SWK Holdings Corp

Note 1. SWK Holdings Corporation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

SWK Holdings Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated in July 1996 in California and reincorporated in Delaware in September 1999. In July 2012, the Company commenced its strategy of building a specialty finance and asset management business. In August 2019, the Company commenced a complementary strategy of building a pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and intellectual property licensing business. The Company’s operations comprise two reportable segments: “Finance Receivables” and “Pharmaceutical Development.” The Company allocates capital to each segment in order to generate income through the sales of life science products by third parties. The Company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas.

The Company has net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) and believes that the ability to utilize these NOLs is an important and substantial asset.

As of March 14, 2024, the Company and its partners have executed transactions with 55 different parties under its specialty finance strategy, funding an aggregate $779.4 million in various financial products across the life science sector. The Company’s portfolio includes senior and subordinated debt backed by royalties and synthetic royalties paid by companies in the life science sector, and purchased royalties generated by sales of life science products and related intellectual property.

During 2019, the Company commenced its Pharmaceutical Development segment with the acquisition of Enteris BioPharma, Inc. (“Enteris”). Enteris is a clinical development and manufacturing organization providing development services to pharmaceutical partners as well as innovative formulation solutions built around its proprietary oral drug delivery technologies, the Peptelligence® platform.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries and affiliates in which the Company holds a controlling financial interest as of the financial statement date. Normally a controlling financial interest reflects ownership of a majority of the voting interests. The Company consolidates a variable interest entity (“VIE”) when it possesses both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and the Company is either obligated to absorb the losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the Company holds the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions.

The Company owns interests in various partnerships and limited liability companies, or LLCs. The Company consolidates its investments in these partnerships or LLCs, where the Company, as the general partner or managing member, exercises effective control, even though the Company’s ownership may be less than 50 percent, the related governing agreements provide the Company with broad powers, and the other parties do not participate in the management of the entities and do not effectively have the ability to remove the Company. The Company has reviewed each of the underlying agreements to determine if it has effective control. If circumstances change and it is determined this control does not exist, any such investment would be recorded using the equity method of accounting. Although this would change individual line items within the Company’s consolidated financial statements, it would have no effect on its operations and/or total stockholders’ equity attributable to the Company.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions are required in the determination of revenue recognition; stock-based compensation; valuation of accounts receivable; impairment of finance receivables; long-lived assets; property and equipment; intangible assets; goodwill; valuation of warrants and other investments; contingent consideration; income taxes; and contingencies and litigation, among others. Some of these judgments can be subjective and complex, and consequently, actual results may differ from these estimates. The Company’s estimates often are based on complex judgments, probabilities and assumptions that it believes to be reasonable but that are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. For any given individual estimate or assumption made by the Company, there may also be other estimates or assumptions that are reasonable.

The Company regularly evaluates its estimates and assumptions using historical experience and other factors, including the economic environment. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, the Company’s estimates and assumptions may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate, or unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that might cause changes to those estimates and assumptions. Market conditions, such as illiquid credit markets, health crises such as the COVID-19 global pandemic, volatile equity markets, and economic downturns, can increase the uncertainty already inherent in the Company’s estimates and assumptions. The Company adjusts its estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances indicate the need for change. Those changes generally will be reflected in our consolidated financial statements on a prospective basis unless they are required to be treated retrospectively under the relevant accounting standard. It is possible that other professionals, applying reasonable judgment to the same facts and circumstances, could develop and support a range of alternative estimated amounts.

Segment Information

The Company earns revenues from itstwo U.S.-based business segments: its specialty finance and asset management business offering customized financing solutions to a broad range of life-sciences companies, and its business offering clinical development and manufacturing services to pharmaceutical partners as well as innovative formulation solutions built around its proprietary oral drug delivery technologies, the Peptelligence® platform.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company’s methodology for allocating the purchase price of an acquisition is based on established valuation techniques that reflect the consideration of a number of factors, including a valuation performed by a third-party appraiser. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the fair value assigned to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is considered impaired when the estimated fair value of the reporting unit that was allocated the goodwill is less than its carrying value. If the estimated fair value of such reporting unit is less than its carrying value, goodwill impairment is recognized based on that difference, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component of an operating segment provided that the component constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and management regularly reviews the operating results of that component. Goodwill arising from the Enteris acquisition has been allocated to the Pharmaceutical Development segment.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life, which is the period over which the assets are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to the future cash flows of the Company. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead, are subject to annual impairment testing. We review goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually during the fourth quarter and continually assess whether a triggering event has occurred to determine whether the carrying value exceeds the implied fair value. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company identified indicators of impairment for identifiable finite-lived intangible assets due to the lowering of financial expectations for the License Agreement. The Company performed a Step 2 recoverability test in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Property, Plant and Equipment and determined that the sum of undiscounted future cash flows exceeded the carrying value. As such, no further analysis was performed and no impairment was recognized on identifiable finite-live intangible assets. For the year ended December 31 2022, the Company determined there were no indicators of impairment relating to identifiable finite-lived intangible assets.

The identification and measurement of goodwill impairment involves the estimation of the fair value of the reporting unit. We have the option to assess impairment through a qualitative assessment, which includes factors such as general economic conditions, negative developments in equity and credit markets, adverse changes in the markets in which a reporting unit operates, increases in input costs that have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, or a trend of negative or declining cash flows over multiple periods, among others. When a potential impairment is indicated, we perform quantitative testing by comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value of the reported net assets. We also have the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test. Under our quantitative testing, fair value is generally based on the income approach using a calculation of discounted cash flows, based on the most recent financial projections for the reporting unit. The revenue growth rates included in the financial projections are our best estimates based on current and forecasted market conditions, and the profit margin assumptions are projected by the reporting unit based on current cost structure and, when applicable, anticipated net cost reductions.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, as a result of decreasing the financial expectations for the License Agreement, the Company elected to bypass the qualitative goodwill impairment assessment and proceed directly with a quantitative assessment. The goodwill impairment test concluded that the fair value of the Company's Pharmaceutical Development reporting unit did not exceed the carrying amount and the Company recognized an impairment charge of $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and reduced the goodwill balance to $0 as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 2 for further information.

Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, valued at specifically identified cost which approximates the first-in, first-out method. The components of inventory include raw materials of $0.6 million as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022 and are reflected in current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Expenditures for major additions and improvements are capitalized, while minor replacements, maintenance, and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. In addition, we capitalize interest on borrowings during the active construction period of capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the assets and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leased property meeting certain criteria is capitalized and the present value of the related lease payments is recorded as a liability and included in current liabilities.

Depreciation is recorded over the estimated useful lives of the assets involved using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements and capitalized lease assets are amortized to depreciation expense over the estimated useful life of the asset or the respective lease term used in determining lease classification, whichever is shorter. The range of estimated useful lives is as follows:

Deferred Revenue and Deferred Costs

Deferred revenue includes amounts that have been billed per the contractual terms but have not been recognized as revenue. The Company classifies as current the portion of deferred revenue that is expected to be recognized within one year from the balance sheet date. Deferred revenue was $9,000 and $33,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include the costs associated with internal research and development and research and development conducted for the Company by third parties. These costs primarily consist of salaries, pre-clinical and clinical trials, outside consultants, and supplies. All research and development costs discussed above are expensed as incurred. Third-party expenses reimbursed under research and development contracts, which are not refundable, are recorded as a reduction to pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development expense in the consolidated statements of income.

Finance Receivables

The Company extends credit to customers through a variety of financing arrangements, including revenue interest term loans. The amounts outstanding on loans are referred to as finance receivables and are included in finance receivables in the consolidated balance sheets. It is the Company’s expectation that the loans originated will be held for the foreseeable future or until maturity. In certain situations, for example to manage concentrations and/or credit risk, some or all of certain exposures may be sold. Loans for which the Company has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity are classified as held for investment (“HFI”). If the Company no longer has the intent or ability to hold loans for the foreseeable future, then the loans are transferred to held for sale (“HFS”). Loans entered into with the intent to resell are classified as HFS.

If it is determined that a loan should be transferred from HFI to HFS, then the balance is transferred at the lower of cost or fair value. At the time of transfer, a write-down of the loan is recorded as an impairment when the carrying amount exceeds fair value and the difference relates to credit quality. Otherwise the write-down is recorded as a reduction in finance receivable interest income, and any credit loss reserve is reversed. Once classified as HFS, the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value is recorded as a valuation allowance and is reflected as a reduction to finance receivable interest income.

If it is determined that a loan should be transferred from HFS to HFI, the loan is transferred at the lower of cost or fair value on the transfer date, which coincides with the date of change in management’s intent. The difference between the carrying value of the loan and the fair value, if lower, is reflected as a loan discount at the transfer date, which reduces its carrying value. Subsequent to the transfer, the discount is accreted into earnings as an increase to finance revenue interest income over the life of the loan using the effective interest method.

The Company accounts for its finance receivables at amortized cost, net of unamortized origination fees, if any. Related fees and costs are recorded net of any amounts reimbursed, and interest is accreted or accrued to interest revenue using the effective interest method. When and if supplemental payments are received from these long-term receivables, an adjustment to the estimated effective interest rate is affected prospectively.

The Company evaluates the collectibility of both interest and principal for each loan to determine whether it is impaired. A loan is considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, the Company determines it is probable that it will be unable to collect amounts due according to the existing contractual terms. When a loan is considered to be impaired, the amount of loss is calculated by comparing the carrying value of the financial asset to the value determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at the loan’s effective interest rate or to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less costs to sell, if the loan is collateralized and the Company expects repayment to be provided solely by the collateral. Impairment assessments require significant judgments and are based on significant assumptions related to the borrower’s credit risk, financial performance, expected sales, and estimated fair value of the collateral.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Finance Receivables

The allowance for credit losses is intended to provide for credit losses inherent in the finance receivables portfolio and is periodically reviewed for adequacy considering credit quality indicators, including expected and historical losses and levels of and trends in past due loans, non-performing assets and impaired loans, collateral values and economic conditions. The allowance for credit losses is determined based on specific allowances for loans that are impaired, based upon the value of underlying collateral or projected cash flows. Changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded in the provision for loan credit losses in the consolidated statements of income.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), as amended, on January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach method. See Recent Accounting Pronouncements section below and Note 3 for further information.

Marketable Investments

The Company’s marketable investment portfolio includes debt securities as of December 31, 2023. The debt security is classified as an available-for-sale security, which is reported at fair value with unrealized gains or losses recorded in statements of other comprehensive income, net of applicable income taxes. In any case where fair value might fall below amortized cost, the Company would consider whether that security is other-than temporarily impaired using all available information about the collectibility of the security. The Company would not consider that an other-than temporary impairment for a debt security has occurred if (1) the Company does not intend to sell the debt security, (2) it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and (3) the present value of estimated cash flows will fully cover the amortized cost of the security. The Company would consider that an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred if any of the above mentioned three conditions are not met.

For a debt security for which an other-than-temporary impairment is considered to have occurred, the Company would recognize the entire difference between the amortized cost and the fair value in earnings if the Company intends to sell the debt security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the Company does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company would separate the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value of the debt security into the credit loss component and the non-credit loss component. The credit loss component would be recognized in earnings and the non-credit loss component would be recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable income taxes.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The Company uses the U.S. dollar as its functional currency. Monetary assets and liabilities and transactions denominated in currencies other than an entity’s functional currency are remeasured into its functional currency using current exchange rates, whereas nonmonetary assets and liabilities are remeasured using historical exchange rates. The Company recognizes gains and losses from such remeasurements within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income in the period of occurrence.

Other Receivables

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had collateral receivable of $2.8 million with the counterparties on its foreign currency exchange contract and is recorded as collateral on foreign currency forward contract in the consolidated balance sheets.

***Derivatives ***

All derivatives held by the Company are recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Changes in fair value for derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting, or for which the Company has not elected hedge accounting are recorded in the consolidated statements of income. If a derivative is recorded using hedge accounting, then depending on its nature, changes in its fair value will be either offset against change in the fair value of hedged assets or liabilities through the consolidated statements of income or recorded in other comprehensive income.

The Company had no derivatives designated as hedges as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company holds warrants issued to the Company in conjunction with term loan investments discussed in Note 3. These warrants meet the definition of a derivative and are included in warrant assets in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company also uses a foreign currency forward contract to manage the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency denominated cash flows expected to be received from one of its royalty finance receivables denominated in a foreign currency. The foreign currency forward contract discussed in Note 9 is not designated as a hedging instrument, and changes in fair value are recognized in earnings.

***Revenue Recognition ***

The Company’s Finance Receivables segment records interest income on an accrual basis based on the effective interest rate method to the extent that it expects to collect such amounts. The Company recognizes investment management fees when clients invest in our recommended transactions as earned over the period the services are rendered. Incentive fees, if any, are recognized when earned at the end of the relevant performance period, pursuant to the underlying contract. The Company did not recognize any management or incentive fees in 2023 or 2022. Other service revenues are recognized when contractual obligations are fulfilled or as services are provided.

The Company’s Pharmaceutical Development segment enters into collaboration and licensing agreements with strategic partners, under which it may exclusively license rights to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize its product candidates to third parties. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-refundable, upfront license fees; reimbursement of certain costs; customer option exercise fees; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as it fulfills its obligations under each of its agreements, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must use its judgment to determine: (a) the number of performance obligations based on the determination under step (ii) above; (b) the transaction price under step (iii) above; (c) the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract for the allocation of transaction price in step (iv) above; and (d) the contract term and pattern of satisfaction of the performance obligations under step (v) above. The Company uses judgment to determine whether milestones or other variable consideration, except for royalties, should be included in the transaction price as described further below. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied.

Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as current deferred revenue. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion. Deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $9,000 and $33,000, respectively, and is classified as current deferred revenue and is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company evaluates collaboration agreements with respect to the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements, considering the nature and contractual terms of the arrangement and the nature of its business operations to determine the classification of the transactions. When the Company is an active participant in the activity and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the collaboration, it will record its transactions on a gross basis in the consolidated financial statements and describe the rights and obligations under the collaborative arrangement in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Exclusive Licenses

If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other promises or performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. In assessing whether a promise or performance obligation is distinct from the other promises, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner; the retention of any key rights by the Company; and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. In addition, the Company considers whether the collaboration partner can benefit from a promise for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining promises, whether the value of the promise is dependent on the unsatisfied promise, whether there are other vendors that could provide the remaining promise, and whether it is separately identifiable from the remaining promise. For licenses that are combined with other promises, the Company exercises judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. The measure of progress, and thereby periods over which revenue should be recognized, are subject to estimates by management and may change over the course of the research and development and licensing agreement. Such a change could have a material impact on the amount of revenue the Company records in future periods.

Customer Options

If an arrangement is determined to contain customer options that allow the customer to acquire additional goods or services, the goods and services underlying the customer options are not considered to be performance obligations at the outset of the arrangement, as they are contingent upon option exercise. The Company evaluates the customer options for material rights, or options to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount. If the customer options are determined to represent a material right, the material right is recognized as a separate performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. The Company allocates the transaction price to material rights based on the relative standalone selling price, which is determined based on the identified discount and the probability that the customer will exercise the option. Amounts allocated to a material right are not recognized as revenue until, at the earliest, the option is exercised.

Research and Development Services

The promises under the Company’s collaboration agreements may include research and development services to be performed by the Company on behalf of the partner. Payments or reimbursements resulting from the Company’s research and development efforts are recognized as the services are performed and presented on a gross basis because the Company is the principal for such efforts. Reimbursements from and payments to the partner that are the result of a collaborative relationship with the partner, instead of a customer relationship, such as co-development activities, are recorded as a reduction to research and development expense.

Milestone Payments

At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

Royalties

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on a level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. There were no such investments at December 31, 2023 or 2022, as all of our cash was held in checking, savings and brokerage accounts. As of December 31, 2023, cash was deposited in financial institutions and consisted of immediately available fund balances. The Company maintains its cash deposits with well-known and stable financial institutions but balances may exceed stated federally insured limits.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 is composed of a holdback amount associated with one of the Company's finance receivables.

***Interest and Accounts Receivable ***

The Company records interest receivable on an accrual basis and recognizes it as earned in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, to the extent that such amounts are expected to be collected. When management does not expect that principal, interest, and other obligations due will be collected in full, the Company will generally place the loan on nonaccrual status and cease recognizing interest income on that loan until all principal and interest due has been paid or the Company believes the partner company has demonstrated the ability to repay the Company’s current and future contractual obligations. Any uncollected interest related to prior periods is reversed from income in the period that collection of the interest receivable is determined to be doubtful. However, the Company may make exceptions to this policy if the investment has sufficient collateral value and is in the process of collection. The Company did not recognize any provision for interest receivable credit losses in 2023 and 2022.

Accounts receivable for management fees are recorded at the aggregate unpaid amount less any allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company determines an account receivable’s delinquency status based on its contractual terms. Interest is not charged on outstanding balances. Accounts are written-off only when all methods of recovery have been exhausted. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for doubtful accounts was zero.

Certain Risks and Concentrations

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, interest and accounts receivable, finance receivables and marketable investments. The Company invests its excess cash with major U.S. banks and financial institutions. The Company has not experienced any losses on its cash and cash equivalents.

The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its partner companies and generally requires collateral. For the year ended December 31, 2023, three of our business partners accounted for 35 percent of our interest and accounts receivable. For the year ended December 31, 2022, two of our business partners accounted for 31 percent of our interest and accounts receivable.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Cara accounted for approximately 23 percent and 87 percent, respectively, of Pharmaceutical Development segment revenues.

The Company does not expect its current or future credit risk exposures to have a significant impact on its operations. However, there can be no assurance that its business will not experience any adverse impact from credit risk in the future.

Stock-based Compensation

All employee and director stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation expense is reduced for estimated future forfeitures. These estimates are revised in future periods if actual forfeitures differ from the estimates. Changes in forfeiture estimates impact compensation expense in the period in which the change in estimate occurs.

For restricted stock, the Company recognizes compensation expense in accordance with the fair value of the Company’s stock as determined on the grant date, amortized over the applicable service period. When vesting of awards is based wholly or in part upon the future performance of the stock price, such terms result in adjustments to the grant date fair value of the award and the derivation of a service period. If service is provided over the derived service period, the adjusted fair value of the awards will be recognized as compensation expense, regardless of whether or not the awards vest.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The recorded values of cash and restricted cash, accounts and finance receivables, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate the fair values due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The recorded values of our foreign currency forwards are fair value based on observable inputs other than quoted prices.

***Income Taxes ***

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount where realization is more likely than not.

If the Company ultimately determines that the payment of such a liability is not necessary, then the Company reverses the liability and recognizes a tax benefit during the period in which the determination is made that the liability is no longer necessary. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax benefit in the statements of income.

***Comprehensive Income ***

The consolidated statements of comprehensive income have been omitted, as net income equals comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Net Income per Share

Basic net income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding shares of common stock. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding shares of common stock, and when dilutive, shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options and warrants deemed outstanding using the treasury stock method.

The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the following (in thousands, except per share amounts):

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock and outstanding shares of restricted stock in an aggregate of approximately 122,000 and 248,000, respectively, have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share, as such securities were anti-dilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848),” which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. These transactions include: (i) contract modifications, (ii) hedging relationships, and (iii) sales or transfers of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. ASU 2020-04 was effective upon issuance, and the provisions generally can be applied prospectively as of January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2024. The Company has identified existing loans that reference LIBOR and is in the process of evaluating alternatives in each situation. The Company expects that it will elect to apply some of the expedients and exceptions provided in ASU 2020-04 and does not believe the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13, as amended, on January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach method. ASU 2016-13 replaced the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects a current expected credit loss (“CECL”). ASU 2016-13 impacted all of the Company’s investments held at amortized cost. At December 31, 2022, the Company’s allowance for credit losses of $11.8 million was the accumulation of allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) applied to specific finance receivables, representing management’s prior estimates of potential future losses on such finance receivables. As part of the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13, management reviewed its prior estimates of finance receivable-specific ACL and chose to apply the full $11.8 million ACL under legacy GAAP to the finance receivables such allowance applied. Under the new CECL model, the net GAAP balances of such finance receivables are presented net of previously reported ACL and are included in the Company’s estimated ACL for its Royalty Purchases portfolio segment.

Upon adoption of ASC 2016-13 on January 1, 2023, the Company’s transition adjustment included $11.8 million of ACL on finance receivables, which is presented as a reduction to finance receivables, and a $0.4 million ACL on unfunded loan commitments, which is recorded within other non-current liabilities. The Company recorded a net decrease of $9.7 million to accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASU 2016-13, which reflects the transition adjustments noted above, net of the applicable deferred tax assets of $2.5 million. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASU 2016-13, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable accounting standards. The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable and instead elected to reverse interest income on finance receivables when placed on nonaccrual status, or earlier if the Company believes the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company has concluded that this policy results in the timely reversal of uncollectible interest. Please refer to Note 3 for more information on how the Company determines its allowance for credit losses on finance receivables.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures,” which removes the accounting guidance for Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) and requires entities to evaluate whether a modification provided to a borrower results in a new loan or continuation of an existing loan. The amendment enhances existing disclosures and requires new disclosures for receivables when there has been a modification in contractual cash flows due to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Additionally, the amendments require public business entities to disclose gross charge-off information by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 and incorporated the required disclosures into Note 3, Finance Receivables, Net.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which requires public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Public entities are required to adopt the changes retrospectively, recasting each prior-period disclosure for which a comparative income statement is presented in the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on the Company's consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The standard is intended to provide greater transparency in various income tax components that affect the rate reconciliation based on the applicable taxing jurisdictions, as well as the qualitative and quantitative aspects of those components. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 2. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The net book value of goodwill was solely related to the Enteris acquisition in 2019. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. During the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company decreased its financial expectations for the License Agreement and elected to bypass the qualitative goodwill impairment assessment and proceed directly with a quantitative assessment. The goodwill impairment test concluded that the fair value of the Company's Pharmaceutical Development reporting unit did not exceed the carrying amount and the Company recorded an impairment charge of $8.4 million and reduced the goodwill balance to $0. An income valuation approach was used to estimate the fair value of the Enteris reporting unit which was estimated through a probability-adjusted discounted cash flow analysis. During the prior year ended December 31, 2022 the carrying amount of goodwill did not change.

Intangible Assets

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the gross book value, accumulated amortization, net book value and estimated useful life of acquired intangible assets were as follows (in thousands, except estimated useful life data):

Amortization expense was $1.7 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was recognized in the consolidated statements of net income. Based on amounts recorded at December 31, 2023, the Company will recognize acquired intangible asset amortization as follows (in thousands):

**Note 3. Finance Receivables **

Finance receivables are reported at their determined principal balances net of any unearned income, cumulative charge-offs and unamortized deferred fees and costs. Unearned income and deferred fees and costs are amortized to interest income based on all cash flows expected using the effective interest method.

The carrying values of finance receivables are as follows (in thousands):

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL is management’s estimate of the amount of expected credit losses over the life of the loan portfolio, or the amount of amortized cost basis not expected to be collected, at the balance sheet date. This estimate encompasses information about historical events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts. Determining the amount of the ACL is complex and requires extensive judgment by management about matters that are inherently uncertain. Given the current level of economic uncertainty, the complexity of the ACL estimate and level of management judgment required, we believe it is possible that the ACL estimate could change, potentially materially, in future periods. Changes in the ACL may result from changes in current economic conditions, our economic forecast, and circumstances not currently known to us that may impact the financial condition and operations of our borrowers, among other factors.

Expected credit losses are estimated on a collective basis for groups of loans that share similar risk characteristics. For finance receivables that do not share similar risk characteristics with other finance receivables, expected credit losses are estimated on an individual basis. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual terms of the finance receivables, adjusted for expected prepayments and unfunded commitments, generally excluding extensions and modifications. The loan portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for credit losses. As part of the Company’s quarterly assessment of the allowance, the finance receivables portfolio included two portfolio segments: Term Loans and Royalty Purchases.

The implementation of ASU 2016-13 also impacted the Company’s ACL on unfunded loan commitments, as the ACL now represents expected credit losses over the contractual life of commitments not identified as unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The reserve for unfunded commitments is estimated using the same reserve or coverage rates calculated on collectively evaluated loans following the application of a funding rate to the amount of the unfunded commitment. The funding rate represents management’s estimate of the amount of the current unfunded commitment that will be funded over the remaining contractual life of the commitment and is based on historical data. On January 1, 2023, the Company recorded an adjustment for unfunded commitments of $0.4 million for the adoption of ASU 2016-13. As of December 31, 2023, the $0.2 million liability for credit losses on off-balance-sheet credit exposures is included in other non-current liabilities. Please refer to Note 7 for further information on the Company’s unfunded commitments.

The following table details the changes in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the respective periods (in thousands):

Non-Accrual Finance Receivables

The Company originates finance receivables to companies primarily in the life sciences sector. This concentration of credit exposes the Company to a higher degree of risk associated with this sector.

On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates the carrying value of its finance receivables. Recognition of income is suspended, and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. This evaluation is generally based on delinquency information, an assessment of the borrower’s financial condition and the adequacy of collateral, if any. The Company would generally place term loans on nonaccrual status when the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain and they are 90 days past due for interest or principal, unless the term loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. When placed on nonaccrual, the Company would reverse any accrued unpaid interest receivable against interest income and amortization of any net deferred fees is suspended. Generally, the Company would return a term loan to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current under the terms of the credit agreement and collectibility of remaining principal and interest is no longer doubtful.

The following table presents nonaccrual and performing finance receivables by portfolio segment, net of credit loss allowance (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had four finance receivables in nonaccrual status: (1) the term loan to Trio Healthcare Ltd. (“Trio”), with a carrying value of $9.1 million; (2) the Flowonix Medical, Inc. (“Flowonix”) royalty, with a carrying value of $10.4 million (seeLoan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty below for further details); (3) the Best ABT, Inc. (“Best”) royalty, with a carrying value of $2.6 million; and (4) the Ideal Implant, Inc. (“Ideal”) royalty, with a carrying value of $3.8 million. Although in nonaccrual status, none of the finance receivables were considered impaired as of December 31, 2023. The Company collected $2.4 million and $1.1 million on its nonaccrual finance receivables during the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the accounting for TDRs while expanding loan modification and vintage disclosure requirements. The update specifically required additional disclosures on loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties that involved an interest rate reduction, other-than-insignificant payment delay, a term extension, principal forgiveness or a combination thereof.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made one significant modification to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty involving an other-than-insignificant payment delay and a term extension/modification. Flowonix’s assets were sold to Algorithm Sciences, Inc. (“Algorithm”) during the year ended December 31, 2023, and in exchange for releasing its lien, the Company received $1.5 million of cash at close, bringing the carrying value from $11.9 million as of June 30, 2023 to $10.4 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company expects to receive royalties on the net sales of two products beginning in late 2024.

Although in nonaccrual status, the Flowonix royalty was not considered impaired as of December 31, 2023 and is considered in the $4.2 million Royalty allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023. On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors the performance of modified loans to their restructured terms.

Credit Quality of Finance Receivables

The Company evaluates all finance receivables on a quarterly basis and assigns a risk rating based upon management’s assessment of the borrower’s likelihood of repayment. The assessment is subjective and based on multiple factors, including but not limited to, financial strength of borrowers and operating results of the underlying business. The credit risk analysis and rating assignment is performed quarterly in conjunction with the Company’s assessment of its allowance for credit losses. The Company uses the following definitions for its risk ratings for Term Loans:

1: Borrower performing well below Company expectations, and the borrower’s ability to raise sufficient capital to operate its business or repay debt is highly in question. Finance receivables rated a 1 are on non-accrual and are at an elevated risk for principal impairment.

2: Borrower performing below plan, and the loan-to-value is generally worse than at the time of underwriting. Borrower has limited access to additional capital to operate its business. Finance receivables rated a 2 might be placed on non-accrual. While there is a potential for future principal impairment, we may refrain from placing borrower on non-accrual due to enterprise value coverage, continued receipt of interest payments, and/or anticipate a near-term capital raise.

3: Borrower performing in-line-to-modestly-below Company expectations, and loan-to-value is similar to slightly worse than at the time of underwriting. Borrower has demonstrated access to capital markets.

4: Borrower performing in line-to-modestly above Company expectations and loan-to-value similar or modestly better than underwriting case. Borrower has demonstrated access to capital markets.

5: Borrower performing in excess of Company expectations, and loan-to-value is better than at time of origination.

The Company uses an internal credit rating system which rates each Royalty on a color scale of Green to Red, with Green typically indicative of a Royalty that is exceeding base underwritten case and Red reflective of underperformance relative to plan.

The following table summarizes the carrying value of Finance Receivables by origination year, grouped by risk rating as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Note 4. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment was $0.8 million for both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

**Note 5. Marketable Investments **

Investments in corporate debt securities securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of the following (in thousands):

The amortized cost basis amounts, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and fair values of available-for-sale debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows (in thousands):

The following table presents realized and unrealized gains and losses on equity securities as prescribed by ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Equity Securities

There was no equity securities activity during the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company exercised its right to purchase Harrow Health, Inc. (“Harrow”) common stock. Upon exercise, the Company received 306,347 shares of Harrow common stock with a fair value of $3.7 million, or $11.97 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold its shares of Harrow and Bioventus common stock and received proceeds of $3.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Note 6. Debt

Revolving Credit Facility

On June 28, 2023, the Company entered into a new Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) by and among SWK Funding LLC, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary (together with the Company, the “Borrower”), the lenders party thereto (“Lenders”), and First Horizon Bank as a Lender and Agent (the “Agent”). The Credit Agreement provides for a revolving credit facility with an initial maximum principal amount of $45.0 million. The Credit Agreement provides that the Company may request one or more incremental increases in an aggregate amount not to exceed $80.0 million, subject to the consent of the Agent and each Lender, at any time prior to the termination of the revolving credit period on June 28, 2026 (the “Commitment Termination Date”). The revolving credit period will be followed by a one-year amortization period, with the final maturity date of the Credit Agreement occurring on June 28, 2027.

The outstanding principal balance of the Credit Agreement will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the sum of (i) Term SOFR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus (ii) 3.75 percent at all times prior to the Commitment Termination Date. The outstanding principal balance of the Revolving Credit Facility will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the sum of (i) Term SOFR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus (ii) 4.25 percent at all times on and after the Commitment Termination Date. Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, all accrued and unpaid interest shall be due and payable, in arrears, on the first business day of each calendar month.

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, in addition to financial covenants specifying that, as of the end of each calendar month, (i) the consolidated leverage ratio of Borrower will not exceed 1.00 to 1.00, (ii) the consolidated interest coverage ratio of Borrower will not be less than 4.00 to 1.00, (iii) the cash collection rate in relation to Borrower’s portfolio of loan assets will not be less than 4.5 percent, for such calendar month, (iv) the net charge-off percentage in relation to Borrower’s portfolio of loan assets will not exceed 3 percent for such calendar month, and (v) the weighted average risk rating in relation to Borrower portfolio of loan assets will not be less than 3.00. In addition, the Credit Agreement provides that at no time shall the Company permit its consolidated tangible net worth to be less than $145.0 million, or its Liquidity (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to be less than $5.0 million. The Credit Agreement also contains events of default customary for such financings, the occurrence of which would permit the Agent and Lenders to accelerate the aggregate principal amount due thereunder. As of December 31, 2023 the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

The Credit Agreement refinances the Company’s Loan and Security Agreement dated as of June 29, 2018 (the “Prior Credit Agreement”), as amended, between the Company and Cadence Bank, N.A. (“Cadence Bank”), as the lender and administrative agent, which was due to expire on September 30, 2025. The Prior Credit Agreement was terminated by the Company, effective as of June 28, 2023.

On October 10, 2023, the Company entered into a First Amendment to Credit Agreement pursuant to which Woodforest National Bank was added as a lender under the Credit Agreement for an aggregate commitment of $15.0 million, thereby increasing the aggregate commitments under the Credit Agreement from $45.0 million to $60.0 million.

As of December 31, 2023, $12.4 million was outstanding under the new Credit Agreement, and approximately $2.4 million was outstanding under the Prior Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022. During the year December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $1.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of interest expense relating to the old and new Credit Agreements.

Senior Notes Due 2027

On October 3, 2023, the Company issued a $30.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9 percent Senior Notes due 2027 (“2027 Senior Notes” or “Notes”) in a registered underwritten public offering. On October 27, 2023, the underwriter exercised in full, its over-allotment option by purchasing an additional approximately $3.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Senior Notes. The interest rates are fixed at 9% per annum and are payable quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 of each year, commencing on December 31, 2023, and until maturity. The Notes will mature on January 31, 2027. The total net proceeds from the debt offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and debt issuance costs, were approximately $30.6 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Offering for general corporate purposes, including funding future acquisitions and investments, repaying indebtedness, making capital expenditures, and funding working capital.

The following table summarizes the outstanding balance of the Notes, net of debt issuance costs, as of December 31 (in thousands):

The Company’s future principal obligations for the notes were as follows as of December 31 (in thousands):

The Company may redeem the Notes for cash in whole or in part at any time (i) on or after September 30, 2025 (the “First Call Date”) and prior to September 30, 2026, at a price equal to the sum of 102% of their principal amount, and (ii) on or after September 30, 2026 at a price equal to the sum of 100% of their principal amount, plus (in each case noted above) accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. At any time prior to the First Call Date, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Notes for cash, in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to (i) 100% of the principal amount of Notes redeemed, plus (ii) a Make-Whole Amount (as defined in the Indenture), plus (iii) accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. On and after any redemption date, interest will cease to accrue on the redeemed Notes. Additionally, upon the occurrence of a Triggering Event (as defined in the Indenture), holders of the Notes will have the right to require the Company to make an offer to repurchase all or any portion of their Notes for cash at a purchase price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of purchase.

The Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness.

The Company evaluated the 2027 Senior Notes for derivatives pursuant to ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and identified an embedded derivative that required bifurcation as the feature is not clearly and closely related to the host instrument. The embedded derivative was a default provision, which could require additional interest payments. The Company determined that the fair value of the embedded derivative was immaterial as of December 31, 2023.

Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Obligations

Topic 842,Leases, establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than twelve months. Leases are classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The Company’s leases consist of operating leases for office space. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

All the Company’s material leases are operating leases. ROU assets related to operating leases are included on the balance sheet in the other non-current assets caption and operating lease cost is recognized over the lease term on a straight-line basis and is classified within general and administrative cost on the income statement. In March of 2023, the Company entered into a new lease for additional office space in Dallas, Texas. The Company’s corporate office spaces in Dallas, Texas total approximately 6,850 square feet consisting of the two office locations. Total rent expense recognized was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The respective office leases expire in August 2028 and August 2025.

The Enteris headquarters is located in Boonton, New Jersey, where Enteris leases approximately 32,000 square feet of space. Total rent expense recognized under the lease was $0.3 million for both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The office lease expires in December 2024 with an option to renew for an additional five years.

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $0.4 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease obligations was $0.6 million and $0.

The components of lease cost is as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

Future minimum rent on the Company's operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

Contingent Consideration

The Company recorded contingent consideration related to the 2019 acquisition of Enteris and sharing of certain milestone and royalties due to Enteris pursuant to the License Agreement. Contingent consideration is remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved, with changes in the estimated fair value recognized in earnings. The estimated fair value of contingent consideration as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $4.9 million and $11.2 million, respectively. The company recognized $6.3 million of remeasurement gain on the change in the estimated fair value of its contingent consideration during year ended December 31, 2023. See Note 9 for further information regarding the Company's contingent consideration.

Unfunded Commitments

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s unfunded commitments were as follows (in thousands):

Per the terms of the royalty purchase or credit agreements, unfunded commitments are contingent upon reaching an established revenue threshold or other performance metrics on or before a specified date or period of time, and in the case of loan transactions, are subject to being advanced as long as an event of default does not exist.

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, which replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss model known as the CECL model. See Note 3 for information regarding the Company’s allowance for credit losses related to its unfunded commitments.

Litigation

The Company is involved in, or has been involved in, arbitrations or various other legal proceedings that arise from the normal course of its business. The ultimate outcome of any litigation is uncertain, and either unfavorable or favorable outcomes could have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, balance sheets and cash flows due to defense costs, and divert management resources. The Company cannot predict the timing or outcome of these claims and other proceedings. As of December 31, 2023, the Company is not involved in any arbitration and/or other legal proceeding that it expects to have a material effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Indemnification

As permitted by Delaware law, the Company has agreements whereby it indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving in such capacity, or in other capacities at the Company’s request. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has a director and officer insurance policy that limits its exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of any such amounts. As a result of the Company’s insurance policy coverage, the Company believes the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is insignificant. Accordingly, the Company had no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 8. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

The total number of shares of common stock, $0.001 par value, that the Company is authorized to issue is 250,000,000.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On May 31, 2022, the Board authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company was previously authorized to repurchase up to $10.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock from time to time until May 15, 2023, through a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, including Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act (the “Prior Repurchase Program”). The purchase period for the Prior Repurchase Program was July 1, 2022 through May 15, 2023.

On May 16, 2023, the Company announced that the Board had authorized the Company to repurchase up to $10.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock from time-to-time until May 16, 2024, through a trading plan established in compliance with Rule 10b5-1 and Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act (the “New Repurchase Program”). The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased under the New Repurchase Program will depend on several factors, including the constraints specified in the Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, price, and general market conditions. There is no guarantee as to the exact number of shares that will be repurchased under the New Repurchase Program. Our Board may also suspend or discontinue the New Repurchase Program at any time, in its sole discretion. The purchase period for the New Repurchase Program is May 16, 2023 through May 16, 2024.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has repurchased 326,088 shares under the new share repurchase program at a total cost of $5.4 million, or $16.65 per share. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plan was approximately $4.6 million, or 289,297 shares of common stock.

Preferred Stock

The Company’s Board may, without further action by the stockholders, issue one or more series of preferred stock and fix the rights and preferences of those shares, including the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, exchange rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, redemption price or prices, liquidation preferences, the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series. As of December 31, 2023, no shares of preferred stock have been issued.

Stock Compensation Plans

The Company’s 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2010 Stock Incentive Plan”) provides for options, restricted stock, and other customary forms of equity to be granted to the Company’s directors, officers, employees, and independent contractors. All forms of equity incentive compensation are granted at the discretion of the Board and have a term not greater than 10 years from the date of grant.

The calculation of the fair values of our stock-based compensation plans requires estimates that require management’s judgments. Under ASC 718,Compensation - Stock Compensation, the fair value of each stock option is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The valuation models require assumptions and estimates to determine expected volatility, expected life and expected risk-free interest rates. The expected volatility was determined using historical volatility of our stock based on the contractual life of the award. The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury strips at the award grant date. There were no options granted in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table summarizes activities under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan for the indicated periods:

At December 31, 2023, there were approximately 741,274 shares reserved for issuance under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, and the Company had $2,325 of total unrecognized stock option expense for time-based awards, net of estimated forfeitures, which will be recognized over the weighted-average remaining period of 0.03 years.

The following table summarizes significant ranges of outstanding and exercisable options as of December 31, 2023:

Employee stock-based compensation expense recognized for time-vesting options for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for estimating the fair value of options granted under the Company’s equity incentive plans. Risk-free interest rates for the options were taken from the Daily Federal Yield Curve Rates on the grant dates for the expected life of the options as published by the Federal Reserve. The expected volatility was based upon historical data and other relevant factors such as the Company’s changes in historical volatility and its capital structure, in addition to mean reversion. Employee stock-based compensation expense recognized for market performance-vesting options uses a binomial lattice model for estimating the fair value of options granted under the Company’s equity incentive plan.

In calculating the expected life of stock options, the Company determines the amount of time from grant date to exercise date for exercised options and adjusts this number for the expected time to exercise for unexercised options. The expected time to exercise for unexercised options is calculated from grant as the midpoint between the expiration date of the option and the later of the measurement date or the vesting date. In developing the expected life assumption, all amounts of time are weighted by the number of underlying options.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company’s Board approved the modification of the previous Chief Executive Officer’s (“CEO’s”) stock options with respect to 100,000 Shares with an exercise price of $13.70 per share pursuant to an award agreement dated August 18, 2014. The Company and the previous CEO agreed that (i) 50 percent of the 2014 award has already vested due to the satisfaction of time-based vesting conditions set forth in the 2014 award agreement, and a cashless exercise of the 2012 award was facilitated by net settlement of exercise price and taxes. The remaining 50 percent of the 2014 award that had not vested as of December 31, 2021 was forfeited as of the date on which the previous CEO separated from the Company, or September 30, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2023,25,944 restricted shares were granted and 15,989 restricted shares vested. During the year ended December 31, 2022,41,427 restricted shares were granted and 4,696 restricted shares vested. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 97,283 and 71,339 shares of restricted stock outstanding, respectively.

In September 2022, the Board approved a change in the compensation plan for non-employee directors such that each non-employee director shall receive a cash retainer of $55,000, payable quarterly in arrears. The Board will also receive an annual equity retainer of $55,000 in restricted shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to a one-year cliff vesting period. In addition, each member of (i) the Audit Committee shall receive an additional quarterly fee of $10,000, with the Audit Committee Chair receiving $15,000; (ii) the Compensation Committee shall receive an additional quarterly fee of $6,000, with the Compensation Committee Chair receiving $8,000; and (iii) the Governance Committee shall receive an additional quarterly fee of $6,000, with the Governance Committee Chair receiving $8,000. Each non-employee director has the option to elect to receive up to 100 percent of the annual cash retainer in shares of the Company’s common stock.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Board approved compensation for Board services by granting 9,897 and 13,168 shares, respectively, of common stock as compensation for the non-employee directors. The Board also received 9,151 restricted shares as compensation for the non-employee directors during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company recorded $0.3 million in Board stock-based compensation expense during both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company recorded aggregate stock-based compensation expense, including the quarterly and annual Board grants, of $0.5 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 9. Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures and reports certain financial and non-financial assets and liabilities on a fair value basis. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). GAAP specifies a three-level hierarchy that is used when measuring and disclosing fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets (i.e., observable inputs) and the lowest priority to data lacking transparency (i.e., unobservable inputs). An instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation. The following is a description of the three hierarchy levels.

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. Active markets are considered to be those in which transactions for the assets or liabilities occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. This category includes quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs are not corroborated by market data. This category is comprised of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities whose fair value is estimated based on internally developed models or methodologies using significant inputs that are generally less readily observable from objective sources.

Transfers into or out of any hierarchy level are recognized at the end of the reporting period in which the transfers occurred. There were no transfers between any levels during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following information is provided to help readers gain an understanding of the relationship between amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related market or fair value. The disclosures include financial instruments and derivative financial instruments, other than investment in affiliates.

Following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies used to measure material assets and liabilities at fair value and details of the valuation models, key inputs to those models and significant assumptions utilized.

Cash and cash equivalents

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash approximate those assets’ fair values.

Securities available for sale

Certain common equity securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs (exchange quoted prices).

Finance Receivables

The fair values of finance receivables are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using market rates at the balance sheet date that reflect the credit and interest rate-risk inherent in the finance receivables. Projected future cash flows are calculated based upon contractual maturity or call dates, projected repayments and prepayments of principal. These receivables are classified as Level 3. Finance receivables are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, but estimates of fair value are reflected below.

Contingent Consideration

The Company recorded contingent consideration related to the August 2019 acquisition of Enteris and sharing of certain milestone and royalties due to Enteris pursuant to the License Agreement.

The fair value measurements of the contingent consideration obligations and the related intangible assets arising from business combinations are classified as Level 3 estimates under the fair value hierarchy, as these items have been valued using unobservable inputs. These inputs include: (a) the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows; (b) the probability of the achievement of the factors on which the contingency is based; and (c) the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Changes in fair value of this obligation are recorded as income or expense within operating income in our consolidated statements of income. Significant increases or decreases in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the acquisition-related contingent consideration was $4.9 million and $11.2 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a $6.3 million gain and a $5.2 million loss, respectively, for the change in the estimated fair value of contingent consideration. The Company made no payments during the year ended December 31, 2023 and made a $2.5 million payment against the contingent consideration liability during the years ended December 31, 2022.

Marketable Investments

If active market prices are available, fair value measurement is based on quoted active market prices and, accordingly, these securities would be classified as Level 1. If active market prices are not available, fair value measurement is based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1, such as prices for similar assets or broker quotes utilizing observable inputs, and accordingly these securities would be classified as Level 2. If market prices are not available and there are no observable inputs, then fair value would be estimated by using valuation models including discounted cash flow methodologies, commonly used option-pricing models and broker quotes. Such securities would be classified as Level 3, if the valuation models and broker quotes are based on inputs that are unobservable in the market. If fair value is based on broker quotes, the Company checks the validity of received prices based on comparison to prices of other similar assets and market data such as relevant bench mark indices. Available-for-sale securities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, while securities with no readily available fair market value are not, but estimates of fair value are reflected below.

Derivative Instruments

For exchange-traded derivatives, fair value is based on quoted market prices, and accordingly, would be classified as Level 1. For non-exchange traded derivatives, fair value is based on option pricing models and are classified as Level 3.

The Company uses a foreign currency forward contract to manage the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency denominated cash flows expected to be received from one of its royalty finance receivables denominated in a foreign currency. The foreign currency forward contract is not designated as a hedging instrument, and changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. The foreign currency forward was recorded in other non-current assets and other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company recognized a $1.7 million gain due to changes in fair value related to its foreign currency forward contract during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table presents financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

The following table presents financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

The contingent consideration payable is valued using a discounted cash flow approach and includes a significant unobservable input which is the discount rate. As of the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the discount rate was 14.5% and 14.0%, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023 there was a change in the range of outcomes as a result of royalty and milestone cash flow projections being decreased for the License Agreement.

The changes on the value of the warrant assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

The Company holds warrants issued to the Company in conjunction with certain term loan investments. These warrants meet the definition of a derivative and are included in the consolidated balance sheets. The fair values for warrants outstanding, for companies that have a readily determinable value, are measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following range of assumptions were used in the models to determine fair value:

The warrant assets are valued using a market approach and include significant unobservable inputs such as risk-free rate, expected life, and expected volatility. For the year ended December 31, 2023 the risk-free rate range was 3.8%-4.8%, weighted average of 4.3%, and median of 3.8%. For the year ended December 31, 2022 the risk-free rate range was 4.0%-4.3%, weighted average of 4.0%, and median of 4.0%. For the year ended December 31, 2023 the expected life range was 1.2-5.8 years, weighted average of 3.4 years, and median of 4.4 years. For the year ended December 31, 2022 the expected life range was 2.0-6.9 years, weighted average of 6.2 years, and median of 5.4 years. For the year ended December 31, 2023 the expected volatility range was 75.4%-154.3%, weighted average of 124.6%, and median of 134.4%. For the year ended December 31, 2022 the expected volatility range was 54.8%-139.4%, weighted average of 93.8%, and median of 94.1%.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had one royalty, Best, that was deemed to be impaired based on reductions in carrying value in prior periods. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had two royalties, Best and Cambia®, that were deemed to be impaired based on reductions in carrying values in prior periods. The following table presents these royalties measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, which approximates fair value, on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The following information is provided to help readers gain an understanding of the relationship between amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related market or fair value. The disclosures include financial instruments and derivative financial instruments.

The following table presents the fair value of financial assets and liabilities as of year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

The following table presents the fair value of financial assets and liabilities as of the year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Note 10. Revenue Recognition

The Company’s Pharmaceutical Development segment recognizes revenues received from contracts with its customers by revenue source, as we believe it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flow. The Company’s Finance Receivables segment does not have any revenues received from contracts with customers.

The following table provides the contract revenue recognized by revenue source for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

The Company’s contract liabilities represent advance consideration received from customers and are recognized as revenue when the related performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company’s contract liabilities are presented as deferred revenues and are included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $24.0 thousand of 2022 deferred revenue from satisfaction of performance obligations. Please refer to Notes 1 and 2 for further details on the Company’s deferred revenue and License Agreement, respectively. The Company did not have any contract assets nor did it have any contract liabilities related to the License Agreement as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Note 11. Segment Information

Selected financial and descriptive information is required to be provided about reportable operating segments, considering a “management approach” concept as the basis for identifying reportable segments. The management approach is based on the way that management organizes the segments within the Company for making operating decisions, allocating resources, and assessing performance. Consequently, the segments are evident from the structure of the Company’s internal organization, focusing on financial information that the Company’s CEO uses to make decisions about the Company’s operating matters.

As described in Note 1,SWK Holdings Corporation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, the Company has determined it hastwo reportable segments: Finance Receivables and Pharmaceutical Development, and each are individually managed and provide separate services. Revenues by segment represent revenues earned on the services offered within each segment. The Company does not report assets by reportable segment, nor does the Company report results by geographic region, as these metrics are not used by the Company’s chief executive officer in assessing performance or allocating resources to the segments.

Segment performance is evaluated based on several factors, including income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes. Management uses this measure of profit (loss) to evaluate segment performance because the Company believes this measure is indicative of performance trends and the overall earnings potential of each segment. The Company does not report assets by reportable segment, as this metric is not used by the Company’s CEO in assessing performance or allocating resources to the segments.

The following tables present financial information for the Company’s reportable segments for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Included in Holdings Company and Other are the expenses of the parent holding company and certain other enterprise-wide overhead costs, which have been included for purposes of reconciling to the consolidated amounts.

Note 12. Income Taxes

The components of income before income tax benefit are as follows (in thousands):

During the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022, the Company’s benefit from income taxes was as follows (in thousands):

The components of the income tax benefit are as follows(in thousands):

The Company records deferred tax assets if the realization of such assets is more likely than not to occur in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes. Significant management judgment is required in determining whether a valuation allowance against the Company’s deferred tax assets is required. The Company has considered all available evidence, both positive and negative, such as historical levels of income and predictability of future forecasts of taxable income from existing investments, in determining whether a valuation allowance is required. The Company is also required to forecast future taxable income in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes to assess the appropriateness of a valuation allowance, which further requires the exercise of significant management judgment. The Company focuses on forecasting future taxable income for the investment portfolio that exists as of the balance sheet date. Specifically, the Company evaluated the following criteria when considering a valuation allowance:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had cumulative net income before tax for the three years then ended. Based on its historical operating performance, the Company had previously concluded that it was more likely than not that the Company would not be able to realize the full benefit of the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets in the future. However, at December 31, 2023 the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to realize approximately $28.3 million benefit of the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets in the future.

The Company will continue to assess the need for a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets by evaluating both positive and negative evidence that may exist on a quarterly basis. Any adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded in the consolidated statements of income for the period that the adjustment is determined to be required. The valuation allowance against deferred tax assets was $0 and $6.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Deferred tax assets consist of the following (in thousands):

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 limits the use of NOLs and tax credit carryforwards in certain situations where stock ownership changes occur. In the event the Company has had a change in ownership, the future utilization of the Company’s net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards could be limited.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had NOL carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately $87.7 million. The federal NOL carryforwards, if not offset against future income, will expire by 2037. Approximately $6.9 million can be carried forward indefinitely.

The Company also had federal research carryforwards of $3.0 million. The federal research credits began to expire in 2023 and will fully expire by 2042.

The Company records liabilities, where appropriate, for all uncertain income tax positions and recognizes potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had approximately $0.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefit, none of which would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. The Company does not expect the unrecognized tax benefits to change materially over the next twelve months. There are no tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within twelve months of December 31, 2023.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state jurisdictions. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ending December 31, 1999 through December 31, 2023 due to carryforward of unutilized net operating losses and research and development credits. The Company does not anticipate significant changes to its uncertain tax positions through December 31, 2023.

Note 13. Subsequent Events

With an effective date of January 1, 2024, Enteris, a wholly owned subsidiary of SWK Holdings Corporation, entered into an exclusive option and asset purchase agreement with Aptar on March 14, 2024 which granted Aptar an exclusive option to acquire certain of Enteris’ tangible assets related to its business of providing good manufacturing practice (GMP) manufacturing and clinical supply services through Phase 1 and 2 to third parties. Aptar must exercise the option by or before January 1, 2026.