credits each year over the life of the partnership or LLC, the low-income residency targets must be maintained.

The Company generally accounts for its interests in these low-income housing partnerships using the proportional amortization method. The Company’s investments in these partnership interests are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Unfunded commitments to fund these investments were $80.7 million and $47.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These unfunded commitments are unconditional and legally binding and are recorded in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

These low-income housing partnership and LLC entities meet the definition of a VIE; however, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the entities, as the general partner or managing member has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entities. While the partnership or LLC agreements allow the limited partners and members, through a majority vote, to remove the general partner or managing member, this right is not deemed to be substantive as the general partner or managing member can only be removed for cause.

Cash and Due from Banks

Cash and due from banks include amounts due from other financial institutions as well as in-transit clearings. Because amounts due from other financial institutions often exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) deposit insurance limit, the Company evaluates the credit risk of these institutions through periodic review of their financial condition and regulatory capital position. Under the terms of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, the Company is required to maintain reserves with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”) based on the amount of deposits held. Reserve requirements for all depository institutions were eliminated in March 2020. Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks and interest-bearing deposits in other banks. All amounts are readily convertible to cash and have original maturities of less than 90 days.

Interest-bearing Deposits in Other Banks

Interest-bearing deposits in other banks include funds held in other financial institutions that are either fixed or variable rate instruments, including certificates of deposits. Interest income is recorded when earned and presented within other interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Investment Securities

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, investment securities were comprised primarily of debt securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, with under 5% of the investment securities comprised of collateralized loan obligations rated AA or better and obligations issued by local state and political subdivisions rated AA or better. The Company amortizes premiums and accretes discounts using the interest method over the expected lives of the individual securities. Premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to their next call date. All investment securities transactions are recorded on a trade-date basis.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s investment securities were categorized as either available-for-sale (investment securities that may be sold before maturity at the discretion of management) or held-to-maturity (investment securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity). Available-for-sale investment securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses realized on sales of available-for-sale investment securities are determined using the specific identification method. Held-to-maturity investment securities are reported at amortized cost and may have a realized gain or loss if the investment security is retired or redeemed before the original maturity date.

Transfers of debt securities from the available-for-sale category to the held-to-maturity category are made at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of transfer remains in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held-to-maturity investment security. Premiums or discounts on investment securities are amortized or accreted as an adjustment of yield using the interest method over the expected life of the security. Unrealized holding gains or losses that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income are also amortized or accreted over the expected life of the security as an adjustment of yield, offsetting the related amortization of the premium or accretion of the discount.

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates at the individual security level whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

For held-to-maturity debt securities, the Company utilizes the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) approach to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of held-to-maturity debt securities to present the net amount expected to be collected from held-to-maturity debt securities.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses, if any, are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit losses. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the available-for-sale or held-to-maturity investment security is deemed uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell an available-for-sale investment security is met. Recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities were comprised primarily of debt securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. Management has concluded that the long history with no credit losses from these issuers indicates an expectation that nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero, and these securities are explicitly or implicitly fully guaranteed by the U.S. government. The U.S. government can print its own currency and its currency is routinely held by central banks and other major financial institutions. The dollar is used in international commerce, and commonly is viewed as a reserve currency, all of which qualitatively indicates that historical credit loss information should be minimally affected by current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Under 5% of the investment securities were comprised of collateralized loan obligations rated AA or better and obligations issued by local state and political subdivisions rated AA or better. These securities are investment grade and highly rated and carry either sufficient credit enhancement or days cash on hand to support timely payments of principal and interest. As a result, the Company doesnot expect any future payment defaults and hasnot recorded an allowance for credit losses for its available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Accrued interest receivable related to available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities are recorded separately from the amortized cost basis of investment securities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Loans Held for Sale

The Company originates certain loans for individual sale or for sale as a pool of loans to government-sponsored enterprises. Loans held for sale are carried, on an aggregate basis, at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of loans held for sale is primarily determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. Net gains and losses on loan sales are recorded as a component of other noninterest income. Direct loan origination costs and fees are deferred at origination of the loan and are recognized in other noninterest income upon sale of the loan.

Loans and Leases

Loans are reported at amortized cost, which includes the principal amount outstanding net of unamortized and unaccreted deferred loan fees and costs, and cumulative net charge-offs. Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis. Loan origination fees, certain direct costs and unearned discounts and premiums, if any, are deferred and are generally accreted or amortized into interest income as yield adjustments using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan. Other credit-related fees are recognized as fee income, a component of noninterest income, when earned.

Direct financing leases are carried at the aggregate of lease payments receivable plus the estimated residual value of leased property, less unearned income. Unearned income on direct financing leases is amortized over the lease term by methods that approximate the interest method. Residual values on leased assets are periodically reviewed for impairment.

Accrued interest receivable related to loans and leases is recorded separately from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Nonaccrual Loans and Leases

The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. A full or partial charge-off is recorded in the period in which the loan or lease is deemed uncollectible. When the Company places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status, previously accrued and uncollected interest is concurrently reversed against interest income. When the Company receives an interest payment on a nonaccrual loan or lease, the payment is applied as a reduction of the principal balance. Nonaccrual loans and leases are generally returned to accrual status when they become current as to principal and interest and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Loan modifications are assessed by the Company to determine: (1) whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) whether the Company granted the borrower a modification or combination of modifications in the form of one or more of the following modification types: principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or a term extension. If both criteria are met, then the loan modification is subject to additional evaluation for credit losses and enhanced disclosure requirements.

Generally, a non-accrual loan that has been modified with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty remains on nonaccrual status for at leastsix months to demonstrate that the borrower is able to meet the terms of the modified loan. However, performance prior to the modification, or significant events that coincide with the modification, are included in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual status at the time of loan modification or after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment terms is uncertain, the loan remains on non-accrual status.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses for loans and leases (the “ACL”) is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net amount expected to be collected from loans and leases. Loans and leases are charged-off against the ACL when management believes the loan or lease balance is deemed uncollectible. Recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off. The Company’s ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments under the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) approach consist of quantitative and qualitative estimates. The Company’s methodology leverages two quantitative models: a one variable forward-looking macroeconomic model that estimates the impact of management’s economic outlook and a transition probability matrix that estimates expected losses over the long run. The quantitative estimation is overlaid with qualitative adjustments to account for current conditions and forward-looking factors not captured in the quantitative model. Qualitative adjustments that are considered include adjustments for regulatory determinants, model limitations, and other current or anticipated events that are not captured in the Company’s historical loss experience.

The Company generally evaluates loans and leases on a collective or pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. However, loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Such loans and leases evaluated individually are excluded from the collective evaluation. Individually assessed loans are measured for estimated credit loss (“ECL”) based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, if the loan is collateral-dependent.

Management reviews relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors.

The Company utilizes a Probability of Default (“PD”)/Loss Given Default (“LGD”) framework to estimate the ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments. The PD represents the percentage expectation to default, measured by assessing loans and leases that migrate to default status (i.e., nonaccrual status, 90 days or more past due, partial or full charge-offs or bankruptcy). LGD is defined as the percentage of the exposure at default (“EAD”) lost at the time of default, net of any recoveries, and will be unique to each of the collateral types securing the Company’s loans. PD and LGD’s are based on past experience of the Company. The ECL on loans and leases is calculated by taking the product of the credit exposure, lifetime default probability (“LDP”) and the LGD.

The ECL model is applied to current credit exposures at the account level, using assumptions calibrated at the portfolio segment level using internal historical loan and lease data. The Company estimates the default risk of a credit exposure over the remaining life of each account using a transition probability matrix approach which captures both the average rate of up/down-grade and default transitions, as well as withdrawal rates which capture the historical rate of exposure decline due to loan and lease amortization and prepayment. To apply the transition matrices, each credit exposure’s remaining life is split into two time segments. The first time segment is for the reasonable and supportable forecast period over which the transition matrices which are applied have been adjusted to incorporate current and forecasted conditions over that period. Management has determined that using aone year time horizon for the reasonable and supportable forecast period for all classes of loans and leases is a reasonable forecast horizon given the difficulty in predicting future economic conditions with a high degree of certainty. The second time segment is from the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period to the maturity of the exposure, over which long-run average transition matrices are applied. Management elected to use an immediate reversion to the mean approach. Lifetime loss rates are applied against the amortized cost basis of loans and leases and unfunded commitments to estimate the ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments, respectively.

On at least a quarterly basis, management convenes the Bank’s forecasting team which is responsible for reviewing the economic forecast model inputs and outputs and approving the resulting economic adjustment. The model uses a one-variable econometric model to produce factors that modify the long-run default rate assumptions used in the CECL model. These factors are applied to calculate the economic adjustment over the Reasonable and Supportable Forecast Period. At the meeting, management is presented with the economic forecast model input and output as well as the resulting economic adjustment.

The economic forecast framework allows management to use judgment in selecting the economic model input in cases where management’s outlook diverges from the official forecasts, and to apply qualitative dollar overlays to account for other economic related conditions not captured in the economic forecast model but are expected to potentially impact losses.

To inform the qualitative overlay, the team reviews other relevant economic variables and economic factors at the time of the meeting that could potentially impact future losses. These materials are presented to the economic forecasting team as they are economic in nature. If determined to be relevant and needing to be considered in the ACL estimate, these risks will be accounted for in the ACL estimate through a qualitative dollar overlay that is determined using either quantitative analysis or qualitative judgment, or a mix of both. These other factors could include inflation indicators, personal income, or visitor arrivals, for example.

The Company has identified three portfolio segments in estimating the ACL: commercial, residential real estate and consumer lending. The Company’s commercial portfolio segment is comprised offour distinct classes: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. The key risk drivers related to this portfolio segment include risk rating, collateral type, and remaining maturity. The Company’s residential real estate portfolio segment is comprised oftwo distinct classes: residential real estate loans and home equity lines of credit. Specific risk characteristics related to this portfolio include the value of the underlying collateral, credit score and remaining maturity. Finally, the Company’s consumer portfolio segment is not further segmented, but consists primarily of automobile loans, credit cards and other installment loans. Automobile loans constitute the majority of this segment and are monitored using credit scores, collateral values and remaining maturity. The remainder of the consumer portfolio is predominantly unsecured.

Regarding accrued interest receivable, the Company made accounting policy elections to (1) not measure an ACL on accrued interest receivable, (2) write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income and (3) present accrued interest receivable separately from the related financial asset on the balance sheet. Furthermore, regarding collateral-dependent financial assets, the Company elected the practical expedient to use the fair value of collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the ACL for a financial asset for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The reserve for unfunded commitments, which is a component of other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, is adjusted through the provision for credit losses. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses (the “Provision”) represents the amount charged against current period earnings to achieve an ACL and reserve for unfunded commitments that in management’s judgment is adequate to absorb expected credit losses related to the Company’s loan and lease portfolio and off-balance sheet credit exposures. Accordingly, the Provision will vary from period to period based on management’s ongoing assessment of the overall adequacy of the ACL and reserve for unfunded commitments.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of 7 to 39 years for premises,3 to 20 years for equipment and the shorter of the lease term or remaining useful life for leasehold improvements.

On a periodic basis, long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value and is not recoverable. An impairment analysis is performed whenever events or changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying value of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable.

Operating lease rental income for leased assets, primarily premises, is recognized on a straight-line basis as an offset to rental expense.

Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Personal Property

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) and repossessed personal property are comprised primarily of properties that the Company acquires through foreclosure proceedings. The Company values these properties at fair value less estimated costs to sell the property upon acquisition, which establishes the new carrying value. The Company charges losses arising upon the acquisition of the property against the ACL. If the fair value of the property at the time of acquisition exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, the excess is recorded either as a recovery to the ACL if a charge-off had previously been recorded, or as a gain on initial transfer in other noninterest income. After acquisition, the Company carries such properties at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated selling costs on a nonrecurring basis. Any write-downs or losses from the subsequent disposition of such properties are included in other noninterest income. Gains recognized on the sale of such properties are included in other noninterest income.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The Company purchases life insurance policies on the lives of certain officers and employees and is the owner and beneficiary of these policies. Bank-owned life insurance is recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at its cash surrender value (“CSV”). Changes in the CSV and any death benefits received in excess of the CSV are recognized as noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the cost of acquired businesses in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired. The Company performs impairment testing of goodwill, an indefinite-lived intangible asset, as required under GAAP on an annual basis or when circumstances change that indicate that a potential impairment may have occurred. The Company has assigned goodwill to its operating segments for impairment testing purposes. The goodwill impairment guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, an entity determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing further impairment tests is unnecessary. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, or does not elect this option, it is required to perform impairment testing. The quantitative impairment test identifies potential impairments at the reporting unit level by comparing the estimated fair value of each identified reporting unit to its carrying amount. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, there is no impairment of goodwill. However, if the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment exists, and an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Subsequent reversals of goodwill impairment are prohibited.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights are recognized as assets when residential mortgage loans are sold and the rights to service those loans are retained. Mortgage servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income, incorporating assumptions that market participants would use in their estimates of fair value.

The Company’s mortgage servicing rights are accounted for under the amortization method and periodically assessed for impairment. The Company amortizes the mortgage servicing rights over the period of estimated net servicing income, taking into account prepayment assumptions. Any such indicated impairment is recognized in earnings during the period in which the impairment occurs. Mortgage servicing income, net of the amortization of mortgage servicing rights, is recorded as a component of other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income.

Non-Marketable Equity Securities

The Company is required to own Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Des Moines stock as a condition of membership. These securities are accounted for under the cost method, which equals par value, and are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. These securities do not have a readily determinable fair value as ownership is restricted and there is no market for these securities. The Company reviews these securities periodically for impairment. Management considers these securities to be long-term investments. Accordingly, when evaluating these securities for impairment, management considers the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than recognizing temporary declines in value. No impairment was recognized on non-marketable equity securities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Internal-Use Software

Capitalized internal-use software, stated at cost less accumulated amortization, includes purchased software and capitalizable application development costs associated with internally developed software. Capitalized internal-use software is included as a component of other assets, net of accumulated amortization, on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization expense is computed on a straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, generally up tofive years.

The Company also enters in the ordinary course of business into technology-related hosting arrangements that are service contracts. These arrangements can include capitalizable implementation costs that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the hosting arrangement. Capitalized implementation costs associated with hosting arrangements that are service contracts are included as a component of other assets, net of accumulated amortization, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The Company has a qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plan, an unfunded supplemental executive retirement plan, a directors’ retirement plan, a non-qualified pension plan for eligible directors and a postretirement benefit plan providing life insurance and healthcare benefits that is offered to directors and employees, as applicable. The qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plan, the unfunded supplemental executive retirement plan and the directors’ retirement plan are all frozen plans to new participants. To calculate annual pension costs, management uses the following key variables: (1) size of the employee population, length of service and estimated compensation increases; (2) actuarial assumptions and estimates; (3) expected long-term rate of return on plan assets; and (4) discount rate. For all pension and postretirement benefit plan calculations, the Company uses a December 31 st measurement date.

The expected long-term rate of return was based on a calculated rate of return from average rates of return on various asset classes over a 20-year historical time horizon. Using long-term historical data allows the Company to capture multiple economic environments, which management believes is relevant when using historical returns. Net actuarial gains or losses that exceed a 5% corridor of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the fair value of plan assets as of the beginning of the year are amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic pension cost on a straight-line basis over five years.

In estimating the projected benefit obligation, an independent actuary bases assumptions on factors such as mortality rate, turnover rate, retirement rate, disability rate and other assumptions related to the population of individuals in the pension plan. If significant actuarial gains or losses occur, the actuary reviews the demographic and economic assumptions with management, at which time the Company considers revising these assumptions based on actual results.

The Company recognizes an asset on its consolidated balance sheets for a plan’s overfunded status or a liability for a plan’s underfunded status. The Company also measures the plans’ assets and obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the year and recognizes those changes in other comprehensive income, net of tax. Periodic pension expense (or income) includes service costs, interest costs based on the assumed discount rate, the expected return on plan assets based on an actuarially derived market-related value and amortization of actuarial gains and losses. Service cost is included in salaries and employee benefits expense, while all other components of net periodic pension cost are included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income.

Income Taxes

Current income tax expense is recognized for the amount of income taxes expected to be payable or refundable for the current period, and deferred income taxes are provided to reflect the tax effect of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the corresponding tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred income taxes are calculated by applying enacted statutory tax rates and tax laws to future years in which temporary differences are expected to reverse. The impact on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. A deferred tax valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Interest and penalties, if any, expected to be assessed or refunded by taxing authorities relating to an underpayment or overpayment of income taxes are accrued and recorded as part of income tax expense.

Excise tax credits relating to premises and equipment are accounted for using the flow-through method, and the benefit is recognized in the year the asset is placed in service. General business and excise tax credits generated from the leasing portfolio, except for credits that are passed on to lessees, are recognized over the term of the lease for book purposes, but in the year placed in service for tax purposes.

The Company maintains reserves for unrecognized tax benefits that arise in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2023, these positions were evaluated based on an assessment of probabilities as to the likelihood of whether a liability had been incurred. Such assessments are reviewed as events occur and adjustments to the reserves are made as appropriate. In evaluating a tax position for recognition, the Company evaluates whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. If the tax position meets the more likely than not recognition threshold, the tax position is measured and recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as the largest amount of tax benefit that, in management’s judgment, is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivatives are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. On the date the Company enters into a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivative instrument as: (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”); (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”); or (3) held for trading, customer accommodation or not qualifying for hedge accounting (“free-standing derivative instrument”).

For a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument and changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment attributable to interest rate risk are recorded in current period earnings. For a cash flow hedge, to the extent that the hedge is considered highly effective, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are recorded in other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified to net income in the same period that the hedged transaction impacts net income. For free-standing derivative instruments, changes in fair values are reported in current period earnings.

The Company formally documents the relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivative instruments that are designated as hedges to specific assets or liabilities, unrecognized firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses, both at the inception of a hedge and on a quarterly basis, whether the derivative instruments used are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values of, or cash flows related to, hedged items.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements apply whenever GAAP requires or permits assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value either on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions that management believes market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability. Fair value measurement and disclosure guidance established a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of inputs used in valuation methodologies. Management maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value measurements.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company grants stock-based awards, including restricted stock, restricted shares, performance share units, performance shares and restricted stock units. These awards are issued at no cost to the recipient. The fair value of restricted stock, restricted shares and restricted stock unit awards was based on the closing price of FHI’s common stock on the date of grant. Such awards were recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Recipients of performance shares and performance share units are entitled to receive shares of FHI common stock at no cost, subject to the Company’s achievement of specified market or performance conditions. The grant date fair value of the performance share units subject to the Company’s achievement of specified market conditions was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. For purposes of this modeling exercise, historical volatilities of FHI common stock and members of the peer group were used. The risk-free interest rate that was used in the valuation was that of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury note that was commensurate with the performance period. The grant date fair value of the performance share units and performance shares subject to the Company’s achievement of performance conditions was based on the closing price of FHI’s common stock on the date of grant. Forfeitures of stock-based awards are recognized as they occur.

As compensation cost is recognized, a deferred tax asset is established which represents an estimate of the future tax deduction from the release of restrictions or the achievement of performance targets. At the time that restrictions on the stock-based awards are released, the Company may be required to recognize an adjustment to income tax expense, depending on the market price of the Company’s common stock at that time.

Treasury Stock

Shares of the Parent’s common stock that were repurchased or that are used to satisfy payroll tax withholdings related to stock-based compensation are recorded in treasury stock at cost. On the date of subsequent reissuance, the treasury stock account will be reduced by the cost of such stock on a first-in, first-out basis.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, assuming conversion of potentially dilutive common stock equivalents.

Advertising and Marketing Costs

Advertising and marketing costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising and marketing costs were $7.6 million, $8.0 million, and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-01,Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Fair Value Hedging – Portfolio Layer Method. This update clarifies the guidance in Topic 815 on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk for portfolios of financial assets. Under current hedge accounting guidance, the “last-of-layer” method enables an entity to apply fair value hedging to a stated amount of a closed portfolio of prepayable financial assets without having to consider prepayment risk or credit risk when measuring those assets. The hedged item represents a single layer within that closed portfolio. This update expands the scope of this guidance to allow entities to apply the “portfolio layer” method to portfolios of all financial assets, including both prepayable and nonprepayable financial assets. The current model is expanded to (1) explicitly allow entities to designate multiple layers in a single portfolio as individual hedged items and (2) also allow entities the flexibility to use any type of derivative (or combination of derivatives) by applying the multiple-layer model that aligns with its risk management strategy. Although no assets may be added to a closed portfolio once it is designated in a portfolio layer method hedge, at any time after the initial hedge designation, new hedging relationships associated with the portfolio may be designated and existing hedging relationships associated with the portfolio may be dedesignated to align with an entity’s evolving strategy for managing interest rate risk on a timely basis. Under the portfolio layer method, the basis of the portfolio assets is generally adjusted at the portfolio level rather than being allocated to individual assets within the portfolio, except when the allocation of basis adjustments is required by other areas of GAAP. The intent of this update is consistent with the FASB’s efforts to better align an entity’s financial reporting with the results of its risk management strategy and to further simplify the hedge accounting model. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2022-01 on January 1, 2023, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02,Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This update eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors in Subtopic 310-40 and amends the guidance on vintage disclosures to require disclosure of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination. This ASU also updates the requirements related to accounting for credit losses under Topic 326 and adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. See “Note 5. Allowance for Credit Losses” for required disclosures related to this new guidance.

Enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. government enacted the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) which, among other changes, created a new corporate alternative minimum tax (AMT) based on adjusted financial statement income and imposes a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases. These provisions became effective January 1, 2023. The enactment of the IRA did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following ASUs have been issued by the FASB and are applicable to the Company in future reporting periods.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-01,Leases (Topic 842), Common Control Arrangements. This update clarifies the accounting for leasehold improvements associated with common control leases. Prior to this update, Topic 842 generally required leasehold improvements to have an amortization period consistent with the shorter of the useful life of those improvements or the remaining lease term. This update will require leasehold improvements associated with common control leases to be (1) amortized by the lessee over the useful life of the leasehold improvements to the common control group (regardless of the lease term) as long as the lessee controls the use of the underlying asset (the leased asset) through a lease, and (2) accounted for as a transfer between entities under common control through an adjustment to equity if, and when, the lessee no longer controls the use of the underlying asset. In addition, this update also subjects leasehold improvements to the impairment guidance in Topic 360,Property, Plant, and Equipment. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2023-01 on January 1, 2024, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02,Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. This update expands the population of tax equity investments for which a reporting entity may elect to apply the proportional amortization method (“PAM”). Under current guidance, an entity can only elect to apply the PAM to investments in low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”) structures. This update permits an entity to make an election to account for tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the PAM if certain conditions are met. An accounting policy election is made to apply the PAM on a tax credit program-by-program basis rather than electing to apply the PAM at the reporting entity level or to individual investments. By applying the PAM, a reporting entity must account for the receipt of the investment tax credits using the flow-through method under Topic 740, Income Taxes, even if the entity applies the deferral method for other investment tax credits received. For all tax equity investments accounted for using the PAM, this update also requires the use of the delayed equity contribution guidance. LIHTC investments not accounted for using the PAM will no longer be permitted to use the delayed equity contribution guidance. In addition, LIHTC investments accounted for using the equity method must apply the impairment guidance in Subtopic 323-10,Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures—Overall. Further, LIHTC investments that are not accounted for using the PAM or the equity method must use the guidance in Topic 321,Investments—Equity Securities, when accounting for equity investments. In addition, the amendments in this update require specific disclosures that must be applied to all investments that generate income tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program for which the entity has elected to apply the PAM, including investments within that elected program that do not meet the conditions to apply the PAM. Such disclosures include the nature of its tax equity investments and the effect of such investments and related income tax credits and other income tax benefits on its financial position and results of operations. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2023-02 on January 1, 2024, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07,Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This update improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments will require public entities to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items to reconcile to segment profit or loss, and the title and position of the entity’s CODM. In addition, the amendments clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple measures of segment profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and expand interim disclosure requirements. The purpose of the amendments is to enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. The amendments are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that this new guidance may have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09,Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This update includes amendments that further enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, primarily through standardizing and disaggregating rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. This update is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that this new guidance may have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

2. Transactions with Affiliates and Related Parties

In the normal course of business, the Company makes loans to executive officers and directors of the Company and its subsidiary and to entities and individuals affiliated with those executive officers and directors. These loans are made on terms no less favorable to the Company than those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated persons or, in the case of certain residential real estate loans, on terms that are widely available to employees of the Company who are not directors or executive officers.

Changes in the loans to such executive officers, directors and affiliates during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

There wereno noninterest expense andno ninterest income to and from affiliates during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Additionally, the Company hadno other liabilities with affiliates andno off-balance sheet commitments with affiliates to purchase and sell foreign currencies as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

3. Investment Securities

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, investment securities consisted predominantly of the following investment categories:

U.S. Treasury and debt securities** **– includes U.S. Treasury notes and debt securities issued by government-sponsored enterprises.

Mortgage-backed securities** **– includes securities backed by notes or receivables secured by mortgage assets with cash flows based on actual or scheduled payments.

Collateralized mortgage obligations** **– includes securities backed by a pool of mortgages with cash flows distributed based on certain rules rather than pass through payments.

Collateralized loan obligations** **– includes structured debt securities backed by a pool of loans, consisting of primarily non-investment grade broadly syndicated corporate loans with additional credit enhancement. These are floating rate securities that have an investment grade rating of AA or better.

Debt securities issued by states and political subdivisions** **– includes general obligation bonds issued by state and local governments.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s investment securities were classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains and losses and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company reclassified at fair value approximately $4.6 billion in available-for-sale investment securities to the held-to-maturity category. The related total unrealized after-tax losses of approximately $372.4 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive loss to be amortized over the estimated remaining life of the securities as an adjustment of yield, offsetting the related accretion of the discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of reclassification. Management considers the held-to-maturity classification of these investment securities to be appropriate as the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. There wereno securities transferred from available-for-sale investment securities to the held-to-maturity category during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Accrued interest receivable related to available-for-sale investment securities was $7.2 million and $8.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable related to held-to-maturity investment securities was $7.0 million and $7.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately from the amortized cost basis of investment securities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Including the 2023 sale of Visa Class B restricted shares described below, proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $8.3 million and $551.6 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023. Proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $1.7 million andnil, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $8.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company recorded gross realized gains of $40.8 million, nil and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company recorded gross realized losses of $40.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, andnil for both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The income tax expense related to the Company’s net realized gains on the sale of investment securities was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and wasnil for both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Gains and losses realized on sales of securities are determined using the specific identification method.

Interest income from taxable investment securities was $134.5 million, $128.7 million and $93.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest income from non-taxable investment securities was $13.2 million, $13.8 million and $8.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, government agencies, government-sponsored enterprises and states and political subdivisions, non-agency mortgage-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations as of December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises are disclosed separately in the table below as remaining expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers have the right to prepay obligations.

At December 31, 2023, pledged securities totaled $5.0 billion, of which $2.6 billion was pledged to secure public deposits, $2.3 billion was pledged to secure borrowing capacity and $183.0 million was pledged to secure other financial transactions. At December 31, 2022, pledged securities totaled $3.2 billion, of which $3.0 billion was pledged to secure public deposits and $207.8 million was pledged to secure other financial transactions.

The Company heldno securities of any single issuer, other than debt securities issued by the U.S. government, government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, which were in excess of 10% of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following tables present the unrealized gross losses and fair values of securities in the available-for-sale portfolio by length of time that the 222 and 275 individual securities in each category have been in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities were attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any available-for-sale securities with the intent to sell and determined it was more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. As the Company had the intent and ability to hold the remaining available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, each security with an unrealized loss position in the above tables has been further assessed to determine if a credit loss exists. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not expect any credit losses in its available-for-sale debt securities andno credit losses were recognized on available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s investment securities were comprised primarily of debt securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, with under 5% of the investment securities comprised of collateralized loan obligations rated AA or better and obligations issued by local state and political subdivisions rated AA or better. For investment securities issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, management has concluded that the long history with no credit losses from these issuers indicates an expectation that nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero, and these securities are explicitly or implicitly fully guaranteed by the U.S. government. The U.S. government can print its own currency and its currency is routinely held by central banks and other major financial institutions. The dollar is used in international commerce, and commonly is viewed as a reserve currency, all of which qualitatively indicates that historical credit loss information should be minimally affected by current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. For collateralized loan obligations and debt securities issued by local state and political subdivisions, these securities are investment grade and highly rated and carry either sufficient credit enhancement or days cash on hand to support timely payments of principal and interest. As a result, the Company doesnot expect any future payment defaults and hasnot recorded an allowance for credit losses for its available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a $40.8 million net realized gain related to the sale of approximately 120,000 Visa Class B restricted shares. The Company didnot hold any Visa Class B restricted shares as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company held approximately 120,000 Visa Class B restricted shares which were carried at $0 cost basis.

4. Loans and Leases

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans and leases were comprised of the following:

Outstanding loan balances are reported net of deferred loan costs and fees of $57.5 million and $56.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Accrued interest receivable related to loans and leases was $70.1 million and $61.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is recorded separately from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2023, residential real estate loans and commercial real estate loans totaling $4.5 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the FHLB, and consumer, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, residential real estate loans and pledged securities totaling $4.3 billion were pledged to collateralize the borrowing capacity at the FRB. As of December 31, 2022, residential real estate loans totaling $3.5 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the FHLB, and consumer, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate and residential real estate loans totaling $1.7 billion were pledged to collateralize the borrowing capacity at the FRB. Residential real estate loans collateralized by properties that were in the process of foreclosure totaled $6.9 million and $2.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net gains related to the sales of loans, recorded as a component of other noninterest income, were $0.2 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, respectively. Net losses related to the sales of loans, recorded as a component of other noninterest income, werenil for the year ended December 31, 2022.

In the course of evaluating the credit risk presented by a customer and the pricing that will adequately compensate the Company for assuming that risk, management may require a certain amount of collateral support. The type of collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, land, buildings, equipment, income-producing commercial properties and residential real estate. The Company applies the same collateral policy for loans whether they are funded immediately or on a delayed basis. The loan and lease portfolio is principally located in Hawaii and, to a lesser extent, on the U.S. Mainland, Guam and Saipan. The risk inherent in the portfolio depends upon both the economic stability of the state or territories, which affects property values, and the financial strength and creditworthiness of the borrowers.

5. Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company maintains an ACL that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases.

The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled.

Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

Rollforward of the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

Credit Quality Information

The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses.

Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk.

An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment.

Pass – “Pass” (uncriticized) loans and leases are not considered to carry greater than normal risk. The borrower has the apparent ability to satisfy obligations to the Company, and therefore no loss in ultimate collection is anticipated.

Special Mention – Loans and leases that have potential weaknesses that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for assets or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – Loans and leases that are inadequately protected by the current financial condition and paying capacity of the obligor or by any collateral pledged. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the collection of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – Loans and leases that have weaknesses found in substandard borrowers with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection of debt in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss – Loans and leases classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan or lease has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type.

The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company's loans and leases as of December 31, 2023 was as follows:

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The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company's loans and leases as of December 31, 2022 was as follows: