Voya Financial, Inc.

16. Income Taxes

The Company uses the estimated annual effective tax rate method in computing its interim tax provision. Certain items, including changes in the realizability of deferred tax assets and changes in liabilities for uncertain tax positions, are excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate and the actual tax expense or benefit is reported in the period the related item is incurred.

The Company's effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 11.4% and 12.6%, respectively. The effective tax rate differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the effect of the dividends received deduction ("DRD"), noncontrolling interest and tax credits.

The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 15.5%. The effective tax rate differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the effect of the DRD, tax credits and noncontrolling interest.

The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 8.5%. The effective tax rate differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the Security Life of Denver Company capital loss carryback, the effect of the DRD, noncontrolling interest and tax credits. For more details on the Security Life of Denver Company capital loss carryback, see the

Income Taxes Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8. of the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Valuation allowances are provided when it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets ("DTAs") will not be realized. The Company reviews all available positive and negative evidence to determine if a valuation allowance is recorded, including historical and projected pre-tax book income, tax planning strategies and reversals of temporary differences. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had net unrealized capital losses on investments of $1.6 billion in AOCI. The Company expects this DTA to be utilized by its hold-to-maturity tax planning strategy. Additionally, income before income taxes available to the Company remained positive for the period. After evaluating the positive and negative evidence, the Company did not change its judgment regarding the realization of DTAs.

Tax Regulatory Matters

For the tax years 2023 through 2025, the Company participates in the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") Compliance Assurance Process ("CAP"), which is a continuous audit program provided by the IRS. For the 2023 tax year, the Company is in the Compliance Maintenance Bridge ("Bridge") phase of CAP. In the Bridge phase, the IRS did not conduct any review or provide any letters of assurance for that tax year. For the 2024 and 2025 tax years, the Company is in the Compliance Maintenance Bridge Plus ("Bridge Plus") phase of CAP. In the Bridge Plus phase, the IRS will review the tax return and issue either a full or partial acceptance letter upon completion of review.

Tax Legislative Matters

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law creating the corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT"). In September 2024, the Department of Treasury issued proposed regulations providing additional guidance on the CAMT. While the Company does not expect to be subject to the CAMT for 2025, the Company continues to review the proposed regulations, and its CAMT determination will need to be evaluated in light of future guidance.

In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was signed into law, which includes changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The Company does not expect the OBBBA to have a material impact on its financial statements.